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Assessment of Antioxidant Potential of Lutein, a Retinol Equivalent Carotenoid in Medicinal Landrace of Rice ‘Kavuni’

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Assessment of Antioxidant Potential of Lutein, a Retinol Equivalent Carotenoid in Medicinal Landrace of Rice ‘Kavuni’ Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International 32(38): 39-46, 2020; Article no.JPRI.63773 ISSN: 2456-9119 (Past name: British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Past ISSN: 2231-2919, NLM ID: 101631759) Assessment of Antioxidant Potential of Lutein, a Retinol Equivalent Carotenoid in Medicinal Landrace of Rice ‘Kavuni’ Suvarna Rani Chimmili1*, C. R. Ananda Kumar2, G. Subashini2, M. Raveendran3, S. Robin2, G. Padmavathi1, J. Aravind Kumar1, B. Jyothi1, B. Divya1,2, K. Sruthi1 and L. V. Subba Rao1 1Department of Plant Breeding, ICAR -Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 500 030, India. 2Department of Rice, Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India. 3Department of Plant Biotechnology, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author SRC designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote the draft of the manuscript. Authors CRAK, SR and MR conceptualized the study. Authors LVSR, GP, JAK, BJ, BD and KS managed the literature searches and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/JPRI/2020/v32i3831011 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Syed A. A. Rizvi, Nova Southeastern University, USA. Reviewers: (1) Rukhshan Khurshid, Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Pakistan. (2) Shatha Abdul Wadood Al-Shammaree, University of Baghdad, Iraq. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/63773 Received 10 October 2020 Original Research Article Accepted 14 December 2020 Published 01 January 2021 ABSTRACT Background: Indigenous traditional coloured rices are rich in dietary fibre, resistant starch, minerals, bioactive compounds and antioxidants like anthocyanins, luteins and phenols. Kavuni is one such brownish black medical landrace of rice considered as nutrition supplement since 400BC as it cures gastritis, peptic ulcer and also enhances blood circulation and known for its anti diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties. Lutein is the only dietary oxycarotenoid found in both the macula and lens of the human eye, and acts as blocker of blue light damage, quench reactive oxygen species, prevent age related macular degeneration, cataracts, cardiovascular disease and lung cancer. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Chimmili et al.; JPRI, 32(38): 39-46, 2020; Article no.JPRI.63773 Aim: The objective of the present investigation was to characterize the lutein content and antioxidant potential of Kavuni and released mega varieties of rice (ASD 16, Swarna Sub1) and its derivatives obtained from crosses ASD 16 and Kavuni; Swarna Sub1 and Kavuni. Methodology & Results: It was found that lutein (quantified by HPLC) was much higher in Kavuni (225 µg/100 g) compared with white rice varieties (ASD 16-15 µg/100g and Swarna Sub1-21 µg/100 g) and the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging ability (for quantification of antioxidant potential) were in the order (Kavuni >>ASD16, Swarna Sub1. Pigmented grain genotypes having higher lutein content had higher percentage of free radical scavenging activity of DPPH and lower IC50 values compared to non pigmented genotypes. Conclusion: It is conceivable that the medicinal landraces of rice could be exploited as one of the potential sources for plant - based pharmaceutical products. Keywords: Kavuni; lutein; antioxidant activity; HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography); DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. 1. INTRODUCTION Therefore search for effective and natural antioxidants has become crucial, investigation of Antioxidants are the bioactive compounds which chemically active compounds of plants is of are vital for defending the cells/ body from the urgent need. Lutein, a dihydroxy xanthophyll, is free radicals damage. The unpaired electrons in the predominant plant carotenoid distinguished free radicals are formed due to oxidation as a from other carotenoid compounds based on the process of normal metabolic activities in every chemical composition of hydroxyl group day exposure to the environment. Reactive attachments to their structures and presence of oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals when β-ionone ring and a ε-ionone ring (Fig. 1). It produced in excess amount overwhelming the cannot be synthesized denovo and must be scavenging ability of endogenous antioxidants acquired from dietary food rich in lutein like green like enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), leafy vegetables, fruits and eggs and it is the glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase [1], major component of the macular pigment of the the excess free radicals seek stability through retina. The macula lutea or “yellow spot” in the electron pairing with biological macromolecules retina is responsible for the central vision and such as proteins, lipids and DNA in healthy visual acuity. human cells resulting the induction of lipid per- oxidation and mutation in DNA which leads to Lutein is one of the major therapeutic many human sufferings like cardiovascular and compounds among 600 naturally occurring pulmonary diseases, cataracts, carotenoids and is the only carotenoids found in immune/autoimmune diseases, inflammation, both the macula and lens of the human eye, and arthritis, atherosclerosis and brain dysfunction acts as blocker of blue light damage, quencher of (Parkinson’s, Alzhelmer’s, Huntington’s oxygen free radicals and prevent age related diseases) [2]. Due to the adverse side effects of macular degeneration and cataracts [4] and synthetic antioxidants leading to carcinogenicity hence these macular pigments are considered as their use in many countries has been tightly own set of ‘Polarized Internal Sunglasses’. In supervised as reported by Pujimulyani, 2003. addition to playing pivotal roles in ocular health, Fig. 1. Chemical structure of lutein and its isomeric forms [3] 40 Chimmili et al.; JPRI, 32(38): 39-46, 2020; Article no.JPRI.63773 lutein and zeaxanthin (isomer of lutein) are important nutrients for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and lung cancer. They may also be protective in skin conditions attributed to excessive ultraviolet (UV) light exposure [5]. Coloured fruits and vegetables have higher antioxidants like lutein, than the cereal grains [6], Optimum quantity of coloured fruits and vegetables can’t be in the diet of common man. So, an alternate staple food should quench the needs. Rice is a staple food for more than three billion people in the world. India has been endowed with more than two lakhs rice varieties a rich biodiversity that no other country on earth. The Fig. 3. Seed colour gradiation F2 derivatives ayurvedic treatise records show the existence of of Swarna Sub1 x Kavuni several medicinal rice varieties in India [2]. Kavuni, a traditional rice variety of Tamil Nadu is 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS known for its nutritive properties and it is considered to be the best Antioxidant, Anti- The experimental material primarily consisted of arthritic and Anti-diabetic among other rice two varieties (ASD 16, the popular variety of varieties (Fig. 2). Kavuni grains are brown-black Tamil Nadu and the mega variety, Swarna Sub1) in colour which were reported earlier to have and one lutein rich landrace, Kavuni obtained reduced levels of total soluble sugar, low fat from Paddy Breeding Station, TNAU, Coimbatore content, increased protein content, high levels of and the study was conducted at the foresaid phenolic acid, flavonoids, carotenoids and place. In this study, Lutein content in the minerals like iron, manganese, zinc, copper, unpolished grains of coloured rice lines was sodium, potassium, magnesium [7,8]. Kavuni is determined by extracting the total carotenoids as known as a long duration, poor tillering and described by Lamberts and Delcour [9] and photosensitive traditional rice variety and owing quantified after separation through HPLC as to these traits it is not being cultivated widely. described by Tan and coworkers [10] 2.1 Quantification of Lutein through HPLC Separation The filtrate was analyzed for quantifying the Lutein content using a Shimadzu HPLC system with LC8A pump, a DAD (190-800nm) UV Vis detector. Separation was carried out in a Phenomenex Develosil 5 µm 140 Å C18 (250 x 4.6mm) using an isocratic elution with acetonitrile Fig. 2. Husked and Dehusked grains of (70%), equal volume of methanol and ethyl Kavuni acetate (30%). The solvents were well sonicated before immersing the rods connected with LC8A In our study, crosses were made with major high pump A and B. Flow rate was set as 1.0 ml/min. yield yielding white rice ASD 16 and Swarna Sub A 20 μl volume of the 1.0 ml filtrate was injected 1 to bring out threpeitic rice with good into HPLC. Identification and quantification of agronomical features. The present investigation carotenoids was based on the combined analysis reports the lutein content and the antioxidant of the retention times, co-chromatography with potential of Kavuni in comparison with ASD 16 pure standards and the visible absorption spectra and Swarna Sub 1 and its derivatives (Fig. 3). In obtained by the photodiode array (PDA) detector. this research, the pharmacologic potency of the Standard curve was prepared based on the dark coloured Kavuni kernels or grains was partly separation of lutein
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