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Report on Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM) National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30 (TS) Citation: Reddy A Amarender (2018) Report on Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM), National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad – 500030, Telangana State, India. 68 pp. Report on Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM) A Study Report by the National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) for CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-30 (TS) i Preface ice is an important food crop all over the world. India is a major producer of rice accounting for 42.50 million ha and production of 110 million MT accounting for 28.33 percent of Rarea and 22.13 percent of production. The major problems faced in cultivation of rice are low yield and lack of improved varieties resistant to pests and diseases. One of the major problems in rice cultivation is its susceptibility to Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB). Hence, researchers made efforts to develop improved varieties to overcome the problem of BLB and developed resistant varieties of rice accordingly. However, the diffusion of these varieties slowed down in the recent years, resulting in stagnation of yields. Samba Mahsuri is one such variety which has got fine grain quality and is preferred among large section of consumers. However, this variety is susceptible to BLB. Keeping this in view, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in collaboration with Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR), developed Improved Samba Mahsuri which is resistant to BLB. Cultivation of ISM variety was popularized by National Seeds Corporation (NSC) and State Seed Corporations (SSCs). This variety is cultivated in many states across the country. As a result, over a period of time area under ISM increased substantially due to its resistance to BLB. Due to its resistance to BLB, use of pesticides reduced leading to lower cost of cultivation and hence became popular among the farming community in the country. However, in few of the states in India, there is a scope to increase area under ISM variety. In order to know the impact of ISM, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) requested MANAGE to conduct a study to know the impact of ISM on socio-economic condition of the farmers. I appreciate the efforts of Dr. Amarender Reddy, Director (Monitoring & Evaluation) and Principal Investigator and his team in conducting the study. I hope, findings of the study will go a long way in popularizing cultivation of Samba Mahsuri and help the farming community in realising higher yields and thus leading to higher incomes. Hence, it is recommended that efforts should be made to popularize this variety across the States. (V. Usha Rani, IAS) Director General Acknowledgements he study on “Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM)”was carried out at the National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management T(MANAGE), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, and was sponsored by the CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) Habsiguda, Hyderabad. In carrying out this study, we have benefited immensely from the guidance of various scholars and officials from different government departments. At the outset, we would like to thank Smt. V Usha Rani, IAS, Director General of our institute as well as Dr. Rakesh K Mishra, Director, CSIR-CCMB and Dr. Ramesh V Sonti, Chief Scientist, CSIR-CCMB, for their constant encouragement and support throughout the study. Special thanks to Dr. Muthuraman, Dr. Sundaram and Dr. Subha Rao from ICAR-IIRR. We also thank Dr. M. R. Vishnupriya and Dr. Hitendra Kumar Patel from CSIR - CCMB. We are grateful to Directors, Joint Directors and other officials from state departments of agriculture for their cooperation during the field survey as well as for their help in conducting Focus Group interactions and sharing their valuable suggestions. We thank Dr. Ratna Reddy, LNRMI, Hyderabad; Dr. Padma Raju, ex Vice Chancellor, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar; Dr. C.P. Chandrashekar, former Dean, PJTSAU, for their guidance and active involvement. We thank our colleagues at MANAGE for their constant support and encouragement in carrying out the study. We are also thankful to the field supervisors and surveyors for carrying out the field surveys and Focus Group interactions in different states and districts selected for the study across India. The study would not have reached this stage without the cooperation of cluster group leaders, who provided all the data required for the study without any hesitation and expectations. We thank each one of them for their invaluable support. Principal Investigator CONTENTS Executive Summary ..... xv Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1. Rice Production Scenario ..... 1 1.2. The context ..... 6 1.3. Development of Improved Samba Mahsuri (ISM) ..... 8 1.4 Scope of Study ..... 10 Chapter 2 - Review of Literature 2.1. Varietal diffusion and adoption process ..... 11 2.2. Determinants of varietal diffusion ..... 12 2.3. Varietal diffusion of risk-reducing improved varieties ..... 13 (insect resistant, flood resistant) 2.4. Impacts of varietal diffusion ..... 14 Chapter 3 - Methodology 3.1. Sampling and data collection ..... 17 3.1.1 Survey Instrument ..... 18 3.1.2 Approach of data collection ..... 18 3.2. Data consolidation, compilation and analysis ..... 18 Chapter 4 - Results and Discussions 4.1. BLB endemic areas and ISM perspective ..... 22 4.2. An overview of stakeholders’ opinion ..... 27 4.3. Field-level results ..... 27 4.3.1. Varietal diffusion models ..... 28 4.3.2. Occupation profile ..... 31 4.3.3. Livestock and machinery ..... 31 4.3.4. Operational holding ..... 31 4.3.5. Frequency of seed replacement ..... 32 4.3.6. Comparison of yield harvests ..... 33 4.3.7. Frequency of BLB occurrence – diffusion strategy ..... 34 4.3.8. Existing mechanisms to combat the disease ..... 36 4.3.9. ISM replacement pattern ..... 36 4.3.10. Consistency in adoption ..... 37 4.3.11. Innovation attributes ..... 37 4.3.12. Communication channels ..... 38 4.3.13. Crop insurance ..... 39 4.3.14. Results from non-endemicareas ..... 40 4.3.15. Seed purchase behaviour ..... 40 4.4. Case Study: Varietal diffusion of ISM ..... 41 4.5. Diffusion of ISM in terms of area ..... 43 4.6. Value of produce in farmers’ hand ..... 45 Chapter 5 - Recommendations ..... 47 References ..... 48 Annexure 1: Review of Literature .... 50 Annexure 2: Village level observations (East Godavari) .... 56 Annexure 3: Adoption and Impact of ISM in 4 Districts In Telangana (General Observations) .... 57 Annexure 4: Expert opinion .... 60 Annexure 5: Estimation of area based on breeder seed indent .... 66 x Abbreviations AICRIP : All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Program BLB : Bacterial Leaf Blight CCMB : Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology CSISA : Cereal Systems Initiative for South Asia FS : False Smut FTF : Feed the Future IIRR : Indian Institute of Rice Research IRR : Internal Rate of return ISM : Improved Samba Mahsuri KVK : Krishi Vigyan Kendra NFSM : National Food Security Mission NGO : Non-Governmental Organization NSC : National seed Corporation PJTSAU : Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University PMFBY : Prime Minister Fasal Bhima Yojana SAU : State Agriculture University SDA : State Department of Agriculture ShB : Sheath Blight SHG : Self Help Group ShR : Sheath Rot SM : Samba Mahsuri StR : Stem Rot STRASA : Stress-Tolerant Rice for Africa and South Asia xi List of Tables Sl. No: Particulars Pg. Nos. Table 1 : Changes in area, production, yield and area under irrigation 2 Table 2 : Rice Varieties and hybrids released as central & state releases 5 (1965 – 2014) Table 3 : Important rice varieties released for AP/Telangana 6 Table 4 : Control of Bacterial leaf blight through chemical and adoption of 8 tolerant varieties Table 5 : District wise total samples and percentage 17 Table 6 : Bacterial Leaf Blight Vulnerable districts (as measured by the frequency 23 of occurrence) 1980- 2000 Table 7 : Bacterial Leaf Blight Vulnerable districts (as measured by the frequency 25 of occurrence) 2000-2016 Table 8 : Mandals and villages in the study areas 28 Table 9 : Occupation of the population (per cent) 31 Table 10 : Number of livestock and tractors per household 31 Table 11 : Size of operational holdings (acre /household) 32 Table 12 : Frequency of seed replacement 32 Table 13 : Average yield harvest by the households (bags/acre) 33 Table 14 : Pest and disease resistance 33 Table 15 : Frequency of occurrence (% of the total sample farmers) of BLB in last 34 five years variety wise Table 16 : Loss percentage because of Bacterial Leaf Blight (2012-16) 35 Table 17 : Reasons for bacterial leaf blight occurring in paddy 35 Table 18 : Precautionary measures taken by the farmers to prevent BLB 36 Table 19 : Rice Varieties replaced by the ISM 36 Table 20 : Adoption of ISM variety in last five years among the respondent 37 farmers Table 21 : Average Aggregate rank of popular paddy cultivars grown by the 37 farmers Table 22 : Benefits from Improved Samba Mahsuri 38 Table 23 Important Traits Farmers look for in New Rice Varieties 38 Table 24 : Type of networks available in the village 39 Table 25 : Crop Insurance Awareness 40 Table 26A : Patterns of varietal replacement related to ISM
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  • The Art of Naming Traditional Rice Varieties and Landraces by Ancient Tamils

    The Art of Naming Traditional Rice Varieties and Landraces by Ancient Tamils

    Full-length paper Asian Agri-History Vol. 18, No. 1, 2014 (5–21) 5 The Art of Naming Traditional Rice Varieties and Landraces by Ancient Tamils A Sathya Centre for Advanced Research in Environment (CARE), School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613402, Tamil Nadu, India (email: [email protected]) Abstract South Indian history is interwoven with rice. Rice is the essential component of food, festival, occupation, birth, and death of every single citizen of Tamil Nadu, as elsewhere in India. Especially in Tamil Nadu, the Cauvery river basin had been renowned as ‘Rice Granary of South India’. There had been approximately 400 varieties of rice in vogue since Kingdoms’ Era. An effort has been made to collect names of traditional rice varieties that are still extant and those that had been then household varieties of ancient Tamils. The names had been collected from sources like inscriptions, textual records, literature, personal communications, poems, semi-structured interviews, and oral sayings. The meticulous transliteration efforts have enabled us to understand and appreciate the criteria of naming the traditional varieties of rice primarily on morphological traits of whole plant or infl orescence or grain. The varieties had been clearly distinguished and given names with color, shape, size, and appearance, either as an individual trait or in combination with other characters. This article corroborates the phenomenon of naming of traditional rice by ancient Tamils with the art of naming elsewhere in India as cited in Ayurvedic treatises by Susruta, Taittiriya Samhita of the Black Yajurveda, Paninni’s Astadhyayi, and Ramayana. The art of naming is also compared for a range of crops including rice of Lao PDR, enset of Ethiopia, rice of Gambia, etc.