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University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ® Copyright by Haluk Necdet Goze»* 1967 MODERNISM and TRADITIONALISM in the OTTOMAN Emfrjre 179Q-L£2K 66-1602 GOZE, Haluk Necdet, 1929- MODERNISM AND TRADITIONALISM IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE 1790-1922. The American University, Ph.D., 1964 Political Science, international law and relations University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan ® Copyright by Haluk Necdet Goze»* 1967 MODERNISM AND TRADITIONALISM IN THE OTTOMAN EMfrjRE 179Q-l£2k by tf’.’j» vNecdet G6ze Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The American University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND ORGANIZATION Signatures of Committee: Chairman: Date: On*? 'tv. Graduate Dean Dates eyK04j H. I4& V l,BRARY AUG o *KASK»CT3HD.c Soo z. tiu TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE ......................................... v CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION .............................. 1 II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND....................... 10 The Origins of the Turkish People 10 The Seljuk T u r k s ........................ 11 The Rise of the Ottoman Turks ............. 13 The Decline of the Ottoman Empire ......... 15 Ottoman Institutions .................... 16 III. REFORMS OF SULTAN SELIM III AND THE FAILURE OF THE MODERNISTS......... 31 Early efforts at reform ................ 31 The Reforms of Sultan Selim ......... 37 The Reform of Sultan Mahmud I I ........... 41 Social and Economic Problems • 46 IV. THE RESHID PASHA REFORMS AND THE STRUGGLE BETWEEN MODERNISTS AND TRADITIONALIST 1839-1876 ......................'......... 60 The 1839 Reshid Pasha Reforms and the Temporary Victory of the Modernists .... 60 The Role of the Ottoman Diplomatic Envoys ••••• 68 ill CHAPTER PAGE The Struggle between Modernists and Traditionalists during the Tanzimat Period 1839-1876 ...................... 71 Economic and Social Problems .. ......... 75 Rise of Nationalism .................... 80 The Role of the Ottoman P r e s s ........... 84 V. THE YOUNG OTTOMANS AND THE .MIDHAT PASHA CONSTITUTION OF 1876 .................... 97 The Modernists form the Young Ottoman S o c i e t y .............................. 97 The Re-emergence of the Modernists and the Midhat Pasha Constitution of 1876 . Ill VI. THE PERIOD OF ABSOLUTISM UNDER SULTAN ABDUL HAMID I I ............................ 128 VII. THE ROLE OF THE MODERNISTS AND TRADITION­ ALISTS IN OTTOMAN POLITICAL THOUGHT .... 146 Introduction ..•••..•••••••.. 146 Ottomanism .......................... 147 Pan-Islamism .......................150 Pan-Turanism.............................. 153 Turkism ............................ 159 The Ideology of the Young T u r k s ........... 160 VIII. THE FAILURE OF THE MODERNIST LEADERSHIP IN THE 1908 YOUNG TURK REVOLUTION............. 165 iv CHAPTER PAGE IX. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ...........................183 CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................ 196 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................. 200 APPENDIX A. Chronology of Important Events 1789-1923 229 APPENDIX B. Ottoman Sultans .................... 237 APPENDIX C. Structure of the Ottoman Government • • 239 APPENDIX D. The Ottoman Foreign Office ...•••• 241 APPENDIX E. Ethnic Background of Ottoman Vezirs (1323-1920) .................... 242 APPENDIX F. Principal Ottoman Political Parties • . 243 APPENDIX G. The Turkish National P a c t ......... 245 APPENDIX H. Dramatis Personae ........... 247 APPENDIX I. Glossary ............................ 262 PREFACE The author of this study, on the struggle between the modernists and traditionalists in the course of Turkish history, wishes to acknowledge his gratitude to the members of his Doctoral Dissertation Committee: Dr. Kerim K. Key, Chairman; Dr. Mary E. Bradshaw; Dr. Harry N. Howard; Dr. Abdul Aziz Said; and Dr. W. W. Cleiand for their direction, advice, encouragement, and helpful criti­ cism. He also wishes to thank Mrs. Virginia E. MacHale for typing the manuscript in conformity to University regulations and format. The author, however, is solely responsible for interpretations and errors. Since this is not a study on linguistics or litera­ ture, but involves an historical interpretation of Ottoman history, the accepted standard Western forms and spelling will be used instead of the Turkish spelling. Thus, Abdul Hamid will be preferred to Abdulhamit, except when sources are quoted, or in the case of bibliographies. Whenever necessary for clarity, the different spellings or names will be given in a footnote the first time the term appears; such as, in the case of Seljuk (Saljuq in Arabic, and Selcuk in Turkish), The Young Ottomans (Gene Osman- lilar), and New Ottomans (Yeni Osmanlilar)• While foreign terms, such as tarikat or vakanuvis will be underlined; mufti, ulema, and Sheikh ul-Islam, terms which are in common usage in English, will not be underlined. Clarity and simplicity of rendition will be the determining factor in the spelling of foreign words. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to analyze critically Ottoman institutions and the reform movements in order to discover the cause for their failure* It is believed that an analysis of the significance of the modernist- traditionalist struggle in the Ottoman Empire may give the reader a clue to the causes of the decline of the Empire. Developments involving Ottoman institutions and the Ottoman reform movement affected the foreign policies of the Ottoman Empire. The student of International Rela­ tions, therefore, should be concerned with these develop­ ments in order to better understand the history of the Ottoman Empire in the last century of its existence. Although there are many works on the Ottoman Empire, especially on the period of decline, recent research and revisionist interpretations have opened new possibilities for additional renditions. However, there is no specific single work which attempts to trace the struggle between the forces of modernism and traditionalism in the course of the Ottoman Empire.1 This writer has attempted to present an interpretation of the period of decline seen from the viewpoint of a struggle within Ottoman society between these two major forces. By modernism this writer means the body of methods and the tendencies in the field of government and adminis­ tration which seek to adapt institutions to the changing needs of the times. The teachings of Christ and Muhammad nearly two thousand years ago were essentially modern in concept, since these great truths are timeless. At the same time, the materialism of our present century, while new in some aspects, has existed in one form or another in the past. Modernism in Islam means the tendency which applies modern critical methods to the study of the Quran and religion, and places less emphasis on historic dogma and creeds. The Ottoman modernist leaders favored innova­ tion; whereas, the traditionalist elements tended to resist change. By traditionalism in the Ottoman Empire is meant the doctrines or practices of those who follow or accept tradition, as opposed to modernism, liberalism, or change. 2 The Ulema were not always obstructionists and played an important role in the development of a great 3 Empire. The Janissaries, once an effective military organization, had declined by the end of the seventeenth century. In the past, the alliance of the janissaries and the ulema often had a salutory effect, in that they acted as a balancing force against the tyranny of the Sultan. But this alliance between the ulema and the janissaries against the liberal Selim III, during the end of the eighteenth century, retarded modernization. The terms "modernism,” "democracy," and "liberalism" are not always synonymous. Some of the Young Turks, such as Enver Pasha and Talat Pasha, favored progress and modernism in the armed forces and government administration, but they were not democratic in their ideals. Thus, these terms must be used with care, and defined clearly, to prevent misunder­ standing. Semantics become important in the interpreta­ tion of institutions of varied cultures. This study is not so much a history of the Ottoman reform movement, as it is an attempt to interpret Ottoman history. Special reference will be made to the struggle between the forces of modernism and progress, on the one hand, and the deadweight of traditionalism and the forces of retrogression on the other, which appears to have existed throughout the course of the history of the Turkish people. This, of course, is also true to varying degrees in the history of other empires and nations. After examining the major sources of Ottoman history, this writer has concluded that, in addition to overwhelming external pressures, the failure of the Otto­ man leadership to modernize their institutions effectively 4 further exacerbated the struggle. This was especially true after the eighteenth century. It is the contention of this writer that the failure of the Ottoman reform movement and, in fact, even the more recent political crisis which developed after the 1957 national elections are due mainly to the unresolved struggle between the small modernist and reformist elites and the more numerous traditionalist elements. A difficult task facing the present Turkish leadership is the integration of the urban and rural population into a modern, united, and dynamic society. While the struggle between modernism and tradi­ tionalism will be examined throughout the course of Otto­ man history, the main emphasis will be placed on the period since the abortive reform movement of Sultan Selim III at the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century. «This study will then analyze events to the collapse
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