Ali Suavi (1839-1878)
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Cihannüma TARİH VE COĞRAFYA ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ JOURNAL of HISTORY and GEOGRAPHY STUDIES
Cihannüma TARİH VE COĞRAFYA ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY STUDIES CİLT / VOLUME VII SAYI / ISSUE 1 Temmuz / July 2021 İZMİR KÂTİP ÇELEBİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL VE BEŞERİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ Cihannüma TARİH VE COĞRAFYA ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY STUDIES P-ISSN: 2149-0678 / E-ISSN: 2148-8843 Sahibi/Owner İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi adına Prof.Dr. Turan GÖKÇE Editör / Editor Prof.Dr. Cahit TELCİ, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sorumlu Yazı İşleri Müdürü / Responsible Editor Dr. Beycan HOCAOĞLU, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Yayın Kurulu / Editorial Board Doç.Dr. Yahya ARAZ, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Dr. Elisabetta BENIGNI, Universitá degli Studi di Torino Dr. Zaur GASIMOV, Orient Institut Istanbul Prof.Dr. Vehbi GÜNAY, Ege Üniversitesi Assoc.Prof. Barbara S. KINSEY, Universty of Central Florida Dr. İrfan KOKDAŞ, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Prof.Dr. Özer KÜPELİ, İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Assoc.Prof. Kent F. SCHULL, Binghamton University Assoc.Prof. Nabil Al-TIKRITI, University of Mary Washington Doç.Dr. Haydar YALÇIN, Ege Üniversitesi Yayın Türü / Publication Type Hakemli Süreli Yayın / Peer-reviewed Periodicals Yazışma Adresi / CorrespondingAddress İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Fakültesi, Balatçık-Çiğli/İzmir Tel: +90(232) 329 35 35-8508 Faks: +90(232) 329 35 19 e-posta: [email protected] Web: http://dergipark.gov.tr/cihannuma Basımevi / Publishing House Meta Basım Matbaacılık Hizmetleri 87 sk. No:4/A Bornova/İzmir -
3 March 1924 Tevhid Tedrisat Law and Requirements
3 MARCH 1924 TEVHID TEDRISAT LAW AND REQUIREMENTS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Özkan Akman Gaziantep University Prof. Dr. Ali Meydan Nevşehir Hacı Bektaşi Veli University Introduction Education and training activities in the Islamic society began with Muhammad’s prophethood, shaped, variegated and has continued until today. God, the Prophet. Muhammad download it in the first verse “read the name of the Lord the Creator! God Man ‘was created out of relevance. Read! Your Lord is the most generous. Allah is taught to write with a pen, do not know who has taught the people (Yazır, 2015; 95:6). “has reported that the Prophet himself in the eyes of God reveals that knowledge of the source and has commanded all believers to read. When the Islamic State began to expand and the Muslim community began to crowded, the education began to spread out of the mosques (Atay, 1983). Due to the increase in the Muslim population, the main purpose of the mosques was to prevent the worship to be done comfortably by the crowded student groups, the emergence of new branches of science (Kırpık, 2012) and the payment of wages to the teachers (Zengin, 2002). These training activities, which can be called informal and non-formal education which has a certain space, hierarchy, curricula and continuity, which are made specific to certain areas, have assumed important functions in Islamic society during the process which will continue until the establishment of madrasahs which are organized for this purpose and which are organized for this purpose (Tangulu, Karadeniz and Ateş, 2014; Zengin, 2002). Although it is accepted that a new era started in education with the establishment of madrasahs, Pedersen says that the madrasas do not differ much from the mosques, and that the same educational activities were continued (Pedersen, 1979). -
İslam Tetkikleri Merkezi Dergisi
Yakın Doğu Ünİversİtesİ İslam tetkİklerİ merkezİ Dergİsİ Journal of the near east unıversıtY ıslamıc research center Yıl 1, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, Güz 2015 Yakın Doğu Ünİversİtesİ İslam tetkİklerİ merkezİ Dergİsİ Journal of the near east unıversıtY ıslamıc research center ISSN: 2148-922X Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Adına Sahibi Owner on Behalf of Near East University Dr. Suat İrfan GÜNSEL Onursal Editör Honorary Editor Prof. Dr. Ümit HASSAN (Rektör/President) Editörler Editors Prof. Dr. İbrahim ÇAPAK&Prof. Dr. Mehmet Mahfuz SöyLEMEz [email protected]; [email protected] Yayın Kurulu Editorial Board Prof. Dr. İbrahim ÇAPAK, Prof. Dr. Mehmet Mahfuz SöyLEMEz, Prof. Dr. Halil İbrahim BULUT, Prof. Dr. Ümit HASSAN, Danışma Kurulu Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Mümtaz ALİ (International Islamic University, MALEzyA) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Mahfuz SöyLEMEz (yakın Doğu Üniversitesi öğretim Üyesi, KKTC) Prof. Dr. Talip ATALAy (K.K.T.C. Din İşleri Başkanı, KKTC) Prof. Dr. Muhammed BABAAMMİ (Metodoloji Enstitüsü Müdürü, CEzAyİR) Prof. Dr. İsmail BARDHİ (Dean School of Islamic Theology of Skoplje, ABD) Prof. Dr. Şenol BEKTAŞ (yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Rektör yardımcısı, KKTC) Prof. Dr. İbrahim ÇAPAK (yakın Doğu Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dekanı, KKTC) Prof. Dr. İlyas ÇELEBİ (Marmara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi, TÜRKİyE) Prof. Dr. Şinasi GÜNDÜz (Uluslararası Balkan Üniversitesi Rektörü, MAKEDONyA) Prof. Dr. Enis HURŞİT, (Refah Üniversitesi Rektörü, PAKİSTAN) Prof. Dr. Ali KARADAĞİ, (Katar Üniversitesi, KATAR) Prof. Dr. Raşit KÜÇÜK (Din İşleri yüksek Kurulu Başkanı, TÜRKİyE) Prof. Dr. Mehmet Emin özAFŞAR (T.C. Diyanet İşleri Başkan yardımcısı, TÜRKİyE) Prof. Dr. ömer özSOy ( Frankfurt Üniversitesi ALMANyA) Prof. Dr. Burhanettin TATAR (Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi, TÜRKİyE) Prof. Dr. Hasan Kamil yILMAz (T.C. -
The Case of Said Nursi
Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 2015 The Dialectics of Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey: The Case of Said Nursi Zubeyir Nisanci Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Nisanci, Zubeyir, "The Dialectics of Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey: The Case of Said Nursi" (2015). Dissertations. 1482. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/1482 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 2015 Zubeyir Nisanci LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO THE DIALECTICS OF SECULARISM AND REVIVALISM IN TURKEY: THE CASE OF SAID NURSI A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PROGRAM IN SOCIOLOGY BY ZUBEYIR NISANCI CHICAGO, ILLINOIS MAY 2015 Copyright by Zubeyir Nisanci, 2015 All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am deeply grateful to Dr. Rhys H. Williams who chaired this dissertation project. His theoretical and methodological suggestions and advice guided me in formulating and writing this dissertation. It is because of his guidance that this study proved to be a very fruitful academic research and theoretical learning experience for myself. My gratitude also goes to the other members of the committee, Drs. Michael Agliardo, Laureen Langman and Marcia Hermansen for their suggestions and advice. -
The London School of Economics and Political Science
The London School of Economics and Political Science The State as a Standard of Civilisation: Assembling the Modern State in Lebanon and Syria, 1800-1944 Andrew Delatolla A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, October 2017 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledge is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe on the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 101,793 words. 2 Acknowledgements This PhD has been much more than an academic learning experience, it has been a life experience and period of self-discovery. None of it would have been possible without the help and support from an amazing network of family, colleagues, and friends. First and foremost, a big thank you to the most caring, attentive, and conscientious supervisor one could hope for, Dr. Katerina Dalacoura. Her help, guidance, and critiques from the first draft chapter to the final drafts of the thesis have always been a source of clarity when there was too much clouding my thoughts. -
Episode in Anglo-Ottoman History: British Relief to ‘93 Refugees (1877-78)
A “COMPASSIONATE” EPISODE IN ANGLO-OTTOMAN HISTORY: BRITISH RELIEF TO ‘93 REFUGEES (1877-78) A Master’s Thesis by SAD ĐYE SENA D ĐNÇYÜREK DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June 2010 To Serra and Seva... A “COMPASSIONATE” EPISODE IN ANGLO-OTTOMAN HISTORY: BRITISH RELIEF TO ‘93 REFUGEES (1877-78) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by SAD ĐYE SENA D ĐNÇYÜREK In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BĐLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA June 2010 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------------- Assistant Prof. Oktay ÖZEL Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------------- Assistant Prof. Evgeni RADUSHEV Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Arts in History. --------------------------------- Assistant Prof. Nur Bilge CRISS Examining Committee Member Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- Prof. Dr. Erdal EREL Director ABSTRACT A “COMPASSIONATE” EPISODE IN ANGLO-OTTOMAN HISTORY: BRITISH RELIEF TO ‘93 REFUGEES (1877-78) Dinçyürek, Sadiye Sena M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Assistant Prof. Oktay Özel June 2010 This thesis aims to provide an indebt analysis of the British relief to the Ottoman Refugees of 1877-78 Russo-Turkish War (’93 Refugees). -
Science Versus Religion: the Influence of European Materialism on Turkish Thought, 1860-1960
Science versus Religion: The Influence of European Materialism on Turkish Thought, 1860-1960 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Serdar Poyraz, M.A. Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2010 Dissertation Committee: Carter V. Findley, Advisor Jane Hathaway Alan Beyerchen Copyright By Serdar Poyraz 2010 i Abstract My dissertation, entitled “Science versus Religion: The Influence of European Materialism on Turkish Thought, 1860-1960,” is a radical re-evaluation of the history of secularization in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey. I argue that European vulgar materialist ideas put forward by nineteenth-century intellectuals and scientists such as Ludwig Büchner (1824-1899), Karl Vogt (1817-1895) and Jacob Moleschott (1822-1893) affected how Ottoman and Turkish intellectuals thought about religion and society, ultimately paving the way for the radical reforms of Kemal Atatürk and the strict secularism of the early Turkish Republic in the 1930s. In my dissertation, I challenge traditional scholarly accounts of Turkish modernization, notably those of Bernard Lewis and Niyazi Berkes, which portray the process as a Manichean struggle between modernity and tradition resulting in a linear process of secularization. On the basis of extensive research in modern Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and Persian sources, I demonstrate that the ideas of such leading westernizing and secularizing thinkers as Münif Pasha (1830-1910), Beşir Fuad (1852-1887) and Baha Tevfik (1884-1914) who were inspired by European materialism provoked spirited religious, philosophical and literary responses from such conservative anti-materialist thinkers as Şehbenderzade ii Ahmed Hilmi (1865-1914), Said Nursi (1873-1960) and Ahmed Hamdi Tanpınar (1901- 1962). -
University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ® Copyright by Haluk Necdet Goze»* 1967 MODERNISM and TRADITIONALISM in the OTTOMAN Emfrjre 179Q-L£2K
66-1602 GOZE, Haluk Necdet, 1929- MODERNISM AND TRADITIONALISM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1790-1922. The American University, Ph.D., 1964 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ® Copyright by Haluk Necdet Goze»* 1967 MODERNISM AND TRADITIONALISM IN THE OTTOMAN EMfrjRE 179Q-l£2k by tf’.’j» vNecdet G6ze Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND ORGANIZATION Signatures of Committee: Chairman: Date: On*? 'tv. Graduate Dean Dates eyK04j H. I4& V l,BRARY AUG o *KASK»CT3HD.c Soo z. tiu TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE ......................................... v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................. 1 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND....................... 10 The Origins of the Turkish People 10 The Seljuk T u r k s ........................ 11 The Rise of the Ottoman Turks ............. 13 The Decline of the Ottoman Empire ......... 15 Ottoman Institutions .................... 16 III. REFORMS OF SULTAN SELIM III AND THE FAILURE OF THE MODERNISTS......... 31 Early efforts at reform ................ 31 The Reforms of Sultan Selim ......... 37 The Reform of Sultan Mahmud I I ........... 41 Social and Economic Problems • 46 IV. THE RESHID PASHA REFORMS AND THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN MODERNISTS AND TRADITIONALIST 1839-1876 ......................'......... 60 The 1839 Reshid Pasha Reforms and the Temporary Victory of the Modernists .... 60 The Role of the Ottoman Diplomatic Envoys ••••• 68 ill CHAPTER PAGE The Struggle between Modernists and Traditionalists during the Tanzimat Period 1839-1876 ...................... 71 Economic and Social Problems .. ......... 75 Rise of Nationalism .................... 80 The Role of the Ottoman P r e s s .......... -
Yeni Osmanlilarin Eğitim Öğretim Görüşleri
T.C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE D İN B İLİMLER İ (D İN E Ğİ TİMİ) ANAB İLİM DALI YEN İ OSMANLILARIN E Ğİ TİM Ö ĞRET İM GÖRÜ ŞLER İ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Zeynep B İÇER Ankara- 2011 T.C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE D İN B İLİMLER İ (D İN E Ğİ TİMİ) ANAB İLİM DALI YEN İ OSMANLILARIN E Ğİ TİM Ö ĞRET İM GÖRÜ ŞLER İ Yüksek Lisans Tezi Zeynep B İÇER Tez Danı şmanı Prof. Dr. Recai DO ĞAN Ankara- 2011 İÇİNDEK İLER………………………………………………………………………I ÖNSÖZ…………………..………………………………………………………... III GİRİŞ ……………………………………………………………………………….. 1 I-Ara ştırmanın Problemi…………………………………………………………….. 1 II-Ara ştırmanın Amacı……………….……………………………………………… 2 III- Ara ştırmanın Önemi……………………………………………………………...3 IV - Ara ştırmanın Sınırlılıkları ………………………………………………………5 V- Ara ştırmanın Yöntemi…………………………………………………………….5 VII- Ara ştırmanın Temel Kavramları…………...……………………………………6 A. Osmanlılık……………...…………………………………………………...6 B. Yeni Osmanlılar……………..……………………………………………...7 BİRİNC İ BÖLÜM TANZ İMAT DÖNEM İ VE YEN İ OSMANLILAR 1. TANZ İMAT FERMANI……………………………………………………..…9 2. OSMANLILIK İDEOLOJ İSİ………..………………………………………...20 3. YEN İ OSMANLILAR…………………………..…………………….……….21 3.1. YEN İ OSMANLILARIN YET İŞ TİĞİ SOSYAL ORTAM…….…..23 3.2. YEN İ OSMANLILAR DÜ ŞÜNCES İNİN TE ŞEKKÜLÜ…....……..28 3.3. YEN İ OSMANLILARIN GÖRÜ ŞLER İ…..……………..…………..32 3.4. YEN İ OSMANLILAR DÜ ŞÜNCES İNİN TEMS İLC İLER İ…...........43 I 3.4.1. NAMIK KEMAL VE TEMEL DÜ ŞÜNCELER İ…………….42 3.4.2. AL İ SUAV İ VE TEMEL DÜ ŞÜNCELER İ……………………50 3.4.3. ZİYA PA ŞA VE TEMEL DÜ ŞÜNCELER İ …………………..59 İKİNC İ BÖLÜM YEN İ OSMANLILARIN E Ğİ TİM ÖĞRET İM GÖRÜ ŞLER İ 1. -
The University of Chicago No Empire for Old Men: The
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO NO EMPIRE FOR OLD MEN: THE YOUNG OTTOMANS AND THE WORLD, 1856-1878 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE HUMANITIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF NEAR EASTERN LANGUAGES AND CIVILIZATIONS BY MADELEINE ELFENBEIN CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DECEMBER 2017 Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... v Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 A Popular Response to the Crisis of Sovereignty .................................................................... 2 Saving the State from Itself ....................................................................................................... 5 Ottomanism and the International Turn ............................................................................... 16 Who Were The Young Ottomans? .......................................................................................... 19 Young Ottoman Legacies ........................................................................................................ 22 Outline of Chapters .................................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 1: A Nation in Search -
Miscellanea 2018
Miscellanea 2018 edited by Quest Editorial Staff Issue n. 14, December 2018 QUEST. Issues in Contemporary Jewish History. Journal of Fondazione CDEC QUEST N. 14 Editors Guri Schwarz (Università degli Studi di Genova, Editor in chief), Elissa Bemporad (Queens College of the City University of New York), Laura Brazzo (Fondazione CDEC),Tullia Catalan (Università degli Studi di Trieste), Cristiana Facchini (Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna), Gadi Luzzatto Voghera (Fondazione CDEC), Dario Miccoli (Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia), Michele Sarfatti (Fondazione CDEC), Marcella Simoni (Università Ca’ Foscari, Venezia), Ulrich Wyrwa (Universität Potsdam). Editorial Assistants Matteo Perissinotto – Managing Editor (Univerza v Ljubljani) Sara Airoldi – Editorial Assistant (The Van Leer Jerusalem Institute) Book Review Editor Miriam Benfatto (Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna) English Language Editor Elen Rochlin Editorial Advisory Board Ruth Ben Ghiat (New York University), Paolo Luca Bernardini (Università dell’Insubria), Dominique Bourel (Université de la Sorbonne, Paris), Michael Brenner (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München), Enzo Campelli (Università La Sapienza di Roma), Francesco Cassata (Università degli Studi di Genova), Marco Cuzzi (Università degli Studi di Milano), Roberto Della Rocca (Dipartimento Educazione Cultura e Cultura- Unione delle Comunità Ebraiche Italiane), Lois Dubin (Smith College, Northampton), Jacques Ehrenfreund (Université de Lausanne), Katherine E. Fleming (New York University), Anna Foa (Università -
The Thun-Hohenstein University Reforms 1849–1860
The Thun-Hohenstein University Reforms 1849–1860 Conception – Implementation – Aftermath Edited by Christof Aichner and Brigitte Mazohl VERÖFFENTLICHUNGEN DER KOMMISSION FÜR NEUERE GESCHICHTE ÖSTERREICHS Band 115 Kommission für Neuere Geschichte Österreichs Vorsitzende: em. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Brigitte Mazohl Stellvertretender Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Reinhard Stauber Mitglieder: Dr. Franz Adlgasser Univ.-Prof. Dr. Peter Becker Univ.-Prof. i. R. Dr. Ernst Bruckmüller Univ.-Prof. Dr. Laurence Cole Univ.-Prof. Dr. Margret Friedrich Univ.-Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Garms-Cornides Univ.-Prof. Dr. Michael Gehler Univ.-Doz. Mag. Dr. Andreas Gottsmann Univ.-Prof. Dr. Margarete Grandner em. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Hanns Haas Univ.-Prof. i. R. Dr. Wolfgang Häusler Univ.-Prof. i. R. Dr. Ernst Hanisch Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gabriele Haug-Moritz Dr. Michael Hochedlinger Univ.-Prof. Dr. Lothar Höbelt Mag. Thomas Just Univ.-Prof. i. R. Dr. Grete Klingenstein em. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Alfred Kohler Univ.-Prof. Dr. Christopher Laferl Gen. Dir. Univ.-Doz. Dr. Wolfgang Maderthaner Dr. Stefan Malfèr Gen. Dir. i. R. H.-Prof. Dr. Lorenz Mikoletzky Dr. Gernot Obersteiner Dr. Hans Petschar em. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Helmut Rumpler Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Martin Scheutz em. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gerald Stourzh Univ.-Prof. Dr. Arno Strohmeyer Univ.-Prof. i. R. Dr. Arnold Suppan Univ.-Doz. Dr. Werner Telesko Univ.-Prof. Dr. Thomas Winkelbauer Sekretär: Dr. Christof Aichner The Thun-Hohenstein University Reforms 1849–1860 Conception – Implementation – Aftermath Edited by Christof Aichner and Brigitte Mazohl Published with the support from the Austrian Science Fund (FWF): PUB 397-G28 Open access: Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License.