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HOLY WATERS: RELIGIOUS CONTESTS AND COMMITMENTS IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY, 1780–1830 by Christine Alice Croxall A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Summer 2016 © 2016 Christine Alice Croxall All Rights Reserved HOLY WATERS: RELIGIOUS CONTESTS AND COMMITMENTS IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY, 1780–1830 by Christine Alice Croxall Approved: __________________________________________________________ Arwen P. Mohun, Ph.D. Chair of the Department of History Approved: __________________________________________________________ George H. Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Approved: __________________________________________________________ Ann L. Ardis, Ph.D. Senior Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Christine Leigh Heyrman, Ph.D. Professor in charge of dissertation I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Anne M. Boylan, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Peter Kolchin, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee I certify that I have read this dissertation and that in my opinion it meets the academic and professional standard required by the University as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Signed: __________________________________________________________ Daniel K. Richter, Ph.D. Member of dissertation committee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Mississippi River first hooked me when I chose to read The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn for a fifth grade book report, and though I did not comprehend much of Twain’s humor and social criticism, my ten-year-old self loved to imagine life aboard Huck and Jim’s raft. Writing this dissertation a few decades later has entailed less dangerous, though still quite engaging, adventures of travel, research, and intellectual encounter. Fortunately, I have had many companions and guides along the way. Christine Heyrman has been a tireless mentor and advocate throughout my time at the University of Delaware. I cannot praise her highly enough for her support, wisdom, and wit, or for the myriad ways she steered this project away from untold disasters. And though I know she did not plan it this way, her most recent book, American Apostles, appeared precisely at the moment when I needed to be reminded of how historians can write gripping, elegant prose. Anne Boylan and Peter Kolchin provided coaching, bountiful encouragement, and endless rounds of reference letters. I am grateful for their intellectual rigor and constructive guidance. Dan Richter, who observed my earliest fumbling efforts to articulate my ideas as a new grad student and who, nonetheless, kindly agreed to read this work in its final stages, has been an exemplar of generosity. I could not ask for a more insightful, gracious dissertation committee. Meeting Tangi Villerbu early in the writing process was amazingly fortuitous. He directed me toward key archives in France and the Mississippi River Valley, schooled me iv in Catholicism, and connected me with other scholars who work on the region. Most of all, he was a steady, resourceful conversation partner as I sorted through my ideas. For his friendship and for his mentoring I am immensely grateful. I received an astonishing amount of support to conduct research for this project. With gratitude I acknowledge grant and fellowship funding from the American Antiquarian Society, the American Historical Association, the Clement Library at the University of Michigan, the Cushwa Center at the University of Notre Dame, the Filson Historical Society, the Huntington Library, the King V. Hostick Scholarship at the Illinois State Historical Society, the John S. McIllhenny Library Research Fellowship at Louisiana State University, the Newberry Library, the New Orleans Center for the Gulf South at Tulane University, and the Lynn E. May, Jr. Study Grant at the Southern Baptist Historical Library and Archives. At the University of Delaware I received additional research and writing support through the History Department and the Office of Graduate and Professional Education, including a Global Research Travel Award that enabled me to conduct research in France. Librarians and archivists have been essential collaborators as I have researched and honed this dissertation. I appreciate their patience, insights, and openhandedness, and acknowledge especially Ashley Cataldo at the American Antiquarian Society, Rena Schergen at the Archives of the Archdiocese of St. Louis, Morgen MacIntosh Hodgetts at DePaul University’s Special Collections, Tara Laver at LSU’s Hill Memorial Library, Daniel Hammer at the Historic New Orleans Collection, Noémie Marijon at Bibliothèque du séminaire provincial de Lyon - Saint Irénée, Odile Lolom at Archives des Œuvres Pontificales Missionnaires, and Tricia Pyne and Alison Foley at the Associated Archives v of St. Mary’s Seminary & University. The archivists at the Society of the Sacred Heart charmed me with their genuine interest in my work, their frank explanations of Catholic terminology, and their hospitality. My deep thanks to Lyn Osiek, Mary Louise Gavan, and Michael Pera in St. Louis; Mary Blish in New Orleans; and Margaret Phelan and Federica Palumbo in Rome. Thanks to the Peter R. D'Agostino Research Travel Grant, I had the privilege of spending two weeks studying and visiting archives in Rome through the American Catholicism in a World Made Small: Transnational Approaches to U.S. Catholic History seminar in June 2014, sponsored by the University of Notre Dame’s Cushwa Center. A Consortium Fellowship from the McNeil Center for Early American Studies at the University of Pennsylvania in 2014–2015 supported my writing and brought me in contact with a delightful array of scholars who challenged and heartened me. I gratefully acknowledge Steve Marti’s guidance in map-making, and translation help from Maxime Dagenais, Nathan Marvin, Claire Parfait, José Sanchez, and Tangi Villerbu, though I take full responsibility for any errors. In the History Department office at the University of Delaware, Diane Clark, Pat Orendorf, and Doug Tobias helped me navigate all manner of bureaucratic messiness. I have been blessed to have a great crowd of fellow travelers on this dissertation- writing journey. For their warm encouragement, commiseration, and sparkling ideas, I thank Jeffery Appelhans, Nicole Belolan, Julie Fisher, Brendan Gillis, Alyce Graham, Chris Graham, Sarah Gronningsater, Amanda Guidotti, Sonia Hazard, Amy Kohout, Asli Menevse, Max Mishler, Carolyn Roberts, Rachel Trocchio, Rachel Walker, Jamin Wells, Nate Wiewora, Jim Woytek, and the Historians are Writers! group at Cornell University. vi I am also grateful to Jim Brophy, Luca Codignola, Jeff Cowie, Rebecca Dolch, David Freidenreich, Jennifer Orleans, John Pritchard, Larry Rasmussen, Aaron Sachs, David Silverman, and Hal Taussig for sharing their support, wisdom, and good cheer. For hospitality and conviviality during my research trips and conferences, my thanks to Diana and Marlin Anthony, Lisa Bandel, Julia Bloch, Marshall Curry and Elizabeth Martin, Paul Delnero, Brian Dixon, Rufus Fowler and Sarah Noble, Kipp and Cathy Gilmore- Clough, Eleanor Harrison and Peter Bregman, Jessica Linker, Lily Santoro, Kristen Green Wiewora, and Brandon Woods. Calvary UMC in West Philadelphia, Forest Home Chapel in Ithaca, and Communitas de Jubilate have nourished my soul in innumerable ways. My family of (mostly) engineering-types adjusted to my becoming a historian. I thank them for their care, support, and inquisitiveness through a process that seemed both endless and odd to them. I have dedicated this dissertation to my two grandmothers: my mother’s mother, Ruth King Myers, who passed away during my first semester as a Ph.D. student, and my father’s mother, Faith Wayne Pearson. These two strong, loving women have been tremendous role models for me. Breno Barlach, Alana Staiti, and Josi Ward buoyed me during the final year of writing. Their friendship is priceless to me. Jarrett Anthony has sustained me throughout my time in graduate school on both material and metaphysical levels. I thank him for his excitement about my work when my own energy flagged and his faith in me. I learn from him daily. I am blessed to share my life with someone of such integrity, intellectual curiosity, passion, and empathy. vii For Faith and in memory of Ruth viii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... xi ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................
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    La «Congregación Especial para los Asuntos Eclesiásticos de España» durante el trienio liberal (1820-1823) The «Special Congregation for Ecclesiastical Affairs in Spain» during the Trienio Liberal (1820-1823) Roberto REGOLI Facoltà di Storia e Beni Culturali della Chiesa. Pontificia Università Gregoriana. Piazza della Pilotta 4. I-00187 ROMA. [email protected] Resumen: Durante el trienio liberal español (1820- Abstract: During the Spanish «three-year liberal 1823) se introdujeron reformas que también afectaron period» (1820-1823), reforms that also affected the a la Iglesia. En este trabajo se estudia el punto de vista Church were introduced. This paper studies the point de la Curia Romana sobre esas reformas. Se analizan of view of the Roman Curia regarding those reforms. las actitudes de los cardenales de la Curia competen- We will examine the attitudes of the Curia cardinals tes para los asuntos españoles y de los miembros de la involved in Spanish affairs and of the members of the «Congregación Especial para los Asuntos Eclesiásticos «Particular Congregation for Ecclesiastical Affairs in de España». En la España de esta época, la Santa Sede Spain». In the Spain of this period the Holy See faced se encontró frente a un mundo político muy distan- a very distant political world, towards which it adop- te, ante el cual no adoptó una política rígida sino más ted not a rigid policy, but instead followed modera- bien moderada, intentando contemporizar. La misma tion and searched for appeasement. The same policy política se puede encontrar al comienzo del pontifi- can be found at the beginning of the pontificate of cado de Pío VII con respecto a Francia en la época de Pius VII towards revolutionary France.