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Temperate Rice in Korea. In 2012 TTP-Citation.inddP-Citation.indd i 55/28/2012/28/2012 33:17:13:17:13 PPMM The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Government of the Philippines. Today, IRRI is one of the 15 nonprofi t international research centers that is a member of the CGIAR Consortium (www.cgiar.org). It is supported in part by government funding agencies, foundations, the private sector, and nongovernment organizations. The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute. Copyright International Rice Research Institute 2012 This publication is copyrighted by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) and is licensed for use under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License (Unported). Unless otherwise noted, users are free to copy, duplicate, or reproduce, and distribute, display, or transmit any of the articles or portions of the articles, and to make translations, adaptations, or other derivative works under the following conditions: Attribution: The work must be attributed, but not in any way that suggests endorsement by IRRI or the author(s). NonCommercial: This work may not be used for commercial purposes. ShareAlike: If this work is altered, transformed, or built upon, the resulting work must be distributed only under the same or similar license to this one. For any reuse or distribution, the license terms of this work must be made clear to others. Any of the above conditions can be waived if permission is obtained from the copyright holder. Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Fair dealing and other rights are in no way affected by the above. To view the full text of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ Mailing address: IRRI, DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines Phone: +63 (2) 580-5600 Fax: +63 (2) 580-5699 Email: [email protected] Web: www.irri.org. Rice Knowledge Bank: www.knowledgebank.irri.org Courier address: Suite 1009, Security Bank Center 6776 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines Tel. +63 (2) 891-1236, 891-1174, 891-1258, 891-1303 Suggested citation: Jena KK, Hardy B, editors. 2012. Advances in temperate rice research. Los Baños (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 105 p. Cover design: Sherri Maigne Meneses Page makeup and composition: Grant Leceta Figures and illustrations: Grant Leceta ISBN 978-971-22-0289-6 TTP-Citation.inddP-Citation.indd iiii 55/28/2012/28/2012 33:17:15:17:15 PPMM Contents Foreword v Temperate rice in Australia 1 R. Reinke, G. Beecher, B. Dunn, and P. Snell Temperate japonica rice in Bhutan 15 M. Ghimiray Temperate rice in Central Asia (Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) 27 Z. Khalikulov, T. Karlikhanov, and Z. Djumanov Temperate rice in Chile 29 K. Cordero Lara Temperate rice in China 33 Z.-K. Li, Z. Hua, Y. Gao, and G.-M. Sui Temperate rice in Japan 41 H. Kato, K. Matsushita, and M. Yano Temperate rice in Korea 43 K.H. Kang and Y.G. Kim Temperate rice in Nepal 49 A.K. Gautam and N.P. Shrestha Development of indica/japonica rice lines at the Philippine Rice Research Institute 59 E.C. Arocena and T.F. Padolina Problems of growing rice in Russia and ways to solve them 85 E. Kharitonov Rice food security and production in Turkey 89 N. Beşer, H. Sürek Temperate rice in the U.S. 97 T.H. Tai Temperate rice in Uruguay 103 E. Deambrosi, F. Pérez de Vida, and A. Roel iii CContents.inddontents.indd iiiiii 55/28/2012/28/2012 33:15:05:15:05 PPMM Foreword Global warming as well as biotic and abiotic stresses are major threats to rice produc- tion. Even though temperate japonica rice occupies only 20% of the rice cultivation area worldwide, the decline in its production is a major cause of food insecurity. The Temperate Rice Research Consortium (TRRC), established by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in cooperation with the Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea, is an appropriate forum to tackle the various constraints of temperate rice production. I am pleased to know that the members of the TRRC have submitted papers for the book Advances in temperate rice research, which I believe will be an important document for temperate rice improvement. Several constraints limit rice production and productivity in temperate rice- growing countries and high-altitude regions in the tropics. Several million hectares of rice cultivation area in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and South and North America are affected by low temperature every year, resulting in annual yield loss of 1–3.9 t/ha. Low temperature at the seedling stage damages boro rice production in Bangladesh and in high-altitude regions of Bhutan, Cambodia, Indonesia, and Nepal. The temperate rice germplasm in some temperate countries such as Kazakhstan, North Korea, and Uzbekistan has narrow genetic diversity with low yield potential (2–3 t/ha). Biotic stresses such as blast and bacterial blight diseases affect rice production because of the disease-conducive environment in temperate as well as high-altitude regions. Collaborative research related to increasing production in temperate and high- altitude regions is important for rice improvement. In the areas of higher latitude, the rice-growing season is characterized by long days, greater solar radiation than in the tropics, a greater diurnal temperature range with lower night temperature limiting respiration losses, and lower disease pressure. Under these conditions, yield potential is considerably higher than in the tropics. Research and sharing of information can therefore play a pivotal role in understanding how yield potential can be increased. Keeping in view world food security, we need to stabilize temperate rice pro- duction by creating solutions to the constraints in different countries. We therefore developed a coordinated research strategy through the TRRC jointly with the mem- bership of 20 countries where temperate rice is produced, marketed, and consumed. I am very pleased that TRRC activities are continuously supported fi nancially by Korea’s RDA. Other countries such as Russia and Turkey have made small contribu- v FForeword.inddoreword.indd v 55/28/2012/28/2012 33:16:35:16:35 PPMM tions to strengthen TRRC activities. The research products on high yield potential, blast disease resistance, and cold tolerance are shared among the member countries to develop improved varieties. There is a need to strengthen the TRRC for enhancing scientifi c linkages and close collaboration among the members to develop valuable germplasm. IRRI makes a strong effort to be a partner with the members of the TRRC that are committed to using the latest knowledge and technologies for the improvement of temperate rice, which will eventually benefi t the rural and urban poor in many countries. Robert S. ZeiglerZeigi lel r Director General vi FForeword.inddoreword.indd vvii 55/28/2012/28/2012 33:16:38:16:38 PPMM Temperate rice in Australia Russell Reinke, Geoff Beecher, Brian Dunn, and Peter Snell Rice production in Australia is limited to a relatively small geographic area in the southwestern part of New South Wales (NSW) (Fig. 1). Between 1,000 and 1,500 rice farmers grow rice in the Murrumbidgee Valley in NSW and the Murray Valley in NSW and Victoria. The average size of an Australian rice farm is around 300 hectares; however, rice is produced on an average of 60 hectares per annum, allowing a 4-year rotation between rice and other annual crops, and has historically included a legume pasture phase for livestock production. Most farms now have a cropping phase only, alternating between summer crops (including rice) and winter crops. In the absence of water limitations, annual rice production ranges from 0.8 to 1.4 million tons of paddy rice. The highest annual production was 1.7 million tons in 2001. The key factor affecting recent production of rice in Australia has been limited water supply as a result of prolonged and severe drought conditions from 2002 until 2010. The impact on production is strongly evident in Figure 2. When irrigation water is not limited, 100,000–130,000 ha are devoted to rice production annually and the entire crop area is fully irrigated, using between 1,400 and 1,800 GL (1 GL = 109 liters) of irrigation water. The farm-gate value of the industry is around US$200 million, but, after processing, packaging, and fl ow-on effects to local communities, this rises to approximately $650 million. The Australian rice industry faces a changing operating environment, with future production likely to average 800,000 tons of paddy rice and be more variable than in the predrought years. Projected climate variability will likely lead to reduced water availability, and the legislative reduction in the amount of irrigation water available to farmers through the Sustainable Diversion Limits arising from the Murray-Darling Basin Plan and other policy responses will lead to restricted production. Although production has risen and fallen according to water availability, average yields have remained high. Drought conditions and the associated reduction in irrigation water supply have not affected yield because Australian rice farmers restrict the area sown to be commensurate with water availability at the beginning of the growing season. Hence, in a season of restricted production, the average yield generally remains high (Fig. 2). The variation in average yields is principally due to low-temperature events during the reproductive stage of the crop. Progress on addressing this abiotic constraint Temperate rice in Australia 1 AAustralia.inddustralia.indd 1 55/28/2012/28/2012 11:17:32:17:32 PPMM Fig. 1. The rice-growing region in Australia is centered on the Murray and Murrumbidgee river systems in southern New South Wales.
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