Mucius Scaevola Vor Porsenna. Frühneuzeitliche Auffassungen

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Mucius Scaevola Vor Porsenna. Frühneuzeitliche Auffassungen Andrea Garen Mucius Scaevola vor Porsenna. Frühneuzeitliche Auffassungen einer römischen Bürgertugend in der europäischen Malerei vom 15. - 18. Jahrhundert. Band: I Osnabrück: Universitätsbibliothek 2003 Vorwort Im Januar 2001 lag diese ikonologische Untersuchung dem Fachbereich Kultur- und Geowissenschaften der Universität Osnabrück als kunsthistorische Dissertation vor. Die Anregung zur Bearbeitung dieses Themas gab mir meine Professorin Jutta Held, die auch meine Forschung kritisch begleitete. Von ihr habe ich gelernt, die Motive in Ihrer sozialgeschichtlichen Bedeutung zu sehen und immer wieder nach dem 'warum' zu fragen. Jutta Held übernahm zu Beginn meiner Arbeit an der Dissertation das indisziplinäre DFG-Graduiertenkolleg 'Bildung in der Frühen Neuzeit', in dem ich vom Oktober 1996 bis September 1999 als Koordinatorin mitgewirkt habe. Dieser Arbeitskreis bot den grundlegenden Rahmen für meine Forschungen. Der wissenschaftliche Austausch unter den Stipendiaten, Lehrenden und Gastwissenschaftlern bot einen breiten Blick auf das historische Umfeld der Frühen Neuzeit. Dabei waren häufig gerade die Sichtweisen der anderen Disziplinen aufschlußreich und ergaben neue Perspektiven für die eigene Arbeit. Zu diesem Kreis gehörte als assoziiertes Mitglied auch Martin Papenbrock, der dankenswerterweise das Zweitgutachten erstellt hat. Ohne die Fördermittel der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft wären wichtige Reisen, die Beschaffung von Literatur und Bildmaterial nicht oder nur sehr eingeschränkt möglich gewesen. Eine gute Ausgangslage für die Recherchen zu Literatur und Bilddokumenten fand ich im Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte und in der Staatsbibliothek in München sowie im Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie in Den Haag. Bei Fragen zu einzelnen Gemälden waren mehrere Museen sehr kooperativ und verschafften mir Zugang zu den Bildakten und den Depots. Besonders möchte ich Herrn István Németh aus dem Museum für Bildende Künste in Budapest für seine Gastfreundschaft danken, bei dem ich das Gemälde aus der Rubenswerkstatt und die Kopien studieren durfte und der mir großzügig Reproduktionen zur Verfügung stellte. Ebenso habe ich Herrn Dr. Tilman Kossatz vom Martin von Wagner Museum in Würzburg zu danken sowie dem Generaldirektor der Gemäldegalerie des Kunsthistorischen Museums in Wien, Dr. Karl Schütz. Für das Bereitstellen von Bildmaterial danke ich ferner dem Städelschen Kunstinstitut in Frankfurt am Main, dem Badischen Landesmuseum Schloß Bruchsal und der Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister der Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen in Dresden. Nicht zuletzt will ich meiner Familie und allen Freunden danken, die mich bei der Arbeit unterstützt haben. Als engste Vertraute und kunsthistorische Weggefährtin hat mich in der ganzen Zeit meine Freundin Anja Hartmann-Janssen begleitet. Ihr verdanke ich die intensivste Zusammenarbeit, viele Diskussionen und ständige Anteilnahme an dem Fortschreiten der Arbeit. Meine Schwester Ina Garen hat mit mir über viele Forschungsaufenthalte in München Ihre Wohnung geteilt und so eine bestmögliche Arbeitsatmosphäre geschaffen. Bei allen Fragen zur elektronischen Text- und Bildbearbeitung standen mir über die Jahre Johannes Reentjes und Yvonne Kasten von der Firma S & H in Oldenburg zur Seite. Trotz Ihres Alltagsgeschäftes haben sie mir immer wieder freundschaftlich und mit großer Geduld bei der Bearbeitung der Dissertation geholfen. Auch mein Kollege Uwe-Jens Langer war in dieser Hinsicht gerade in den letzten Monaten ein wichtiger Ansprechpartner. Für das kritische Gegenlesen und Korrekturen in der Endredaktion danke ich Anja Hartmann-Janssen, Thomas H. Schulze-Helmholz und meiner Freundin Bianca Börtz. Leider ließ mein berufliches Eingebundensein einerseits und die beschränkten Fördermöglichkeiten für Drucklegungen andererseits kein Einwerben von finanziellen Zuschüssen und damit die Veröffentlichung in einem klassischen Verlag zu. Umso mehr danke ich Herrn Stefan Fangmeier von der Universitätsbibliothek Osnabrück für die freundliche und unbürokratische Hilfe bei der elektronischen Veröffentlichung. Die wichtigste Unterstützung gab mir mein lieber Lebensgefährte Thomas H. Schulze-Helmholz über alle Phasen der Bearbeitung. Ohne ihn wäre diese Arbeit nicht entstanden und ihm gilt mein größter Dank. Ihm sei diese Arbeit in Liebe gewidmet. Andrea Garen Dresden im Dezember 2003 MUCIUS SCAEVOLA VOR PORSENNA Frühneuzeitliche Auffassungen einer römischen Bürgertugend in der Malerei vom 15. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert. Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades Doktor der Philosophie am Fachbereich Kultur- und Geowissenschaften der Universität Osnabrück vorgelegt von Andrea Garen Emden, Januar 2002 INHALT EINLEITUNG 1 Untersuchungsgegenstand 3 Zur Forschung 5 Methode und Ziel 7 IKONOGRAPHISCHE VORGESCHICHTE 11 Mucius Scaevola in der Malerei 11 Die Heldengalerien der uomini famosi 12 Anticappella im Palazzo Pubblico, Siena 14 Sala dei Gigli im Palazzo Vecchio, Florenz 18 Mucius Scaevola als kommunaler Tugendheld 20 ENTWICKLUNG ZUM HISTORIENBILD 24 Die ersten szenischen Darstellungen 24 Filaretes Relief an der Bronzetür zu St. Peter 25 Historiengemälde in frühen Kontexten 27 Cassonemalerei in Florenz 27 Die Kassettendecke von Girolamo Mocetto 33 Die frühen Historien 36 Weitere Entwicklung im Cinquecento 38 Römische Fassadenmalerei 38 Venezianische Fassaden 42 Tintorettos Interpretation des Motivs 45 Überblick zur Motiventwicklung im Cinquecento 48 DAS MOTIV IN FRESKENZYKLEN RÖMISCHER REPRÄSENTATIONSRÄUME 51 Palazzi der Curia romana 55 Mucius Scaevola vor Porsenna in den Palästen der Kurie 65 Repräsentationsräume der Päpste 67 Gewölbe der Stanza della Segnatura im Appartamento Della Rovere 68 Das Gewölbe in der Sala della Biblioteca in der Engelsburg 74 Zu den Freskenzyklen in päpstlichen Räumen 78 Mucius Scaevola im kommunalen Raum 80 Die Sala dei Capitani im Konservatorenpalast 80 Funktionen des Motivs in Freskenzyklen römischer Repräsentationsräume 89 ERSTE DARSTELLUNGEN IM NORDEN 93 Motivauffassungen in den deutschen und schweizer Städten 93 Buchillustrationen als Vorlagen für kommunale Wandbilder 96 Die Fassade des Hertensteinhauses von Hans Holbein d. J. 101 Zwei Szenen in der Lüneburger Gerichtslaube 108 Die Darstellung dieses Themas im Nürnberger Rathaus unterscheidet sich in wesentlichen Motivelementen und spiegelt eine andere Haltung.Ein Medaillon nach Albrecht Dürer im Nürnberger Rathaus 114 Ein Tafelbild von Hans Baldung Grien 121 Ursachen einer "deutschen" Ikonographie 125 Die weitere Entwicklung deutscher Darstellungen im 16. Jahrhundert 128 BILDER IN DEN NIEDERLANDEN 130 Antike Themen im 16. Jahrhundert vor dem Freiheitskampf 130 Mucius Scaevola als Tugendheld 132 Niederländische Darstellungen als Historie 135 Darstellungen vor dem Freiheitskampf 138 Darstellungen in der Republik der vereinigten Niederlande 142 Holländische Historienbilder zu Themen aus der römischen Geschichte 146 Gemälde von Utrechter Caravaggisten 147 Die Gemälde des Bürgermeisters Louis Trip 149 Darstellungen in Flandern 154 RUBENS' GEMÄLDE FÜR PHILIP IV. 156 Biographische Hintergründe 156 Römische Heldenlegenden im Werk von Rubens 159 Der Auftrag für den spanischen Hof 161 Bildanalyse des Rubensgemäldes 164 Zum Stand der Forschung 168 Imitation und Invention 171 Die Affektdarstellung im Gemälde von Rubens 172 MUCIUS SCAEVOLA VOR PORSENNA als Spiegel neostoischer Werte 175 Das Ideal des spanischen Soldaten 177 Funktion des Motivs am spanischen Hof 181 Rezeption des Gemäldes 183 DAS MOTIV IN VENEZIANISCHEN PALÄSTEN 1680-1740 187 Darstellungen seit dem Cinquecento 187 Vorgeschichte: Antike Historien in den Villen der Terraferma 188 Römische Historie in venezianischen Freskenzyklen des 17. Jahrhunderts 191 Venezianische Adelspaläste im 18. Jahrhundert 195 MUCIUS SCAEVOLA VOR PORSENNA in Monumentalgemälden für den venezianischen Adel 204 Änderung der ikonographischen Programme 206 Auftragsrückgang von antiken Historien 208 RESÜMEE 211 Perspektiven für weiterführende Arbeiten 218 ANHANG 220 Literarische Quellen 220 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 231 Nachschlagewerke 231 Bücher und Aufsätze 234 Kataloge 279 Datenbanken/Internet 289 EINLEITUNG Das geflügelte Wort 'Seine Hand für etwas ins Feuer halten' bedeutet voll und ganz hinter einer Person oder Sache zu stehen und bekundet die Bereitschaft zum persönlichen Einsatz . Die sprichwörtlich gewordene Tat geht auf einen römischen Helden, mit lateinischem Namen Gaius Mucius Cordus Scaevola 1, zurück. Die Geschichte stammt aus einer ursprünglich sagenhaften Erzählung, die zu einer Reihe von Episoden gehört, die von der Tugend und den heldenhaften Taten der römischen Bürger berichten. Im Jahr 507. v. Chr. soll Mucius seine Hand für Rom in das Feuer gehalten haben. Das Ereignis ist historisch nicht belegt, sondern nur durch literarische Quellen überliefert. Für die Frühzeit Roms gibt es nur wenige historisch gesicherte Fakten. Um 510 v. Chr. wurde der siebte König, Tarquinius Superbus, aus Rom vertrieben und damit die Herrschaft der Könige beendet. In den darauf folgenden drei Jahrhunderten der römischen Republik wuchs der kleine Stadtstaat bis über die ganze italienische Halbinsel und wurde schließlich die beherrschende Macht im westlichen Mittelmeerraum. In der Literatur wird diese republikanische Zeit Roms mit vielen Geschichten ausgeschmückt. Sie berichten von heldenhaften Römern, durch deren Tugenden und Taten der Aufstieg Roms möglich wurde. Eine davon ist die Heldentat des Mucius Scaevola vor dem etruskischen König Porsenna. Die Sage erzählt von dem jungen Römer Gaius Mucius zur Zeit der Belagerung Roms
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