75th Anniversary commemorative edition

PEARL HARBOR The attack itself, minute by minute

The mood of a nation plunged into war 2 / PEARL HARBOR

32 3 25 COULD IT THE ATTACK HAPPEN AGAIN? INTERNMENT What would such a surprise World War II is often ITSELF attack look like now? What characterized as the great crusade A minute-by-minute look at what keeps our national security against tyranny. That’s hard to happened in Hawaii Dec. 7, 1941. forces up at night? reconcile with the treatment of Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast, more than 100,000 of whom were uprooted from NEWS OF WAR their homes and sent to When the U.S. unleashed “shock and awe” against the regime of 34 10 internment camps. Saddam Hussein in 1993, the assault was broadcast live. Not so in LEARNING MORE 1941, when it took hours for news of the Pearl Harbor attack to reach Recommended reading, American homes. viewing, memorials to visit

MOBILIZATION 14 Although the United States had had a draft since 1940, the armed 36 forces remained small. That changed swiftly after the attack on Pearl Harbor, when thousands of draft boards sprang up around the TRIVIA country, and millions of men were conscripted for military service. Test your knowledge

ISOLATIONISM 39 17 World War II officially began in September 1939 when Germany NAMES OF invaded Poland, but the United States did not enter the war for more than two years. After Pearl Harbor, the U.S. sprang into action. THOSE KILLED What was life like before America entered the war? BLIPPAR CHRISTMAS 1941 Throughout this section we are using an app called Blippar to direct you to online Coming just 18 days after the attack, this was a holiday unlike 20 content via your smartphone. any other. For many Americans, it was the last time they would 1. Download the free app in the Apple App Store or Google Play, for Android phones be together. and tablets. 2. When you see these icons near a story or photo, open ONLINE the app and point your smart device’s Visit our website to dive deeper into the history of Dec. 7, 1941. Look for STEP ONE STEP TWO STEP THREE camera at the page. ‘Pearl Harbor’ on your newspaper website’s homepage under Our Picks DOWNLOAD FILL SCREEN BLIPP IMAGE 3. Blippar will bring BLIPPAR APP WITH IMAGE INTO LIFE and you’ll find: • More historic photos up related digital • Video and audio archives from the Library of Congress content on your phone or tablet. • Links to more resources For example, open the Blippar app and hover your phone over the text of FDR’s • An interactive quiz of the trivia on Pages 36-38 Christmas Eve speech on Page 23. Audio of the speech should start playing on your device. PEARL HARBOR / 3

THE ATTACK

The U.S. Navy ITSELF‘Sunday in Hell’ author details two hours on battleships USS West Virginia Pearl Harbor that changed history (sunken at left) and USS Ten- nessee shrouded in smoke after the Japanese air raid on Pearl Harbor. WIKIPEDIA

Use the Blippar app to open a video of Bill McWilliams interviewing Pearl Harbor survivors. SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2

The following is an excerpt from the book “Sunday in Hell: Pearl Harbor Minute by Minute” by Bill McWilliams. Copyright (c) 2011 by Bill McWilliams. Reprinted with the permission of Open Road Integrated Media, Inc. 4 / PEARL HARBOR

n Thursday, 4 December, the U.S. Navy’s guarded, highly classified radio receiving station in Cheltonham, Maryland, intercepted a Japanese Ooverseas “News” broadcast from Station JAP (Tokyo) on 11980 kilocycles. The broadcast began at 8:30 a.m., corresponding to 1:30 a.m. in Hawaii, One of the 29 Japanese and 10:30 p.m., 5 December, in Tokyo. aircraft lost on Dec. 7, The broadcast was probably in Wabun, this ‘Val’ dive bomber the Japanese equivalent of Morse Code, trails flames from its right wing. and was originally written in syllabic THE NATIONAL katakana characters, a vastly simpler and WWII MUSEUM phonetic form of written Japanese. It was recorded in Cheltonham on a special typewriter, developed by the Navy, which typed the Roman-letter equivalents of the Japanese characters. The Winds Message broadcasts, which Japanese embassies all over the world had been alerted to listen to in a 19 November coded message, was forwarded to the Navy Department by TWX (teletype exchange) from the teletype-transmitter in the “Intercept” receiving room at Cheltenham to “WA91,” the page-printer located beside the GY Watch Officer’s desk in U.S. Army Air Forces aircraft destroyed by Japanese raiders at Wheeler Air Field Dec. 7. WIKIPEDIA the Navy Department Communication Intelligence Unit under the command of Navy Captain Lawrence F. Safford. Saturday evenings on Oahu were Music,” “The Battle of the Bands” The 4 December message was one of the last key normally filled with relaxed revelry, featured Navy bands primarily from intelligence intercepts the Navy was decoding and sprinkled with “happy hours” in the local “capital ships” home ported in Pearl translating, in attempts to determine Japanese intentions hotel lounges and bars, dinners at Harbor and those attached to shore and plans during their deteriorating diplomatic relations restaurants and clubs, dances, floor installations in Hawaii. Four bands were and negotiations with the United States. There was some shows, quiet gatherings with families to compete in each round of the delay and uncertainty in decoding and translating the and friends, and walks on the beaches. tournament with one winner per round message, which, as indicated in the Japanese government’s On the military installations, in the selected to perform in the final 19 November message, would be contained in the Tokyo officers’ clubs, enlisted recreation competition rounds. The (USS) Arizona news broadcasts’ weather reports. After considerable centers, and other locations on bases and band won the first round in September, discussion of the 4 December intercept, senior Naval posts, similar activities occur. and several of its members attended this Intelligence officers concluded the message meant an Tracing its origins to the early 1900s, night, to listen to their future imminent break in diplomatic relations with Great Britain, the Navy’s School of Music opened in “competition” – tonight’s winner. at least, and probably the United States – since the Washington, D.C. in 1935 and operated Each band performed a swing number, embassies had received instructions to destroy their codes. in conjunction with the U.S. Navy Band. a ballad and one specialty tune, then Code destruction and replacement was a routine Students enrolled in the school in this played for the jitterbug contest. procedure at regular, specified intervals throughout the era were interviewed in advance, selected Competing this final night of the year, but ominously, the most recent order to destroy codes for attendance, graduated in complete elimination round, were only three didn’t fit the normal pattern of Japanese behavior in ensembles, and transferred aboard ship. bands. As the men stomped and cheered, managing their most secret codes. At Pearl Harbor, a crowd gathered at bands from the battleships Pennsylvania But unknown to American intelligence another more the new Bloch Recreation Center the (BB-38) and Tennessee, and the fleet ominous message had been sent to the combined fleet at night of 6 December 1941 for “The Battle support ship, Argonne (AG-31), fought it 0730 hours on 2 December, Tokyo time, Monday, 1 of the Bands,” the last elimination round out to go to the finals. The Pennsylvania December in Washington and Hawaii. Sent by Admiral of a Pacific Fleet music tournament band won, everybody sang “God Bless Yamamoto’s chief of Naval General Staff, Rear Admiral begun the previous 13 September and America,” and the evening wound up Matome Ugaki, it was to become one of the most famous held every two weeks, with the final with dancing. When the crowd filed out messages in naval history. “Climb Mount Niitaka, 1208.” It competition planned for 20 December. at midnight, many argued that the best signaled that X-Day – the day to execute the Japanese war The Bloch Recreation Center was a place band of the tournament thus far was the plan – was 0000 December 8, Japan time. Nagumo’s task designed to give the enlisted man every Arizona’s. force received the information at 2000 hours, and at this kind of relaxation the Navy felt proper – The threat of hostilities on Oahu hour was about 940 miles almost directly north of Midway, music, boxing, bowling, billiards, and 3.2 seemed farfetched to all but a few. well beyond the arc of U.S. reconnaissance flights. beer. Called by some “The Battle of PEARL HARBOR / 5

Planes and a Gordon W. Prange, in “At Dawn We hangar burn- Slept,” recorded the chain of events ing at the Ford that followed the deployment of the Island Naval Japanese Empires’ midget Air Station’s submarines early the morning of 7 seaplane December: “A waning moon peeked base, during through the broken overcast to or immediately glimmer on the waters off Pearl after the air Harbor. About ‘1 3/4 miles south of raid. The ru- entrance buoys,’ the minesweepers ined wings of Condor and Crossbill plied their a PBY Catalina mechanical brooms. At 0342 patrol plane something in the darkness ‘about fifty are at left and yards ahead off the port bow’ in the center. attracted the attention of Ensign THE NATIONAL Russell G. McCloy, Condor’s Officer of WWII MUSEUM the Deck. He called to Quartermaster Second Class R.C. Uttrick and asked him what he thought. Uttrick peered through binoculars and said, ‘That’s a periscope, sir, and there aren’t supposed to be any subs in this area.’”

***

In just 90 minutes the Japanese Use the Blippar had launched 350 aircraft toward app to open their targets. newsreel The Zeroes’ (fast, highly footage of the maneuverable, heavily-armed attack, played in fighters, also called Zekes) first, low- movie theaters altitude strafing passes at Kaneohe in December were deadly, and the effects of the 1941. remaining 32 in the first wave would prove devastating everywhere that SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2 morning. Each carried two rapid-fire 20-mm canons, one in the leading edge of each wing, and two 7.7-mm machine guns mounted on the nose of the fighter, in the engine cowling. To increase the amount of damage caused during their strafing runs, the Japanese loaded their ammunition in the following order: two armor piercing, one tracer; two armor piercing, one tracer; two armor piercing, one incendiary. With this loading the bullets would not only kill, but would shred thin metal, pierce light to moderately thick armor, gasoline and oil tanks, do fatal damage to vehicles, engines, aircraft and anti-aircraft guns – and start fires. In the first eight minutes of the air assault on Oahu, the Zekes were commencing the near-total destruction of 6 / PEARL HARBOR

The Japanese carrier Akagi prepares to launch airplanes in the second attack wave Dec. 7, 1941. PHOTOS COURTESY THE NATIONAL WWII MUSEUM

the Navy’s long range patrol had been ‘blown all to hell.’ Corporal maintenance men scrambled to with the other wounded in capability on the island. Follow-on McKinley thought he was crazy and disperse, fuel and arm their aircraft. desperate, vain, raging attempts to attacks by Zekes and horizontal just turned over in his bed. At 0810, Time was of the essence. In another get airborne and strike back at the bombing Kates (equipped with someone called from Hickam Field half hour, the second wave’s attack now-declared enemy. The worst was torpedoes) and additional fighters in and asked for a fire truck because would bring much more than a in progress elsewhere, far worse. the second wave would bring more they ‘were in flames.’ A return call single Zeke fighter strafing Bellows Between dawn, when the 86th’s death and destruction to Kaneohe disclosed … they had been attacked, Field on one pass. Though none from acting first sergeant told of Naval Air Station. so the Bellows fire chief left for the 86th died at Bellows Field that Kaneohe’s attack, 0810 hours, when Along the beach in Waimanalo to Hickam with the fire truck. day, and only three were wounded on the call for a fire truck came from the southeast of Kaneohe, all was While the men of the 86th rushed a field still under construction, two Hickam, and 0830, when the Zeke serene at Bellows Field until about to defend against the next onslaught, more of their number received roared through on a strafing pass, dawn, when the acting first sergeant the three 44th fighter pilots were wounds in the Japanese assault on hell was visiting the island of Oahu. ran into the tent area to rouse the determined to get into the air as Hickam Field - and two of the 44th’s Wheeler Field, the home of the sleeping men, yelling that Kaneohe soon as possible. Squadron three pilots would die at Bellows, Hawaiian Air Force’s air and fleet PEARL HARBOR / 7

A Japanese across the water from the southeast midget and east, after passing at 50 feet submarine altitude southeast of Hickam Field’s after having hangar line, and past the south and been raised by north ends of Ford Island across the the U.S. Navy harbor from the west toward the at the Pearl main dock and ships in the north Harbor Navy harbor, while other torpedo-bombers Yard in pressing in from the east and December southeast unleashed devastating 1941. attacks on the battleships and other ships in the harbor. Val dive bombers, with a two-man crew of pilot and radioman/ gunner, and Kate horizontal bombers from the northeast and southwest almost simultaneously launched shattering dive-bomb and fighter attacks on aircraft and hangar facilities on Hickam Field, Ford Island, and nearby Marine Corps’ Mooring Mast Field at Ewa - while to the northwest, Wheeler Field took staggering blows beginning moments following the assault on NAS Kaneohe Bay. Wheeler Field, struck shortly before 0800, was home for the Hawaiian Air Force’s entire pursuit (interceptor) force, which was the 14th Pursuit Wing, composed of the 15th and 18th Pursuit Groups. A successful attack on Wheeler would virtually assure air superiority. The *** cannon fire and machine gun bullets Japanese took Wheeler Field tore into the attackers’ primary completely by surprise, as they did Startled, at-first-uncertain and target, the Pacific Fleet, setting off every other installation on Oahu. No disbelieving men on the ground and thunderous explosions, starting one on the ground sighted the aboard ships, all disciplined and numerous fires, and a huge, all- oncoming Val dive bombers until trained to respond in a crisis, and consuming inferno on the battleship they made their final turn for the fight, were momentarily puzzled. Arizona, the men on Army Air Force, attack. Aircraft and maintenance Then they saw bombs or torpedoes Navy and Marine Corps airfields facilities along the flight line were released, the white-hot blinking of suffered their own brand of hell. the primary targets. Supply depots, machine guns and 20-mm canons, Before one hour and forty-five barracks and people anywhere in the the flash of orange insignia - minutes passed, total Army Air Force vicinity of these targets, were defense, the 14th Pursuit Wing, was “meatballs” - on the underside of casualties on Oahu climbed to 163 secondary but also received the first Army Air Force field struck wings or the sides of fuselages, heard killed, 336 wounded, and 43 missing. devastating blows. The Japanese on Oahu. By 0900, when the second a few shouted warnings, the roar of Of these, Hickam Field’s losses were pilots were too well trained to waste wave struck Bellows and completed low flying airplanes, and the violent 121 killed, 274 wounded, and 37 their bombs and ammunition on their work on Kaneohe, the fierce explosions of bombs or torpedoes in missing. Out of 231 Hawaiian Air insignificant targets. One bomb did Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the stunning few moments before Force aircraft, 64 were destroyed, 93 land in the front yard of a house, but other military installations on the reality struck home. In the normal damaged and only 74 were left in it was the result of a miss rather then island had become a never-to-be- preparations for Sunday morning repairable condition. Hangars at a deliberate attack on the housing forgotten, bloody, American national breakfast, church services, a weekend both Hickam and Wheeler were area. disaster. of liberty, lowered crew manning, severely damaged. An aircraft repair The multi-direction attacks by the absence of warning, and low defense station in Hickam’s Hawaiian Air bombers and fighters added alert condition, disaster quickly Depot was completely destroyed. 12 flourished. While torpedoes, bombs, Kate torpedo-bombers charged low 8/ PEARL HARBOR

USS Nevada afire off the Ford Island seaplane base, with her bow pointed up-channel. The volume of fire and smoke is actually from USS Shaw, which is burning in the floating dry dock YFD-2 in the left background. WIKIPEDIA

confusion and chaos to the abject where, because of the Hawaiian setting other planes on fire. One P- plain of Oahu, near Barbers Point, fear and terror of defenseless men Department’s Alert One status, the 40 fell in two pieces, its prop the first wave hit as the Japanese scrambling for cover and weapons ammunition unloaded from pointing almost straight up. A P-36 began their deadly assault on Ford to defend themselves against an aircraft, including rounds pulled exploded, hurling flaming debris Island and the ships in Pearl enemy bent on destruction of the from machine gun belts, had been upon a nearby tent, setting it ablaze. Harbor. At 0740, when Fuchida’s field’s mission capability. stored. The hangar’s exploding At times there were over 30 air armada closed to within a few Observations and recollections of ammunition, going off like fighters and dive bombers attacking miles of Kahuku Point, the forty- events differed widely among those firecrackers in the flames, severely Wheeler from every direction, a three Zekes split away from the rest on the receiving end of the limited the ability to defend tactic used on every target complex of the formation, swinging out destructive weapons tearing Wheeler Field against the on Oahu. The well-planned and north and west of Wheeler Field, Wheeler Field apart. According to continuing air attack. executed tactic was designed not the headquarters of the Hawaiian some, the first place hit was the gas Immediately behind the only to destroy fighter opposition on Air Force’s 18th Pursuit Wing. storage dump on the southwest completed first wave of dive the ground and ships in the harbor, Passing further south, at about 0745 corner of the base, where all of bombing attacks came the but to confuse and overwhelm the Soryu and Hiryu divisions Wheeler’s flammables such as gas, bombers, back again joining the gunners who might try to mount executed a hard, diving turn to port turpentine, and lacquer were kept. fighters in follow-on, low level an effective antiaircraft defense. and headed north toward Wheeler. Most witnesses, however, reported strafing attacks. While aiming and Eleven Zekes from Shokaku and that the first bomb struck Hangar 1, The 72nd firing in one Zuikaku simultaneously left the where the base engineering shops Pursuit direction at an formation and flew east, crossing were located. The tremendous blast Squadron tent airborne target, over Oahu north of Pearl Harbor to blew out skylights, and clouds of area between By the time alerts were approaching attack NAS Kaneohe Bay. Eighteen smoke billowed upward, making it Hangars 2 and fighter pilots Zekes from Akagi and Kaga headed appear the entire hangar was lifted 3 came under shouted, torpedoes were in pressing attacks toward what the Japanese called off its foundation. The explosion heavy attack. the water. No time to react at low altitude Babasu Pointo Hikojo (Barbers decimated the sheet metal, The new P- and more Kates could see and cut Point Airdrome) - Ewa Mooring electrical, and paint shops in the 40 fighter down the Mast Field. front half of the hangar, but spared planes were followed behind, coming defenders from By the time alerts were shouted, the machine and wood shops, and being blown to at the largest, most another direction. torpedoes were in the water. No tool room, which were protected by bits, their At the Marines’ time to react and more Kates a concrete-block, dividing wall. 20 burning parts exposed targets among the Mooring Mast followed behind, coming at the The bomb that hit Hangar 3 had scattering battleships: Oklahoma, Field, Ewa largest, most exposed targets among struck the hangar sheltering the along the ramp West Virginia, Arizona, (pronounced the battleships: Oklahoma, West central ammunition storage area, in all Eva), on the Virginia, Arizona, Nevada, and directions, Nevada, and California. southwest coastal California.

10 / PEARL HARBOR NEWS OF WAR SOUND & FURY By Brian Rosenwald Special to GateHouse Media

When the unthinkable happened on Dec. 7, 1941, social media was more than 60 years in the future, phones existed solely for voice calls, and television was in its infancy. The government, not ordinary citizens, rang the alarm about the assault upon Pearl Harbor, and most Americans, many disbelieving, heard the news from radio, word of mouth and newspaper extras. Americans glued themselves to their radios in the days following. The networks broadcast for 34 hours straight. On Dec. 8, a record of between 79 and 81 percent of Americans listened to President Roosevelt request that Congress declare war. The next night, a whopping 60 to 90 million Americans, the largest audience to date, heard him deliver a fireside chat on the predicament confronting the country.

◗ Today we learn about breaking news ◗ While television eventually usurped radio’s instantaneously. One tweet becomes a torrent as we primacy as America’s broadcast news source, during struggle to grasp the enormity of what we’ve read. the late 1930s and the early 1940s, it was radio that Our phones buzz incessantly with news alerts and surpassed newspapers in covering breaking news. texts from friends and family. Within minutes we Newspapers couldn’t match radio’s ability to provide can watch nonstop coverage on a dozen television instantaneous information and to “transport” networks, not to mention digital platforms. We Americans to happenings around the globe. discover what happened in little blips, sometimes incorrect, as journalists rush to share what they ◗ As tensions heightened in Europe in the late know and average Joes contribute cellphone video 1930s, path-breaking correspondents like CBS’ and observations from the scene. Edward R. Murrow shared the sounds of war and familiarized Americans with the people and ideas ◗ Before social media, television dominated propelling the conflict. Americans listened to breaking news coverage. Most Americans beyond speeches from Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain and their teenage years remember witnessing the World other European leaders. Harnessing shortwave Trade Center towers collapsing on that tragic transmissions, an expanding stable of morning in 2001. An older generation recalls the correspondents and stringers, and a burgeoning War was all over the Dec. 10, 1941, front sight of CBS newsman Walter Cronkite, clearly pool of commentators, radio tackled the biggest page of the Columbus Evening Dispatch. grappling with his emotions, removing his stories live as they unfolded. spectacles and informing the nation of the death of President Kennedy.

◗ Yet for all that television seared those images into our minds, the medium only dominated breaking Newspapers couldn’t match news for a relatively short time. Television didn’t radio’s ability to provide take off until the late 1940s and early 1950s. instantaneous information Television networks emerged in 1947 and 1948, and and to ‘transport’ the number of television stations exploded in the Americans to happenings early 1950s. As recently as 1948, only 0.4 percent of homes had televisions (by 1958 that number would around the globe. climb to 83.2 percent). PEARL HARBOR / 11

◗ On that fateful Sunday, Japanese bombs started hysteria and because they never broadcast non- pelting Pearl Harbor shortly before 8 a.m. Hawaii sports news. Standard Time. By 8:04, KGMB in Honolulu jettisoned regular programming to air an ◗ Similarly, while radio listeners to the Giants- announcement beckoning all military personnel Dodgers game heard the news first, the 50,051 to report immediately for duty. The station kept fans at the Polo Grounds remained clueless even repeating this call, with competitor KMU soon as a buzz grew with each announcement joining in. summoning VIPs to a box-office telephone. Only after the cold drove New York Times scribe ◗ At 1:47 p.m. Eastern, roughly a half hour after Harrison Salisbury and his wife from the stadium the barrage began, Navy Secretary Frank Knox and to a friend’s flat for a drink did they discover alerted President Roosevelt. FDR reacted with the news. That night, in Austin, Texas, Luis disbelief. He called Press Secretary Stephen Early, Calderon heard newsboys’ calls of “extra, extra” still at home reading the Sunday papers in his and, wanting to know what they meant, learned bathrobe, and at 2:22 p.m. EST, Early that war had commenced when he phoned the three wire services with a stopped to buy a paper. bulletin notifying Americans of the incursion. At 2:36, still at home ◗ The news stunned Americans; many (some reporters actually beat Early to instinctively assumed that it must be a the White House), Early erroneously hoax. A Los Angeles Times reporter informed the wire services that the dispatched to an Army post stopped in a Japanese had bombarded Manila, diner to exchange bills for change to Philippines, as well. make phone calls. When he revealed the Use the Blippar news to the diner’s patrons, they ◗ The scheduled network radio app to hear the suspected a gag. Once on the Army programming that wintery afternoon radio broadcast post, the reporter again encountered included a New York Philharmonic bulletin on the incredulity and skepticism from soldiers concert on CBS, a Brooklyn Dodgers- attack from who had yet to hear about the assault. New York Giants football game on Dec. 7, 1941 . Mutual Broadcasting System, and the ◗ On the beach in Santa Monica, “University of Chicago Roundtable” SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2 volleyball players ignored a radio on NBC Red (RCA operated two listener’s urgent cries until he brought networks, NBC Red and NBC Blue). his radio over and they heard the Between 2:25 and 2:31 ET, all four bulletin with their own ears. Mutual’s networks interrupted programming to share what initial dispatch prompted an irate call to the little information they had. switchboard from a listener who protested another “stunt” like Orson Welles’ “War of the ◗ Even though more than 80 percent of Worlds,” which had panicked her. households had radios in 1941, many Americans weren’t tuned in that Sunday afternoon, and ◗ Once convinced of its veracity, the news learned about the attack from neighbors, friends indelibly etched itself into Americans’ minds. The Associated Press and relatives, who breathlessly queried whether Decades later their activities from that day sent the first flash, or they had heard the news — sometimes hours after remained vivid. A passerby informed future news update, to its mem- the fact. President George H.W. Bush, then a 17-year-old ber media outlets at 2:22 student at Phillips Andover Academy in p.m. Eastern Dec. 7, 1941 ◗ The 27,102 attending the clash between the Massachusetts, as he walked by Cochran Chapel – about 90 minutes after Washington Redskins and the Philadelphia with a friend. By day’s end, the infuriated Bush the attack began. It read, Eagles at Griffith Stadium, for instance, only had resolved to join the fight as soon as possible. “Washington – White learned about Pearl Harbor because news trickled In a 2014 interview, George Allen, who flew B- House says JapsAP.ORG attack out from the press box. Between plays the 52s during the war, recounted hearing the news Pearl Harbor.” stadium loudspeaker implored various dignitaries in the car with his family. On their way home, and newspapermen to report to duty immediately, Allen’s family picked up four servicemen on the but stadium and Redskins management refused side of the highway scurrying to return to their to announce the news both for fear of igniting base. 12 / PEARL HARBOR

◗ The radio networks launched permits a cautious description of the virtually unprecedented coverage in the attack.” By happenstance, voluntary wake of the attack. Only the Munich radio censorship prevented the public crisis of 1938 and the outbreak of war from immediately learning the grim in Europe in 1939 had provided even details of the destruction wrought. somewhat comparable occasions for radio journalists. As such, things that ◗ CBS’ Murrow and his wife had dinner seem unimaginable to modern plans with the Roosevelts the night of sensibilities occurred in the hours after Dec. 7. After the attack, Eleanor the bombing. Roosevelt insisted on keeping their plans, reasoning that they all had to eat ◗ CBS immediately tapped their regardless. FDR skipped the meal, but network of stringers and affiliates he met with Murrow after midnight, across the world, including in confiding the devastating toll taken by Honolulu and Manila, to provide news, the attack. While Murrow puzzled over insight and analysis. Yet, the network whether their conversation occurred on also persisted in airing its previously or off the record, he never recounted it scheduled orchestra concert and for listeners. Two days later, in spite of evening entertainment programming, promises to the press, Roosevelt albeit with constant interruptions. withheld these details from his fireside Merely delaying or interrupting the chat to avoid providing the enemy with day’s commercial programming information. represented innovation and even gumption.

◗ The onset of war also meant strict censorship rapidly snapping into place. NBC broadcast live reports from a correspondent and eyewitnesses in the hours after the attack — though the military took over the shortwave circuit two minutes into the first report. Subsequently, however, information became scarce, parceled out by the White House only once it could be explicitly verified and posed no risk of Dec. 8 and 9, providing aid or comfort to the enemy. 1941, newspapers Radio was no stranger to censorship — from coast to European war dispatches had to coast herald news of war in their receive clearance from government evening editions censors. In fact, CBS raised its stringer and in extras. in Manila 90 minutes after the attack WIKIPEDIA, STOCK- on Pearl Harbor, but he got cut off the TON (CA) RECORD, air, presumably by censors. COLUMBUS (OH) DISPATCH ◗ In the days after Dec. 7, mystery shrouded the attack and its toll. Reporters felt severely hamstrung — a Dec. 11 United Press International news agency piece noted “censorship PEARL HARBOR / 13

Radio journalists pioneered elements of breaking news coverage ... that would shape how television, and later digital media, chronicled the most consequential stories in real time.

◗ Americans also consulted world reaction more quickly and newspapers for information — intimately than would have been Chicagoans scarfed up “war extra” possible before the radio age. editions as quickly as trucks could unload them – but Pearl Harbor was radio’s moment. Radio – Brian Rosenwald is a fellow at journalists pioneered elements of the Robert A Fox Leadership breaking news coverage in the late Program at the University of 1930s and early 1940s that would Pennsylvania and an instructor shape how television, and later at Penn. He also conducts digital media, chronicled the most research for the Slate podcast consequential stories in real time. “Whistlestop” and a book companion to the podcast. His ◗ Radio’s coverage of the strike doctoral dissertation, “Mount against Pearl Harbor suffered Rushmore: The Rise of Talk from the same maladies that Radio and Its Impact on Politics plague modern breaking news and Public Policy,” is becoming coverage — misinformation, a book for Harvard University confusion, network personnel Press. He has also written for scrambling into place and analysts CNN.com, Politico, The speculating about hazy facts. Philadelphia Inquirer, The Nonetheless, it symbolized a Baltimore Sun, The Daily Beast, quantum leap from past practices, and Time Magazine’s history and enabled Americans to learn blog, and contributed insight to more about the incursion and pieces for media including The Wall Street Journal and Buzzfeed. He has appeared on radio and television programs including “The Michael Smerconish Program,” “Stand Up! with Pete Dominick,” “The Leslie Marshall Show” and “BackStory with the American History Guys.” 14 / PEARL HARBOR MOBILIZATION THE ‘SLEEPING GIANT’ WAKES The US responds to the reality of war

By Rob Citino Special to GateHouse Media “What a difference a day makes, Twenty-four little hours ...”

Turn on a radio back in the 1940s and you might have heard the song “What a Difference a Day Makes.” It’s not the most memorable tune of the era, and its lyrics were never going to win a literary award (“It’s heaven when you ... find romance on your menu”). Still, even the simplest song lyric can hit a listener hard. Americans hearing Bing Crosby sing “What a Difference a Day Makes” on his wartime Kraft Radio Hour might have grasped a deeper meaning. All of them had been through a recent, traumatic experience. If ever a single day had made a difference in their lives, it was Dec. 7, 1941. Pearl Harbor not only plunged the United States into war, but changed the country forever. It divided the life of every living American into a “before” and an “after,” and few of them would ever forget where they where when they heard the news.

he Japanese attack on Pearl was at first bewildering. Those who were there remember the shock: aircraft careening in, attacking, then banking away to reveal the big red circle on their wings, the mark of the Rising Sun. Sailors on ships in nearby waters got the Tchilling radiogram, labeled “urgent”: AIR RAID ON PEARL HARBOR X THIS IS NOT DRILL. Back at home, a lot of Americans didn’t even know where Pearl Harbor was, or what it was, for that matter. Remember, Hawaii wasn’t a state yet, not until 1959. Indeed, you read from time to time of a child who, on hearing that Japan had bombed Pearl Harbor, asked, “Who’s she?” But things quickly clarified. Already that evening, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt – by now well into his unprecedented third term in office – was dictating a message to a joint session of Congress, a message he would deliver the next day. “Yesterday,” he wrote, “December 7, 1941, a date which will live in infamy, the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.” The President didn’t bother with a lot of details. He didn’t stop to explain to the American people that Pearl Harbor was an advanced American naval base in the Hawaiian Islands, or to lay out a blow-by-blow account of the Japanese attack. No, this was big picture stuff. What was Pearl Harbor? It was “America.” The warning dispatch about Dec. 7’s air raid on Pearl Harbor. And what had happened there? An attack, committed “suddenly and WIKIPEDIA deliberately.” It was an act of “infamy,” he said, nothing less than a crime. PEARL HARBOR / 15

No one could read the popular or political mood like FDR. By the numbers He asked Congress for a declaration of war, dated precisely to When the European war the moment of the Japanese attack. The U.S. hadn’t started the began in earnest on Sept. 1, 1939, war, FDR pointed out. Japan had. The Senate agreed with the German invasion of unanimously – 82-0 in fact. The vote in the House of Poland, the U.S. Army had Representatives was all but unanimous, 388-1. Pacifist 190,000 soldiers, the 17th- Jeanette Rankin of Montana voted no, just as she had voted largest force in the world (just against going to war with Germany in 1917. behind the small nation of Ro- mania). By 1945, it was 8.3 mil- And that quickly, America was at war. A single day before, lion. any representative or Senator voting to send the country to Presidential production goals war might have been tarred or feathered. War had been set in January 1942 were stagger- ing. FDR might have deliberately raging in Europe and Asia for years, Hitler’s armies had set them at impossibly high tar- Britain at bay and were gouging deep into Russia, and the get levels so that he could get the Japanese warlords were waging a murderous war in China. highest possible production: Americans were all over the place in how to respond. Some, a small number, wanted to get in it directly, with troops; others, a larger 1942: 60,000 aircraft group, were for getting it in indirectly, by supplying Britain with 1943: 125,000 aircraft ships and weapons, for example. The largest number, however, were “isolationists.” The best thing the U.S. could do, they felt, was to stay Actual US aircraft production: out of the war altogether. The country had already fought one world 1939 2,141 war, they noted, and had nothing to show for it. Protected by its God- 1940 6,068 given oceans on both sides, America could and should sit this one 1941 19,433 out. 1942 47,836 1943 85,898 The first bomb at Pearl exploded that notion, and ended the 1944 96,318 isolationist movement forever. Our enemies had proven that the 1945 46,001 ocean could be a highway, not a barrier, and had made it clear that Total: 303,695 even if Americans weren’t interested in war, war was interested in Posters like these seized them. The Japanese militarists thought that they were launching a upon the horror of Dec. 7 to Medium tank production (in- surprise blow on a divided people who would never come together to spur the country into action. cluding the M4 Sherman, our form a common front. Instead, the attack on Pearl united the WIKIPEDIA signature wartime tank): American people as never before. Virtually every citizen living in our 1940 6 sprawling, diverse republic shared the same desire: to show the 1941 1,430 Japanese that the “highway” ran in both directions. American public 1942 15,720 opinion, almost unanimously, came to a conclusion: This war could 1943 28,164 only end in one way – with U.S. forces sitting in Tokyo. 1944 15,489 1945 8,055 War against Japan (and soon Germany, as well) was by definition a Total: 68,864 global one, and fighting across the globe required a new kind of Use the Blippar America. The U.S. was an industrial and financial giant, yes, but few – Rob Citino would have described it as a great military power. Japanese Admiral app to see Isoruku Yamamoto famously described America as a “sleeping giant,” video of ads for but perhaps “sleepy” is more like it. A large chunk of the population war bonds still lived on the farm, statistics for high school graduation were using imagery shockingly low by today’s standards, and millions of Americans didn’t from these even have basic modern amenities like electricity or running water. posters.

SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2 16 / PEARL HARBOR

The Great Depression had bit hard into the social fabric The departure of most of the country’s young men meant of the country, as well, ruining lives and shattering families. that other groups had to step in and man the factories. The U.S. military was puny, spending less on arms than Check that: not “man.” By war’s end, over 19 million minor European states like Romania. Most Americans American women were in the workforce. Many had moved liked it that way, in fact. No standing army, no constant over from the traditional roles of “women’s work” as skirmishes with our neighbors, a civil society dedicated to domestic servants or waitresses into war plants, manning peaceful pursuits: That was America’s self-image in 1941. the lathes, drills and punch-presses that formed the Much of the world agreed. No less an authority than backbone of modern war production. Alongside Reichsmarshal Heinrich Goering, the chief of the German them were the millions of women who entered air force, declared that Americans might be able to produce the workforce for the first time, leaving hearth and consumer gizmos like “refrigerators and razor blades,” but home to roll steel, bore out rifle barrels and screw certainly not an arsenal for modern war. fuses onto artillery shells. Rosie the Riveter was the new American icon: wearing blue coveralls, hair And now, suddenly, it was time for the giant to wake up, tied up in a scarf, bicep flexed. “We can do it!” was work out, and put on some muscle. With the country her slogan. Like the rest of post-Pearl Harbor enraged over Pearl Harbor, few questioned the complete America, Rosie had the eye of the tiger. redesign of American society. Young men marched off in the hundreds of thousands, and soon the millions. A grand Pearl Harbor was a turning point for another group total of 15 million Americans eventually traded their who had traditionally been outsiders: African civilian garb for the uniform, and this in a country with a Americans. Total war required the military and the total population of just 135 million (less than half its size of economy to be firing on all cylinders, and that meant today). Millions of boys from Cleveland and Des Moines putting every possible American into either a uniform or and Paducah journeyed to places they had never heard of a factory. Discrimination and racism, long tolerated, before, shipping out to islands in the South Pacific like suddenly became a monkey wrench in the war effort. Guadalcanal or Saipan, or to bloody Kasserine Pass in Moreover, how could democratic America condemn North Africa. Some flew bomber missions over Germany or Germany and Japan for their racist policies while openly Japan, some hit the beach at Normandy, others crewed the discriminating against its own at home? Many African gigantic new U.S. Navy ships roaming the seven seas. Americans spoke openly of the “double victory” they were Millions worked with the supply troops abroad, making seeking: against the Axis abroad and against second-class The famous sure the bullets, bombs and bread got forward to the citizenship in their own country. ‘Rosie the Riv- fighting troops. Hundreds of thousands of them died, and eter’ poster en- millions would be wounded or missing in action. Indeed, couraging over 70,000 Americans from World War II are still listed women to aid as MIA. the war effort. WIKIPEDIA

Pearl Harbor transformed the United States into one vast armed camp. Millions of soldiers, sailors and airmen fought at the front. Many more millions of workers at home – black, white, men, women – built the guns, tanks and aircraft needed for victory. Industry completely reinvented itself. Underwood Typewriter Company shifted over to producing M1 Carbine rifles; Kaiser Shipyards figured out how to build a transport vessel in a single week, the famous “Liberty Ship”; and Ford Motors kept pace at its sprawling Willow Run Plant in Ypsilanti, Michigan (dubbed “the Grand Canyon of the mechanized world”), by churning out a four-engine B-24 bomber every hour.

The global war unleashed on Dec. 7, 1941, demanded nothing less. Sure, other days have been critical to American history. The country wouldn’t exist without July 4, 1776, and the grisly events of Sept. 11, 2001, still haunt our collective psyche. Neither of those days had the dramatic, long-lasting impact of Pearl Harbor, however. Those “twenty-four little hours” changed U.S. priorities permanently, set the country on the path to global power, and perhaps gave it a glimpse of itself as “a more perfect union” for all its citizens.

– Dr. Rob Citino is the Samuel Zemurray Stone senior historian at The National World War II Museum in New Orleans, Louisiana. PEARL HARBOR / 17 ISOLATIONISM

By Ron Milam, Ph.D. WHEN Special to GateHouse Media President George Washington warned the American people to “steer clear of permanent alliances,” and to “extend foreign commercial relations that could be WAR CAME mutually beneficial while maintaining as little political connection as possible.” These words were written in his farewell address to the nation as he watched Europe engage in wars that his own cabinet members had publically taken diverse positions about, causing friction TO US within his administration and creating concern among warring nations. His warnings have often been cited as the Sentiment in America beginning of isolationism by both elected officials and by before Pearl Harbor was the American public. decidedly anti-war 18 / PEARL HARBOR

Fast-forward over 100 years, and Americans were still heeding Washington’s words as Europe continued to fight “small” wars over ideology and geography. President Woodrow Wilson kept America out of World War I for three years because he did not want to send American boys to fight what he considered to be a European war. When he reversed his position in April 1917 by asking Congress to declare war to make the world “safe for democracy,” his decision was criticized by many peace organizations and industrial leaders such as Henry Ford. And while American soldiers did affect the outcome of the war in France and Britain’s favor, the American people were not supportive of the decision, particularly when watching American boys return home with terrible wounds and lung damage from battlefield exposure to poison gas. Isolationism set in as polls indicated most Americans believed fighting “the war to end all wars” was a mistake, and some even believed that “merchants of death” had wanted American

involvement in the war so that they could profit President Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease bill to give aid to Britain and China in 1941. WIKIPEDIA from selling war materials. Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge sought to decrease the likelihood of Japanese War. Furthermore, with the another “great war” by negotiating limits to the American economy having been severely size of naval armaments at the 1921-22 affected by the Depression and unemployed For more Washington Naval Conference. If the world’s citizens standing in bread lines, events in Asia information powers – America, Britain, Japan, France, and were not at the top of their priority list. They Italy – could restrict their post-war construction were, however, paying some attention to the Sources used in this of battleships to an agreed upon tonnage and gun rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany. work include: size, perhaps the reduction in ship size would With the memory of World War I still fresh, • Saul K. Padover, “The lead to less belligerence on the seas. Virtually all there was not a movement toward involvement Washington Papers: Basic parties broke the treaty by 1935 as hostilities as long as America itself was not being Selections From the Public began in Asia with Japan’s invasion of China. attacked. and Private Writings of While most historians mark the beginning of As President Roosevelt launched his New George Washington,” (New World War II as 1939 when Germany invaded Deal to improve the living conditions of the York: Easton Press, 1989). Poland, Japan had already conquered the American people, many congressional leaders • George C. Herring, Chinese province of Manchuria in 1931, and became concerned about the various conflicts “From Colony to Super- began to invade other provinces in 1937 when erupting around the world. In 1935, Italy power: U.S. Foreign Rela- both Shanghai and Nanking were attacked. conquered Ethiopia and proclaimed fascism as tions Since 1776,” (New President Franklin Roosevelt wrote critical letters the new form of government most likely to York: Oxford University addressing this aggression, particularly when the succeed in Europe. With Benito Mussolini Press. 2008) American river gunboat the USS Panay was sunk allying with Hitler, there was a growing • David M. Kennedy, by Japanese aircraft while attempting to rescue concern by the president that America would “Freedom From Fear: The survivors of Nanking. have to take a more aggressive approach to American People in De- But the American people were not supportive world affairs. pression and War,” (New of going to war with Japan, even though military However, the isolationist movement began to York: Oxford Press, 1999) planners had anticipated such a conflict by influence members of Congress, who believed designing War Plan Orange as early as 1924. that the best course of action to avoid wars was With the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 still in to pass neutrality acts that would have the effect, it is unlikely that Americans would have effect of limiting America’s role in supported further involvement in the Sino- PEARL HARBOR / 19

what was perceived to be regional conflicts. Since the president authority to “sell, transfer, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise needed many of these isolationists to support his domestic policies, dispose of any war material to any nation whose defense was such as the enactment of the Social Security Act and the Federal deemed vital to the defense of the United States.” And to assure the Deposit Insurance Corporation Act, he allowed a series of isolationists that this was truly a patriotic gesture, the bill was neutrality acts to be passed. While there were many designated as HR1776. internationalists who believed America had a role to play in these British ships were towed to American shipyards to be repaired disputes, they were outnumbered by a wide array of conservatives, before re-entering service, and American vessels were “loaned” to industrialists and peace activists who believed that American England with commitments to return them to the United States intervention would lead to participation in what could eventually after the war. The “lend-lease” program aided Britain’s war effort become a new world war. and minimally satisfied both the isolationists and the In 1938, Hitler negotiated an agreement with European leaders internationalists. to allow Germany to annex the Sudetenland areas of But President Roosevelt knew that Japan needed oil and war Czechoslovakia. President Roosevelt supported British Prime material in the Pacific to continue its goal of Southeast Asian Minister Neville Chamberlain’s acceptance of the Munich dominance. Only the United States could stop Japan’s conquest of Agreement, even though the British Commonwealth there were cabinet members possessions of Singapore who predicted Hitler’s long- and Hong Kong, Malaya range plan to be much more and other islands, as well as expansive. When Germany the Philippines, French then occupied the rest of Indochina and China. The Czechoslovakia, then United States Navy’s Pacific Poland, then France, and Fleet stood in the way of began the bombing of Japan’s aggression, Britain, America had to at particularly since it had least become concerned recently been relocated from about a Second World War. San Diego, California, to the But isolationists were still Hawaiian Island of Oahu. successful in keeping On Dec. 7, 1941, the America out of both Asian Japanese attack on the fleet and European conflicts. An at Pearl Harbor would be an America First Committee event that would finally movement began across the bring the interests of both country in 1940, led by the internationalists and the businessmen, leftists and isolationists together. celebrities such as Charles America would declare war Lindberg. While there was on Japan the next day, and also a group of Germany and Italy would internationalists that declare war on the United formed the Committee to States. With this attack, the Defend America by Aiding Water-cooled machine guns just arrived from the U.S. under Lend-Lease are attitudes and theories about the Allies in 1940, the checked at an ordnance depot in England. WIKIPEDIA economics, morality and isolationists were successful in politics were replaced by keeping America out of what was now becoming World War II. concern for the defense of the homeland. President Roosevelt ran for a third term in 1940, and even though he was actively working with Britain to help them in their – Ron Milam, Ph.D., is an associate professor of history, a lone action against Nazism and fascism, his campaign rhetoric was Fulbright Scholar to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, and the still supporting the isolationists: “I have said this before but I shall faculty advisor to the Veteran’s Association at Texas Tech say it again and again. Your boys are not going to be sent into any University in Lubbock. He serves on the Content Advisory foreign wars.” The new British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, Committee tasked with writing the history of the Vietnam War knew that only America could stop Hitler’s movement toward for the new Education Center at The Wall in Washington, D.C., European domination, and he appealed to the president in a very and is a combat veteran of the Vietnam War. Milam is the personal way. Recognizing America’s vast industrial machine, author of “Not a Gentleman’s War: an Inside View of Junior Churchill asked for help that would not require American boys to Officers in the Vietnam War” and is working on two book fight a foreign war, but allow America to support Britain through projects: “The Siege of Phu Nhon: Montagnards and Americans rebuilding its naval armaments. as Allies in Battle” and “Cambodia and Kent State: Killing in President Roosevelt sent a bill to Congress that gave him the the Jungle and on the College Campuses.” 20 / PEARL HARBOR CHRISTMAS 1941

‘A UNITED PEOPLE, GIRDED FOR BATTLE’ War casts a pall over Christmas 1941

By Stanley Weintraub Special to GateHouse Media

Coming just 18 days after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Christmas 1941 was a holiday unlike any other. For many Americans, it was the last time they would be together. In Stanley Weintraub’s “Pearl Harbor Christmas: A World at War, December 1941,” he describes the mood of the nation at the time, and President Roosevelt’s determination to keep to tradition. PEARL HARBOR / 21

fter much politics-as-usual debate about the appropriate age for draft registration, Congress on Dec. 19, 1941, Ahad timidly settled on 20 for induction and 18 for registration. On both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the services had hurriedly set anti- aircraft guns on the roofs of buildings and alongside docks. Some weapons were obsolete, others wooden fakes, there to instill spurious confidence. Sentries, often bearing 1918-vintage rifles, were posted at railway stations and armaments factories. Although the only interloper likely over the American skies at Christmas was likely to be Santa Claus with his sleigh and reindeer, a 24-hour sky watch in the Northeast was ordered for the holidays by Brigadier General John C. MacDonnell, air-raid warning chief for 43,000 volunteer civilian observers. “Experience in war,” he declared, “has taught that advantage is taken of relaxation in vigilance to strike when and where the blow is least expected.” Lights remained on almost The hit book for everywhere. Christmas giving, Anxiety on the Pacific coast about Japanese air at a hefty $2.50, President Roosevelt addresses the crowd at the Christmas tree lighting ceremony from the White House South raids, however absurd, was Edna Ferber’s had already panicked San Portico on Dec. 24, 1941. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill can be seen on the right. PHOTOS VIA WIKIPEDIA Reconstruction-era Francisco, thanks to the benefiting from jobs created by proliferating war stations nationwide, the army was offering smart romance “Saratoga paranoia of Fourth Army contracts and a burgeoning army and navy. khaki garb at no cost whatever to enlistees.) Trunk.” For the commander Lieutenant Christmas trees were plentiful, seldom priced at Henri Bendel featured silk stockings at $1.25 a same price, war General John DeWitt at more than a dollar or two, and in the traditional pair; stockings in the current wonder weave, Fort Ord. Every Japanese holiday spectacle at Radio City Music Hall in nylon, sold for $1.65. By the following Christmas turned up distantly fisherman and vegetable yet bombastically New York, the star-spangled Rockettes, in nylons would be almost unobtainable. The fabric farmer along the coast mechanical unison, high-stepped away any war would be the stuff of parachutes. in a two-disc set of was suspected of covertly gloom. In newspapers across the nation the Among the long-prepared Christmas toy glut, Tchaikovsky’s “1812 warning nonexistent Japanese were thwarted in the “Terry and the shops across America advertised a remote- Overture,” enemy aircraft, and the Pirates” comic strip, and in film Gary Cooper as control bombing plane at $1.98, which ran along performed by Artur hysteria resulted in the Sergeant York was defeating the Germans single- a suspended wire to attack a battleship. The relocation of the New handedly in the earlier world war. Japanese high seas Kido Butai had not needed Rodzinski and the Year’s Day Rose Bowl Cleveland The hit book for Christmas giving, at a hefty suspended wires at Pearl Harbor, nor in the extravaganza from $2.50, was Edna Ferber’s Reconstruction-era Philippines, Malaya, or Hong Kong. The Royal Orchestra. California to somnolent romance “Saratoga Trunk.” For the same price, Navy’s principal warships on the Pacific Rim Durham, North Carolina, war turned up distantly yet bombastically in a were at the bottom of the Gulf of Siam, and the where Duke University two-disc set of Tchaikovsky’s “1812 Overture,” depleted Pacific Fleet, with seven battleships would play Oregon State. performed by Artur Rodzinski and the Cleveland sunk or disabled at their anchorages, had only On war maps in the press, limited to much less Orchestra. In New York gift crates of oranges and two destroyers available to patrol the long than the actual facts, a dismal Christmas loomed, grapefruit from Florida were $2.79 at coastline between Vancouver and San Diego. As but it did not appear that way in shop windows Bloomingdale’s. A new Ford or Chevrolet, both British Prime Minster Winston Churchill would across America. Enhanced by holiday lights, the soon to be unobtainable, cost $900. Hattie put it, “Over all this vast expanse of waters Japan street lamps and store fronts glittered, and a Carnegie’s designer dresses began at $15. The was supreme, and we everywhere [were] weak plethora of merchandise long vanished from upscale Rogers Peet menswear store offered suits and naked.” high streets in Britain awaited shoppers now and topcoats from a steep $38. (At recruiting 22 / PEARL HARBOR

or security in wartime the residence after fleeing Norway, until Secret Service proposed to she could find an American home, have the formidable national which she did nearby in Maryland. In FChristmas tree erected in what seemed like a royal gesture, Lafayette Park, a seven-acre expanse each White House employee was across Pennsylvania Avenue from the presented with a signed photograph White House, as the event Dec. 24, of Franklin and Eleanor. 1941, would draw thousands of When the sunset gun at Fort Myer, unidentifiable persons. The President across the Potomac, boomed, the insisted that tradition required the band began “Hail to the Chief,” and White House lawn. Within the the President, on the arm of an aide, patrolled iron-picket fence around was escorted slowly out to the south the White House grounds, only those balcony with Mrs. Roosevelt and the specifically invited would get close to Prime Minister. Following them, the the participants on the South Portico. White House party, many shivering Even so, guards in the chill evening, watched as FDR warned, “No pressed a button lighting the big cameras, no evergreen at the lower slope of the packages.” A tent lawn. The crowd applauded, their At the lighting outside the two eyes especially on Churchill. Then the ceremonies in gates had been set Rev. Joseph Corrigan, rector of 1940, realizing up as a package Catholic University in northeast that war was checking station, Washington, delivered a brief approaching from but some visitors invocation tailored to the times. refused to give up “Hear a united people, girded for somewhere, and their places in line battle” he began, looking up, perhaps soon, the at the 4 o’clock “dedicate themselves to the peace of President had told opening and Christmas.” He confessed the crowd that it dropped their The Christmas meal menu for remaining personnel at “strangeness” in such a contradiction Pearl Harbor, 1941. WIKIPEDIA was welcome to Christmas bundles at in words, yet “All the material the fence, hoping they resources with which Thou has return in 1941 ‘if would find them again from somewhere, and perhaps soon, the blessed our native land, we consecrate to we are all still afterward. The uninvited President had told the crowd that it was the dread tasks of war.” It was what here.’ Many were could watch from beyond welcome to return in 1941 “if we are all Churchill wanted to hear and the reason back. — and under a crescent still here.” Many were back. he had come. moon thousands were Christmas Eve 1941 was the only public Radio carried their voices across the already gathering in the occasion when Roosevelt and Churchill country and abroad. As the Christmas early winter twilight. spoke from the same platform. As they lights glowed, Roosevelt spoke directly to Was a brilliantly lit gathered with guests and the White House the event. “It is in the spirit of peace and hazard being created at staff in the East Room an hour before the good will, and with particular odds with unenforced ceremonies at 5, the Marine Band on the thoughtfulness of those, our sons and wartime brownouts? The White House South Lawn struck up holiday music, brothers, who serve in our armed forces was assured that no enemy could beginning with “Joy to the World,” on land and sea, near and far — those who penetrate Washington airspace. Also, accompanied by choirs from nearby serve and endure for us — that we light Christmas Eve traditions were exempted churches. Outranking the Prime Minister our Christmas candles now across this in the interest of national confidence. in the party were stately, beautiful Crown continent from one coast to the other on Despite restrictions involving landmarks, Princess Marthe of occupied Norway and this Christmas evening.” the red aircraft-warning light 550 feet her princely husband, the future King Olav Now, he added, “my associate, my old atop the Washington Monument remained V. Marthe, whom FDR adored, was one of and good friend” wanted to speak to aglow and could be seen from the White the rare women he kissed whenever they Washingtonians and to the world. No one House lawn. At the lighting ceremonies in met. With her children, she had been in hearing distance had any doubt as to 1940, realizing that war was approaching offered a temporary White House who that was, especially once his rolling, PEARL HARBOR / 23

‘Let the children have their night of fun and laughter. Let the gifts of Father Christmas delight their play. Let us grown-ups share to the full in their unstinted pleasures before we turn again to the stern task and the formidable years that lie before us ...’ This telegram was sent by Richard and Harold Hall to their parents wishing them a Merry Christmas following the attack on Pearl Harbor. FLICKR/USMC Archives

almost antique, voice children an evening of happiness in a joys. echoed across the lights world of storm. Here, then, for one night It was, he conceded, “a strange Christmas and shadows. “This is a only, each home throughout the English- eve,” with war “raging and roaring over all the strange Christmas eve,” speaking world should be a brightly lands and seas, creeping nearer to our hearts Use the Blippar Churchill began: lighted island of happiness and peace. and homes.” Nevertheless, the PM concluded, app to open Almost the whole using the English equivalent for Santa, world is locked in While far from his own hearth and family, video of FDR deadly struggle, and he continued, “Yet I cannot truthfully say Let the children have their night of fun and Churchill’s with the most terrible that I feel far from home.” He referred to his and laughter. Let the gifts of Father Christmas Eve weapons which science kinship with his audiences, listening rapt on Christmas delight their play. Let us grown- 1941 speeches. can devise, the nations the White House lawn, and nationwide: ups share to the full in their unstinted advance upon each pleasures before we turn again to the stern SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2 other. Ill would it be for Whether it be ties of blood on my task and the formidable years that lie us this Christmastide if mother’s side, or the friendships I have before us, resolved that by our sacrifice we were not sure that no developed here over many years of active and daring, these same children shall not greed for the land or wealth of any other life, or the commanding sentiment of be robbed of their inheritance or denied people, no vulgar ambition, no morbid lust comradeship in the common cause of their right to live in a free and decent for material gain at the expense of others great peoples who speak the same world. has led us to the field. Here, in the midst language, who kneel at the same altars, And so, in God’s mercy, a happy of war, raging and soaring over all the and, to a very large extent, pursue the Christmas to you all. lands and seas, creeping nearer to our same ideals, I cannot feel myself a hearts and our homes, here, amid the stranger here at the centre and at the – Adapted excerpt from “Pearl Harbor tumult, we have tonight the peace of the summit of the United States. I feel a sense Christmas: A World at War, December spirit in each cottage home and in each of unity and fraternal association which, 1941” by Stanley Weintraub. Copyright © generous heart. There, we may cast aside added to the kindliness of your welcome, 2011. Available from Da Capo Press, an for this night at least the cares and convinces me that I have a right to sit at imprint of Perseus Books, LLC, a dangers which beset us, and make for our your fireside and share your Christmas subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, Inc. 24 / PEARL HARBOR

By John Sucich ◗ Religion Wind” were both released in 1939, the latter of More Content Now which starred Clark Gable. Gable was married to • Religion was a factor in the lives of many Carole Lombard in 1939, forming an original Americans in the 1930s and 1940s, but it wasn’t hat kind of a country was the United Hollywood “it” couple before Lombard died in a always in an active role. States in 1941? The year stands out plane crash in early 1942 after a trip promoting • Christians were the majority, with the Roman for more than just the attack on war bonds. Pearl Harbor. In the baseball world Catholic Church its largest denomination. There W was a significant Jewish population in New York ◗ Music 1941 saw two feats accomplished that have yet to City. be matched: Joe DiMaggio hit in a record 56 Some of the most popular movies produced • Many families had religious artifacts and straight games, and Ted Williams became the some of the most popular songs of the time, observed religious practices such as no meat on last major leaguer to hit .400 or better, with a like “When You Wish Upon A Star” from Fridays, but not everyone attended religious .406 batting average for the season. “Pinocchio” and “Somewhere Over The services. The early 1940s left a cultural mark in other Rainbow” from “The Wizard of Oz,” but ways, too. Here’s some more about what it was ◗ Transportation people were listening to many kinds of music like to live at the time Pearl Harbor was on the radio: • The decade of the 1940s was the dawning of attacked: • Jazz from the likes of Glenn Miller and the automobile age. Travel across the country in a Duke Ellington. ◗ car was difficult, though – many major highways Work • Classical music performances were were a decade away, at least. But for many middle By the end of the 1930s President Roosevelt’s broadcast across the country. class families a car was becoming more common. New Deal had come to an end, as Congress grew • Singing stars such as Bing Crosby, the • For wider travel people still relied on the resistant to introducing more new programs. Andrews Sisters and Frank Sinatra thrilled But programs like the Tennessee Valley audiences, and the jukebox reached Authority (TVA) and the Works Progress peak popularity, with dancing to big Administration (WPA), coupled with the band music one of the most popular war boom to come after Dec. 7, 1941, activities of the day. succeeded in bringing the country out of the Great Depression. ◗ Radio shows • In 1940 the workforce was about 53 The radio wasn’t just for music. million people, with about 5 million Families gathered around to listen people unemployed. When the United to serials, comedies, FDR’s “fireside States entered the war the problem chats” and, especially after the Pearl quickly shifted to there not being enough Harbor attack, reports from the war. workers. The working week was LIFE Some of the more popular radio lengthened, 14- to 17-year-olds were shows of the time were: allowed to work, and more women were • “The Shadow”

employed as a result. IN • “The Guiding Light” • The majority belief before the United • “Ma Perkins” States entered World War II was that a 1941 • “Superman” woman who worked when her husband • “The Lone Ranger” also had a job was taking a job from another man. There was support for laws that railroad. Airplane travel was new and expensive, ◗ Toys and the railroads were what Americans were used would prohibit women from working if her The 1940s saw the creation of some of the to. A one-way trip on the train from Chicago to husband made more than $1,600 in a year. That most popular toys in history, including the Los Angeles could take less than 40 hours. all changed after 1941, when women were asked Slinky and Silly Putty, both of which were to help with the war effort. ◗ Movies accidental discoveries made during the war • Many of the jobs that became available in the effort. Before they came along, though, kids During the 1940s, with the United States fully early 1940s were to support the war, including were playing with: immersed in World War II, movies were very building weaponry, aircraft and other vehicles. A • Dolls and doll houses much centered on war. But the time period worker with the TVA made about 50 cents an • Toy guns sometimes called “the golden age of film” also saw hour, or $20 a week, while public school • Tiddlywinks some all-time classics released: teachers, miners and manufacturers made • Mainstays like electrically powered model • “Citizen Kane” (1941) approximately $30 a week (or about $1,500 in a trains • “The Philadelphia Story” (1941) year). Doctors and lawyers made an average – Information for this article was gathered salary of $5,000 a year. The highest paid • After the release of its first feature-length animated film, “Snow White and the Seven from “Daily Life In The United States 1920- ballplayer was Hank Greenberg of the Detroit 1940” by David E. Kyvig, “America 1941” by Tigers, at $55,000 a year, while Gary Cooper Dwarfs” (1937), Disney also released “Pinocchio” (1940), “Fantasia” (1940), “Dumbo” (1941) and Ross Gregory and “A Cultural History of the was the highest-paid movie star at about United States: The 1940s” by Michael V. $500,000 in salary. “Bambi” (1942). • “The Wizard of Oz” and “Gone With The Uschan PEARL HARBOR / 25

Tom Kobayashi, photographed INTERNMENT at the Manzanar Relocation Center, California, 1943 PHOTOS: LIBRARY OF CONGRESS OF LIBRARY PHOTOS:

By Melissa Erickson More Content Now

x he internment of Japanese Americans after Pearl Congress. Citing the post-Pearl Harbor internment of American Harbor is a dark chapter in American history, citizens, politicians said things like, “If we need to lock them up, but one that we can learn from as the country we’ve done it before,” and “If the government did this in the past, again struggles with religious and ethnic it must have been a good idea,” Odo said. tensions. “Remember and learn,” said George “Politicians are particularly adept at gauging and exploiting the Takei, the actor best known as Mr. Sulu from the fears of the populace, and so it is in some ways no surprise that we original “Star Trek” who spent four years as an are seeing the ugly specter of racial and religious profiling arise interneeT with his family. again,” Takei said. “There are striking similarities because, frankly, Earlier this year, politicians called for bans on Muslims or the same fears are as easily stoked today as in World War II. Syrians from entering the U.S., placing the security of the nation Human nature does not change so quickly. The important thing over the rights of individuals who are targeted simply because of to understand today is not that these similarities exist, but rather the way they look, said historian Franklin Odo, founding director that we as a people learn from our history. Our people’s of the Smithsonian Institution’s Asian Pacific American Program democracy can do great things but, at the same time, fallible and former acting chief of the Asian division at the Library of humans can make disastrous mistakes.” 26 / PEARL HARBOR

nderstanding how the United States worked itself into a panic that led to sequestering Japanese and Americans born to Japanese immigrants after the bombing of Pearl Harbor requires a long look back at America’s history of anti-Asian racism, Odo said. MoreU than a century before World War II, Chinese people came to America to work in the gold fields and to build railroads. Welcomed as a source of labor, the country stopped short of letting them become citizens. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first time in American history that an ethnic or racial group was restricted from immigrating in an effort to maintain Line crew at work in the country’s white racial purity. Manzanar “That racism carried over to the Japanese,” the next group of Asians to make their way to America, Odo said. Asians were seen as “so foreign, so other, that they could not assimilate,” Odo said. America needed cheap labor and the Japanese provided that, especially in the Hawaiian islands where they were recruited to work on the sugar plantations. By 1900, most of the workforce on the plantations was Japanese, Odo said. By Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese accounted for close to 40 percent of the total population of the Hawaiian islands, Odo said. President Franklin D. Roosevelt is warmly remembered today, but “he was a racist,” Odo said. “We know from his writings. He had friends in Japan, and that was where he thought Japanese- Americans should go — back to Japan,” Odo said. Before social media and television, our idea of what kind of people the Japanese were came from newspapers, magazines, the radio and dime novels where they were depicted as “evil and cruel,” Odo said. “The press was flagrantly anti-Japanese and actively stirred up anti-Japanese sentiment by waving the threat of a Yellow Peril,” the sentiment that Asians were a physical and economic threat to the West, said Rotner Sakamoto. As a nation, Japan had been building up as a military power in the Pacific. Japan defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895 and Russia in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Odo said. “When Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 and the Sino- Japanese War erupted in 1937, anti-Japanese emotions flared further. Japanese aggression abroad was perceived as ominous at home. By the time Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the soil had been tilled for an extreme reaction towards ethnic Japanese in the United States,” said Rotner Sakamoto. “Before World War II there was more than 40 years of thinking Japan is rising in power. The Japanese were seen as inferior but the country could be a possible military rival in the Pacific. The thought was that Japan could never launch a successful attack on America,” Odo said. Needless to say, the surprise military strike that devastated the naval base at Pearl Harbor changed people’s minds. “The Pearl Harbor attack was successful, and it was a big shock and a major blow to America’s sense of security,” Odo said. The following day, the United States declared war on Japan and joined World War II. PEARL HARBOR / 27

About these photos

In 1943, Ansel Adams, “The philosopher George Santayana wrote, America’s most well-known ‘Those who cannot remember the past are photographer, documented condemned to repeat it.’ I don’t believe that the Manzanar War Reloca- tion Center in California and history repeats itself, but there are the Japanese-Americans in- discernible patterns that emerge over time. terned there during World If we perceive and comprehend them, we War II. When offering the have an opportunity to sidestep tragic and collection to the Library of deplorable mistakes. Learning about a dark Congress in 1965, Adams said in a letter, “The purpose of chapter of our nation’s past should not my work was to show how bring despair, but rather clarity and light.” these people, suffering under – Pamela Rotner Sakamoto, author of “Midnight in Broad Daylight: a great injustice, and loss of A Japanese American Family Caught Between Two Worlds,” the property, businesses and pro- true story of a family that found itself on opposite sides during fessions, had overcome the World War II sense of defeat and dispair [sic] by building for them- selves a vital community in an arid (but magnificent) envi- ronment....All in all, I think this Manzanar Collection is an important historical docu- t was hard, almost impossible, for people to ment, and I trust it can be put believe Japan could have carried out the attack, Odo said. Use the Blippar to good use.” app to see the full Ansel I“There must have been a ‘fifth column,’ Japanese Adams immigrants who told the planes where to go, spies collection via who created an unfair playing field,” he said. the Library of This profound suspicion led to a hysteria, especially Congress. on the West Coast, and cries for the Japanese to be SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2 locked up. The stigma was stoked by inflammatory news stories, pressure groups and even the United States government, Odo said. “After the fact, it became known that there were many nefarious forces urging internment of Japanese-Americans. Some were driven by political ambition — something that today holds particular currency,” Takei said. Earl Warren, who would later become governor of California and chief justice of the Supreme Court, was then an up-and-coming politician and the attorney general of California. Warren “saw that the ‘lock up the Japanese’ movement was raging in Mess line, noon California. He knew better but he decided to seize the leadership of this movement. He built his platform on anti-Japanese hysteria and made the statement that the fact that no acts of espionage or sabotage had been committed by Japanese Americans was ominous because the ‘Japanese are inscrutable.’ He said that it would be ‘prudent’ to lock up “Since they couldn’t tell the good from the the Japanese before they did anything. We were damned either way,” bad, who is loyal to America and who is Takei said. “I like to believe that, later in life, Chief Justice Warren regretted what he had done to all of us, and spent his tenure on the loyal to Japan, they had to lock them all up.” Supreme Court repenting for the sins of his early political career.” – historian Franklin Odo People thought that Japanese immigrants and Americans born to Japanese immigrants (called “Nisei”) had aided the Japanese military and would do it again. 28 / PEARL HARBOR

Loading bus, leaving Manzanar for relocation

n Feb. 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which called for the internment of all Japanese Americans from the West Coast Owith the exclusion of Hawaii. “It’s baffling” that Japanese Americans living in Hawaii “where the attack happened and America was most vulnerable” were excluded, said Odo, who was 2 years old at the time and living in Honolulu. “If I had lived in California or Oregon, I would have had to go,” he said. Japanese Americans were such a large part of the workforce in Hawaii “it became impossible to lock them up,” Odo said. “Order 9066 was posted on telephone of looking like the people who had bombed poles with instructions to take only what you Pearl Harbor.” can carry and report when notified to a Things happened fast and “120,000 people location to be taken away,” said Mary are a lot to put away,” Odo said. The first Murakami of Bethesda, Maryland, who was temporary camps were set up in large open born in Los Angeles and was living with her spaces such as fairgrounds, race tracks and family in San Francisco’s Japantown in 1942. stadiums. Murakami spent her junior high and high “For weeks we had to live in a horse stable school years interned. at the local racetrack while the camps were While the Japanese were reporting to be still under construction. My parents tried awsuits were filed interned, government-ordered curfews were valiantly to shield us from the horror of what beginning in 1942 first set up. was happening, and for that they are my against the race-based “My father and sister could not go to work. heroes,” Takei said. “I think often of my curfews and later My brother could not attend high school and father, who felt the greatest anguish and against the internment, myself no junior high school. My family sold pain of that imprisonment as the unspoken Lbut the courts ruled that the everything,” Murakami said. protector of our family. He felt so powerless denial of civil rights based on It was a time of great fear. There were to help what was happening to his family, to race and national origin were rumors that children would be taken away all he had worked so hard for throughout his legal, Odo said. from parents. life. It was truly a devastating blow.” Plaintiff Mitsuye Endo was “My parents shared our family history with Murakami’s family reported to the chosen as “the perfect person” to us and had a family picture taken just in Tanforan Race Track near San Francisco challenge Executive Order 9066 case,” Murakami said. where a “lucky family had a room in because she was an The internment shared shocking temporary barracks in inner track, while Americanized, assimilated Nisei similarities with what was happening all others lived in horse stalls. There was no who spoke only English and no over Europe. schooling for the children and the food was Japanese and had a brother in “The strongest memory I have is of the day terrible,” she said. the United States Army, Odo armed soldiers marched up our driveway, When a permanent camp was ready in said. On Dec. 18, 1944, the U.S. carrying rifles with bayonets and pounded October 1942 her family was taken in old Supreme Court unanimously upon our door, ordering us out. I remember train cars with shades drawn to Topaz ruled that the government could my mother’s tears as we were forced to leave Permanent Camp in Topaz, Utah. not continue to detain a citizen our home, with only what we could carry “We lived in black-tarred barracks who was “concededly loyal” to with us,” Takei said. “My siblings and I were surrounded by barbed wires and guard the United States. all Americans, born and raised in Los towers. It was a hard life for three years for Japanese Americans could Angeles. My mother was born in Sacramento everyone, especially our parents. Our family begin returning to the West and my father was a San Franciscan, yet we lost everything. There were very basic Coast, but “they had nowhere to were being sent from our home for the crime schools, food and accommodations,” go. They had lost their homes, Murakami said. PEARL HARBOR / 29

Tractor repair: Driver Benji Iguchi, Mechanic Henry Hanawa, Manzanar Relocation Center, California Mary Murakami (center), with her ESL students in Washington, D.C. PHOTO COURTESY MARY MURAKAMI

“The internment camps around the country were all located in places no one else would ever choose to live: the wastelands of Wyoming, the searing deserts of Arizona and, where we’d been sent, the fetid swamplands of Arkansas. We went from a comfortable middle class home in Los Angeles to a single, tar-paper-lined barrack in Arkansas, with no running water and no privacy at all. We ate in a mess hall and were fed horrific their farms. Many were born in the United States,” fare, including things like cow brains, which terrified to leave the camps. Murakami said. They faced racial After a long campaign, in no child in America was accustomed to discrimination. They couldn’t 1988 President Ronald Reagan eating.” find jobs,” Odo said. offered an official apology and – actor and activist George Takei “When the war ended, the $20,000 in redress to the gates of the camps were opened internees who were still living. wide. Just like that. We were “But by then many who had left impoverished. Each suffered the most had already Internment story in theaters Dec. 13 internee was handed nothing passed away,” Takei said. more than a one-way ticket to “About half of them, 60,000 George Takei’s musical “Allegiance” will “We persevered. Somehow, through all screen in theaters nationwide for one night that horror, we survived, we thrived and we wherever in the U.S. they were still alive,” Odo said. only on Tuesday, Dec. 13, at 7:30 local time. held together. There was a Japanese word wanted to go and $25 — to “So much time had passed. Inspired by Takei’s true-life experiences, we all lived by, ‘Gaman,’ which means ‘to rebuild a life with only that,” The money did not help us “Allegiance” is the story of Sam Kimura endure, with dignity and fortitude,” said Takei said. because we were established (Takei), transported back nearly six decades Takei. While Japan certainly had middle class so we donated the to when his younger self (Telly Leung, “I am among the last survivors of the in- spies in the United States, bulk of it to the start of the “Glee”) and his sister Kei (Tony Award-win- ternment, and it has been my life’s mission “there was zero proof” that any Japanese American Memorial ner Lea Salonga) fought to stay connected to ensure that we never forget and never re- of the people interned had in Washington D.C. to to their heritage, their family and them- peat the mistakes of the past,” said Takei. committed treason, Odo said. Patriotism, which is located a selves after Japanese Americans were im- The screening begins with an introduc- Not a single act of espionage few blocks from the Capitol. prisoned during World War II. It’s a tion from Takei and special behind-the- multigenerational tale with two love stories. scenes footage and interviews. Tickets can was ever found to have been The letter was uplifting to In the demeaning conditions of intern- be purchased at FathomEvents.com or at committed. know that only in a democracy ment during World War II, Takei said he participating theater box offices. “Yes, internment was can we receive that letter,” and his family made do to the best of their politically motivated, definitely. Murakami said. ability. – By Melissa Erickson There were no spies among us. Seventy-five percent of us were 30 / PEARL HARBOR

Standing on the step at The 442nd: the entrance of a dwelling are Louise Tami Nakamura, hold- ing the hand of Mrs. FIGHTING FOR Naguchi, and Joyce Yuki Nakamura THEIR FREEDOM

By Melissa Erickson More Content Now

hile many of their families were interned Maryland. Born in Hawaii, Shima was drafted into the during World War II, thousands of U.S. Army on Oct. 12, 1944, as a replacement for the Japanese-American men proved their 442nd Regimental Combat Team. He arrived in Italy on loyalty to the United States by serving in VE Day, May 8, 1945, and joined the 442nd at the Garda combat, most famously as part of the Airport in northern Italy assigned to its public relations W442nd Regiment of the U.S. Army. The 442nd is the most office. decorated unit for its size and length of service in the “What people should know about the 442nd and the history of American warfare. men who served in the Military Intelligence Service is that As part of the 442nd, “the 100th Infantry Battalion was they served to help win the war and to prove their loyalty a segregated Nisei (Americans born of Japanese — the only ethnic group that fought in World War II for immigrant parents) unit which preceded the 442nd to the this reason,” Shima said. “Many of these men volunteered Italian front,” said Terry Shima of Gaithersburg, while they were confined to internment camps.” PEARL HARBOR / 31

From aliens to heroes About 14,000 men served in the 442nd unit and its 100th battalion, earning 9,486 Purple Hearts and 21 Medals of Honor. The Nisei unit fought in Italy, France and Germany. Their motto was “Go For Broke,” which is Hawaiian Pidgin English and means “risk your total holdings, throw in your total resources, total commitment in one roll of the dice,” Shima said. “The Nisei had something to prove, their loyalty. They were willing to risk everything, their lives, to achieve their goal. “When World War II broke out, the draft classification of Japanese Americans was changed from 1-A (eligible for military duty) to 4-C (alien, unfit for military duty). We were offended and insulted that our government viewed us as alien, which was tantamount to being disowned by our government. We were taught that defending your nation in time of war is the responsibility of every citizen. Nisei, individually and in Pictures, letters and mementoes on top of a phonograph in the Yonemitsu home, Manzanar groups, petitioned the government to allow them to Relocation Center. While many of their families were interned during World War II, thousands serve in combat to prove their of Japanese-American men proved their loyalty to the United States by serving in combat. loyalty,” said Shima, whose brother served in the 100 Battalion. In response to these petitions and JAPANESE AMERICANS IN THE for other reasons, Washington waived the ban on enlistments and issued the call for volunteers for the MILITARY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE 442nd unit. Much less celebrated than the Japanese- Americans couldn’t figure out the complex “When the 442nd completed American combat soldiers of the 100th Infantry Japanese language,” Odo said. Terry Shima training and arrived in Italy in June Battalion and the 442nd Regimental Combat During the war their work was a closely 1944, the 100th had been there for Team, those who served in the Military Intelli- guarded secret and continued to be classified for nine months fighting up the boot of Italy. The 100th gence Service were no less critical to winning the decades afterward, keeping them out of history’s sustained such huge casualties that the press labeled war. spotlight, Odo said. them the ‘Purple Heart Battalion.’ The 100th merged In November 1941 as the potential for armed Their job was extremely dangerous, often into the 442nd becoming, in effect, the 1st Battalion of conflict grew between Japan and the United serving on the front lines where they needed to the 442nd. They were allowed to keep the 100th unit States, the U.S. Army recruited a select group of avoid friendly fire by Americans who had trouble designation in recognition of their combat thousands of Japanese Americans who could distinguishing them from Japanese troops. If performance,” Shima said. speak the language of the enemy, said historian captured by Japanese troops they faced execu- Creating leaders Franklin Odo, founding director of the Smith- tion as traitors. sonian Institution’s Asian Pacific American Pro- One of their greatest contributions was decoding The late U.S. Sen. Daniel K. Inouye is perhaps the gram and former acting chief of the Asian the intelligence that led to the death of Admiral most well-known of the 442nd and was a WWII Medal division at the Library of Congress. They were Isoroku Yamamoto, the strategist and architect of of Honor recipient. Inouye served from 2010 to 2012 as trained at the Presidio in San Francisco and in the attack on Pearl Harbor, Odo said. After code president pro tempore of the Senate, a position that put camps in Minnesota. breakers identified his flight plans, American Army him third in line for the presidency. “Only 70 years ago During the war against Japan, soldier-lin- fliers were able to shoot his plane out of the sky in this same Nisei was assigned draft classification 4-C, guists of the Military Intelligence Service served April 1943. After Yamamoto’s death, the Japanese alien, unfit for military duty,” Shima said. in every battle and campaign. They were able to never won another naval battle. The effect of the Nisei performance in World War II translate captured documents to show troop By September 1945, they had translated 18,000 was significant for future generations of Americans, movements, monitor enemy transmissions and captured enemy documents, printed 16,000 propa- Shima said: “I believe the combat performance record of interrogate prisoners of war, Odo said. They also ganda leaflets and interrogated more than 10,000 the 442nd and the combat performance record of the served as cultural ambassadors who were able to Japanese prisoners of war. Tuskegee Airmen, to whom Truman used almost the convince Japanese troops to surrender or give After the war, Military Intelligence Service mem- same words (you fought the enemy abroad and up prisoners of war, he said. bers played crucial roles in the occupation of Japan prejudice at home) helped create the climate for post- “They were really valuable because the Japan- and as interpreters in war crimes trials. World War II reforms beginning with the desegregation ese didn’t encode their messages, believing that – By Melissa Erickson of the armed forces. These reforms leveled the playing field for minorities to compete for any job and rank.” 32 / PEARL HARBOR LESSONS LEARNED

The U.S. Navy battleship USS California sinks alongside Ford Island at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Dec. 7, 1941. WIKIPEDIA

COULD IT HAPPEN AGAIN? What would a modern Pearl Harbor look like?

By Deena C. Bouknight More Content Now

round 8 a.m. in Hawaii Dec. 7, 1941 – a U.S. Supreme Court ruling that Japanese immigrants seemingly normal Sunday morning of rest and were ineligible for citizenship; they were not allowed to worship – all hell broke loose when hundreds own property, and finally they essentially would not be Aof Japanese fighter planes unloaded an arsenal allowed to immigrate to the U.S. – period – due to the on U.S. Naval Station Pearl Harbor and Hickam Army Exclusion Act in 1924. More followed to bristle the Airfield. It was the date, President Franklin Delano Japanese prior to 1941. Roosevelt would prophesy, that would “live in infamy.” Yet, as we remember and memorialize what Even though this generation experienced a greater happened at Pearl Harbor 75 years ago with museum attack on American soil in terms of casualties – 9/11’s tours and ceremonies, can we prepare for and 2,996 to Pearl Harbor’s 2,403 – what happened that ultimately avoid another large-scale attack on our infamous December day continues to be a topic of homeland? discussion and analysis. Sebastian Gorka, Ph.D., professor, author and vice Although both the attacks on Pearl Harbor and on president for national security support at the Institute the World Trade Center and Pentagon were deemed of World Politics, Washington, D.C., wrote in “surprises,” experts studying hindsight point to the September for Military Review an article titled “How writing on the wall. Relations with the Japanese were America Will be Attacked.” In it he explains both a powder keg since they had been ostracized during irregular and unconventional warfare, and how negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles after World adversaries are thinking differently – and so should we. War I. The Asian country was odd man out in a room He ends his lengthy article with this statement: “The full of Europeans. In a 2015 World News Trust article sooner our strategists and policymakers recognize and titled “What Can Pearl Harbor Teach Us about 9/11 acknowledge this, the better able they will be to and Other ‘Surprises,’” New York writer Michael develop relevant counters and hone our own indirect Zezima points out that “Pearl Harbor was roughly two and non-kinetic modes of attack to better secure our decades in the making.” republic and all Americans in what has become a Following on the heels of the Versailles snub was the decidedly unstable and ever more dangerous world.” PEARL HARBOR / 33

This is what three other experts had to say: Q: What lessons did we learn enemy. It would take great from the Pearl Harbor attack political will to fight this type of that can be applied to U.S. operation in an effective national security today? manner. Eric Davis, pilot, special agent Jones: We cannot know, but In my opinion, an attack by a and SWAT for the FBI: Expect every time there is an incident foreign military would most the unexpected. Don’t put all of we have had to step up security. likely be in the form of a low- your eggs in one basket. Train At Fort Jackson, there is 100 religiously. percent security at the gate now. intensity insurgency David Hodge, retired Navy and If you are not an ID cardholder, operation. Our military is current community relations there is a vetting process. This is designed to fight and win manager, Public Affairs for Joint a result of terrorist attacks. Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Changes in even getting onto the large-scale conflicts. Hawaii: Preparedness; don’t let base are a result of 9/11. Security Eric Davis, pilot, special agent your guard down. Spend all the just needs to get tighter and and SWAT for the FBI time training. tighter … Pearl Harbor was the Pat Jones, Garrison Public first to teach us that. Affairs Officer, Fort Jackson, South Carolina: Every major Q: What are the most incident that has happened significant threats to the security we’ve learned from. We make of our nation? adjustments … we adapt. But Davis: Radical Islamic the first thing we did learn is terrorists who are citizens; that we did not have an army degradation of pride in country, large enough to defend history, traditions; and loss of ourselves. After Pearl Harbor respect for the rule of law. there was a huge surge in Hodge: We need to never give resources. And now look at up on working to establish everything that has transpired peaceful relationships; we have regarding security. learned much from our former enemies, the Japanese, and they Q: What would an attack by a have become important foreign military force look like partners. We also need to always today? be trained and prepared for Davis: In my opinion, an anything so that we are always attack by a foreign military ready to protect America in the would most likely be in the form future. And, to maintain morale of a low-intensity insurgency … letting nothing take the wind operation. Our military is out of our sails. America came designed to fight and win large- back stronger after Pearl scale conflicts. We are extremely Harbor; we need to always effective at destroying materials remember that. and infrastructure of a country. Jones: One is cyber-related. However, if the conflict were to We have to focus on take place on American soil, cybersecurity. Also, not being many of our most advanced prepared and trained. Fort weapons platforms would be Jackson is the largest training hamstrung. A low-intensity installation in the Army; our insurgency operation would primary purpose is training. We bring the fighting to our cities, train 54 percent of the force. A neighborhoods and schools. In full battalion can graduate as this scenario, it becomes very many as 1,200 soldiers, and difficult to differentiate enemy there is a population on the base of about 10,000 soldiers. Things soldiers from civilians. This are a lot different than they were uncertainty, coupled with efforts pre-WWII. But we can always to limit collateral damage, would The USS Shaw explodes during the Japanese raid make sure we are trained and on Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941. WIKIPEDIA act as a force multiplier for the prepared. 34 / PEARL HARBOR HISTORY WHERE TO LEARN MORE By John Sucich More Content Now movies If all of the attention surrounding the 75th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor makes you want some more information, • “Tora! Tora! Tora!” is considered here are a few suggestions to further your knowledge: by many to be the definitive movie about the attack on Pearl Harbor. The 1970 release was not favorably reviewed at the time, but its mostly books accurate portrayal of the events surrounding and including the attack have resonated with viewers • “Winston Churchill’s Memoirs of the and helped educate them about Second World War,” from 1959, offers a unique Pearl Harbor. perspective on the attack at Pearl Harbor and • On the 50th anniversary of the the days that followed. The chapters “Pearl attacks, ABC News collaborated Harbour!” and “A Voyage Amid World War” give with a Japanese television station the English Prime Minister’s experience when to produce “Pearl he received news of the attack and then almost Harbor: Two Hours immediately traveled to Washington to address That Changed The the U.S. Congress. The boat trip to America, World.” The Churchill’s time with FDR and stay at the White documentary, House – including Christmas 1941 – make for an narrated by David interesting read about what was happening Brinkley, includes thousands of miles away from Pearl Harbor. first-hand accounts of • Considered by many to be one of the more the attack from both objective accounts of the attack, “At Dawn We sides, as well as Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor” features archived photographs thorough research gathered over more than 30 from Japan and the years by author Gordon W. Prange. The book was United States. one of the first accounts of the Pearl Harbor • If you’re looking for attack to tell the story from the Japanese point of a fictional tale tangentially related view as much as the American side. The book also to the attack, 1953’s “From Here has a sequel, “Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of To Eternity” is set in Hawaii in History,” which features more of Prange’s work put the days leading up to the attack together posthumously by Donald Goldstein and on Pearl Harbor. The movie, Katherine Dillon, with a focus more on the reaction which includes stars Burt to the attacks as well as how the attack could have Lancaster, Deborah Kerr, Donna happened. Reed and Frank Sinatra, won • A wider view of the meaning of Pearl Harbor is eight Academy Awards, offered in “A Date Which Will Live: Pearl Harbor In including Best Picture. American Memory,” by Emily S. Rosenberg. In the book, Rosenberg examines how Americans remember or think about the national AMAZON.COM/YOUTUBE tragedy. The book, which came out in 2003, also includes the author’s thoughts on how Americans will likely remember Sept. 11, 2001, in a way similar to how the attack on Pearl Harbor has been remembered. AMAZON.COM PEARL HARBOR / 35

Pearl Harbor Visitor Center Museum of World War II Boston

• The Pearl Harbor Visitor Center • A hidden gem located 20 miles west of Boston in PHOTO: MUSEUMOFWORLDWARII.ORG in Aiea, Hawaii, includes four Natick, Massachusetts, the Museum of World War II historic sites: the USS Arizona touts the world’s most comprehensive collection of Memorial, the USS Bowfin documents and artifacts related to World War II. Submarine Park, the Battleship • For the 75th anniversary of Pearl Harbor the Missouri Memorial and the Pacific museum features an exhibit called “The 75th Aviation Museum. Anniversary of Pearl Harbor: Why We Still • The Visitor Center is home to two Remember,” featuring more than 100 artifacts. The museums: the Road To War exhibit includes the first telegram announcing the Museum, which details the events attack, the formal declaration of war by Japan on the leading up to Dec. 7, 1941, and the United States, and pieces of Japanese planes shot Attack Museum, which covers the down over Pearl Harbor. morning of the attack through the • The Museum of World War II hosts scheduled end of the war. There is also visits Tuesdays through Saturdays, with information about how to set up a tour available at information in between the http://museumofworldwarii.org/visit.html. museums about the history of Pearl Harbor itself. • The center, which neighbors The National WWII Museum New Orleans Honolulu International Airport, is open from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. seven days a week, but the various sites • Congress designated this – founded as the D- have different hours and ticketing USS Arizona Memorial Day Museum in 2000 – the official WWII museum options. Visit www.pearlharbor of the United States in 2003. historicsites.org/plan-your-visit • The museum’s website features an impressive for more information. array of digital collections on Pearl Harbor, including oral and video histories and historic photo galleries. Go to ww2online.org and search for Pearl Harbor. • Opening in June 2017, the “Arsenal of Democracy” exhibit will tell the story of the road to World War II and the Home Front, drawing on personal narratives and • The USS Arizona was one of evocative artifacts to the battleships sunk in the attack highlight facets of

PHOTOS: PACIFICHISTORICPARKS.ORG PHOTOS: on Pearl Harbor. The memorial WWII-era (also known as World War II PHOTO: NATIONALWW2MUSEUM.ORG American life Valor in the Pacific National Monument) was built above the through an experiential narrative. Visitors will sunken ship, which remains in the experience history as it unfolds through nine water. It honors the memory of immersive galleries, including America Besieged, those who died in the attack. featuring a wraparound screen to convey the shock • Visiting the memorial is free, and impact of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and War but you need a timed ticket for the Affects Every Home, a reconstructed 1940s home roughly 1 hour, 15 minute interior goes inside the setting where average program, which includes a video Americans grew victory gardens, collected for scrap and boat ride to and from the drives and gathered around the radio to learn of the memorial. war’s progress. • Find out more about exhibits and tours at http://www.nationalww2museum.org/visit/index.html 36 / PEARL HARBOR PEARL HARBOR TRIVIA DID YOU KNOW?

A Japanese midget submarine after having been raised by the U.S. Navy at the By John Sucich Pearl Harbor Navy Yard in December 1941. WIKIPEDIA More Content Now

s a major event in world history, the attack on Pearl Harbor is Asteeped in all kinds of trivia. You can spend years dissecting the who, what, where, when and why of the morning of Dec. 7, 1941 – not to mention the time leading up to that date and the results after. How well do you know some of that information? Here are 15 questions to test your Pearl Harbor knowledge: When the attacks took place, professional football games were taking place in what The name Pearl Harbor was given to the area three American cities? by native Hawaiians due to the prominence of Chicago, New York, and Washington, pearl-producing oysters. The Hawaiian name D.C., were all hosting NFL games. The was “Wai Momi”, which translates to what? Chicago Cardinals defeated the Chicago Wai Momi means pearl waters Bears that day, the New York Giants lost 1 4 to the Brooklyn Dodgers, and Washing- ton defeated the Philadelphia Eagles.

Who was the commander of the Japanese fleet that attacked Pearl Harbor? Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo’s fleet departed Who was President Roosevelt’s Japan in late November and observed strict press secretary when he deliv- radio silence in order to keep the attack a sur- ered his famous speech asking 2 prise. Congress for a declaration of war against Japan, including the fa- mous quote “a date which will live in infamy,” on Dec. 8, 1941? Three aircraft carriers of the U.S. Pacific Stephen Early, who knew FDR Fleet were absent at the time of the at- 5 for more than 30 years and tack. What were the names of those Use the Blippar helped create the president’s ships? app to open an “Fireside Chats”. The USS Enterprise, USS Lexington, interactive and USS Saratoga were all away from Pearl Harbor at the time of the at- version of this 3 tack. quiz online.

SEE INSTRUCTIONS ON PAGE 2 PEARL HARBOR / 37

The wrecked destroyers USS Downes and USS Cassin in Drydock One at the Pearl Harbor Navy Yard, soon after the end of the Japanese air attack. Cassin has capsized against Downes. USS Pearl Harbor became the permanent home of Pennsylvania is astern, occupying the the U.S. Pacific Fleet in 1940, in an attempt to in- rest of the drydock. The smoke is from timidate Japan, which was increasing its pres- the sunken and burning USS Arizona, ence in the Pacific. Where was the Pacific Fleet out of view behind Pennsylvania. based before Pearl Harbor? WIKIPEDIA The Pacific Fleet was based on the west coasts of California and Washington, in 6 places like San Diego, Long Beach, San Fran- cisco, and Bremerton. 9 9) Who was made commander of the Pa- 7 cific Fleet following the attack on Pearl The United States Sen- Harbor? ate voted 82 to 0 for the Admiral Chester W. declaration of war, and Nimitz was elevated the House of Represen- to the position be- tatives voted 388 to 1. fore the end of De- Who did the lone dis- cember 1941. senting vote belong to? Jeannette Rankin (R – Montana), a devoted pacifist, also voted against World War I in 1917.

It was December 8th, the day after Pearl Harbor, when the United States declared war against Japan. 10 When did the country declare war against Germany How many Navy men received the and Italy? Medal of Honor for their heroic actions Dec. 11, 1941, hours after the Axis nations both during the attack on Pearl Harbor? declared war against the United States. 15 men were awarded the medal, the 8 nation’s highest award for valor. 38 / PEARL HARBOR

Which military leaders in Hawaii were relieved of their command after the at- tack? Admiral Husband E. Kimmel and Lieutenant General Walter C. Short. Which of 11the following was NOT a ship 12 attacked at Pearl Harbor?: a) Oklahoma b) Nevada c) Kansas d) California c) Kansas was not a ship attacked at Pearl Harbor. The other three were all battleships sunk in the attack.

Photograph taken from a Japanese plane Which Supreme Court justice led during the torpedo at- the initial investigation into the tack on ships moored attack on Pearl Harbor? on both sides of Ford Owen Roberts Island shortly after the beginning of the Pearl 13 Harbor attack. View looks about east, with the supply depot, sub- marine base and fuel tank farm in the right center distance. WIKIPEDIA 14 How many Japanese aircraft carriers Japan suffered relatively few were in the fleet that attacked Pearl casualties. How many Japanese Harbor? planes were destroyed during The Japanese planes launched from the attack on Pearl Harbor? six aircraft carriers that came to a 29 stop about 200 miles north of Pearl Harbor. 15 PEARL HARBOR / 39 THOSE KILLED IN THE ATTACK Here we list the names of all 2,403 soldiers and civilians (listed with their age) killed in the Dec. 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor. They are listed alphabetically, categorized by their location. Source: PearlHarbor.org • Ford Island Naval Air Station ANDERSON, Irwin Corinthis BICKEL, Kenneth Robert BURNS, John Edward COOPER, Clarence Eugene FREDERICK, Charles Donald ANDERSON, James Pickins Jr. BICKNELL, Dale Deen BUSICK, Dewey Olney COOPER, Kenneth Erven EATON, Emory Lowell FREE, Thomas Augusta CROFT, Theodore (Ted) Wheeler ANDERSON, Lawrence Donald BIRCHER, Frederick Robert BUTCHER, David Adrian CORCORAN, Gerard John EBEL, Walter Charles FREE, William Thomas ANDERSON, Robert Adair BIRDSELL, Rayon Delois BUTLER, John Dabney COREY, Ernest Eugene EBERHART, Vincent Henry FRENCH, John Edmund • Kaneohe Naval Air Station ANDREWS, Brainerd Wells BIRGE, George Albert BYRD, Charles Dewitt CORNELIUS, P. W. ECHOLS, Charles Louis Jr. FRIZZELL, Robert Niven ANGLE, Earnest Hersea BISHOP, Grover Barron CORNING, Russell Dale ECHTERNKAMP, Henry Clarence FULTON, Robert Wilson BROWN, Walter Scott ANTHONY, Glenn Samuel BISHOP, Millard Charles CABAY, Louis Clarence COULTER, Arthur Lee EDMUNDS, Bruce Roosevelt FUNK, Frank Francis BUCKLEY, John Daniel APLIN, James Raymond BISHOP, Wesley horner Jr. CADE, Richard Esh COWAN, William EERNISSE, William Frederick FUNK, Lawrence Henry DOSICK, Stanley Daniel APPLE, Robert William BLACK, James Theron CALDWELL, Charles Jr. COWDEN, Joel Beman EGNEW, Robert Ross FORMOE, Clarence Melvin APREA, Frank Anthony BLAIS, Albert Edward CALLAGHAN, James Thomas COX, Gerald Blinton (Jerry) EHLERT, Casper GAGER, Roy Arthur FOSS, Rodney Shelton ARLEDGE, Eston BLAKE, James Monroe CAMDEN, Raymond Edward COX, William Milford EHRMANTRAUT, Frank Jr. GARGARO, Ernest Russell FOX, Lee Jr. ARNAUD, Achilles BLANCHARD, Albert Richard CAMM, William Fielden CRAFT, Harley Wade ELLIS, Francis Arnold Jr. GARLINGTON, Raymond Wesley GRIFFIN, Daniel Thornburg ARNEBERG, William Robert BLANKENSHIP, Theron A. CAMPA, Ralph CRAWLEY, Wallace Dewight ELLIS, Richard Everrett GARRETT, Orville Wilmer HOOKANO, Kamiko, age 35 ARNOLD, Claude Duran Jr. BLANTON, Atticus Lee CAMPBELL, Burdette Charles CREMEENS, Louis Edward ELLIS, Wilbur Danner GARTIN, Gerald Ernest INGRAM, George Washington ARNOLD, Thell BLIEFFERT, Richmond Frederick CAPLINGER, Donald William CRISCUOLO, Michael ELWELL, Royal GAUDETTE, William Frank LAWRENCE, Charles ARRANT, John Anderson BLOCK, Ivan Lee CAREY, Francis Lloyd CRISWELL, Wilfred John EMBREY, Bill Eugene GAULTNEY, Ralph Martin LEE, Isaac William, age 21 ARVIDSON, Carl Harry BLOUNT, Wayman Boney CARLISLE, Robert Wayne CROWE, Cecil Thomas EMERY, Jack Marvin GAZECKI, Philip Robert MANNING, Milburn Alex ASHMORE, Wilburn James BOGGESS, Roy Eugene CARLSON, Harry Ludwig CROWLEY, Thomas Ewing EMERY, John Marvin GEBHARDT, Kenneth Edward NEWMAN, Laxton Gail ATCHISON, John Calvin BOHLENDER, Sam CARMACK, Harold Milton CURRY, William Joseph EMERY, Wesley Vernon GEER, Kenneth Floyd OTTERSTETTER, Carl William ATKINS, Gerald Arthur BOLLING, Gerald Revese CARPENTER, Robert Nelson CURTIS, Lloyd B. ENGER, Stanley Gordon GEISE, Marvin Frederick PORTERFIELD, Robert Kirk AUSTIN, Laverne Alfred BOLLING, Walter Karr CARROLL, Robert Lewis CURTIS, Lyle Carl ERICKSON, Robert GEMIENHARDT, Samuel Henry Jr. ROBINSON, James Henry AUTRY, Eligah T. Jr. BOND, Burnis Leroy CARTER, Burton Lowell CYBULSKI, Harold Bernard ERSKINE, Robert Charles GHOLSTON, Roscoe SMARTT, Joseph Gillespie AVES, Willard Charles BONEBRAKE, Buford Earl CARTER, Paxton Turner CYCHOSZ, Francis Anton ERWIN, Stanley Joe GIBSON, Billy Edwin UHLMANN, Robert W. AYDELL, Miller Xavier BONFIGLIO, William John CASEY, James Warren CZARNECKI, Stanley ERWIN, Walton Aluard GIESEN, Karl Anthony WATSON, Raphael August AYERS, Dee Cumpie BOOTH, Robert Sinclair Jr. CASILAN, Epifanio Miranda CZEKAJSKI, Theophil ESTEP, Carl James GILL, Richard Eugene WEAVER, Luther Dayton BOOZE, Asbury Legare CASKEY, Clarence Merton ESTES, Carl Edwen GIOVENAZZO, Michael James BADILLA, Manuel Domonic BORGER, Richard CASTLEBERRY, Claude W. Jr. DAHLHEIMER, Richard Norbert ESTES, Forrest Jesse GIVENS, Harold Reuben • Midway Island Naval Air Station BAILEY, George Richmond BOROVICH, Joseph John CATSOS, George DANIEL, Lloyd Naxton ETCHASON, Leslie Edgar GOBBIN, Angelo BAIRD, Billy Bryon BORUSKY, Edwin Charles CHACE, Raymond Vincent DANIK, Andrew Joseph EULBERG, Richard Henry GOFF, Wiley Coy CANNON, George H. BAJORIMS, Joseph BOSLEY, Kenneth Leroy CHADWICK, Charles Bruce DARCH, Phillip Zane EVANS, David Delton GOMEZ, Edward Jr. KRAKER, Donald J. BAKER, Robert Dewey BOVIALL, Walter Robert CHADWICK, Harold DAUGHERTY, Paul Eugene EVANS, Evan Frederick GOOD, Leland MORRELL, Elmer R. BALL, William V. BOWMAN, Howard Alton CHANDLER, Donald Ross DAVIS, John Quitman EVANS, Mickey Edward GOODWIN, William Arthur TUTTLE, Ralph E. BANDY, Wayne Lynn (Buck) BOYD, Charles Andrew CHAPMAN, Naaman N. DAVIS, Milton Henry EVANS, Paul Anthony GORDON, Peter Charles Jr. BANGERT, John Henry BOYDSTUN, Don Jasper CHARLTON, Charles Nicholas DAVIS, Murle Melvin EVANS, William Orville GOSSELIN, Edward Webb • Naval Mobile Hospital Number BARAGA, Joseph BOYDSTUN, R. L. CHERNUCHA, Harry Gregory DAVIS, Myrle Clarence EWELL, Alfred Adam GOSSELIN, Joseph Adjutor 2 BARDON, Charles Thomas BRABBZSON, Oran Merrill (But- CHESTER, Edward DAVIS, Thomas Ray EYED, George GOULD, Harry Lee BARKER, Loren Joe tercup) CHRISTENSEN, Elmer Emil DAVIS, Virgil Denton GOVE, Rupert Clair THUMAN, John Henry BARNER, Walter Ray BRADLEY, Bruce Dean CHRISTENSEN, Lloyd Raymond DAVIS, Walter Mindred FALLIS, Alvin E. GRANGER, Raymond Edward BARNES, Charles Edward BRAKKE, Kenneth Gay CHRISTIANSEN, Edward Lee DAWSON, James Berkley FANSLER, Edgar Arthur GRANT, Lawrence Everett • Pearl Harbor Naval Hospital BARNES, Delmar Hayes BRICKLEY, Eugene (Sonny) DAY, William John FARMER, John Wilson GRAY, Albert James BARNETT, William Thermon BRIDGES, James Leon CIHLAR, Lawrence John DE ARMOUN, Donald Edwin FEGURGUR, Nicolas San Nicolas GRAY, Lawrence Moore RUSSETT, Arthur William BARTLETT, David William BRIDGES, Paul Hyatt CLARK, George Francis DE CASTRO, Vicente FESS, John Junior GRAY, William James Jr. BARTLETT, Paul Clement BRIDIE, Robert Maurice CLARK, John Crawford Todd DEAN, Lyle Bernard FIELDS, Bernard GREEN, Glen Hubert • USS Arizona BATES, Edward Munroe Jr. BRIGNOLE, Erminio Joseph CLARK, Malcolm DELONG, Frederick Eugene FIELDS, Reliford GREENFIELD, Carroll Gale BATES, Robert Alvin BRITTAN, Charles Edward CLARK, Robert William Jr. DERITIS, Russell Edwin FIFE, Ralph Elmer GRIFFIN, Lawrence J. AARON, Hubert Charles Titus BATOR, Edward BROADHEAD, Johnnie Cecil CLARKE, Robert Eugene DEWITT, John James FILKINS, George Arthur GRIFFIN, Reese Olin ABERCROMBIE, Samuel Adol- BAUER, Harold Walter BROCK, Walter Pershing CLASH, Donald DIAL, John Buchanan FINCHER, Allen Brady GRIFFITHS, Robert Alfred phus BEATON, Freddie BROMLEY, George Edward CLAYTON, Robert Roland DICK, Ralph R. FINCHER, Dexter Wilson GRISSINGER, Robert Beryle ADAMS, Robert Franklin BEAUMONT, James Ammon BROMLEY, Jimmie CLEMMENS, Claude Albert DINE, John George FINLEY, Woodrow Wilson GROSNICKLE, Warren Wilbert ADKISON, James Dillion BECK, George Richard BROOKS, Robert Neal CLIFT, Ray Emerson DINEEN, Robert Joseph FIRTH, Henry Amis GROSS, Milton Henry AGUIRRE, Reyner Aceves BECKER, Marvin Otto BROOME, Loy Raymond CLOUES, Edward Blanchard DOBEY, Milton Paul Jr. FIRZGERALD, Kent Blake GRUNDSTROM, Richard Gunner AGUON, Gregorio San N. BECKER, Wesley Paulson BROONER, Allen Ottis CLOUGH, Edward Hay DOHERTY, George Walter FISCHER, Leslie Henry GURLEY, Jesse Herbert AHERN, Richard James BEDFORD, Purdy Renaker BROPHY, Myron Alonzo COBB, Ballard Burgher DOHERTY, John Albert FISHER, Delbert Ray ALBEROVSKY, Francis Severin BEERMAN, Henry Carl BROWN, Charles Martin COBURN, Walter Overton DONOHUE, Ned Burton FISHER, James Anderson HAAS, Curtis Junior (Curt) ALBRIGHT, Galen Winston BEGGS, Harold Eugene BROWN, Elwyn Leroy COCKRUM, Kenneth Earl DORITY, John Monroe FISHER, Robert Ray HADEN, Samuel William ALEXANDER, Elvis Author BELL, Hershel Homer BROWN, Frank George COFFIN, Robert DOUGHERTY, Ralph Mc Clearn FISK, Charles Porter III HAFFNER, Floyd Bates ALLEN, Robert Lee BELL, Richard Leroy BROWN, Richard Corbett COFFMAN, Marshall Herman DOYLE, Wand B. FITCH, Simon HAINES, Robert Wesley ALLEN, William Clayborn BELLAMY, James Curtis BROWN, William Howard COLE, Charles Warren DREESBACH, Herbert Allen FITZSIMMONS, Eugene James HALL, John Rudolph ALLEN, William Lewis BELT, Everett Ray Jr. BROWNE, Harry Lamont COLE, David Lester DRIVER, Bill Lester FLANNERY, James Lowell HALLORAN, William Ignatius ALLEY, Jay Edgar BENFORD, Sam Austin BROWNING, Tilmon David COLEGROVE, Willett S. Jr. DUCREST, Louis Felix FLEETWOOD, Donald Eugene HAMEL, Don Edgar ALLISON, Andrew K. BENNETT, William Edmond Jr. BRUNE, James William COLLIER, John DUKE, Robert Edward FLOEGE, Frank Norman HAMILTON, Clarence James ALLISON, J. T. BENSON, James Thomas BRYAN, Leland Howard COLLIER, Linald Long Jr. DULLUM, Jerald Fraser FLORY, Max Edward HAMILTON, Edwin Carrell ALTEN, Ernest Mathew BERGIN, Roger Joseph BRYANT, Lloyd Glenn COLLINS, Austin DUNAWAY, Kenneth Leroy FONES, George Everett HAMILTON, William Holman AMON, Frederick Purdy BERKANSKI, Albert Charles BUCKLEY, Jack C. COLLINS, Billy Murl DUNHAM, Elmer Marvin FORD, Jack C. HAMMERUD, George Winston AMUNDSON, Leo DeVere BERNARD, Frank Peter BUDD, Robert Emile CONLIN, Bernard Eugene DUNNAM, Robert Wesley FORD, William Walker HAMPTON, J D ANDERSON, Charles Titus BERRY, Gordon Eugene BUHR, Clarence Edward CONLIN, James Leo DUPREE, Arthur Joseph FOREMAN, Elmer Lee HAMPTON, Ted W Jr. ANDERSON, Delbert Jake BERRY, James Winford BURDEN, Ralph Leon CONNELLY, Richard Earl DURHAM, William Teasdale FORTENBERRY, Alvie Charles HAMPTON, Walter Lewis ANDERSON, Donald William BERSCH, Arthur Anthony BURDETTE, Ralph Warren CONRAD, Homer Milton Jr. DURIO, Russell FOWLER, George Parten HANNA, David Darling ANDERSON, Harry BERTIE, George Allan Jr. BURKE, Frank Edmond Jr. CONRAD, Robert Frank DUVEENE, John FOX, Daniel Russell HANSEN, Carlyle B. ANDERSON, Howard Taisey BIBBY, Charles Henry BURNETT, Charlie Leroy CONRAD, Walter Ralph DVORAK, Alvin Albert FRANK, Leroy George 40 / PEARL HARBOR

HANSEN, Harvey Ralph HUGHEY, James Clynton KING, Leander Cleaveland LOUNSBURY, Thomas William MINEAR, Richard J. Jr. OWENS, Richard Allen RICHARDSON, Warren John HANZEL, Edward Joseph HUIE, Doyne Conley KING, Lewis Meyer LOUSTANAU, Charles Bernard MLINAR, Joseph OWSLEY, Thomas Lea RICHISON, Fred Louis HARDIN, Charles Eugene HULTMAN, Donald Standly KING, Robert Nicholas Jr. LOVELAND, Frank Crook MOLPUS, Richard Preston RICHTER, Albert Wallace HARGRAVES, Kenneth William HUNTER, Robert Fredrick KINNEY, Frederick William LOVSHIN, William Joseph MONROE, Donald PACE, Amos Paul RICO, Guadalupe Augustine HARMON, William D. HUNTINGTON, Henry Louis KINNEY, Gilbert Livingston LUCEY, Neil Jermiah MONTGOMERY, Robert E. PARKES, Harry Edward RIDDEL, Eugene Edward HARRINGTON, Keith Homer HURD, Willard Hardy KIRCHHOFF, Wilbur Albert LUNA, James Edward MOODY, Robert Edward PAROLI, Peter John RIGANTI, Fred HARRIS, George Ellsworth HURLEY, Wendell Ray KIRKPATRICK, Thomas Larcy LUZIER, Ernest Burton MOORE, Douglas Carlton PATTERSON, Clarence Rankin RIGGINS, Gerald Herald HARRIS, Hiram Dennis HUVAL, Ivan Joseph KLANN, Edward LYNCH, Emmett Isaac (Rusty) MOORE, Fred Kenneth PATTERSON, Harold Lemuel RIVERA, Francisco Unpingoo HARRIS, James William HUX, Leslie Creade KLINE, Robert Edwin LYNCH, James Robert Jr. MOORE, James Carlton PATTERSON, Richard Jr. ROBERTS, Dwight Fisk HARRIS, Noble Burnice HUYS, Arthur Albert KLOPP, Francis Lawrence LYNCH, William Joseph Jr. MOORHOUSE, William Starks PAULMAND, Hilery ROBERTS, Kenneth Franklin HARRIS, Peter John HYDE, William Hughes KNIGHT, Robert Wagner (Killer) PAVINI, Bruno ROBERTS, McClellan Taylor HARTLEY, Alvin KNUBEL, William Jr. MADDOX, Raymond Dudley MOORMAN, Russell Lee PAWLOWSKI, Raymond Paul ROBERTS, Walter Scott Jr. HARTSOE, Max June IAK, Joseph Claude KOCH, Walter Ernest MADRID, Arthur John MORGAN, Wayne PEARCE, Alonzo Jr. ROBERTS, Wilburn Carle HARTSON, Lonnie Moss IBBTSON, Howard Burt KOENEKAMP, Clarence D. MAFNAS, Francisco Reyes MORGAREIDGE, James Orries PEARSON, Norman Cecil ROBERTS, William Francis HASL, James Thomas INGALLS, Richard Fitch KOEPPE, Herman Oliver MAGEE, Gerald James MORLEY, Eugene Elvis PEARSON, Robert Stanley ROBERTSON, Edgar Jr. HAVERFIELD, James Wallace INGALLS, Theodore A KOLAJAJCK, Brosig MALECKI, Frank Edward MORRIS, Owen Newton PEAVEY, William Howard ROBERTSON, James Milton HAVINS, Harvey Linfille INGRAHAM, David Archie KONNICK, Albert Joseph MALINOWSKI, John Stanley MORRISON, Earl Leroy PECKHAM, Howard William ROBINSON, Harold Thomas HAWKINS, Russell Dean ISHAM, Orville Adalbert KOSEC, John Anthony MALSON, Harry Lynn MORSE, Edward Charles PEDROTTI, Francis James ROBINSON, James William HAYES, John Doran ISOM, Luther James KOVAR, Robert MANION, Edward Paul MORSE, Francis Jerome PEERY, Max Valdyne ROBINSON, John James HAYES, Kenneth Merle IVERSEN, Earl Henry KRAHN, James Albert MANLOVE, Arthur Cleon MORSE, George Robert PELESCHAK, Michael ROBINSON, Robert Warren HAYNES, Curtis James IVERSEN, Norman Kenneth KRAMB, James Henry MANN, William Edward MORSE, Norman Roi PELTIER, John Arthur ROBY, Raymond Arthur HAYS, William Henry IVEY, Charles Andrew Jr. KRAMB, John David MANNING, Leroy MOSS, Tommy Lee PENTON, Howard Lee RODGERS, John Dayton HAZDOVAC, Jack Claudius KRAMER, Robert Rudolph MANSKE, Robert Francis MOSTEK, Francis Clayton PERKINS, George Ernest ROEHM, Harry Turner HEAD, Frank Bernard JACKSON, David Paul Jr. KRAUSE, Fred Joseph MARINICH, Steve Matt MOULTON, Gordon Eddy PETERSON, Albert H. Jr. ROGERS, Thomas Sprugeon HEATER, Verrell Roy JACKSON, Robert Woods KRISSMAN, Max Sam MARIS, Elwood Henry MUNCY, Claude PETERSON, Elroy Vernon ROMANO, Simon HEATH, Alfred Grant JAMES, John Burditt KRUGER, Richard Warren MARLING, Joseph Henry MURDOCK, Charles Luther PETERSON, Hardy Wilbur ROMBALSKI, Donald Roger HEBEL, Robert Lee JANTE, Edwin Earl KRUPPA, Adolph Louis MARLOW, Urban Herschel MURDOCK, Melvin Elijah PETERSON, Roscoe Earl ROMERO, Vladimir M. HECKENDORN, Warren Guy JANZ, Clifford Thurston KUKUK, Howard Helgi MARSH, Benjamin Raymond Jr. MURPHY, James Joseph PETTIT, Charles Ross ROOT, Melvin Lenord HEDGER, Jess Laxton JASTRZEMSKI, Edwin Charles KULA, Stanley MARSH, William Arthur MURPHY, James Palmer PETYAK, John Joseph ROSE, Chester Clay HEDRICK, Paul Henry JEANS, Victor Lawrence KUSIE, Donald Joseph MARSHALL, Thomas Donald MURPHY, Jessie Huell PHELPS, George Edward ROSENBERY, Orval Robert HEELY, Leo Shinn JEFFRIES, Keith MARTIN, Hugh Lee MURPHY, Thomas J. Jr. PHILBIN, James Richard ROSS, Deane Lundy HEIDT, Edward Joseph JENKINS, Robert Henry Dawson LA FRANCEA, William Richard MARTIN, James Albert MYERS, James Gernie PIASECKI, Alexander Louis ROSS, William Fraser HEIDT, Wesley John JENSEN, Keith Marlow LA MAR, Ralph B MARTIN, James Orrwell PIKE, Harvey Lee ROWE, Eugene Joseph HELM, Merritt Cameron JERRISON, Donald D. LA SALLE, Willard Dale MARTIN, Luster Lee NAASZ, Erwin H. PIKE, Lewis Jackson ROWELL, Frank Malcom HENDERSON, William Walter JOHANN, Paul Frederick LADERACH, Robert Paul MASON, Byron Dalley NADEL, Alexander Joseph PINKHAM, Albert Wesley ROYALS, William Nicholas HENDRICKSEN, Frank JOHNSON, David Andrew Jr. LAKE, John Ervin Jr. MASTEL, Clyde Harold NATIONS, James Garland PITCHER, Walter Giles ROYER, Howard Dale HERRICK, Paul Edward JOHNSON, Edmund Russell LAKIN, Donald Lapier MASTERS, Dayton Monroe NAYLOR, J D POOL, Elmer Leo ROZAR, John Frank HERRING, James Jumior JOHNSON, John Russell LAKIN, Joseph Jordan MASTERSON, Cleburne E. Carl NEAL, Tom Dick POOLE, Ralph Ernest ROZMUS, Joseph Stanley HERRIOTT, Robert Asher Jr. JOHNSON, Samuel Earle LAMB, George Samuel MATHEIN, Harold Richard NECESSARY, Charles Raymond POST, Darrell Albert RUDDOCK, Cecil Roy HESS, Darrel Miller JOHNSON, Sterling Conrad LANDMAN, Henry MATHISON, Charles Harris NEIPP, Paul POVESKO, George RUGGERIO, William HESSDORFER, Anthony Joseph JOLLEY, Berry Stanley LANDRY, James Joseph Jr. MATNEY, Vernon Merferd NELSON, Harl Coplin POWELL, Jack Speed RUNCKEL, Robert Gleason HIBBARD, Robert Arnold JONES, Daniel Pugh LANE, Edward Wallace MATTOX, James Durant NELSON, Henry Clarence POWELL, Thomas George RUNIAK, Nicholas HICKMAN, Arthur Lee JONES, Edmon Ethmer LANE, Mancel Curtis MAY, Louis Eugene NELSON, Lawrence Adolphus POWER, Abner Franklin RUSH, Richard Perry HICKS, Elmer Orville JONES, Floyd Baxter LANGE, Richard Charles MAYBEE, George Frederick NELSON, Richard Eugene PRESSON, Wayne Harold RUSHER, Orville Lester HICKS, Ralph Dueard JONES, Harry Cecil LANGENWALTER, Orville J. MAYFIELD, Lester Ellsworth NICHOLS, Alfred Rose PRICE, Arland Earl RUSKEY, Joseph John HILL, Bartley Talor JONES, Henry Jr. LANOUETTE, Henry John MAYO, Rex Haywood NICHOLS, Bethel Allan PRITCHETT, Robert Leo Jr. RUTKOWSKI, John Peter HILTON, Wilson Woodrow JONES, Homer Lloyd LARSON, Leonard Carl McCARRENS, James Francis NICHOLS, Clifford Leroy PUCKETT, Edwin Lester RUTTAN, Dale Andrew HINDMAN, Frank Weaver JONES, Hugh Junior LATTIN, Bleecker McCARY, William Moore (Swede) NICHOLS, Louis Duffie PUGH, John Jr. HODGES, Garris Vada JONES, Leland LEE, Carroll Volney Jr. McCLAFFERTY, John Charles NICHOLSON, Glen Eldon PUTNAM, Avis Boyd SAMPSON, Sherley Rolland HOELSCHER, Lester John JONES, Quincy Eugene LEE, Henry Lloyd McCLUNG, Harvey Manford NICHOLSON, hancel Grant PUZIO, Edward SANDALL, Merrill Deith HOLLAND, Claude Herbert Jr. JONES, Thomas Raymond LEEDY, David Alonzo McFADDIN, Lawrence James NIDES, Thomas James SANDERS, Eugene Thomas HOLLENBACH, Paul Zepp JONES, Warren Allen LEGGETT, John Goldie McGLASSON, Joe Otis NIELSEN, Floyd Theadore QUARTO, Mike Joseph SANDERSON, James Harvey HOLLIS, Ralph JONES, Willard Worth LEGROS, Joseph McNeil McGRADY, Samme Willie Genes NOLATUBBY, Henry Ellis QUINATA, Jose Sanchez (Sandy) HOLLOWELL, George Sanford JONES, Woodrow Wilson LEIGH, Malcolm Hedrick McGUIRE, Francis Raymond NOONAN, Robert Harold SANFORD, Thomas Steger HOLMES, Lowell D. JOYCE, Calvin Wilbur LEIGHT, James Webster McHUGHES, John Breckenridge NOWOSACKI, Theodore Lucian RADFORD, Neal Jason (Brick) SANTOS, Filomeno HOLZWORTH, Walter JUDD, Albert John LEOPOLD, Robert Lawrence McINTOSH, Harry George NUSSER, Raymond Alfred RASMUSSEN, Arthur Severin SATHER, William Ford HOMER, Henry Vernon LESMEISTER, Steve Louie McKINNIE, Russell NYE, Frank Erskine RASMUSSON, George Vernon SAVAGE, Walter Samuel Jr. HOPE, Harold W. KAGARICE, Harold Lee LEVAR, Frank McKOSKY, Michael Martin RATKOVICH, William SAVIN, Tom HOPKINS, Homer David KAISER, Robert Oscar LEWIS, Wayne Alman McPHERSON, John Blair O’BRIEN, Joseph Bernard RAWHOUSER, Glen Donald SAVINSKI, Michael HORN, Melvin Freeland KALINOWSKI, Henry LEWISON, Neil Stanley MEANS, Louis O’BRYAN, George David RAWSON, Clyde Jackson SCHDOWSKI, Joseph HORRELL, Harvey Howard KATT, Eugene Louis LIGHTFOOT, Worth Ross MEARES, John Morgan O’BRYAN, Joseph Benjamin RAY, Harry Joseph SCHEUERLEIN, George Albert HORROCKS, James William KEEN, Billy Mack LINBO, Gordon Ellsworth MELSEN, George OCHOSKI, Henry Francis REAVES, Casbie SCHILLER, Ernest HOSLER, John Emmet KELLER, Paul Daniel LINCOLN, John William MENEFEE, James Austin OFF, Virgil Simon RECTOR, Clay Cooper SCHLUND, Elmer Pershing HOUSE, Clem Raymond KELLEY, James Dennis LINDSAY, James E. MENO, Vicente Gogue OGLE, Victor Willard REECE, John Jeffris SCHMIDT Vernon Joseph HOUSEL, John James KELLOGG, Wilbur Leroy LINDSAY, James Mitchell MENZENSKI, Stanley Paul OGLESBY, Lonnie Harris REED, James Buchanan Jr. SCHNEIDER, William Jacob HOWARD, Elmo KELLY, Robert Lee LINTON, George Edward MERRILL, Howard Deal OLIVER, Raymond Brown REED, Ray Ellison SCHRANK, Harold Arthur HOWARD, Rolan George KENISTON, Donald Lee LIPKE, Clarence William MILES, Oscar Wright OLSEN, Edward Kern REGISTER, Paul James SCHROEDER, Henry HOWE, Darrell Robert KENISTON, Kenneth Howard LIPPLE, John Anthony MILLER, Chester John OLSON, Glen Martin REINHOLD, Rudolph Herbert SCHUMAN, Herman Lincoln HOWELL, Leroy KENNARD, Kenneth Frank LISENBY, Daniel Edward MILLER, Doyle Allen O’NEALL, Rex Eugene RESTIVO, Jack Martin SCHURR, John HUBBARD, Haywood Jr. KENNINGTON, Charles Cecil LIVERS, Raymond Edward MILLER, Forrest Newton O’NEILL, William Thomas Jr. REYNOLDS, Earl Arthur SCILLEY, Harold Hugh HUDNALL, Robert Chilton KENNINGTON, Milton Homer LIVERS, Wayne Nicholas MILLER, George Stanley ORR, Dwight Jerome REYNOLDS, Jack Franklyn SCOTT, A. J. HUFF, Robert Glenn KENT, Texas Thomas Jr. LOCK, Douglas A. MILLER, Jessie Zimmer ORZECH, Stanislaus Joseph RHODES, Birb Richard SCOTT, Crawford Edward HUFFMAN, Clyde Franklin KIDD, Isaac Campbell LOHMAN, Earl Wynne MILLER, John David OSBORNE, Mervin Eugene RHODES, Mark Alexander SCOTT, George Harrison HUGHES, Bernard Thomas (Bee) KIEHN, Ronald William LOMAX, Frank Stuart MILLER, William Oscar OSTRANDER, Leland Grimstead RICE, William Albert SCRUGGS, Jack Leo (Scrooge) HUGHES, Lewis Burton Jr. KIESELBACH, Charles Ermin LOMIBAO, Marciano MILLIGAN, Weldon Hawvey OTT, Peter Dean RICH, Claude Edward SEAMAN, Russell Otto HUGHES, Marvin Austin KING, Gordon Blane LONG, Benjamin Franklin MIMS, Robert Lang OWEN, Fredrick Halden RICHAR, Raymond Lyle PEARL HARBOR / 41

SEELEY, William Eugene SULSER, Frederick Franklin WATTS, Victor Ed LONDON, James Edward MASSEY, James Edward UHLIG, Edward Bruno SEVIER, Charles Clifton SUMMERS, Glen Allen WEAVER, Richard Walter ZEILER, John Virgel MANGES, Howard Ellis MASTROTOTARO, Maurice URBAN, John Joseph SHANNON, William Alfred SUMMERS, Harold Edgar WEBB, Carl Edward ZIEMBRICKE, Steve A. MARTIN, John Winter MILBOURNE, Jesse Keith VASSAR, Benjamin Frank SHARBAUGH, Harry Robert SUMNER, Oren WEBSTER, Harold Dwayne ZIMMERMAN, Fred McGRAW, George V. ORWICK, Dean Baker VENABLE, Hoge Cralle Jr. SHARON, Lewis Purdie SUTTON, Clyde Westly WEEDEN, Carl Alfred ZIMMERMAN,Lloyd McDonald McMEANS, Clyde Clifton POWELL, William J. WOHL, Oswald Carl SHAW, Clyde Donald SUTTON, George Woodrow WEIDELL, William Peter ZWARUN, Jr. Michael McMURTREY, Aaron L. RICE, Wilson Albert YUGOVICH, Michael Charles SHAW, Robert K. SWIONTEK, Stanley Stephen WEIER, Bernard Arthur MILNER, James William ROSENAU, Howard Arthur SHEFFER, George Robert SWISHER, Charles Elijah WELLER, Ludwig Fredrick • USS California MINTER, James Dewey SCHLECT, Benjamin • USS Maryland SHERRILL, Warren Joseph SYMONETTE, Henry WELLS, Floyd Arthur MIRELLO, Bernard Joseph SPERLING, Joseph SHERVEN, Richard Stanton SZABO, Theodore Stephen WELLS, Harvey Anthony ADKINS, Howard Lucas MONTGOMERY, William A. BRIER, Claire Raymond SHIFFMAN, Harold Ely WELLS, Raymond Virgil Jr. ALLEN, Moses Anderson • USS Dobbin CROW, Howard Daniel SHILEY, Paul Eugene TAMBOLLEO, Victor Charles WELLS, William Bennett ALLEN, Thomas Benton NELSON, Marlyn Wayne GINN, James Blackburn SHIMER, Melvin Irvin TANNER, Russell Allen WEST, Broadus Franklin NEWTON, Wayne Edward BAKER, J. W. McCUTCHEON, Warren Harrell SHIVE, Gordon Eshom TAPIE, EDward Casamiro WEST, Webster Paul BAILEY, Wilbur Houston CARTER, Howard Frederick SHIVE, Malcolm Holman TAPP, Lambert Ray WESTCOTT, William Percy Jr. BAKER, Glen PARKER, June Winton GROSS, Roy Arthur • USS Nevada SHIVELY, Benjamin Franklin TARG, John WESTERFIELD, Ivan Ayers BALL, James William PAYNE, Kenneth Morris MARZE, Andrew Michael SHORES, Irland Jr. TAYLOR, Aaron Gust WESTIN, Donald Vern BANDEMER, Harold William PENDARVIS, George E. ANDERSON, Arnold Leo SHUGART, Marvin John TAYLOR, Charles Benton WESTLUND, Fred Edwin BAZETTI, Michael Louis PITTS, Lewis William Jr. • USS Downes AQUINO, Zoilo SIBLEY, Delmar Dale TAYLOR, Harry Theodore WHISLER, Gilbert Henry BEAL, Albert Quentin PRZYBYSZ, Alexsander J. BINGHAM, James Robert SIDDERS, Russell Lewis TAYLOR, Robert Denzil WHITAKER, John William Jr. BECKWITH, Thomas Stewart PULLEN, Roy Alfred BAILEY, James Edward BLEDSOE, Herman SIDELL, John Henry TEELING, Charles Madison WHITCOMB, Cecil Eugene BLANKENSHIP, Henry Wilbur BROWN, Benjamin Lee BRIGGS, Lyle Lee SILVEY, Jesse TEER, Allen Ray WHITE, Charles William BLOUNT, John Andrew Jr. RACISZ, Edward Stanley CLAPP, Marvin John BRITTON, Thomas Alonzo SIMENSEN, Carleton Elliott TENNELL, Raymond Clifford (Whitey) BOWDEN, Edward Daniel REEVES, Thomas J. COLLINS, Thomas W. CHRISTOPHER, Harold Jensen SIMON, Walter Hamilton TERRELL, John Raymond WHITE, James Clifton BOWERS, Robert K. RICHEY, Joseph L. DALY, Edward Carlyle COOK, Joseph William SIMPSON, Albert Eugene THEILLER, Rudolph WHITE, Vernon Russell BREWER, Robert Leroy RIPLEY, Edwin Herbert HITRIK, Albert Joseph CORBIN, Leon John SKEEN, Harvey Leroy THOMAS, Houston O’Neal WHITE, Volmer Dowin BUSH, Samuel Jackson ROBERTS, Earl Reed JONES, George Edwin COTNER, Leo Paul SKILES, Charley Jackson Jr. THOMAS, Randall James WHITEHEAD, Ulmont Irving Jr. BUTLER, James Warren ROSENTHAL, Alfred Aaron MARSHALL, John Andrew DAVIS, Frederick Curtis SKILES, Eugene THOMAS, Stanley Horace WHITLOCK, Paul Morgan ROSS, Joe Boyce PUMMILL, Nolan Eugene DUKES, Lonnie William SLETTO, Earl Clifton THOMAS, Vincent Duron WHITSON, Ernest Hubert Jr. CARPENTER, Elmer Lemuel ROYSE, Frank Willard SILVA, William Howard ECHOLS, Edward Wesley SMALLEY, Jack G. THOMPSON, Charles Leroy (Ernie) CARTER, Lloyd George STRICKLAND, Perry William EDWARDS, Harry Lee SMART, George David THOMPSON, Irven Edgar WHITT, William Byron CLARK, Cullen Benjamin SAFFELL, Morris Franklin VINSON, James FADDIS, George Leon SMESTAD, Halge Hojem THOMPSON, Robert Gary WHITTEMORE, Andrew Tiny COLE, Francis Eugene SCOTT, Robert Raymond FUGATE, Kay Ivan SMITH, Albert Joseph THORMAN, John Christopher WICK, Everett Morris COOPER, Kenneth James SEARLE, Erwin Leroy • USS Enterprise GANTNER, Samuel Merritt SMITH, Earl Jr. THORNTON, George Hayward WICKLUND, John Joseph CURTIS, Herbert S. Jr. SHELLY, Russell K. Jr. GILES, Thomas Robert SMITH, Earl Walter TINER, Robert Reaves WILCOX, Arnold Alfred CUTRER, Lloyd Henry SHOOK, Shelby Charles ALLEN, Eric Jr. GOETSCH, Herman August SMITH, Edward TISDALE, William Esley WILL, Joseph William SIMMONS, Frank Leroy COHN, Mitchell GULLACHSON, Arthur K. SMITH, Harry TRIPLETT, Thomas Edgar WILLETTE, Laddie James DAVIS, Edward Hope SIMMONS, Tceollyar DUCOLON, Fred John HALLMARK, Johnnie W. SMITH, John A. TROVATO, Tom WILLIAMS, Adrian Delton DEETZ, John Wesley SMITH, Lloyd George GONZALES, Manuel HARKER, Charles Ward SMITH, John Edward TUCKER, Raymond Edward WILLIAMS, Clyde Richard DOMPIER, Marshall Leonard STAFFORD, Gordon William HEBEL, Francis F. HEATH, Francis Colston SMITH, Luther Kent TUNTLAND, Earl Eugene WILLIAMS, George Washington DOUGLAS, Norman W. STAPLER, Leo KOZELEK, Leonard Joseph HEIM, Gerald Leroy SMITH, Mack Lawrence TURNIPSEED, John Morgan WILLIAMS, Jack Herman DUGGER, Guy SWEANY, Charles E. MENGES, Herbert Hugo HILL, Edwin Joseph SMITH, Marvin Ray TUSSEY, Lloyd Harold WILLIAMS, Laurence A DUKES, Billie Joe SZURGOT, Edward Frank MILLER, William Cicero HUBNER, Edgar E. SMITH, Orville Stanley TYSON, Robert WILLIAMSON, Randolph Jr. DURNING, Thomas Roy Jr. PIERCE, Sidney IRISH, Robert Clement SMITH, Walter Tharnel WILLIAMSON, William Dean TREANOR, Frank P. VOGT, John H. L. Jr. JOHNSON, Flavous B.M. SNIFF, Jack Bertrand UHRENHOLDT, Andrew Curtis WILLIS, Robert Kenneth Jr. ERNEST, Robert William TURK, Pete WILLIS, Walter M. KING, Orvell Vaniel Jr. SOENS, Harold Mathias WILSON, Bernard Martin LAMONS, Kenneth Taft SOOTER, James Fredrick VALENTE, Richard Dominic WILSON, Comer A. FARLEY, Alfred Jack ULRICH, George Vernon • USS Helena LIPE, Wilbur Thomas SORENSEN, Holger Earl VAN ATTA, Garland Wade WILSON, Hurschel Woodrow FERGUSON, Marvin Lee Jr. LUNSFORD, Jack Leon SOUTH, Charles Braxton VAN HORN, James Randolf WILSON, John James VINING, George Eugene ALBANESE, Salvatore J. LUNTTA, John Kallervo SPENCE, Merle Joe VAN VALKENBURGH, Franklin WILSON, Neil Mataweny GALASZEWSKI, Stanley C. ALDRIDGE, Thomas Elwood MAFNAS, Andres Franquez SPOTZ, Maurice Edwin VARCHOL, Brinley WILSON, Ray Milo GARCIA, Robert Stillman WALKER, David ARNESEN, Robert Arne MARTIN, Dale Lewis SPREEMAN, Robert Lawrence VAUGHAN, William Frank WIMBERLY, Paul Edwin GARY, Thomas Jones WALLEN, Earl Delbert BEARDSLEY, Loren Leigh MAYFIELD, Frazier SPRINGER, Charles Harold VEEDER, Gordon Elliott WINDISH, Robert James GILBERT, George H. WIANT, Thomas Solomon BODECKER, Regis James McGHEE, Lester Fred STALLINGS, Kermit Braxton VELIA, Galen Steve WINDLE, Robert England GILBERT, Tom WILSON, Milton Sloss CARTER, William John McGUCKIN, Edward L. STARKOVICH, Charles VIEIRA, Alvaro Everett WINTER, Edward WODARSKI, Steven Joseph CISCO, Luther Elvin MORRISSEY, Edward Francis STARKOVICH, Joseph Jr. VOJTA, Walter Arnold WITTENBERG, Russell Duane HANSON, Helmer Ansel WYDILA, John Charles DAVIS, Allen Arthur NEUENDORF, William F. Jr. STAUDT, Alfred Parker VOSTI, Anthony August WOJTKIEWICZ, Frank Peter HENDERSON, Gilbert Allen DICKENS, Ernest Boggio NORVELLE, Alwyn Berry STEFFAN, Joseph Philip WOLF, George Alexanderson Jr. HILDEBRAND, John A. Jr. • USS Chew DOBBINS, Richard Henry PATTERSON, Elmer Marvin STEIGLEDER, Lester Leroy WAGNER, Mearl James WOOD, Harold Baker HILLMAN, Merle Chester J. EDLING, Robert Norris PECK, Eugene Edward STEINHOFF, Lloyd Delroy WAINWRIGHT, Silas Alonzo WOOD, Horace Van HOLLEY, Paul Elston AGOLA, Mathew Joe ERBES, Leland Earl ROBISON, Mark Clifton STEPHENS, Woodrow Wilson WAIT, Wayland Lemoyne WOOD, Roy Eugene WISE, Clarence Alvin FLANNERY, Robert Joseph RONNING, Emil Oliver STEPHENSON, Hugh Donald WALKER, Bill WOODS, Vernon Wesley JACOBS, Richard Fredrick FUZI, Eugene Dash RUSHFORD, Harvey George STEVENS, Jack Hazelip WALLACE, Houston Oliver WOODS, William Anthony JEFFREY, Ira W. • USS Curtiss GARDNER, Arthur Joseph SCHWARTING, Herbert C. STEVENS, Theodore R. WALLACE, James Frank WOODWARD, Ardenne Allen JOHNSON, Melvin Grant GREENWALD, Robert Donald SHAUM, Donald Robert STEVENSON, Frank Jake WALLACE, Ralph Leroy WOODY, Harlan Fred JONES, Edward Watkin CARO, Joseph I. HINES, Arvel Clay SMITH, Keith Vodden STEWART, Thomas Lester WALLENSTIEN, Richard Henry WOOLF, Norman Bragg JONES, Ernest DUKE, Lee Herwin JOHNSON, Donald Walter SOLAR, Adolfo STILLINGS, Gerald Fay WALTERS, Clarence Arthur WRIGHT, Edward Henry JONES, Herbert C. EDMONDS, Clifton Earle JOHNSON, George Edward SPEAR, Herman Alder STOCKMAN, Harold William WALTERS, William Spurgeon WYCKOFF, Robert Leroy FRAZIER, John William KUZEE, Ernest George SPENCER, Delbert James STOCKTON, Louis Alton Jr. KAUFMAN, Harry GANAS, Nickolas Steve LOVE, Carl Robert STEMBROSKY, George Joseph STODDARD, William Edison WALTHER, Edward Alfred YATES, Elmer Elias KEENER, Arlie Glen GUY, George Hormer MAYO, Marvin William STRICKLAND, Charles E. STOPYRA, Julian John WALTON, Alva Dowding YEATS, Charles Jr. KRAMER, Harry Wellington HARTLEY, Kenneth Jay MINIX, Orville Ray THUNHORST, Lee Vernon STORM, Laun Lee WARD, Albert Lewis YOMINE, Frank Peter HAVEN, Edward Stanley Jr. MORINCELLI, Edo TRUJILLO, Richard Ignacio STOVALL, Richard Patt WARD, William E. YOUNG, Eric Reed LANCASTER, John Thomas HAWKINS, Anthony Jr. NAFF, Hugh Kenneth WALTON, Ivan Irwin STRANGE, Charles Orval WATKINS, Lenvil Leo YOUNG, Glendale Rex LARSEN, Donald C. V. HEMBREE, Thomas PENSYL, John Campbell STRATTON, John Raymond WATSON, William Lafayette YOUNG, Jay Wesley LEE, Roy Elmer Jr. KING, Andrew POWERS, Joe O`Neil SUGGS, William Alfred WATTS, Sherman Maurice YOUNG, Vivan Louis LEWIS, John Earl LOWE, Robert S. THOMPSON, Ralph William 42 / PEARL HARBOR

• USS Oklahoma CONNOLLY, Keefe Richard GRIFFITH, Thomas Edward KESLER, David Leland PERDUE, Charles Fred THINNES, Arthur Ray BROWNE, Frederick Arthur CONWAY, Edward Leroy GROSS, Edgar David KLASING, William August PETWAY, Wiley James THOMPSON, Charles William COMSTOCK, Harold Kenneth ADKINS, Marvin Birch COOK, Grant Clark Jr. GROW, Vernon Neslie KNIPP, Verne Francis PHILLIPS, Milo Elah THOMPSON, Clarence CRAIG, James Edwin ALDRIDGE, Willard Henry CORN, Robert Livingston GUISINGER, Daniel L. Jr. KVALNES, Hans C. PHIPPS, James Norman THOMPSON, George Allen HAASE, Clarence Frederick ALEXANDER, Hugh R. CORZATT, Beoin Hume GURGANUS, William Ike KVIDERA, William Lester PIRTLE, Gerald Homer THOMPSON, Irvin A. R. McINTOSH, Dencil Jeoffrey ALLEN, Stanley W. CRAIG, John William GUSIE, William Fred KYSER, D. T. PISKURAN, Rudolph Victor THOMPSON, William Manley MUHOFSKI, Joseph Alexander ALLISON, Hal Jake CREMEAN, Alva J. POINDEXTER, Herbert J. Jr. THOMSON, Richard Joseph NATIONS, Morris Edward ARICKX, Leon CRIM, Warren Harding HALL, Hubert Preston LARSEN, Elliott Deen PREWITT, Brady Oliver THORNTON, Cecil Howard OWENS, James Patrick ARMSTRONG, Kenneth Berton CROWDER, Samuel Warwick HALL, Ted LAURIE, Johnnie Cornelius PRIBBLE, Robert Lamb THROMBLEY, Robert Leroy PACE, Joseph Wilson ARTHURHOLZ, Marley Richard CURRY, William McKnight HALTERMAN, Robert Emile LAWRENCE, Elmer Patterson PRICE, George Franklin TIDBALL, David Franklin PORTILLO, Damian Maraya ARTLEY, Daryle Edward CYRIACK, Glenn Gerald HAM, Harold William LAWSON, Willard Irvin PRIDE, Lewis Bailey Jr. TIMM, Lloyd Rudolph RALL, Richard Redner AULD, John Cuthbert HAMLIN, Dale Reuben LEHMAN, Gerald George PUE, Jasper Langley Jr. TINDALL, Lewis Frank RICE, William Hurst AUSTIN, John Arnold DARBY, Marshall Eugene Jr. HANN, Eugene Paul LEHMAN, Myron Kenneth TINI, Dante Sylvester SLIFER, Martin Rueben DAVENPORT, James Watson HANNON, Francis Leon LESCAULT, Lionel W. RAIMOND, Paul Smith TIPTON, Henry Glenn STEWART, Floyd “D” Jr. HANSON, George LINDSEY, Harold William RAY, Eldon Casper TITTERINGTON, Everett Cecil TOBIN, Patrick Phillip BACKMAN, Walter Howard DAY, Francis Daniel HARR, Robert Joseph LINDSLEY, John Herbert REAGAN, Dan Edward TODD, Neal Kenneth VANDERPOOL, Payton L. Jr. BAILEY, Gerald John DELLES, Leslie Phillip HARRIS, Charles Houston LIVINGSTON, Alfred Eugene REGAN, Leo Basil TORTI, Natale Ignatius VINCENT, Jesse Charles Jr. BAILEY, Robert Edward DERRINGTON, Ralph Alva HARRIS, Daniel Fletcher LOCKWOOD, Clarence M. RICE, Irvin Franklin TRANBARGER, Orval Austin WADE, George Hollive Jr. BALLANCE, Wilbur Frank DICK, Francis Edward HARRIS, Louis Edward Jr. LOEBACH, Adolph John RICH, Porter Leigh TRAPP, Harold Frank WATSON, Claude Bridger Jr. BANKS, Layton Thomas DILL, Leaman Robert HAYDEN, Albert Eugene LUKE, Vernon Thomas RIDENOUR, Clyde Jr. TRAPP, William Herman BARBER, Leroy Kenneth DOERNENBURG, Kenneth E. HEAD, Harold Lloyd RILEY, David Joseph TREADWAY, Shelby • USS Pruitt BARBER, Malcolm John DONALD, John Malcolm HEADINGTON, Robert Wayne MABINE, Octavius ROACH, Russell Clyde TUCKER, William David BARBER, Randolph Harold DORR, Carl David HELLSTERN, William Francis MAGERS, Howard Scott ROBERTSON, Joseph Morris TUMLINSON, Victor Pat KEITH, George Richard BARNCORD, Cecil Everett DOYLE, Bernard Vincent HELTON, Floyd Dee MALEK, Michael ROESCH, Harold William TURNER, Billy BARRETT, Wilbur Clayton DREFAHL, Elmer Edwin HENRICHSEN, Jimmie Lee MALFANTE, Algeo Victor ROGERS, Walter Boone TUSHLA, Louis James • USS Shaw BATES, Harold Eugene DRWALL, Stanislaw Frank HENRY, Otis Wellington MANNING, Walter Benjamin ROUSE, Joseph Carel BATTLES, Ralph Curtis DUSSET, Cyril Isaac HENSON, William Ed Jr. MASON, Henri Clay RUSE, Charles Lee UFFORD, Russell Orville ANNUNZIATO, Frank John BAUM, Earl Paul DYER, Buford Harvey HERBER, Harvey Christopher MAULE, Joseph Keith RYAN, Edmund Thomas BILYI, Anthony BEAN, Howard Warren HERBERT, George McCABE, Edwin Bonner VALLEY, Lowell Earl BOLEN, Albert James BELT, Walter Sidney Jr. EAKES, Wallace Eldred HESLER, Austin Henry McCLOUD, Donald Robert SADLOWSKI, Roman Walter CARROLL, Guy Wayne BENNETT, Robert James EBERHARDT, Eugene Keller HISKETT, Denis Hubert McDONALD, James Oliver SAMPSON, Kenneth Harlan WADE, Durrell EGBERT, Leon BLACK, Waldean EDMONSTON, David Bell HITTORFF, Joseph Parker Jr. McKEENAN, Bert Eugene SANDERS, Dean Stanley WAGONER, Lewis Lowell FUGATE, Fred BLACKBURN, Harding ELLIS, Earl Maurice HOAG, Frank Samuel Jr. McKISSACK, Hale SAUNDERS, Charles Louis WALKER, Harry Earnest GAUDRAULT, Joseph L.B. Coolidge ELLISON, Bruce Harry HOARD, Herbert John McLAUGHLIN, Lloyd Elden SAVAGE, Lyal Jackson WALKOWIAK, Robert N. GOSNELL, Paul Gustavus BLANCHARD, William Eugene ELLSBERRY, Julius HOFFMAN, Joseph Warren MELTON, Earl Rudolph SAVIDGE, John Edwin WALPOLE, Eugene Anderson JONES, Rodney Wallace BLAYLOCK, Clarence Arvis ENGLAND, John Charles HOLM, Kenneth Laurence MELTON, Herbert Franklin SAYLOR, Paul Edd WALTERS, Charles Edward McALLEN, John Scott BLITZ, Leo HOLMES, Harry Randolph MIDDLESWART, John Franklin SCHLEITER, Walter Fay WARD, James Richard McQUADE, Robert Cameron BLITZ, Rudolph FARFAN, Ignacio Camacho HOLMES, Robert Kimball MILES, Archie Theodore SCHMIDT, Herman WASIELEWSKI, Edward MOORE, Clyde Carson BOCK, John George Jr. FARMER, Luther James HOLZHAUER, James William MITCHELL, Wallace Gregory SCHMITT, Aloysius Herman WATSON, Richard Leon PARKS, Chester Lloyd BOEMER, Paul Louis FECHO, Lawrence Herman HOPKINS, Edwin Chester MONTGOMERY, Charles An- SCHMITZ, Andrew James WEBB, James Cecil PENUEL, George Ames Jr. BOOE, James Brazier FERGUSON, Charlton Hanna HORD, Chester George drew SCHOONOVER, John Harry WELCH, William Edward PETZ, Robert Albert BORING, James Bryce FIELDS, Robert Auswell HRYNIEWICZ, Frank A. MULICK, John Mark SCOTT, Bernard Oliver WELLS, Alfred Floyd PLATSCHORRE, Daniel P. BOUDREAUX, Ralph McHenry FINNEGAN, William Michael HUDSON, Charles Eugene MYERS, Ray Harrison SEATON, Chester Ernest WEST, Ernest Ray QUIRK, Edward Joseph BOXRUCKER, Lawrence Anton FLAHERTY, Francis Charles HULTGREN, Lorentz Emanuel SEDERSTROM, Verdi Delmore WHEELER, John Dennis RAINBOLT, John Thomas BOYNTON, Raymond Devere FLANAGAN, James Monroe HUNTER, Robert Melvin NAEGLE, George Eugene SELLON, William Lawrence WHITE, Claude RUSSELL, Benjamin Nelson BRADLEY, Carl Merrill FLORESE, Felicismo NAIL, Elmer Denton SEVERINSON, Everett Iven WHITE, Jack Dewey SPAETH, Johnnie Herbert BRANDT, Oris Vernelle FOLEY, Walter Charles IVERSON, Claydon Ignatius C. NASH, Paul Andrews SHAFER, William Kenneth WHITSON, Alton Walter STIEF, Frank William Jr. BREEDLOVE, Jack Asbury FOOTE, George Perry NEHER, Don Ocle SHANAHAN, William James Jr. WICKER, Eugene Woodrow TAYLOR, Palmer Lee BREWER, Randall Walter FORD, George Calvin JACKSON, Willie NEUENSCHWANDER, Arthur SHELDEN, Edward Judson WIEGAND, Lloyd Paul WESTBROOK, James Ross BROOKS, William FRENCH, Joy Carol JACOBSON, Herbert Barney C. SILVA, William Garfield WILCOX, George James Jr. WILLIAMS, Clyde BROWN, Wesley James FURR, Tedd McKinley JAMES, Challis Rudolph NEVILL, Sam Douglas SKAGGS, Eugene Mitchell WILLIAMS, Albert Luther BRUESEWITZ, William G. JARDING, George William NEWTON, Wilbur Francis SKILES, Garold Leroy WILLIAMS, James Clifford • USS Sicard BUCHANAN, James Rufus GALAJDIK, Michael JAYNE, Kenneth Lyle NICHOLS, Carl SLAPIKAS, Edward Frank WILLIAMS, Wilbur Slade BURCH, Earl George GARA, Martin Anthony JENSEN, Theodore Que NICHOLS, Harry Ernest SMITH, Leonard Ferdnay WIMMER, Bernard Ramon HICKOK, Warren Paul BURGER, Oliver Kenneth GARCIA, Jesus Francisco JENSON, Jesse Bennett NICOLES, Frank Edward SMITH, Merle Andrew WINDLE, Everett Gordon BURK, Millard Jr. GARRIS, Eugene JOHANNES, Charles Homer NIELSEN, Arnold Madsen SMITH, Roland Hampton WINFIELD, Starring B. • USS Tennessee BUTTS, Rodger Cornelius GAVER, Henry Hamilton Jr. JOHNSON, Billy James NIGG, Laverne Alious SOLLIE, Walter Henry WISE, Rex Elwood GEBSER, Paul Heino JOHNSON, Edward Dale NIGHTINGALE, Joe Raymond SOLOMON, James Cleve WOOD, Frank ADAMS, Jesse Leroy CALLAHAN, Archie Jr. GELLER, Leonard Richard JOHNSON, Joseph Morris NIX, Charles Edward SPANGLER, Maurice Verdon WOODS, Lawrence Eldon HUDGELL, Alfred William CAMERY, Raymond Ralph GEORGE, George Themisto- JOHNSTON, Jim Hal STAPLETON, Kirby Roy WOODS, Winfred Oral MILLER, J.B. Delane CAMPBELL, William Vane cles JONES, Charles Alan OGLE, Charles Ralph STEELY, Ulis Claude WORKMAN, Creighton Hale ROE, Eugene Oscar CARGILE, Murry Randolph GIBSON, George Harvey JONES, Fred M. O’GRADY, Camillus M. STEIN, Walter Claude WORTHAM, John Layman SMITH, Gerald Owen CARNEY, Harold Francis GIESA, George Edward JONES, Jerry OLSEN, Eli STEINER, Samuel Cyrus WRIGHT, Paul Raymond CARROLL, Joseph William GIFFORD, Quentin John JORDAN, Julian Bethune OUTLAND, Jarvis Godwin STERNS, Charles M. Jr. WYMAN, Eldon P. • USS Tracy CASINGER, Edward Eugene GILBERT, George JORDAN, Wesley Vernie OVERLEY, Lawrence Jack STEWART, Everett R. CASOLA, Biacio GILLETTE, Warren Clayton JURASHEN, Thomas Valentine OWSLEY, Alphard Stanley STOCKDALE, Louis S. YOUNG, Martin Daymond BIRD, John Arthur CASTO, Charles Ray GILLIARD, Benjamin Edward STOTT, Donald Alfred YOUNG, Robert Verdun PENCE, John Wallace CASTO, Richard Eugene GLENN, Arthur KANE, Albert Utley PACE, Millard Clarence STOUT, Robert Thomas YURKO, Joseph John ZACEK, Laddie John CHESHIRE, James Thomas GOGGIN, Daryl Henry KARLI, John Albert PALIDES, James Jr. STOUTEN, James CHESS, Patrick Lloyd GOLDWATER, Jack Reginald KEATON, Vernon Paul PALMER, Calvin Harry SURRATT, Milton Reece ZVANSKY, Thomas • USS Utah CLARK, David Jr. GOMEZ, Charles Clay Jr. KEFFER, Howard Verne PALMER, Wilferd Dewey SWANSON, Charles Harold CLAYTON, Gerald Lee GOOCH, George Merton KEIL, Ralph Henry PARADIS, George Lawrence • USS Pennsylvania ARBUCKLE, William Delanno CLEMENT, Hubert Paul GOODWIN, Clifford George KELLER, Donald Garrett PARKER, Isaac TALBERT, Edward Everette BARTA, Joseph CLIFFORD, Floyd Francis GOODWIN, Robert KELLEY, Joe Marion PEAK, Robert Hopkins TANNER, Rangner F. Jr. ARNOTT, Robert Everett BIELKA, Rudolph Paul COKE, George Anderson GORDON, Duff KEMPF, Warren Joseph PEARCE, Dale Ferrell TAYLOR, Charles Robert BAKER, Henry Ernest Jr. BIGHAM, Virgil Cornelius COLLIER, Walter Leon GOWEY, Claude Oliver KENINGER, Leo Thomas PENNINGTON, Raymond TEMPLE, Monroe BARRON, Thomas Noble BLACK, John Edward COLLINS, James Earl GRAHAM, Wesley Ernest KENNEDY, William Henry PENTICO, Walter Ray TEMPLES, Houston BRAGA, Charles Jr. BLACKBURN, John Thomas CONNOLLY, John Gaynor GRANDPRE, Arthur M. KERESTES, Elmer Tom PEPE, Stephen TERHUNE, Benjamin C. BREKKEN, Evan Benhart PEARL HARBOR / 43

BROWN, Pallas Franklin CHRISTIAN, William Garnett SAULSBURY, Theodore Hilliard LYONS, Lawrence P. Jr. WEGRZYN, Felix S. FRENCH, Walter R. BRUNNER, William Frank COSTILL, Harold Kendall SCHUON, Richard Martin Jr. DASENBROCK, Louis H. WESTBROOK, Robert H. Jr. KUJAWA, Conrad BUGARIN, Feliciano Todias COSTIN, Louis Albert SCOTT, George William DAVENPORT, Ernest J. MACY, Thomas Samuel, age 59 WOOD, Earl A. LEWIS, Theodore J. CHESTNUTT, George V. Jr. COTTIER, Charles Edwin SMITH, Gordon Ellsworth DE POLIS, Frank J. MALATAK, Joseph WOODWORTH, Lawton Jay MIGITA, Torao CLIPPARD, Lloyd Dale CROMWELL, Howard Don SPEICHER, Ernest Edward DEFENBAUGH, Russell C. MANN, John H. WRIGHT, Thomas Monroe CONNER, Joseph Ucline DOWNING, Eugene Victor STERLING, Otis Delaney DENSON, Eugene B. MARKLEY, Robert Harold • Honolulu CRAIN, John Reeves DRUM, Donald Landford TABER, George Edward DICKERSON, Richard A. MARTIN, George M. Jr. YOUNG, Virgil Jarrett CROSSETT, David Lloyd DUNN, George S. Jr. TIBBS, Ernie Ewart DOWNS, Jack A. MARTIN, Herbert Benjamin ADAMS, John Kalauwae, age DAVIS, Billy Rex DURKEE, Edward Norman TIPSWORD, Keith Warren DUFF, Robert C. Jr. MARTIN, Wallace R. ZACZKIEWICZ, Marion Herbert 18 DENNIS, Leroy DURR, Clement Edward VANDER GOORE, Albert Peter DYER, Daniel A. Jr. MATTOX, Harell K. ZAPPALA, Joseph S. ADAMS, Joseph Kanehoa, age DIECKHOFF, Douglas R. DYE, Tommy VOGELGESANG, Joseph Jr. McABEE, William E. ZUCKOFF, Walter D. 50 DOSSER, William Hugh EDWARDS, Roland Wayne WAGNER, Thomas George EDWARDS, Lyle O. McCLINTOCK, James Jacob ZUSCHLAG, Walter J. ARAKAKI, Nancy Masako, age EIDSVIG, Vernon Jerome ENDICOTT, Ronald Burdette WALTERS, Bethel Elbert EICHELBERGER, Paul R. McLAUGHLIN, Herbert E. 8 GANDRE, Melvyn Amour ENGLAND, Richard Boyd WILBUR, Harold ELDRED, Philip Ward, age 36 McLEOD, Stanley A. • Wheeler Field CHONG, Patrick Ka- GIFT, Kenneth Mace EVANS, Woodrow Wilson WILSON, Clyde Richard ELLIOTT, Byron G. MEADOWS, Durward A. hamokupuni, age 30 GREGOIRE, Charles Norman FLORES, Jose San Nicolas ZOBECK, Lester Frank ELYARD, Harold C. MEAGHER, Donald F. ALLEN, Robert G. FAUFATA, Matilda Kaliko, age HARVESON, Herold Aloysius FOTH, Jack MERITHEW, William W. BARKSDALE, James M. 12 HILL, Clifford Dale FOX, Gilbert Roy • Ewa Marine Corps Air Sta- FAIRCHILD, Malcolm W. MESSAM, Horace Arthur BURNS, Edward J. GONSALVES, Emma HOUDE, Emery Lyle FRYE, Neil Daniel tion FAIRCHILD, Willard E. MEYERS, Victor L. BUSS, Robert P. HARADA, Ai, age 54 JACKSON, David William GABRIELE, Angelo Michael FELDMAN, Jack H. MITCHELL, Edwin N. BYRD, Theodore F. HATATE, Kisa, age 41 JONES, Leroy Henry GARCIA, Claude Ralph LAWRENCE, Edward Stephen FELLMAN, Paul V. MOORHEAD, Lionel Jay CASHEN, Malachy J. HIGA, Fred Masayoshi, age 21 JUEDES, William Arthur GONZALES, Bibian Bernard LUTSCHAN, William Edward, Jr. FERRIS, Homer E. MORAN, George A. CEBERT, Dean W. HIRASAKI, Jackie Yoneto, age KAELIN, John Louis GOODWIN, Myron Eugene MICHELETTO, Carlo Anthony FIANDER, Stuart H. MORRIS, Emmett Edloe CHAMBERS, Eugene L. 8 KAMPMEYER, Eric T. GOULD, Arthur ODA, Yaeko Lillian, age 6 FIELD, Arnold E. MOSER, Joseph G. CREECH, William C. HIRASAKI, Jitsuo, age 48 KARABON, Joseph Nicholas HALVORSEN, Harry John TACDERAN, Francisco, age 34 FINNEY, Patrick L. MOSLENER, Louis Gustav Jr. DAINS, John L. HIRASAKI, Robert Yoshito, age KENT, William Harrison HARRISS, Hugh Braddock TURNER, William George FOX, Jack W. DERTHICK, James H. 3 LA RUE, George Willard HEAVIN, Hadley Irvin NEEDHAM, La Verne J. EVERETT, James HIRASAKI, Shirley Kinue, age 2 LITTLE, John Grubbs III HILT, Fred Albert • Bellows Field GAGNE, Leo E. A. NELLES, Joseph F. FREE, Paul B. INAMINE, Paul S., age 19 LYNCH, Kenneth Lee HODGES, Howard David GALLAGHER, Russell E. NORTHWAY, William M. GANNAM, George K. IZUMI, Robert Seiko, age 25 MARSHALL, William Earl Jr. HOOD, Joseph Earnest CHRISTIANSEN, Hans C. GARRETT, Robert R. GOOD, Joseph E. KAHOOKELE, David, age 23 MARTINEZ, Rudolph Machado HORTON, William David WHITEMAN, George Allison GLEASON, James J. OFFUTT, William H. GOUDY, Allen E. W. KONDO, Edward Koichi, age 19 MICHAEL, Charles O. HUDSON, Ira Duane GOODING, Robert Henry ORR, Willard C. GUTHRIE, James E. LOPES, Peter Souza, age 33 MILLER, Marvin Eugene JACKSON, William Clarence • Hickam Field GOSSARD, James E. Jr. HERBERT, Joseph C. MANGANELLI, George Jay, NORMAN, Donald Charles JOHNSON, Carl Spencer GREENE, John Sherman PANG, Harry Tuck Lee, age 30 HORAN, Vincent M. age 14 NORMAN, Orris Nate KELLEY, Sanford V. Jr. AKINA, August, age 37 GUMMERSON, Elwood R. PENNY, Russell M. HULL, Robert L. McCABE, Sr., Joseph, age 43 ODGAARD, Edwin Nelson KLEIST, Chester Fredrick ALOIS, Ralph GUTTMANN, Joseph Herman PERRY, Hal H. Jr. LESLIE, George G. NAGAMINE, Masayoshi, age PARKER, Elmer Anthony KNIGHT, Milton Jewel Jr. ANDERSON, Garland C. PHILIPSKY, Thomas F. MANLEY, William H. 27 PERRY, Forrest Hurbert KUBINEC, William Paul ANDERSON, Manfred Carl HARTFORD, Carlton H. PIETZSCH, Jay E. MITCHELL, John G. OHASHI, Frank, age 29 PHILLIPS, James William LACROSSE, Henry E. Jr. ANDERSON, William T. HASENFUSS, William E. Jr. POSEY, Frank S. E. PLANT, Donald D. OHTA, Hayako, age 19 PONDER, Walter Howard LEARY, Thomas Francis ANGELICH, Jerry Mike HASTY, Ardrey Vernon POWELL, Raymond E. PRICE, John A. OHTA, Janet Yumiko, age 3 REED, Frank Edward LEMIRE, Joseph Sam L. AVERY, Robert L. HAUGHEY, John Thomas POWLOSKI, Daniel J. ROBBINS, Anson E. months SCOTT, Ralph Edward LISH, Eugene Victor HAYS, Alfred PRICE, George SCHMERSAHL, George R. OHTA, Kiyoko, age 21 SHOUSE, Henson Taylor LUKER, Royle Bradford BAKER, George W. HISLOP, William SCHOTT, Robert L. ORNELLAS, Barbara June, age SMITH, George Randolph LYNCH, Donald William BAYS, Donald E. HOOD, Earl A. RAE, Allen G. SHATTUCK, Robert R. 8 SMITH, Robert Daniel LYON, Arnold Eugene BEASLEY, Leland V. HORAN, John J. REUSS, Herman C. SHERMAN, Robert O. ORNELLAS, Gertrude, age 16 SOUSLEY, Joseph B. MANN, Charles Willis BENNETT, Gordon R. Jr. HORNER, James Albert RHODES, William T. STACEY, Morris E. TAKEFUJI (aka Koba), James STRINZ, Gerald Victor MATA, Jesus Manalisay BILLS, Mathew T. HOWARD, George F. RICHEY, Robert M. STERLING, Gordon H. Jr. Takao, age 20 TOMICH, Peter MATHISON, Donald Joseph BLAKLEY, William Thomas HOYT, Clarence E. ROGNESS, Halvor E. VIDOLOFF, Russell P. TOKUSATO, Yoshio, age 19 ULRICH, Elmer Herbert McBEE, Luther Kirk BOLAN, George P. HRUSECKY, Charles Lewis WALCZYNSKI, Andrew A. TYCE, Robert H., age 38 VILLA, Michael William McCLELLAND, Thomas Alfred BONNIE, Felix HUGHES, Edward Rhys SCHICK, William Rhinehart WALKER, Lumus E. UYENO, Hisao, age 20 WETRICH, Vernard Oren McCOLLOM, Lawrence Jen- BORGELT, Harold W. HUMPHREY, Henry J. SCHLEIFER, Louis WHITE, Alice (Mrs. Millard D.), WHITE, Glen Albert nings BOSWELL, Frank G. SHIELDS, William F. • Camp Malakole age 42 McCOMAS, Clarence William BOYLE, Arthur F. JACOBSON, Dave SMITH, George J. WILSON, Eunice • USS Vestal McKEE, Quentin Guy BRANDT, Billy O. JEDRYSIK, Joseph SMITH, Harry E. BLACKWELL, Henry C. MEGLIS, John Anthony BROOKS, B.J. Jr. JENCUIS, Joseph Herbert SMITH, Ralph Stanley BROWN, Clyde C. • Pearl City ARNEBERG, Harold Raymond MELTON, John Russell BROWER, Rennie V. Jr. JOHNSON, Carl Andreas SOUTH, Elmer W. RASMUSSEN, Warren D. DUANE, William MENDIOLA, Enrique Castro BROWN, Robert S. JOHNSON, James Rodman SPARKS, John B. FOSTER, Rowena Kamo- JACKSON, Lowell Bruce MISTER, Joe Eddie BROWNLEE, William John JOHNSON, Olaf A. ST GERMAIN, Maurice J. • Fort Barrett (in Kapolei) haulani, age 3 JONES, Charles William MONTGOMERY, Wallace Alford BRUBAKER, Brooks J. JOHNSON, Robert Henry STAPLES, Merton Ira KERRIGAN, Raymond Joseph MORRIS, William Francis BRUMMWELL, Malcolm J. JOYNER, Theodore K. STATON, Paul L. MEDLEN, Joseph Alford • Pearl Harbor LONG, Guy Edward MRACE, Albin John BURLISON, Weldon C. STOCKWELL, Carey K. REID, William Henry MYERS, Clair Clifton BUSH, Joseph KECHNER, Vincent John STRICKLAND, James E. Jr. • Fort Kamehameha LOO, Tai Chung, age 19 NERMOE, Earl Tilman KELLEY, Robert R. SURRELLS, Leo H. • USS West Virginia NEWTON, Paul Eugene CAMPIGLIA, Francis Edward KIMMEY, Robert Doyle SYLVESTER, William Grover BRYANT, Claude L. • Red Hill NOCE, Emile Salvatore CARLSON, Lawrence Robert KINDER, Andrew J. SZEMATOWICZ, Jerome J. BUBB, Eugene R. LA VERNE, Daniel ASHBY, Welborn Lee O’CONNOR, Maurice Michael CARREIRA, John KING, Marion E. Jr. DA TORRE, Otreste BARGERHUFF, Benjamin E. Jr. OLDS, Clifford Nathan CASHMAN, Edward J. KLEIN, Otto C. TAFOYA, Antonio S. DUQUETTE, Donat George Jr. • Wahiawa BARNETT, William Leroy OWSLEY, Arnold Jacob CHAGNON, Joseph J. KLUBERTANZ, Roderick Otto TENNISON, Anderson G. SULLIVAN, Edward Francis BARTEK, Frank Joseph Jr. PACIGA, Walter Joseph CHAPMAN, Donal V. KOHL, John J. TIBBETS, Hermann K. Jr. KIM, Soon Chip, age 66 BENNION, Mervyn Sharp PAOLUCCI, James Alfred CHURCH, Leroy R. TIMMERMAN, William Freder- • Fort Shafter SOMA, Richard Masaru, age 22 BOOTON, Charlie Vinton PINKO, Andrew Anthony CLARK, Monroe M. LANGO, Frank J. ick BOYER, Fred Hunter PITCHER, Jack Arthur CLENDENNING, Lee I. LEPPER, Edmond Brayton TOPALIAN, James N. FAVREAU, Arthur Armond • Waipahu BRANHAM, George Ohara POWERS, Roy Wallace CONANT, Clarence Albert LEVINE, Sherman TUCKERMAN, George William ZISKIND, Samuel J. BROOKS, Ennis Edgar REID, George Beard COOPER, Frank Bernard LEWIS, James I. KIMURA, Tomaso, age 19 BROWN, Charles Darling RENNER, Albert COSTER, Richard Lee LIBOLT, Lester H. VANDERELLI, Martin BROWN, Riley Mirville RICHTER, Leonard Claiver COUHIG, John H. LIVINGSTON, Richard E. VERNICK, Edward Frank • Schofield Barracks • Wake Island BURGESS, John Edwin Jr. ROSE, Ernest Claude COYNE, William Jr. LORD, Harry W. Jr. WALKER, Ernest M. Jr. CAMPBELL, William Clarence SAHL, Glenn Dawain CRUTHIRDS, John E. LUSK, Howard N. WARDIGO, Walter H. FADON, Paul J. JACOBS, Richard William YYoou served our country with honor. Now you can make a difference building a career with our global business in Kern County.

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