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Transformation of Islamist Political Thought in Turkey from the Empire to the Early Republic (1908-1960): Necip Fazil Kisakürek’S Political Ideas

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Transformation of Islamist Political Thought in Turkey from the Empire to the Early Republic (1908-1960): Necip Fazil Kisakürek’S Political Ideas TRANSFORMATION OF ISLAMIST POLITICAL THOUGHT IN TURKEY FROM THE EMPIRE TO THE EARLY REPUBLIC (1908-1960): NECİP FAZIL KISAKÜREK’S POLITICAL IDEAS The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by BURHANETTİN DURAN In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For The Degree Of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION in THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA January, 2001 I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. --------------------------------- I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. --------------------------------- I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. --------------------------------- I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. --------------------------------- I certify that I have read this thesis and in my opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science and Public Administration. --------------------------------- Approval of the Institute of Economics and Social Sciences --------------------------------- ii ABSTRACT TRANSFORMATION OF ISLAMIST POLITICAL THOUGHT IN TURKEY FROM THE EMPIRE TO THE EARLY REPUBLIC (1908-1960): NECİP FAZIL KISAKÜREK’S POLITICAL IDEAS Burhanettin Duran Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Associate Professor Ümit Cizre January 2001 This thesis aims at situating the transformation of Turkish Islamist thought from the Ottoman empire to the early Republic as a case study within the contemporary analyses of Islamism. Islamist thought in Turkey contains new elements, but it also has deep roots in the tradition of Islamic political thought. As such by devotion to the traditional renewal (tajdid), it reflects a continuing dimension of Islamic political theory. It is also important to understand the specific intellectual settings within which Turkish Islamism has evolved. Islamist depictions of state and democracy whether in the Empire through Islamist identification of shura with constitutional regime or in the Republican period through Necip Fazıl Kısakürek’s totalitarian Başyücelik State, seem to be influenced by the political ideologies of their times such as liberal constitutionalism (in the Empire), and totalitarian aspects of communism, fascism, and Kemalism (in the Republic). Hence, Islamists of the second constitutional period perceived Islam a “soft ideology” whereas Islam became a kind of “hard ideology” in Kısakürek’s formulation, determining every aspect of political, societal and individual life. These analyses are also related to another argument that the tradition of Islamic political thought is open to different Islamist readings, both as authoritarian/totalitarian formulations and as democratic openings. This study also argues that Islamist intellectuals have a tendency of mixing modern notions such as progress and ideology with traditional material/grammar to face the challenge of western modernity. In order to reach an Islamic modernity, the concept of Islamic civilization constitutes a platform for the transformation and interaction of the elements of continuity (traditional grammar) and change (progress and ideology). This dissertation also suggests that Islamists are basically keen to see democracy as the limitation of an arbitrary/despotic rule and as the establishment of the rule of law, implying a rather Schumpeterian conceptualization of democracy: a type of government and procedure in electing those who rule people. The question of whether Islam is compatible with democratic values should be reworded in the way that whether Islamist interpretations/reconstructions of Islamic tradition were/are compatible with democratic values or not. This thesis also tries to give an insight about the Islamist stance towards Kemalist ideology and the impact of Kemalism on Islamism. Keywords: Islamism, Civilization, State, Democracy, Kemalism. iii ÖZET TÜRKİYE’DE İSLAMCI SİYASAL DÜŞÜNCENİN DÖNÜŞÜMÜ İMPARATORLUKTAN ERKEN CUMHURİYETE (1908-1960): NECİP FAZIL KISAKÜREK’İN SİYASAL DÜŞÜNCELERİ Burhanettin Duran Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Doç.Dr. Ümit Cizre Ocak 2001 Bu tez, Türkiye’deki İslamcı düşüncenin Osmanlı imparatorluğundan Erken Cumhuriyete geçirdiği dönüşümü, bir örnek olarak ele alıp, çağdaş İslamcılık analiz çerçevesine oturtmayı hedeflemektedir. Türkiye’deki İslamcı düşünce yeni unsurlar taşımakla beraber İslami siyasi düşünce geleneğinde derin köklere sahiptir. Bu itibarla, geleneksel yenilenme (tecdid) nosyonuna olan bağlılık, İslami siyasal teorinin süreklilik unsurunu yansıtır. Türk İslamcılığının evrildiği spesifik entelektüel ortamları anlamak ta önemlidir. Gerek imparatorluk döneminde, şurayı meşrutiyetle aynileştirirken, gerekse Cumhuriyet döneminde Necip Fazıl Kısakürek’in totaliter Başyücelik Devleti’ni sunarken, İslamcı devlet ve demokrasi kavramlaştırmaları kendi zamanlarının liberal anayasacalık, ve komünizm, faşizm gibi ideolojilerin totaliter yanlarından ve Kemalizmden etkilenmektedirler. Böylece, İslam, ikinci meşrutiyet dönemindeki “yumuşak ideoloji” konumundan Kısakürek’in formülasyonunda siyasal, toplumsal ve bireysel hayatından herbir yönünü belirleyen “sert ideoloji” olmaya dönüşmektedir. Bu analizler diğer bir argümana da ilintilendirilmiştir: İslami siyasi düşünce geleneği hem otoriter/totaliter hem de demokratik açılımlı farklı İslamcı okumalara açıktır. Bu çalışma, İslamcı aydınların Batı nodernliği ile yüzleşmek için, terakki ve ideoloji gibi modern nosyonları geleneksel materyal/gramer ile birleştirme eğiliminde olduklarını iddia etmektedir. İslami bir modernliğe ulaşabilme hedefinde, İslam medeniyeti kavramı, süreklilik (geleneksel gramer) ve değişim unsurlarının (terakki ve ideoloji) dönüşüm ve etkileşim platformu olma özelliğini taşımaktadır. Bu tez İslamcıların temel olarak demokrasiyi despot iktidarın sınırlandırılması, ve hukuk devletinin kurulması olarak görmeye yatkın olduklarını tartışmaktadır ki bu Schumpeteryan bir demokrais anlayışına karşılık gelir: halkı yönetecek olanları seçmede bir hükümet tarzı ve prosedür olarak demokrasi. İslamın demokratik değerlerle uyumlu olup olmadığı sorusu İslamcıların geleneği yorumlarının/kurgulamalarının demokratik değerlerle uyumlu olup olmadığı şeklinde yeniden formüle edilmelidir. Bu tez, İslamcı duruşun Kemalist ideolojiye bakışını ve Kemalist ideolojinin onun üzerindeki etkilerini aydınlatmaya çalışmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İslamcılık, Medeniyet, Devlet, Demokrasi, Kemalizm. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This journey in search of Islamism in Turkey has accumulated several intellectual debts that it is a great pleasure to acknowledge. I owe special thanks to İsmail Kara, Ahmet Davutoğlu and Jeremy Salt for their invaluable help in determining the framework and limits of this thesis in the stage of proposal. Particular thanks are due to İ. Erol Kozak, Bilal Eryılmaz, Davut Dursun and Mahmut Karaman who gave me the benefit of their enlightened conversation regarding Islamism in several occasions. I would not possibly produce this thesis without generous help and constructive criticism of my supervisor, Ümit Cizre. I thank her very much in believing me. Others have helped in various ways. The list of family and friends to whom I indirectly owe so much regarding this thesis is long. They surely know themselves. But I must express my gratitude to Atilla Arkan, Yılmaz Çolak and İrfan Haşlak for their suggestions on the subject of the thesis. I wish to thank my sister, Vildan Duran for her invaluable assistance in reading the journals in Ottoman Turkish. It is almost needless to mention that whatever errors or omissions are contained in this thesis are the responsibility of the author. Much of any merit it may have is due to the assistance I have received from many individuals in various stages of the thesis. I am indebted to the directors and personnel of the İSAM library in İstanbul to which I was granted admission. Mehmet Kısakürek and Suat Ak for their generosity in providing me with the various copies of the journal Büyük Doğu. I would like to thank my parents and large family for their emotional support. Finally, this work would not have been possible to write without the moral support and patience of my wife, Ayşe, and my little son, Akif. v ABBREVIATIONS ANNALS, AAPSS The Annals of the American Academy Political Science Studies BD Büyük Doğu BH Beyanü’l Hak İSAM İslam Ansiklopedisi Merkezi SM Sırat-ı Mustakim SR Sebilür Reşad TCTA Tanzimattan Cumhuriyete Türkiye Ansiklopedisi TDV Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı TM Tearif-i Müslimin TTK Türk Tarih Kurumu ISSJ International Social Science Journal vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ iii ÖZET .........................................................................................................................................
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