Quick viewing(Text Mode)

Arts in the Industrial Age

Arts in the Industrial Age

mgwh07_se_ch21_s04_s.fmwh07_te_ch21_s04_na_s.fm Page 681 Page Monday, 681 November Friday, 27,January 2006 2:1719, PM2007 5:04 PM

WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO Step-by-Step SECTION Instruction Sunset 4 In the 1800s, many writers turned away from the harsh realities of industrial life to celebrate Objectives nature. The English poet As you teach this section, keep students described the peace and beauty of sunset: focused on the following objectives to help “ It is a beauteous evening, calm and free, them answer the Section Focus Question The holy time is quiet as a Nun and master core content. 4 Breathless with adoration; the broad sun Is sinking down in its tranquillity. ■ Understand what themes shaped —William Wordsworth, ” romantic art, literature, and music. Complete Poetical Works ■ Explain how realists responded to the Focus Question What artistic movements industrialized, urban world. emerged in reaction to the Industrial Revolution? ■ Describe how the visual arts changed.

Albert Bierstadt, Canyon, 1875 Arts in the Industrial Age

Objectives William Wordsworth, along with , Samuel Taylor Prepare to Read

• Understand what themes shaped romantic art, Coleridge, and among others, was part of a literature, and music. cultural movement called . From about 1750 to 1850, Build Background Knowledge L3 • Explain how realists responded to the romanticism shaped Western literature and arts. Ask students to recall how the Industrial industrialized, urban world. Revolution affected all aspects of life. Ask • Describe how the visual arts changed. The Romantic Revolt Against Reason them to predict how it would influence Terms, People, and Places the way that people thought about, Romanticism does not refer to romance in the sense of an affec- viewed, or listened to the arts. William Wordsworth tionate relationship, but rather to an artistic style emphasizing William Blake Charles Dickens imagination, freedom, and emotion. Romanticism was a reaction romanticism Gustave Courbet to the neoclassical writers of the Enlightenment, who had turned Set a Purpose L3 Louis Daguerre to classical Greek and Roman literature and ideals that stressed ■ WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection impressionism order, harmony, reason, and emotional restraint. In contrast to Claude Monet aloud or play the audio. Enlightenment literature, the works of romantic writers included Vincent van Gogh AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Sunset simple, direct language, intense feelings, and a glorification of nature. Artists, composers, and architects were also followers Ask What is the main idea of this Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details Fill of the movement. stanza? (that the setting sun is calm, in a table like the one below with details about the quiet, beautiful, and peaceful) How is artistic movements in the 1800s. The Romantic writers created a new kind of Wordsworth’s poem a reaction to hero—a mysterious, melancholy figure who felt out of step with industrial life? (By retreating to the Major Artistic Movements of the 1800s society. “My joys, my grief, my passions, and my powers, / Made me beauty and power of nature, it turns a stranger,” wrote Britain’s George Gordon, Lord Byron. He him- Movement Goals/ Major away from industrialization and city self was a larger-than-life figure equal to those he created. After a Characteristics Figures life.) rebellious, wandering life, he joined Greek forces battling for free- Romanticism • Rebellion against • Wordsworth reason dom. When he died of a fever there, his legend bloomed. In fact, ■ Focus Point out the Section Focus Realism • • public interest in his poetry and adventures was so great that Question and write it on the board. Impressionism • • moody, isolated romantic heroes came to be described as “Byronic.” Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 4 Assessment answers.) Vocabulary Builder ■ Preview Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section. Terms, People, and Places. Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 6; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 ■ Have students read this

High-Use Words Definitions and Sample Sentences section using the Guided Questioning strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, emphasis, p. 683 n. special attention given to something to make it stand out have them fill in the table describing The school placed more emphasis on scholarship than athletics. the major artistic movements of the intense, p. 684 adj. very strong or deep 1800s. Death Valley is known for its intense heat. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 194

Chapter 21 Section 4 681

wh07_te_ch21_s04_na_s.fm Page 682 Thursday, April 20, 2006 3:10 PM

The romantic hero often hid a guilty secret and faced a grim destiny. Teach BIOGRAPHY German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (GUR tuh) wrote the dra- matic poem Faust. The aging scholar Faust makes a pact with the devil, exchanging his soul for youth. After much agony, Faust wins salvation by The Romantic Revolt accepting his duty to help others. In Jane Eyre, British novelist Charlotte Against Reason L3 Brontë weaves a tale about a quiet governess and her brooding, Byronic employer, whose large mansion conceals a terrifying secret. Instruct Inspired by the Past Romantic writers combined history, legend, and ■ Introduce Read aloud the quotation folklore. Sir ’s novels and ballads evoked the turbulent his- by Lord Byron under the black heading tory of Scottish clans or medieval knights. (doo MAH) The Romantic Hero at the bottom of and Victor Hugo re-created France’s past in novels like The Three the page (“My joys . . . / Made me a Musketeers and The Hunchback of Notre Dame. stranger”) and discuss students’ Architects, too, were inspired by old styles and forms. Churches and responses. other buildings, including the British Parliament, were modeled on ■ Teach Explain that romanticism medieval Gothic styles. To people living in the 1800s, medieval towers emphasizes imagination, emotion, and and lacy stonework conjured up images of a glorious past. feeling as sources of knowledge. Ask Ludwig van Beethoven Music Stirs Emotions Romantic composers also tried to stir deep emo- How was romanticism a reaction An accomplished musician by age 12, tions. Audiences were moved to laughter or tears at Hungarian Franz to Enlightenment ideas? (Roman- composer Ludwig van Beethoven Liszt’s piano playing. The passionate music of German composer tics appealed to emotion rather than (1770–1827) agonized over every note Ludwig van Beethoven combined classical forms with a stirring range reason.) Ask What did romantic of every composition. The result was of sound. He was the first composer to take full advantage of the broad poetry, writing, music, and art stunning music that expresses intense range of instruments in the modern orchestra. In all, Beethoven pro- have in common? (They all sought to emotion. The famous opening of his duced nine symphonies, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, an opera, excite strong emotions and intense feel- Fifth Symphony conveys the sense of two masses, and dozens of shorter pieces. To many, he is considered the fate knocking at the door. His Sixth ings from the audience or viewer.) greatest composer of his day. Symphony captures a joyful day in the Other romantic composers wove traditional folk melodies into their ■ countryside, interrupted by a violent Quick Activity Ask students to read works to glorify their nations’ pasts. In his piano works, Frederic Chopin thunderstorm. the biography of Beethoven on this (shoh PAN) used Polish peasant dances to convey the sorrows and joys of page. Then play the Witness History Beethoven’s career was haunted by perhaps the greatest tragedy a people living under foreign occupation. audio selection. Ask students to describe musician can face. In 1798, he began to Romanticism in Art Painters, too, broke free from the discipline and what classifies this piece as romantic. lose his hearing. Still, he continued to strict rules of the Enlightenment. painters like J.M.W. Turner Then ask them to look at the painting compose music he could hear only in sought to capture the beauty and power of nature. Using bold brush on the previous page and describe the his mind. How did Beethoven’s strokes and colors, Turner often showed tiny human figures struggling romantic qualities of that piece. music reflect romanticism? against sea and storm. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, AUDIO Romantics painted many subjects, from simple peasant life to medi-

Ludwig van Beethoven eval knights to current events. Bright colors conveyed violent energy and emotion. The French painter Eugène Delacroix (deh luh KRWAH) filled his Independent Practice canvases with dramatic action. In Liberty Leading the People, the God- Have students work in groups to compare dess of Liberty carries the revolutionary tricolor as French citizens rally the romantic hero of the 1800s to the ideal to the cause. of a romantic hero today. Ask How are How did romantic writers, musicians, and artists they similar or different? (Possible respond to the Enlightenment? similarities: mysteriousness and melan- choly; possible differences: audiences today prefer happy endings rather than The Call to Realism the grim destiny met by heroes of the By the mid-1800s, a new artistic movement, realism, took hold in the 1800s.) Have each group create a Venn dia- West. Realism was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without gram with the characteristics discussed. the sentiment associated with romanticism. Realists often focused their work on the harsh side of life in cities or villages. Many writers and art- ists were committed to improving the lot of the unfortunates whose lives Monitor Progress they depicted. As students fill in their tables, circulate to make sure they understand the major features of artistic movements in the 1800s. For a completed version of the table, see Solutions for All Learners Note Taking Transparencies, 150 L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners

Write the word romantic on the board. Ask students to Use the following resources to help students acquire Answers suggest definitions for this word. Then explain that basic skills. romanticism was a cultural movement that rejected BIOGRAPHY Adapted Reading and Note Taking His music aroused strong reason as the only way to acquire knowledge and Study Guide emotions. embraced emotion and imagination. Ask them to ■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 194 They rebelled against the Enlightenment’s explain how romanticism is similar to and different ■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 195 emphasis on reason and progress by focusing from their definitions of romantic. on emotion and nature. 682 Life in the Industrial Age

mgwh07_se_ch21_s04_s.fmwh07_te_ch21_s04_na_s.fm Page 683 Page Wednesday, 683 Thursday, February 1, April 2006 5:3920, PM2006 3:10 PM

Novels Depict Grim Reality The Eng- Realism in the Arts The Call to Realism/The lish novelist Charles Dickens vividly por- trayed the lives of slum dwellers and Visual Arts Take New A Thomas Eakins’s 1875 painting factory workers, including children. In The Gross Clinic depicts the Directions L3 Oliver Twist, Dickens tells the story of a realism of medical school where nine-year-old orphan raised in a grim poor- students learn by performing Instruct autopsies. The artist included house. In response to a request for more ■ Introduce: Vocabulary Builder food, Oliver is smacked on the head and many realistic elements such as the surgical tools in the Have students read the Vocabulary sent away to work. Later, he runs away to foreground and the reaction of Builder term and definition. Then have London. There he is taken in by Fagin, a the spectator at the far left. students read the introductory para- villain who trains homeless children to become pickpockets. The book shocked A graph under this heading and each many middle-class readers with its picture black heading. Use the Idea Wave of poverty, mistreatment of children, and strategy (TE, p. T22) and ask If urban crime. Yet Dickens’s humor and col- Charles Dickens were alive today, orful characters made him one of the most B Edvard Munch’s 1898 paint- what kinds of people might he popular novelists in the world. ing shows an impression of emphasize in his writing? (Sample: French novelists also portrayed the ills Henrik Ibsen filled with homeless people, the working poor, peo- of their time. Victor Hugo, who moved from psychological realism, similar B ple suffering from disease, victims of to that found in Ibsen’s plays. romantic to realistic novels, revealed how war, political and economic refugees) hunger drove a good man to crime and how C This 1896 portrait of Ibsen ■ Teach Ask What was the realist the law hounded him ever after in Les shows photographic realism movement? (a rejection of the roman- Misérables (lay miz ehr AHB). The novels of in the playwright’s appear- Émile Zola painted an even grimmer pic- ance and expression. tic emphasis on imagination and a C ture. In Germinal, Zola exposed class war- focus on ordinary subjects, working- fare in the French mining industry. To class men and women, and the harsh Zola’s characters, neither the Enlighten- realities of industrial life) What is the D Victor Hugo’s 1862 novel ment’s faith in reason nor the romantic Les Misérables describes aim of impressionist paintings? (to movement’s feelings mattered at all. D the reality of poverty, capture the eye’s first impression of an hunger, and corruption object or scene) How does impres- Realism in Drama Norwegian dramatist among the poor in Paris. sionist painting differ from photo- Henrik Ibsen brought realism to the stage. This 1886 poster depicts graphy? (Photography is much more His plays attacked the hypocrisy he the novel’s main characters: realistic than impressionist painting.) observed around him. A Doll’s House the convict Jean Valjean at the center, and Cosette, the shows a woman caught in a straitjacket of ■ Quick Activity Point out that realism girl he adopts, at the right. social rules. In An Enemy of the People, a took many forms: paintings, plays, nov- doctor discovers that the water in a local els. Refer students to the Realism in spa is polluted. Because the town’s econ- the Arts feature on this page. As a omy depends on its spa, the citizens denounce the doctor and suppress class, have students discuss how each the truth. Ibsen’s realistic dramas had a wide influence in Europe and visual reflects features of realism. Then the . display Color Transparency 130: Arts Reject Romantic Ideas Painters also represented the realities of Vocabulary Builder The Stone Breakers, by Gustave their time. Rejecting the romantic emphasis on imagination, they emphasis—(EM fuh sis) n. special Courbet. Tell students that many crit- focused on ordinary subjects, especially working-class men and women. attention given to something to make ics denounced this work as vulgar and “I cannot paint an angel,” said the French realist Gustave Courbet it stand out unspiritual. Ask students why they (koor BAY) “because I have never seen one.” Instead, he painted works think his work caused such a reaction. such as The Stone Breakers, which shows two rough laborers on a country Color Transparencies, 130 road. Later in the century, The Gross Clinic, by American painter Thomas Eakins, shocked viewers with its realistic depiction of an Independent Practice autopsy conducted in a medical classroom. Biography To help students better How did the realism movement differ from the understand the role of photography in the romantic movement? 1800s, have them read the biography Julia Margaret Cameron and complete the worksheet. Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 12 Link to Drama “Immoral and Subversive” Henrik Ibsen origi- which is A Doll’s House, openly criticized social con- Monitor Progress nally planned to study medicine at the University of ventions of the 1800s, such as subjugation of women, Check Reading and Note Taking Study Norway. After failing his entrance examinations in political hypocrisy, bourgeois mediocrity, and corrupt Guide entries for student understanding. Greek and arithmetic, he decided to work as a play- journalism. These forthright attacks on social struc- wright and stage manager of the newly founded tures caused his critics to label him “immoral and Norwegian Theater. He began writing historical and subversive.” Yet, Ibsen’s willingness to probe the Answer romantic plays for the small company before ventur- foundations of society eventually earned him the title Realism represented the realities of industrial- ing into his “problem plays.” These plays, one of of “father of modern drama.” ization and rejected the romantic emphasis on imagination and sentiment.

Chapter 21 Section 4 683

wh07_te_ch21_s04_na_s.fm Page 684 Thursday, April 20, 2006 3:10 PMmgwh07_se_ch21_s04_s.fm Page 684 Thursday, December 15, 2005 9:06 AM

Assess and Reteach The Visual Arts Take New Directions By the 1840s, a new art form, photography, was emerging. Assess Progress L3 Louis Daguerre (dah GEHR) in France and William Fox Talbot in England had improved on earlier technologies to produce successful pho- ■ Have students complete the Section tographs. At first, many photos were stiff, posed portraits of middle-class Assessment. families or prominent people. Other photographs reflected the romantics’ ■ Administer the Section Quiz. fascination with faraway places. In time, photographers used the camera to present the grim realities Teaching Resources, Unit 5, p. 5 of life. During the , Mathew B. Brady preserved a ■ To further assess student under- vivid, realistic record of the corpse-strewn battlefields. Other photogra- standing, use phers showed the harsh conditions in industrial factories or slums. Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 89 The Impressionists Photography posed a challenge to painters. Why

try for realism, some artists asked, when a camera could do the same thing Reteach better? By the 1870s, a group of painters took art in a new direction, seek- If students need more instruction, have ing to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object on the them read the section summary. viewer’s eye. The new movement, known as impressionism, took root in Paris, capital of the Western art world. Reading and Note Taking L3 Postimpressionism Since the Renaissance, painters had carefully finished their paintings

Study Guide, p. 195 This self-portrait of Dutch painter Vincent so that no brush strokes showed. But impressionists like Claude Monet van Gogh shows his bandaged ear, which he (moh NAY) and Edgar Degas (day GAH) brushed strokes of color side by Adapted Reading and L1 L2 cut off in a state of depression. What postimpressionist features are side without any blending. According to new scientific studies of optics,

Note Taking Study Guide, p. 195 demonstrated in Van Gogh’s self-portrait? the human eye would mix these patches of color. By concentrating on visual impressions rather than realism, artists Spanish Reading and L2 achieved a fresh view of familiar subjects. Monet, for example, painted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 195 the cathedral at Rouen (roo AHN), France, dozens of times from the same angle, capturing how it looked in different lights at different times of day.

Extend L4 The Postimpressionists Later painters, called postimpressionists, See this Chapter’s Professional Develop- developed a variety of styles. Georges Seurat (suh RAH) arranged small ment pages for the Extend Online activity dots of color to define the shapes of objects. Vincent van Gogh experi- on impressionism. mented with sharp brush lines and bright colors. His unique brushwork lent a dreamlike quality to everyday subjects. Paul Gauguin (goh GAN) also developed a bold, personal style. In his paintings, people look flat, as Vocabulary Builder in “primitive” folk art. But his brooding colors and black outlining of Answers intense—(in TENS) adj. very strong or shapes convey intense feelings and images. deep Caption intense colors, bold brush strokes, and How did photography influence the development of the effects of light painting? The realism of photography made some artists Online turn away from realistic painting. Progress Monitoring For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice 4 Web Code: naa-2141 Terms, People, and Places Comprehension and Critical Thinking ● Writing About History 1. For each term, person, or place listed at 3. Summarize What are three subjects Quick Write: Support a Solution Based the beginning of the section, write a romantics favored? on what you’ve read, list supporting infor- sentence explaining its significance. 4. Draw Conclusions What did Courbet mation, such as details, data, and facts, for mean when he said, “I cannot paint an the following thesis statement of a prob- angel because I have never seen one”? lem-solution essay: Artists in the 1800s 2. Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Do you agree with his attitude? Explain. portrayed subjects realistically to make the Details Use your completed table to 5. Recognize Cause and Effect In what public more aware of some of the grim answer the Focus Question: What artis- ways were the new artistic styles of the problems of life in industrialized nations. tic movements emerged in reaction to 1800s a reaction to changes in society? the Industrial Revolution?

4. He meant that he painted only what he ● Writing About History Section 4 Assessment saw and not what he imagined. Student Responses should show a clear organization 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding answers should explain why they agree or of the facts, data, and details that support of each term, person, or place listed at the disagree with his attitude. the thesis statement for a problem-solution beginning of the section. 5. Sample: Romantics sought to escape or essay. 2. romanticism, realism, impressionism, ignore the industrial society around postimpressionism them. Realists sought to expose the evils 3. Sample: They were interested in history, of the industrial world. Impressionists legends, and folklore; celebrated nature responded to the development of For additional assessment, have students and dramatic action; and sought to stir photography. access Progress Monitoring Online at strong emotions. Web Code naa-2141.

684 Life in the Industrial Age

mgwh07_se_ch21_HUM_NA_s.fmwh07_te_ch21_hum_na_s.fm Page Page 685 6 Monday,85 Wednesday, November 27,January 2006 2:22 24, PM2007 3:48 PM

ART Impressionism Impressionism Impressionism was one of the most Objectives important art movements of the 1800s. ■ Describe the emergence of the impres- It marked a departure from tradition, sionist movement. both in subject matter and painting ■ Explain how impressionist paintings technique. Artists sought to depict the tried to capture a moment in time. human eye’s first perception of a scene. Characterized by the use of unmixed primary colors and small, visible brush Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872 strokes, impressionism attempted to In the 1800s, “The Salon,” an annual exhibition that accepted only traditional paintings, dominated the Parisian art scene. In Build Background Knowledge L3 show the effects of direct or reflected 1874, a group of artists held their own exhibition at a local Have students use the ELBOW acronym light. Impressionist artists often photographer’s studio. Claude Monet’s Impression: Sunrise to discuss the characteristics of impres- was one of the works displayed. Monet’s painting painted outdoors for maximum effect. sionism: Everyday life, Light, Brush demonstrates several characteristics of impressionist work, strokes, Outdoor settings, Weather and including short, visible brush strokes and an idealized depiction of a landscape. atmosphere. Divide the class into groups. Ask each group to select a painting by one of the impressionists. Have students discuss how ELBOW captures the essence of the particular work selected.

Instruct L3 Ask students to study the paintings on this page and read the captions. Ask them to describe how the paintings are similar and how they are different.

Monitor Progress To review this section, ask students to list the technical innovations of impres- sionism, particularly the use of color. (Sample: Impressionists used both short, Edgar Degas, The Dancing Class, Berthe Morisot, Eugène Manet and His Daughter visible strokes and primary colors such as at Bougival, c. 1881 c. 1873–1875 red, blue, and yellow. These colors were French impressionist painter Berthe Morisot also This painting by Edgar Degas shows the often unmixed and applied in combina- influence of the newly invented camera. participated in the first impressionist exhibit in 1874. tions that caused an even greater effect on Impressionists’ paintings moved away Morisot’s delicate, subtle paintings often portrayed the viewer’s eye than more traditional from the traditional placement of subjects her family and friends—as this one of her husband in favor of off-center compositions. Figures and daughter. methods.) were also painted on the outermost parts of the canvas. Much like photographs, Thinking Critically impressionist paintings were often 1. Summarize How did impressionism depart snapshots of life rather than elaborate from tradition? 2. Draw Conclusions What are the portraits. advantages and disadvantages of painting outdoors? Thinking Critically 1. It used unmixed primary colors; visible brush History Background strokes; idealized depictions of objects. Subjects were sometimes off-center. Figures were some- The Value of Art Like other artists, impressionist businessmen drawn to the world depicted in the times on the periphery of the canvas. painters still had to make a living, and the Salon’s paintings. Americans, in particular, became reliable 2. Possible advantages: immediate connection hostility toward their work made that task difficult. purchasers of impressionist art. The first museum between artist and subject; painters did not Many impressionists came to rely on Paul Durand- exhibit devoted to impressionism was held at the need to rely on sketches or memory in compos- Ruel, a Paris art dealer who became one of the move- Musée de Luxembourg in 1897. The impressionists ing the final work; painters could capture one ment’s earliest supporters. He tirelessly promoted received further exposure at the World’s Fair in 1900. scene at different times and in different lights. impressionism, and eventually patronage began to Today, the style pioneered by a few artistic renegades Possible disadvantages: the artist was at the build. Many of the initial collectors were middle-class is one of the most popular styles in the world. mercy of the weather and had to work more rapidly than in a studio.

685

Top View