An Ottoman Global Moment
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The Best of Greece
05_598317 ch01.qxd 10/5/05 11:06 PM Page 6 1 The Best of Greece Greece is, of course, the land of ancient sites and architectural treasures—the Acrop- olis in Athens, the amphitheater of Epidaurus, and the reconstructed palace at Knos- sos among the best known. But Greece is much more: It offers age-old spectacular natural sights, for instance—from Santorini’s caldera to the gray pinnacles of rock of the Meteora—and modern diversions ranging from elegant museums to luxury resorts. It can be bewildering to plan your trip with so many options vying for your attention. Take us along and we’ll do the work for you. We’ve traveled the country extensively and chosen the very best that Greece has to offer. We’ve explored the archaeological sites, visited the museums, inspected the hotels, reviewed the tavernas and ouzeries, and scoped out the beaches. Here’s what we consider the best of the best. 1 The Best Travel Experiences • Making Haste Slowly: Give yourself preparing you for the unexpected in time to sit in a seaside taverna and island boat schedules! See chapter 10, watch the fishing boats come and go. “The Cyclades.” If you visit Greece in the spring, take • Leaving the Beaten Path: Persist the time to smell the flowers; the against your body’s and mind’s signals fields are covered with poppies, that “this may be pushing too far,” daisies, and other blooms. Even in leave the main routes and major Athens, you’ll see hardy species attractions behind, and make your growing through the cracks in con- own discoveries of landscape, villages, crete sidewalks—or better yet, visit or activities. -
Segment Structure of the Southern Strand of the North Anatolian Fault System and Paleoseismic Behaviour of the Gemlik Fault, NW Anatolia
Segment Structure of the Southern Strand of the North Anatolian Fault System and Paleoseismic Behaviour of the Gemlik Fault, NW Anatolia Selim Özalp, Ömer Emre and Ahmet Doğan General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA), Department of Geological Research 06520, Ankara, Turkey The North Anatolian Fault System (NAFS) is a transform fault that accommodates relative motion between Anatolian and Black Sea microplates. The NAFS bifurcates two strands as the Northern and the Southern in the Marmara region. Recent lateral motion is about 24 mm/yr along the NAFS. According to the recent GPS data, there is a slip partitioning between both strands and the northern strand carries approximately 3 times as much right-lateral motion as does the southern strand. Therefore we interpret that the northern strand is the master zone which accommodate majority of the recent lateral motion. In this study, the southern strand is extending between Dokurcun valley and Bandırma bay is evaluated as a splay instead of a main strand diverging from the NAFS as described in previous studies. This splay is included in NW Anatolia transition zone which characterizes bend structures. Length of the southern strand is about 140 km between Dokurcun valley and Gemlik bay along Pamukova basin, Lake İznik and Gemlik Bay depressions. The strand can be divided into three main geometric segments in right steeping pattern. Those are Geyve, İznik and Gemlik, from east to west. Length of the Geyve Fault is about 57 km and general trend is N70°E. The İznik Fault is about 56 km-long trending of N75°E. -
Conscripts for the Ottoman Army, - Veysel Şimşek*
The First “Little Mehmeds”: Conscripts for the Ottoman Army, - Veysel Şimşek* İlk Mehmetçikler Kimlerdi?: Osmanlı Ordusunun Neferleri, 1826-1853 Öz 1826 yılında Yeniçeri Ocağı’nı ortadan kaldıran ve yıllardan beri içerden ve dışardan siyasi ve askerî olarak otoritesi sürekli tehdit edilen Osmanlı merkezî hükü- meti, çareyi uzun yıllar boyunca silah altında tutulmak üzere toplanmış “başıbağlu” neferlerden oluşan Avrupa tipi bir ordu kurmakta bulmuştu. Osmanlı devleti, yeni kurduğu alayların artan asker ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere Müslüman köylüleri ve alt tabakadan gelen şehirlileri zorla askere aldı. Bu makale tarih araştırmaları bağlamında yeterince çalışılmamış bu askerlerin hikayelerine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada halkın ve askere alınanların zorunlu askerliğe karşı verdikleri tepkiler ve askere alınanların toplumsal arkaplanları incelenmektedir. Makalede aynı zamanda dinin, etno-kültürel kimliklerin, sosyal statünün ve askerlik tecrübesinin Osmanlı devletinin askere alma siyasetini ve halkın askerliğe dair düşüncelerini nasıl etkilediği, milliyetçilik hislerinin Müslüman Osmanlı tebaası arasında yayılmasından önceye tekabül eden bu dönemde tahlil edilecektir. Anahtar kelimeler: Askere Alma, Zorunlu Askerlik, II. Mahmud, Tanzimat, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Reform * McMaster University, Canada. This article is based on my MA thesis, titled “Ottoman Military Recruitment and the Recruit, 1826–1853,” completed at Bilkent University in Ankara in 2005, and on my doctoral dissertation under way at McMaster University in Hamilton, Canada. The text has been updated to my recent research. Some of the arguments and mate- rial presented here were summarized in Veysel Şimşek, “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Düzenli Ordu için Asker Toplanması: 1826-1853,” Toplumsal Tarih 198 (2010), 36-42. I am grateful to Dr. Virginia H. Aksan and Dr. Petra Dreiser for reading my drafts and for their invaluable comments and suggestions. -
ALBANIAN SOLDIERS in the OTTOMAN ARMY DURING the GREEK REVOLT at 1821 Ali Fuat ÖRENÇ
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Epoka University IBAC 2012 vol.2 ALBANIAN SOLDIERS IN THE OTTOMAN ARMY DURING THE GREEK REVOLT AT 1821 ∗∗ Ali Fuat ÖRENÇ Introduction Ottoman Army organization had started to deteriorate from the mid-17th century. Military failures made the social and economic problems worse. In this situation, alternative potentials in the empire appeared because of the increasing military needs of the central government and the provincial governors. By the way, general employment of the Albanian warriors who were famous with their courage and strength became possible.1 There were a lot of reasons for employing Albanian warriors with salary while there was Ottoman regular army corps, including janissaries and soldiers from the states. Governing problems, had existed in the states and land system after the defeat in Vienne at 1683, was one of these reasons. Also after the end of the conquering era, the castles and fortresses at the borderlines were built for defense and there were not a necessary number of soldiers in these buildings. This problem was tried to by employing the warriors with long- matchlock-guns from Bosnia, Herzegovina and Albania.2 During the time, the necessity of mercenary increased too much as seen in the example of the Ottoman army which established for pressing the Greek Revolt in 1821, was almost composed of the Albanian soldiers.3 There were historical reasons for choosing Albanian soldiers in the Balkans. A strong feudal-system had existed in the Albanian lands before the Ottoman rule. This social structure, which consisted of the local connections and obedience around the lords, continued by integrating, first, timar (fief) system after the Ottoman conquest in 1385 and then, devshirme system. -
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Ulud. Uniu. Zir. Fak. Derg. , (1986) 5: 19-26 GENERAL ASPECT OF HORTICULTURE IN BURSA Atilla ERİŞ* Vedat ŞEN1Z * * Arif SOYLU*** SUM MARY Bursa has a special place in Turkey from the horticultural point of uiew. Fruit species such as oliue, peach, grcıp e , apple, plum, pear, cherry, walnut, chest niıt, fig, strawberry and quince and almost all summer and w in ter uegetable specieı that haue important additiues to total production of Turkey are grown in this uicinity extensiuely. Vegetable species such as tomato, bean, pepper and pea whiciı especially processedin industry, and o nion are produced much than others. In this study, current aspect of horticulture in Bursa prouince was identi{ied; and its economic dimensions and technical problems were explained. ÖZET bursa 'da Bahçe Bitkileri Tanınının Genel Durumu Bahçe bitkileri yetiştiriciliğ i açısından Bursa 'nın Türkiye 'de özel bir yeri uar dır. Yörede Türkiye toplam üretimine önemli katkıları olan zeytin, şeftali, üzüm, elmd, erik, armut, kiraz, ceuiz, k eıtan e , incir, çilek ue ayua gibi meyue türleri ile he men hemen tüm yazlık ue kışlık sebze türleri çok yaygın olarak yetiştirilmektedir. Sebzelerden bilha11a sanayide çok iş lene n domates, fasulye, biber, bezelye gibi türler ile soğan · diğ erlerinde n daha da fazla üretilmektedir. Bu çalış mada bahçe bitkilerinin Bursa y ö reıind eki m eucut durumu tan ı tıl mış , ekonomik boyutları ue belirlenen sorunları açıklanmı ş tır. INTRODUCTION It is seldom to find regions which are suitable to horticulture at various alti tutes from sea level up to 2.000 m in the world. Bursa has an important place among these regions having about 1.104.301 ha agricultural area according to the recent statistics (Anonymous 1983 c). -
TANZIMAT in the PROVINCE: NATIONALIST SEDITION (FESAT), BANDITRY (EŞKİYA) and LOCAL COUNCILS in the OTTOMAN SOUTHERN BALKANS (1840S to 1860S)
TANZIMAT IN THE PROVINCE: NATIONALIST SEDITION (FESAT), BANDITRY (EŞKİYA) AND LOCAL COUNCILS IN THE OTTOMAN SOUTHERN BALKANS (1840s TO 1860s) Dissertation zur Erlangung der Würde einer Doktorin der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Universität Basel von ANNA VAKALIS aus Thessaloniki, Griechenland Basel, 2019 Buchbinderei Bommer GmbH, Basel Originaldokument gespeichert auf dem Dokumentenserver der Universität Basel edoc.unibas.ch ANNA VAKALIS, ‘TANZIMAT IN THE PROVINCE: NATIONALIST SEDITION (FESAT), BANDITRY (EŞKİYA) AND LOCAL COUNCILS IN THE OTTOMAN SOUTHERN BALKANS (1840s TO 1860s)’ Genehmigt von der Philosophisch-Historischen Fakultät der Universität Basel, auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. Maurus Reinkowski und Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yonca Köksal (Koç University, Istanbul). Basel, den 05/05/2017 Der Dekan Prof. Dr. Thomas Grob 2 ANNA VAKALIS, ‘TANZIMAT IN THE PROVINCE: NATIONALIST SEDITION (FESAT), BANDITRY (EŞKİYA) AND LOCAL COUNCILS IN THE OTTOMAN SOUTHERN BALKANS (1840s TO 1860s)’ TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………..…….…….….7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………………………………...………..………8-9 NOTES ON PLACES……………………………………………………….……..….10 INTRODUCTION -Rethinking the Tanzimat........................................................................................................11-19 -Ottoman Province(s) in the Balkans………………………………..…….………...19-25 -Agency in Ottoman Society................…..............................................................................25-35 CHAPTER 1: THE STATE SETTING THE STAGE: Local Councils -
'A Reign of Terror'
‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam, Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ June 2005 ‘A Reign of Terror’ CUP Rule in Diyarbekir Province, 1913-1923 Uğur Ü. Üngör University of Amsterdam Department of History Master’s thesis ‘Holocaust and Genocide Studies’ Supervisors: Prof. Johannes Houwink ten Cate, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies Dr. Karel Berkhoff, Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies June 2005 2 Contents Preface 4 Introduction 6 1 ‘Turkey for the Turks’, 1913-1914 10 1.1 Crises in the Ottoman Empire 10 1.2 ‘Nationalization’ of the population 17 1.3 Diyarbekir province before World War I 21 1.4 Social relations between the groups 26 2 Persecution of Christian communities, 1915 33 2.1 Mobilization and war 33 2.2 The ‘reign of terror’ begins 39 2.3 ‘Burn, destroy, kill’ 48 2.4 Center and periphery 63 2.5 Widening and narrowing scopes of persecution 73 3 Deportations of Kurds and settlement of Muslims, 1916-1917 78 3.1 Deportations of Kurds, 1916 81 3.2 Settlement of Muslims, 1917 92 3.3 The aftermath of the war, 1918 95 3.4 The Kemalists take control, 1919-1923 101 4 Conclusion 110 Bibliography 116 Appendix 1: DH.ŞFR 64/39 130 Appendix 2: DH.ŞFR 87/40 132 Appendix 3: DH.ŞFR 86/45 134 Appendix 4: Family tree of Y.A. 136 Maps 138 3 Preface A little less than two decades ago, in my childhood, I became fascinated with violence, whether it was children bullying each other in school, fathers beating up their daughters for sneaking out on a date, or the omnipresent racism that I did not understand at the time. -
The Reign of Violence
CHAPTER THIRTEEN THE REIGN OF VIOLENCE The celalis c. I 5 50-I 700 --.... -- Oktay Ozel odern historiography depicts Ottoman history in the late sixteenth and early M seventeenth centuries as a period of crisis, generally associated with the eelali rebellions which occurred primarily in Anatolia and, to a lesser extent, northern Syria. l Discussion of eelali causes has centred largely around sixteenth-century political fiscal and economic-demographic developments. Recently added to the argument has been the agency problem of the predatory state, the nature of the overall transforma tion that the empire and society experienced in parallel with the eelali movements throughout the seventeenth century, and climatic changes. The present essay reassesses the issue in the light of new findings based on recently explored sources. It examines internal demographic, economic and political dynamics and conditions, as well as conjunctural factors in the I 590S which led marginalized groups within rural society, primarily the peasant masses, into a violent reaction in the form of banditry and rebel lion. A reconstruction of the historical context and causes is followed by discussion of the destructive character of [he eelali movements and its consequences in Anatolia, and of the nature of this violence as a phenomenon within Ottoman social history. The central argument of the essay is that the political-level analysis of the eelalis falls far short in understanding both the peculiarities of the historical process which prepared the ground for the eelali movements and [he extent of destructive violence throughout the seventeenth century. Banditry and occasional rebellions continued, transforming rural society, the economy and the ecological environment as well as leaving a legacy of institutionalized violence which became an inherent characteristic oflater Ottoman Anatolian society. -
Music, Image, and Identity: Rebetiko and Greek National Identity
Universiteit van Amsterdam Graduate School for Humanities Music, Image, and Identity: Rebetiko and Greek National Identity Alexia Kallergi Panopoulou Student number: 11655631 MA Thesis in European Studies, Identity and Integration track Name of supervisor: Dr. Krisztina Lajosi-Moore Name of second reader: Prof. dr. Joep Leerssen September 2018 2 Table of Contents Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Theory and Methodology ........................................................................................................ 6 Chapter 2. ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 The history of Rebetiko ......................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Kleftiko songs: Klephts and Armatoloi ............................................................................... 11 2.1.2 The Period of the Klephts Song .......................................................................................... 15 2.2 Rebetiko Songs...................................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Rebetiko periods .................................................................................................................. -
Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire by Emrah Safa Gürkan
Christian Allies of the Ottoman Empire by Emrah Safa Gürkan The relationship between the Ottomans and the Christians did not evolve around continuous hostility and conflict, as is generally assumed. The Ottomans employed Christians extensively, used Western know-how and technology, and en- couraged European merchants to trade in the Levant. On the state level, too, what dictated international diplomacy was not the religious factors, but rather rational strategies that were the results of carefully calculated priorities, for in- stance, several alliances between the Ottomans and the Christian states. All this cooperation blurred the cultural bound- aries and facilitated the flow of people, ideas, technologies and goods from one civilization to another. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction 2. Christians in the Service of the Ottomans 3. Ottoman Alliances with the Christian States 4. Conclusion 5. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Bibliography 3. Notes Citation Introduction Cooperation between the Ottomans and various Christian groups and individuals started as early as the beginning of the 14th century, when the Ottoman state itself emerged. The Ottomans, although a Muslim polity, did not hesitate to cooperate with Christians for practical reasons. Nevertheless, the misreading of the Ghaza (Holy War) literature1 and the consequent romanticization of the Ottomans' struggle in carrying the banner of Islam conceal the true nature of rela- tions between Muslims and Christians. Rather than an inevitable conflict, what prevailed was cooperation in which cul- tural, ethnic, and religious boundaries seemed to disappear. Ÿ1 The Ottomans came into contact and allied themselves with Christians on two levels. Firstly, Christian allies of the Ot- tomans were individuals; the Ottomans employed a number of Christians in their service, mostly, but not always, after they had converted. -
The Changing Nature of the Turkish State Authority for Religious Affairs (ARA) and Turkish Islam in Europe Günter Seufert
Working Paper SWP Working Papers are online publications within the purview of the respective Research Division. Unlike SWP Research Papers and SWP Comments they are not reviewed by the Institute. CENTRE FOR APPLIED TURKEY STUDIES (CATS) | WP NR. 02, JUNE 2020 The changing nature of the Turkish State Authority for Religious Affairs (ARA) and Turkish Islam in Europe Günter Seufert Contents Introduction 4 The umbrella organizations of the Turkish Authority for Religious Affairs in Europe 6 From "partner in integration" to "tool of a foreign power” 7 Definition of terms 9 Historical outline 11 The Authority for Religious Affairs as a product of Turkish secularization: the gradual exclusion of religious discourses and norms from administration and politics 11 The Authority for Religious Affairs as a bone of contention between secular and religious forces 14 Muslim policies beyond traditionalism and Islamism 17 The Authority for Religious Affairs between theological autonomy and political instrumentalization 21 The independence of the Diyanet as a step towards the rehabilitation and empowerment of the Islamic religion in society (and politics?) 21 The independence of the Diyanet as a step towards strengthening the civil character of religion and effectively dealing with worrying currents within national and international Islam 23 The intensified role of the Diyanet in the context of Turkish foreign policy 24 The Diyanet's attitude to subject areas 26 The comments of Diyanet on Fethullah Gülen 26 The Diyanet's Statement on the Ideology of the -
Boccherini and the Prussian Court the Famous Praise of Boccherini By
Filling the void – Boccherini and the Prussian Court The famous praise of Boccherini by the French Violin Master, Jean Baptiste Cartier, says it all: (Quote): Si Dieu voulait parler à l’homme en musique, il le ferait avec les œuvres de Haydn, mais s’Il desirait Lui-même écouter de la musique, Il choisirait Boccherini." “If God wanted to speak to men through music, He would do it with the oeuvres of Haydn, but if He himself wished to listen to music, He would choose Boccherini”. Elegance and lucidity, softness and sensibility are some of the outstanding qualities of Luigi Boccherini´s music. In his time he was one of the most loved composers in Europe, one of a few. His music was held in high esteem in Spain, France, the Netherlands and Belgium as well as in Scandinavia, Austria and in Germany. During the short period of 14 years, from 1783 to 1797, chamber music compositions by Boccherini were played frequently in Berlin and in Potsdam by the prince and heir Friedrich Wilhelm, who was a nephew of the late Friedrich II, “the Great” and a passionate cello player. He became King of Prussia after the death of his predessor on August 17th 1786. Already at the beginning of this year, on the 21st of January, Friedrich Wilhelm had appointed Boccherini to be his “compositore della nuestra camera”. From that time on Boccherini delivered about twelve new works of chamber music every year to the Prussian Court. Boccherini´s service was rewarded by 1000 Prussian crowns (Taler) yearly. From now on Boccherini dedicated all his compositions to the King of Prussia and he always signed his letters with the words “compositor di camera di S.