La Cappella Di Pietro Cuside Nella Chiesa Di San Pietro in Montorio a Roma

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La Cappella Di Pietro Cuside Nella Chiesa Di San Pietro in Montorio a Roma A Sua Maestà il Re di Spagna Juan Carlos I La cappella di Pietro Cuside nella Chiesa di San Pietro in Montorio a Roma LAURA GIGLI, GABRIELLA MARCHETTI, GIUSEPPE SIMONETTA «Non troveremo mai la verità se ci accontentiamo di quello che è stato già trovato( ... ). Coloro che scrissero prima di noi non sono per noi signori, ma delle guide. La verità è aperta a tutti, essa non è ancora stata ancora posseduta per intero» (Gilberto di Toumai). * * * Il percorso della storia non segue un'inflessibile legge casua­ le o, tanto meno, causale, ma è come una nuvola che giunge in un luogo che non conosce (dal noto, usando il simbolo per gui­ dare il pensiero, verso l'ignoto) e dove magari non desiderava andare; il progresso della storia è, invece, lo sviluppo, sempre più determinato e più chiaro, di ciò che è contenuto e tracciato nello spirito umano. La storia, intesa come conoscenza delle mutazioni del reale, pertanto, è il metodo (nell'accezione greca * Il saggio si avvale della collaborazione degli Amici Marco Setti, che da sempre rende visibili i nostri studi tramite il disegno e le immagini di volta in volta appositamente realizzati, e Gianfrancesco Solferino, profon­ do conoscitore del pensiero francescano. 339 di via inusuale) da cercare per scoprire le realtà spirituali coesi­ stenti con quelle materiali. L'aragonese Pietro Cuside era giunto a Roma dalla natia Sa­ ragozza (la città romana Caesaraugusta) nel 1602 ed era andato ad abitare con la famiglia nel palazzo a via del Corso in angolo con via Frattina, che fece ristrutturare dall'architetto Carlo Ma­ derno per potervi agevolmente svolgere l'incarico di rappre­ sentante diplomatico del re di Spagna Filippo III. lvi raccolse anche la sua importante collezione di dipinti, considerati i mitici strumenti svelatori dei misteri dell'universo, essendo l'arte della pittura (intesa come comunicazione di un sapere) la rivelazione a di un'idea resa visibile e caratterizzata dalla cornice, che assume il significato di estremo limite dell'ordine manifestato, al cui in­ terno si materializza la realtà spirituale dell'artista: nei soggetti, nelle immagini, nei colori. Il ruolo rivestito dal nobile Pietro, a cui si aggiunse il compito di acquistare opere d'arte per le collezioni reali, doveva neces­ sariamente porlo in contatto sia con i personaggi di spicco che -1 producevano la cultura romana, sinonimo di formazione perma­ nente, sia con la cerchia francescana, della quale si fece, a sua 01 ~,~ ~N volta, interprete ed originale portavoce, sia con i più autorevoli e membri della nobiltà, tra i quali il cardinale Girolamo Pamphili ed il suo nipote Giovanni Battista, il futuro Innocenzo X, tradi­ b zionalmente filo spagnoli. Fig. 1 - Prospetto sud di San Pietro in Montorio (a). Planimetria della In concomitanza con i lavori promossi nel complesso monu­ chiesa con la localizzazione della cappella della Pietà (b).Planimetria mentale di San Pietro in Montorio da Filippo IIP, il Cuside fece della cappella (c).Foto e disegni dell' Arch. Marco Setti. intraprendere nel 1615 la costruzione della cappella dedicata 1 Le vicende della chiesa sono riepilogate in tutti gli scritti sull'ar­ alla passione, morte e resurrezione di Gesù Cristo e ne assunse gomento. Per le finalità di questo studio è utile ricordare che l'edificio attuale fu eretto, al posto di quello più antico (che sacralizzava il luogo della crocefissione dell'apostolo Pietro), a partire dal 1472, in virtù della Menez de Silva, frate lusitano, che si era loro rivolto per sostenere gli convergenza d'intenti del papa francescano Sisto IV e dei re cattolici oneri della nuova costruzione e qui intraprese la stesura del testo profetico Fernando d'Aragona e Isabella di Castiglia con la mediazione di Amedeo Apocalypsis Nova. 340 341 il patronato, a significare il suo impegno e la sua garanzia quale sofferente di Isaia, sviluppato nel tempio francescano da artisti fiduciario dei lavori finanziati dal re per l'opera francescana2 diversi ed in tempi diversi ma collegati tra loro nella rigorosa (fig. 1 a, b, c). continuità di pensiero3, la soluzione architettonica trae spunto Con il termine cappella un tempo si era soliti indicare un da conoscenze, ancora in quel tempo non sopite, radicate in un piccolo sacello addossato al corpo principale dell'edificio sa­ sapere molto antico. cro. Tale costruzione assume il valore di simbolo, inteso come La cappella, delimitata da una balaustra aggettante sulla pre­ principio avente una forma inseparabile dalla sostanza e dalla della, in marmo nero con le specchiature in onice e balaustri in materia, che diviene corpo e prende le caratteristiche di man­ Cottanello giallo (tranne i due, pure in marmo nero, al centro delle tello, o di grembo materno o materializzazione del tempo (a e fiancate), è collegata con laula della navata da un solenne arco w) per avvolgere e proteggere le spoglie mortali, in attesa della trionfale, a ricordare il passaggio di stato che si attua attraversan­ resurrezione dal corpo, dei personaggi illustri che lasciavano la dolo. Sull'arco incorniciato (quadratura) da lesene, ai lati dello loro memoria degna di essere tramandata alla pietà (intesa come stemma della corona di Spagna, due angeli a tutto tondo con la osservanza della divina volontà) dei posteri riconoscenti. colonna, simbolo dell'unione di cielo e terra nel tempo (a sinistra) Non è un caso che la cappella sia stata costruita sul lato sud, e la croce, allusiva al percorso del sole nello spazio (a destra), quello maggiormente illuminato della chiesa, che è orientata lun­ introducono il tema figurativo di questo ambiente e con la loro go l'asse est (l'ingresso traguardante la città eterna, da cui prende gestualità invitano il fedele ad entrare nel sacello (figg. le, 2, 3, 4). la forza del sole nascente) - ovest (ove si colloca l'abside, dove L'apparato decorativo è articolato da lesene con capitelli do­ la divinità si occulta nel sole morente), in cornu evangelii ed al rici poggianti su un alto piedistallo, parte in marmo, parte ripreso limite del perimetro dell'aula, in contiguità con il transetto (trans in marmoridea4, collegate in basso ed in alto dalla cornice in saeptum) e con ciò che si trova oltre questo recinto (fig. 1 b, c). Mentre il programma dell'apparato decorativo (inteso come tutto ciò che adorna e stabilisce un ordine) mostra la dignità 3 Sull'argomento cfr. L. GIGLI, Lodovico da Modena ( 1637-1722). complessiva dell'opera rendendo manifesto che essa non è Cronaca della Riformata Provincia Romana. Commento alla descrizione chiusa nei suoi confini materiali, ma ha una perfetta consonanza del programma decorativo della chiesa di San Pietro in Montorio, in Se­ bastiano del Piombo e la cappella Borgherini nel contesto della pittura con quello del resto dell'edificio, ispirato dal tema del servo rinascimentale, a cura di S. ARROYO EsTEBAN, B. MAROCCHINI, C. SECCA­ RONI, Atti del convegno internazionale, Roma 2010, pp. 9-18. 4 Giuseppe Ugo, che assunse il patrocinio del sacello il 29-9-1803, 2 Su Pietro Cuside, che alla morte (1622) fu sepolto nella cappella, cfr. fece sostituire l'originario rivestimento in marmo della parte inferiore i due saggi di C. GRILLI, Il committente della cappella della Pietà in San della cappella, perduto in corrispondenza della pareti laterali dopo l'occu­ Pietro in Montorio in Roma, "Bollettino d'Arte", 79, 1994, pp. 157-164 e pazione francese di Roma del 1798, che provocò gravi danni all'edificio, Il collezionismo di Pietro Cussida a Roma e una seconda cappella della con la decorazione a marmoridea, in sintonia con il progetto architettonico Pietà di San Pietro in Montorio, in Caravaggio e l'Europa. Il movimento originario. Giuseppe Ugo era subentrato nel patronato al marchese Giro­ caravaggesco internazionale da Caravaggio a Mattia Preti, catalogo della lamo Muti Papazzurri, la cui famiglia l'aveva acquisito nel 1660 in virtù mostra a cura di L. Spezzaferro, Milano 2005, pp. 56-63. del matrimonio di Maria Isabella, nipote del fondatore, con Pompeo Muti 342 343 marmo; su di esse si impostano gli arconi ed i pennacchi a soste­ 8), allusione all'onorificenza spagnola del tosone d'oro, tipico gno della volta della cupola costolonata quadripartita da nervatu­ dell'oreficeria 5/600tesca. re che incorniciano le quattro specchiature e confluiscono nella L'elemento più significativo di questa decorazione a stucco, pietra angolare, posizionata nell'occhio della cupola stessa, sulla straordinaria per la varietà dell'ornato, che mantiene la simme­ quale viene impostato il lanternino che, assumendo il significato tria nel ribaltamento secondo l'asse longitudinale NS, è costitui­ di pietra di volta e insieme di svolta, simboleggia il Salvatore. to dagli angeli: i due grandi all'esterno della cappella, altri quat­ In questo invaso ha un ruolo determinante la partitura a tro che siedono in posa movimentata sul cornicione all'imposta stucco, in origine completamente dorato, articolata su tre motivi dei pennacchi 5, quelli in bassorilievo, complessivamente 16 - a principali: antropomorfi, fitomorfi, geometrico - architettonici ricordare la ripartizione in sedicesimi del cielo, elaborata dalla oltre alle festonature. Il primo è costituito prevalentemente da cultura etrusca, recanti ciascuno un attributo che si riferisce, in angeli a tutto tondo e a bassorilievo, teste di serafini e cherubini, questo caso, alla passione di Gesù, sulle lesene e sull'arcone volti muliebri con soggoli e cortine drappeggiate, mascheroni; d'ingresso e ai lati dell'altare: angelo con il volto santo (mandi­ il secondo da canestre
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