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The Most Important Maglev Applications Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Engineering Volume 2013, Article ID 537986, 19 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/537986 Review Article The Most Important Maglev Applications Hamid Yaghoubi Iran Maglev Technology (IMT), Tehran 1997857631, Iran Correspondence should be addressed to Hamid Yaghoubi; [email protected] Received 5 December 2012; Accepted 19 February 2013 Academic Editor: Run-Cang Sun Copyright © 2013 Hamid Yaghoubi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The name maglev is derived from magnetic levitation. Magnetic levitation is a highly advanced technology. It has various uses.The common point in all applications is the lack of contact and thus no wear and friction. This increases efficiency, reduces maintenance costs, and increases the useful life of the system. The magnetic levitation technology can be used as an efficient technology inthe various industries. There are already many countries that are attracted to maglev systems. Many systems have been proposed in different parts of the worlds. This paper tries to study the most important uses of magnetic levitation technology. The results clearly reflect that the maglev can be conveniently considered as a solution for the future engineering needs of the world. 1. Introduction Another means of using a moving magnet to circumvent Earnshaw’srule and achieve full levitation is to move the mag- In Gulliver’s Travels (1726), Jonathan Swift described the net in the presence of an electrical conductor, thereby induc- maglev island of Laputa, which was capable of achieving ing eddy currents in the conductor and associated repulsive levitation heights of several kilometers. In Dick Tracy and forcesonthemagnet.Thisisthebasisoftheelectrodynamic Spiderman comics, magnetic levitation also achieved consid- approach to maglev trains proposed by James Powell and erable heights. Gordon Danby in the 1960s and developed most extensively In 1842, Samuel Earnshaw, an English clergyman and sci- by Japan National Railway. Strong superconducting electro- entist, proved another important limitation of magnetic levi- magnets on the cars induce eddy currents in the conducting tation. He showed that stable contact-free levitation by forces track that produce levitation once the cars reach sufficient between static magnets alone was impossible; the levitated speed. Levitation via induction and eddy-current repulsion part would be unstable to displacements in at least one canalsobeachievedwithACfields.Thiswasthebasisofthe direction. maglevtrainpromotedin1912byBachelet.Oneimportant In March 1912, engineer and inventor Emile Bachelet had industrial application of levitation via induction and AC fields just learned that he had been granted a US patent for his is levitation melting, which allows the melting and mixing of “Levitated Transmitting Apparatus,” and he gave a public very reactive metals without the need for a crucible. demonstration in New York of a model maglev train, with the In1983,RoyHarriganreceivedapatentfora“levitation hopes of exciting investors with the promise of high-speed device” that consisted of a small spinning magnet floating ground transportation. above a large base magnet, and Bill Hones of Fascinations, Oneofthefirstmajorapplicationsofmagneticlevitation Inc., later developed Harrigan’s idea into a successful com- was in supporting airplane models in wind tunnels. Re- mercial product called the Levitron. As with the rotor of searchers had found that mechanical support structures the electric meter, the spinning magnet of the Levitron was sometimes interfere with airflow enough to produce more pushed upward by the repulsion forces between like poles. drag than the drag force on the model. The solution developed Butitfloatedfullycontact-free,gettingaroundEarnshaw’s byGeneCovertandhisMITcolleaguesinthe1950swasmag- rulebecauseitwasnotastaticmagnet—itwasspinning.At netic levitation (although they called it a “magnetic suspen- first glance, it seems that it is simple gyroscopic action that sion and balance system”). keeps the spinning magnet from tipping over, but detailed 2 Journal of Engineering mathematical analysis by several prominent scientists soon technology. Maglev today helps circulate blood in human showed that the stability of the Levitron is a bit more chests, manufactures integrated circuits with multimillion- complicatedthanthat. dollar photolithography systems, measures fine dimensions In the 1930s, German scientists demonstrated levitation with subatomic resolution, enhances wind-tunnel and plasma of highly diamagnetic graphite and bismuth, and after the research, melts and mixes reactive high-temperature metals, development of high-field superconducting electromagnets, simulates the sense of touch in haptics systems, cools our lap- levitation of even much weaker diamagnets like water, wood, top computers, enriches uranium and other isotopes in cen- and plastic was accomplished. This was little noticed until trifuges, stores energy in spinning flywheels, and floats spinn- 1997,whenAndreGeimandcolleaguesuseda16-teslasuper- ing rotors with low friction in countless rotating machines conducting magnet to magnetically levitate a small living around the world. The future of maglev remains very bright. frog, their “flying frog” finally drawing worldwide attention to Fighting the forces of gravity and friction is one of the things the wonder of diamagnetic levitation. (Geim, winner of a 2010 that magnets do best [1]. Nobel Prize in Physics for research on graphene, was awarded anIgNobelPrizetenyearsearlierforfroglevitation,anaward 2. Magnetic Levitation Technology he and corecipient Sir Michael Berry accepted with a call for “more science with a smile.”) Magnetic levitation is a method by which an object is Superconductors are much more diamagnetic than frogs, suspended in the air with no support other than magnetic and even much more diamagnetic than graphite and bis- fields. The fields are used to reverse or counteract the gravita- muth. They are superdiamagnets. Levitation of a permanent tional pull and any other counter accelerations. Maglev can magnet above a superconductor was first demonstrated by create frictionless, efficient, far-out-sounding technologies. V. Arkadiev in 1945, and the levitation of magnets above The principle of magnetic levitation has been known for over superconductors became much easier and more common 100years,whenAmericanscientistsRobertGoddardand after the 1987 discovery of high-temperature superconduc- Emile Bachelet first conceived of frictionless trains. But tors, materials superconducting at liquid-nitrogen tempera- though magnetically levitated trains have been the focus of ture.Magneticbearingsbasedonrepulsiveforcesbetween much of the worldwide interest in maglev, the technology is permanent magnets and high-temperature superconductors not limited to train travel [2]. Maglev usages from view point have been developed for a number of potential applications, of engineering science can be categorized and summarized as including energy-storage flywheels and model maglev trains follows: (carrying nitrogen-cooled superconductors on cars floating above permanent-magnet tracks). (i) transportation engineering (magnetically levitated Jane Philbrick, a visiting artist at MIT, designed and built trains, flying cars, or personal rapid transit (PRT), her “Floating Sculpture,” an arresting array of twelve large etc.), levitated balls that became a prominent part of her solo (ii) environmental engineering (small and huge wind exhibition at a Swedish art museum in 2009 and was on view turbines: at home, office, industry, etc.), in New York City in spring 2011. The technology most commonly associated with the term (iii) aerospace engineering (spacecraft, rocket, etc.), maglev in the mind of the general public is high-speed maglev (iv) military weapons engineering (rocket, gun, etc.), trains, first proposed a century ago by Bachelet. About twenty (v) nuclear engineering (the centrifuge of nuclear reac- years later, Werner Kemper of Germany proposed a train tor), magnetically levitated by a feedback-controlled attractive force, and after many decades of development, his idea (vi) civil engineering including building facilities and air eventually evolved into the Transrapid system used in the conditioning systems (magnetic bearing, elevator, lift, Shanghai maglev train in 2003. fan, compressor, chiller, pump, gas pump, geothermal Japan National Railway remains committed to construc- heat pumps, etc.), tion of a roughly 300 km high-speed maglev line between (vii) biomedical engineering (heart pump, etc.), Tokyo and Nagoya by about 2025. A basic design similar (viii) chemical engineering (analyzing foods and beverages, to the Kemper-Transrapid approach was used to construct etc.), alow-speed“urbanmaglev”atNagoyathathasbeenin successful operation since 2005, and China is currently build- (ix) electrical engineering (magnet, etc.), ing a similar urban line in Beijing. The advantage of low- (x) architectural engineering and interior design engi- speed urban maglev is a smooth, quiet, safe, reliable, and neering including household and administrative cost-effective (low maintenance and operating costs) ride. appliances (lamp, chair, sofa, bed, washing machine, Therefore, Bachelet’s 1912 dreams of “carloads of passengers room, toys (train, levitating spacemen over
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