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The London School of Economics and Political Science The London School of Economics and Political Science The State as a Standard of Civilisation: Assembling the Modern State in Lebanon and Syria, 1800-1944 Andrew Delatolla A thesis submitted to the Department of International Relations of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, October 2017 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledge is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe on the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 101,793 words. 2 Acknowledgements This PhD has been much more than an academic learning experience, it has been a life experience and period of self-discovery. None of it would have been possible without the help and support from an amazing network of family, colleagues, and friends. First and foremost, a big thank you to the most caring, attentive, and conscientious supervisor one could hope for, Dr. Katerina Dalacoura. Her help, guidance, and critiques from the first draft chapter to the final drafts of the thesis have always been a source of clarity when there was too much clouding my thoughts. My sincere appreciation is also due to Prof. Fawaz Gerges, who was always happy to listen to my ideas and offer advice. The former editorial team at the RIS, Dr. George Lawson, Prof. Kim Hutchings, Prof. Mathias Albert, and Prof. Jennifer Sterling-Folker for the opportunity to work with them, discuss my research, and the opportunities that have since followed. My partner-in-crime, Karim Chedid, who has had to deal with too many PhD related excuses too many times – but who was always patient, understanding, and supportive. My family, for always encouraging me to pursue what seemed like the impossible and for always providing me with support. The PhD would not have been possible without the support from my parents Darlene and George, my sisters Andrea and Victoria, my brother- in-law, Harry, and the two little ones, Kayla and Blake, who always make me smile. Also, I must thank my friends and colleagues who have undergone and are undergoing the process of completing the PhD, Faerlie Wilson, Joanne Yao, Hadi Makarem, Maria Fotou, Sophie Haspeslagh, Martin Hearson, Julia Himmrich, David Brenner, Kiran Phull, Anissa Haddadi, Simone Datzberger, Sina Birkholz, Magdalena Delgado, Maggie Ainley, Ida Danewid, Amal Hamdan, Emma Blanc and many more – for providing me with intellectual and emotional support throughout this adventure. And to those who provided consistent reminders that there is life outside of the PhD, Caitlin Egen, Sally Moussawi, and Lauren Sexton. I also want to acknowledge the generosity of Hayat Chedid and the Chedid family who hosted and fed me on my research trips to Lebanon. This thesis would not have been completed without the generous financial support from the Department of International Relations, the RJ Vincent Memorial Scholarship, the London School of Economics, and the Middle East Centre Emirates PhD Scholarship. Without the generosity of the staff at the Lebanese National Archives, the French Diplomatic Archives, the French National Archives, the British National Archives, the UK Parliamentary Archives, and the archives at l’Université Saint-Joseph in Beirut, who helped me with my searches, this thesis would have been be a lot shorter. A final, significant thank you and acknowledgment to my grandparents, for instilling in me the importance of history and politics, Wadia Farha, Romeo Shoiry, Catherine Xenopolous, and John Delatolla. 3 Abstract The State as a Standard of Civilisation: Assembling the Modern State in Lebanon and Syria, 1800-1944 This thesis critiques the conceptualisation of the state as a rational product of modernity that places importance on institutional capacity and typological criteria. Tied to this history is a distinct set of knowledges and practices that inform international relations and politics, including those of contemporary development and state building. The expansion of these knowledges and practices through colonialism, imperial modernisation, and global governance have established a global standard of civilisation of statehood that fails to give credence to the specific history of the state in the non-West. This thesis argues that in order to better understand the state in the non-West, it is necessary to examine the process of state formation as one that is linked to colonialism, imperial modernisation, and the advent of global governance, which produced a global standard of civilisation, altering the relationship between the domestic social field in the global peripheries and structures of governance. It traces how colonial knowledges and practices were assembled onto and interacted with pre- existing knowledges and practices in the political, economic, and social environments and the consequence of these assembled knowledges and practices. Through the use of archival material triangulated with secondary source histories, the thesis examines the history of state formation in the Middle East, focusing on Lebanon and Syria, previously the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire, from 1800 to 1944. It examines the social, economic, and political transformations that occurred during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in Lebanon and Syria; taking into account Ottoman imperial modernisation, European interference and intervention, and the subsequent French mandate. 4 Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................... 4 Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................. 5 Glossary ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1.1 Conceptualising the Modern State in the Social Sciences .......................................................... 11 1.2 Reinforcing the Ideal of the Modern State: Development, State Building, and Global Governance ....................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 The Standard of Civilisation and Nineteenth Century European Expansion ........................ 24 1.4 The Modern State as a Standard of Civilisation: The Problem of Modern Non-European State Formation ................................................................................................................................ 28 1.5 Sources, Method, and Methodology ............................................................................................. 32 1.6 Thesis Outline .................................................................................................................................. 35 Chapter 2: History and Theory: The European State, Modernity, and the Syrian Provinces of the Ottoman Empire .................................................................................................................. 38 2 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 38 2.1 Modern State Formation in Europe: The Emergence of a Civilisation .................................. 39 2.2 Modernity and the Expansion of the European State System into the Global Peripheries . 46 2.3 Illuminating the Other: The Organisation of the Ottoman Empire .......................................... 54 2.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 60 Chapter 3: The Ottoman Empire in the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century: International Order, Imperial Reform, and Social Order .................................................................................. 63 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 63 3.1 Initiating Modernisation in the Early Nineteenth Century: Sultan Selim III’s Reforms ...... 64 3.2 Sultan Mahmud II’s Reforms ......................................................................................................... 67 3.3 The Egyptian Occupation of the Syrian Provinces (1831-1841): Transforming the Social Field .................................................................................................................................................... 71 3.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 88 Chapter 4: Governing
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