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Home , Albert Bierstadt

Artists Role in Promoting Origins of National Park Service Parks & Protected Areas . NPS paradox: – “to conserve the scenery & the natural & historic objects & the wildlife therein & to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner & by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations.” Lesson 6 20 21

George Catlin George Catlin

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George Catlin George Catlin

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CSS 287 -- Historical Developments 1 George Catlin George Catlin

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Thomas Cole Study of Mountain Craigs View of Schroon Mountain, Essex County, , After a Storm

“Father” of the School of painters 28 29

Thomas Cole Thomas Cole Distant Views of (1830) Distant View of Niagara Falls, 1830

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CSS 287 -- Historical Developments 2 Thomas Cole Thomas Cole The Fountain of Vaucluse, 1841 Home in the Woods

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Albert Bierstadt Albert Bierstadt The Cliffs

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Albert Bierstadt Albert Bierstadt Valley of the Yoesemite 1864

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CSS 287 -- Historical Developments 3 Albert Bierstadt Albert Bierstadt Giant Redwood Trees Yellowstone Falls of California

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Thomas Moran Albert Bierstadt Liberty Cap Cathedral Rocks, , California

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Thomas Moran Castle Geyser, Upper Geyser Basin Liberty Cap, Mammoth Hot Springs, 1871

William Henry Jackson, as a member of the U. S. Geological Survey 42 exploring the Teton country in 1872 43

CSS 287 -- Historical Developments 4 Pack Train of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1871 by William Henry Jackson William Henry Jackson Castle Geyser and Crested Pool, Upper Geyser Basin, 1871

The Expedition Odometer, 1871 by William Henry Jackson 44 45

Contributions of American 1906 Antiquities Act Writers Was Significant

• Henry David Thoreau . Originally to protect SW prehistoric Indian sites. • . Authorized the President to set aside “National Monuments” to protect “cultural artifacts and • John James Audubon objects of scientific importance.” • Extolled the virtues of wild nature & decried . By 1910, 23 national monuments established, • the loss of wild nature. many were later converted to National Parks. • Samuel H. Hammond . Act has been used as a “holding action” to bring immediate protection to millions of acres. • • Horace Greeley 46 47

Criteria to become a National Park Concepts affecting National Parks

Proposed areas must contain resources of national Key concepts: significance and meet all 4 standards: . Each park requires an act . 1. An outstanding example of a particular type of resource; of Congress. . 2. Exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the natural or cultural themes of our nations heritage; . No commodity extraction--some resources . 3. Offers superlative opportunities for recreation, public use really were locked up. & enjoyment, or for scientific study; . . 4. Retains a high degree of integrity as a true, accurate, & No $$ in lieu of taxes to local governments. relatively unspoiled example of the resource. . Depended upon tourist dollars & support...

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CSS 287 -- Historical Developments 5 Forest Reservation Act & Forest Forest Reservation Act & Forest Management Act Management Act . 1891 Forest Reservation Act . 1897 Forest Management Act . President could reserve public . U.S. Forest Service organic act land from private entry. . Purpose of the Forest Reserves: . By 1905 Harrison, Cleveland & Roosevelt had reserved +100 . to protect the forests in order to secure million acres. favorable water flows and provide a continuous . No provision made for supply of timber. (in General Land Office) management or funding! . Limited timber harvest to “dead, matured or large growth of trees” which had to be “marked & designated” for cutting. 50 51

Recreation policy in the Transfer Act of 1905 National Forests

. Transferred the control of the Forest Reserves to . Recreational use had always been important. the Dept. of Agriculture & Gifford Pinchot. . “Sage-brushers” and Summer Cabin Lease sites. . Dedicated to most productive use for the . By 1920 F.S. Chief said recreation ranked 3rd permanent good of the whole people. behind timber & stream flow regulation. . Conserved & wisely used for the greatest good for . First $s for recreation: the greatest number in the long run. – $10,000 for campgrounds . Recreational use wasn’t even considered. in 1922. . Pinchot was fired by 1910 (Taft & Ballinger’s Alaska coal reserves.)

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Recreation policy in the National Forests Today

. Integrate recreation with Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960 . Maintain attractive natural forest environment for recreation. . Emphasize service for general public rather than special groups. . Participant rather than spectator activities favored. . Minimum restrictions favored. . Encourage cooperation with other agencies.

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CSS 287 -- Historical Developments 6