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VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS Svajūnas VYTAUTO DIDŽIOJO UNIVERSITETAS KATALIKŲ TEOLOGIJOS FAKULTETAS BAŽNYTINĖS TEISĖS KATEDRA Svajūnas Mazrimas LOTYNŲ IR BIZANTINIO RITO APEIGŲ DIAKONATO YPATUMAI KATALIKŲ BAŽNYČIOS TEISĖJE Licenciato baigiamasis darbas Bažnytinės teisės studijų programa, valstybinis kodas 62402H101 Teologijos studijų kryptis Vadovas kun. bažn. t. dr. Robertas Rumšas _ Apginta____________________ ___________ ___________ (Fakulteto dekanas) (Parašas) (Data) Kaunas, 2011 TURINYS TURINYS..................................................................................................................................................................1 SANTRAUKA..........................................................................................................................................................2 SUMMARY...............................................................................................................................................................3 ĮVADAS………………………………………………………………………………………........…………........4 I. DIAKONATO KILMĖ IR PADĖTIS ANKSTYVOJOJE KRIKŠČIONYBĖJE..................................................7 I.1. Diakonas – termino etimologija ir tarnysės kilmė..............................................................................................7 I.1.1. Diakono sąvoka antikinėje graikų kultūroje....................................................................................................7 I.1.2. Levitų tarnystė žydų religijoje iki Jeruzalės Šventyklos sugriovimo 70 m. po Kristaus............................9 I.2. Ankstyvoji diakonato istorija............................................................................................................................11 I.2.1. Diakonatas Naujajame testamente ir Šventųjų Apaštalų Kanonuose............................................................11 I.2.2. Diakono statuso socialiniai bei hierarchiniai aspektai ankstyvojoje Krikščionybėje....................................22 I.2.3. Žemesniųjų už diakonatą bažnytinių laipsnių padėties ankstyvojoje Krikščionybėje apžvalga...................38 II.DIAKONATO RAIDOS SKIRTUMAI KRIKŠČIONIŠKUOSIUOSE VAKARUOSE IR RYTUOSE............42 II.1. Diakonato raida Vakaruose..............................................................................................................................42 II.1.1. Romos diakonatas IV amžiuje......................................................................................................................42 II.1.2. Vakarų diakonatas III-IX a. bažnytiniuose susirinkimuose vertinant jį iš kanoninės teisėspozicijų............44 II.2. Diakonato raidos Rytų Bažnyčiose bendrieji bruožai.....................................................................................47 III.DIAKONATAS DABARTINĖJE RYTŲ IR VAKARŲ KATALIKYBĖJE.....................................................53 III.1. Diakonatas dabartinėje Rytų Katalikybėje.....................................................................................................53 III.1.1. Bizantinio rito Katalikų Bažnyčių raidos Baltarusijoje ir Ukrainoje apžvalga...........................................53 III.1.2. Diakonatas Rytų Katalikų Bažnyčių kodekse.............................................................................................56 III.2. Diakonatas dabartinėje Vakarų Katalikybėje.................................................................................................58 III.2.1. Vakarų Katalikybės diakonatas po II visuotinio Vatikano susirinkimo......................................................58 III.2.2. Vakarų Katalikybės diakonatas Kanonų Teisės Kodekse...........................................................................68 IŠVADOS IR REKOMENDACIJOS.....................................................................................................................78 LITERATŪRA IR ŠALTINIAI..............................................................................................................................81 1 SANTRAUKA Diakonatas savo istoriją Bažnyčioje skaičiuoja nuo to meto, kai buvo parašyti Apaštalų Darbai, todėl visų pirma tai labai sena tarnystė. Diakonato tarnystės esmė – pagalba vyskupams bei kunigams liturgijoje, pastoracijoje ir karitatyvinėje veikloje. Diplominiame darbe licenciato laipsniui gauti Lotynų ir bizantinio rito apeigų diakonato ypatumai Katalikų Bažnyčios teisėje yra atkreipiamas dėmesys į keletą istorinių aspektų, dėl kurių yra pastebimas skirtumas tarp Rytų ir Vakarų Bažnyčiose tarnaujantiems diakonams suteiktų teisinių galių. Tai tapo Katalikų Bažnyčios vidaus reikalu po to, kai dalis Rytų Bažnyčių susivienijo su Šventuoju Sostu. Gerbdamas šias Bažnyčias, Šventasis Sostas nesiėmė iniciatyvos keisti jų vidaus tvarkos liturginėse tradicijose ir hierarchijoje, todėl jos vadovaujasi sava teise. Šios teisės skirtumai nuo Vakarų bažnytinės teisės yra Rytų ir Vakarų Krikščionybėje vykusių istorinių procesų pasekmė, todėl šiame darbe daug vietos skiriama diakonato raidai, ypač Baltarusijos graikų Katalikų Bažnyčioje bei Ukrainos graikų Katalikų Bažnyčioje. Skirtingai nuo kitų Rytų Katalikų Bažnyčių, šios abi Bažnyčios yra istoriškai tampriai susijusios su Lietuva bei Katalikų Bažnyčia Lietuvoje. 2 SUMMARY Deaconship has been present in the history of Church from the time The Acts of Apostles were written, therefore, it is regarded a very old service. The essence of this service is helping bishops and priests during liturgy, pastoration, and in caritative activities. The work The Peculiarities of Latin and Byzantine Rite Deaconships in the Law of Catholic Church addresses some historical aspects resulting in the differences between the legal rights awarded to deacons serving in Eastern and Western Churches. This became an internal issue of Catholic Church when a part of Eastern Church has unified with The Holy See. Respecting these Churches, The Holy See had not initiated changes are following their own law. The differences between this law and the law of Western Church is n outcome of historical processes having taken place in Eastern and Western Christianity, therefore, the major focus in this work is put on the development of deaconship, especially in the Greek Catholic Church of Belarus and Greek Catholic Church of Ukraine. As distinct from other Eastern Churches, both these Churches are historically closely related with Lithuania and Catholic Church in Lithuania. 3 Katras yra vyresnis – kuris sėdi už stalo ar kuris jam patarnauja? Argi ne tas, kuris sėdi?! O aš tarp jūsų esu kaip tas, kuris patarnauja. Lk. 22. 27. ĮVADAS Visi žmonės yra pašaukti bendrystei su Dievu. Kuo labiau jie artėja prie Dievo, tuo jie būna arčiau vienas kito, o tai reiškia, kad yra teisingas ir kitas teiginys – visi Katalikų Bažnyčios tikintieji yra pašaukti tarpusavio bendrystei. Šią bendrystę vainikuoja liturgija, kuri pagal savo prigimtį yra bendruomeninis veiksmas. Bendruomeniniams veiksmams vadovaujančiųjų asmenų ryšys su bendruomene būna tampresnis, kai jie randa joje sau pagalbininkų, kurie yra visada pasirengę patarnauti bendruomenės vadovams, o kai kuriais atvejais – ir pavaduoti juos. Dėl šios priežasties Katalikų Bažnyčioje esama tarnysčių, kurių uždavinys yra patarnauti tiems, kurie bendruomenei vadovauja ir atstovauja jai patį Kristų. Pati svarbiausioji iš šių tarnysčių – diakonatas – kartu yra ir pirmasis krikščionių dvasininkų šventimų laipsnis. Pasitelkus kariškių terminologiją galima teigti, kad diakonai – tai tarsi jaunesnieji karininkai Kristaus kariuomenėje. Pasaulietinėse armijose tarnaujantys jaunesnieji karininkai karo metu nepriima strateginių sprendimų, bet skiriasi nuo eilinių bei puskarininkių savo uniforma, pareigomis bei teisėmis, nes kariniai statutai priskiria juos vadovaujančiajam kariniam personalui. Tą patį galima pasakyti ir apie diakonus – jie nevadovauja svarbiausioms liturginėms apeigoms, tačiau bažnytiniai kanonai priskiria juos tarnaujančiajai kunigystei, kuriai priklauso kunigai ir vyskupai. Diakonus galima pavadinti veiksmo žmonėmis, nes jie turi tuos pačius tikslus kaip ir aukštesniuosius šventimus gavę dvasininkai, bet siekia jų pasauliečių priemonėmis, nes pagal pačią diakonato prigimtį jam priklausantys tikintieji yra pašaukti save atskleisti tikinčiosios bendruomenės naudai nevartodami tų dvasinių priemonių – konsekracijos ar, pvz., rankų uždėjimo – kurios yra tik aukštesniuosius šventimus turinčių asmenų prerogatyvoje. Iš esmės šis savęs atskleidimas yra ne kas kita, kaip bažnytinio paveldo priimtais būdais vykdomi patarnavimai kunigams bei vyskupams. Verta atkreipti dėmesį į tai, kad tokių patarnavimų pobūdis, ko gero, atspindi krikščioniškuosiuose Rytuose ir Vakaruose susiklosčiusių liturginių tradicijų subtilius skirtumus labiau, nei pagrindiniai liturgijos elementai. Rezervuoti aukštesniesiems dvasininkams šie elementai savo turinį išlaikė vienodą visame klasikinės Krikščionybės pasaulyje, tik skyrėsi ir tebesiskiria jie – 4 lyginant Rytų ir Vakarų tradicijas – savo forma. Palikusių skirtingus antspaudus šioms tradicijoms istorinių bei kultūrinių veiksnių kur kas labiau įtakojama buvo diakonato raida, kurios rezultatai, perteikti diakonų teisių bei pareigų pavidalu, atsispindi ir bažnytinėje teisėje. Tiesa, ir Rytų, ir Vakarų katalikiškieji kanonai apie diakonus užsimena labai lakoniškai. Tokia kanonų paskirtis – pateikti trumpas ir aiškias formuluotes tų principų, pagal kuriuos Katalikų Bažnyčioje yra reguliuojami hierarchiniai santykiai ir palaikoma elementari tvarka, o ne aiškinti kuriai nors bažnytinei tarnystei priklausančios kompetencijos
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