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Tesis Doctoral LAN KRISIA ETA ENPLEGU POLITIKAK BIGARREN ERREPUBLIKAREN GARAIAN BIZKAIA, GIPUZKOA ETA ARABAKO LURRETAN: HERRI LAN, KOLOKAZIO BULEGO ETA KOMUNIKABIDEEN KASUA The labor crisis and employment policies during the Second Republic in Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa and Araba: The case of public works, colocation offices and communications IÑAKI ETXANIZ TESOURO 2018 ZUZENDARIAK: JOSÉ MARÍA BEASCOECHEA GANGOITI SUSANA SERRANO ABAD (c)2019 IÑAKI ETXANIZ TESOURO Doktoretza tesi hau, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitateak eskainiriko ikertzaileak prestatzeko kontratu bati esker burutu da. Etxekoei, aita, ama, Jon eta amamari 2 3 AURKIBIDEA Esker onak ..................................................................................................................................... 8 1 Sarrera, ikerkuntzaren zergatiak eta hasierako hipotesiak ...................................................... 10 Tesiaren Egitura ............................................................................................................... 13 Helburuak, hasierako hipotesiak eta galdera nagusiak ................................................... 14 2 Gaiaren egoera eta metodologia ............................................................................................. 18 2.1 Gaiaren aurrekariak eta egoera ........................................................................................ 18 2.1.1 Herri lanak, egoeraren azterketa labur bat ................................................................ 18 2.1.2 1929ko Crack-a, aurrekariak eta politika antiziklikoak .............................................. 21 2.1.3 Espainiar Estatuko egoera; Primo de Riveraren Diktaduratik II. Errepublikara: Krisia, zorra eta langabeziaren aurkako neurri eta iritziak ............................................................ 24 2.1.4 Araba Bizkaia eta Gipuzkoako bilakaera XX. mendearen lehen herenean: Krisia eta honen aurrean harturiko erabakiak .................................................................................... 27 Aldaketa Demografikoak ................................................................................................. 27 Politika gizartea eta ekonomia ........................................................................................ 30 Herri lanak ....................................................................................................................... 33 2.1.5 Euzkadiko Gobernua .................................................................................................. 35 2.2 Erabilitako metodologia .................................................................................................... 36 3 Politika antiziklikoen inguruko marko teoriko bat; 1929ko krisia ............................................ 40 3.1 Aurrekariak: Gastu publikoaren bilakaera eta Depresio handia ....................................... 40 3.2 29 Crack-aren ondorioak gainditzeko saiakerak: Roosevelt Presidentearen New Deal-a eta Nazioarteko Lanaren Elkartearen gomendioak ....................................................................... 47 3.2.1 Roosevelt Presidentearen New Deal programa ......................................................... 47 3.2.2 Nazioarteko Lanaren Bulegoaren iritzi eta gomendioak ............................................ 51 4 Espainiar Estatuko egoera; Primo de Riveraren Diktaduratik II. Errepublikara: Krisia, zorra eta langabeziaren aurkako neurri eta iritziak .................................................................................... 66 4.1 Gizartea, politika eta ekonomia: egoeraren testuinguru bat ............................................ 66 4.1.1 XX. mende hasieratik II. Errepublikaren atarira ......................................................... 66 4.1.2 II. Errepublikaren garaia ............................................................................................. 71 Politika eta gizartea ......................................................................................................... 71 Ekonomia, industria eta herri lanak ................................................................................ 73 4.2 Langabeziaren aurkako legislazioa (1931-1936): herri lanen bitartez lan krisiari aurre egiteko neurri eta dekretuak .................................................................................................. 78 4.2.1 Aurrekariak ................................................................................................................. 78 4.2.2 Langabetuen kolokazioaren inguruko lege eta dekretu nagusien azterketa (1931- 1936) ................................................................................................................................... 80 4.2.3 Langabeziaren arazoaren inguruko lege eta dekretu nagusien inguruko analisia (1931- 1936) ................................................................................................................................... 85 4 4.3 Lan krisiari aurre egiteko herri lanen erabilera eta Errepide, kanal eta Portu Ingeniarien ikuspegia: Revista de Obras Públicas-en bitartez .................................................................... 93 4.3.1 Langabezia eta herri lanak ......................................................................................... 97 5. The demographic and economic development in Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa .................. 106 5.1 The importance of approaching demographic study: ..................................................... 106 5.2 Demographic sources ...................................................................................................... 106 5.2.1 The list of inhabitants ............................................................................................... 106 5.2.2 The national population census: .............................................................................. 110 5.2.3 A critical review of the unemployment data in censuses and lists of inhabitants ... 111 5.3 The demographic transition in Araba, Bizkaia and Gipuzkoa ......................................... 113 5.4 The industrialization process in the Basque Country: ..................................................... 131 5.4.1 Chronology of the industrialization process: ........................................................... 132 6 Lan krisia eta enplegu politikak Araba eta Gipuzkoako probintzietan: gerturatze labur bat 138 6.1 Arabako Nekazal probintziaren kasua ............................................................................. 138 Lehen Biurteko Gestora (1931ko apirilaren 24a-1933ko urriaren 16a) ........................ 138 Bigarren Biurteko Komisio Gestora (1933ko urriaren 16a-1936ko otsailaren 24a) ...... 143 Frente Popularreko Gestora (1936ko martxoaren 25a-1936ko uztailaren 18a)........... 149 6.2 Langabeziaren aurkako azpiegituren sustapena eta bestelako neurriak Gipuzkoako lurretan .................................................................................................................................. 152 Lehen Biurteko Komisio Gestora (1931ko apirilaren 22a-1934 otsailaren 8a) ............. 153 Bigarren Biurteko Komisio Gestora (1934ko otsailaren 8a-1936 urtarrilaren 6a) ........ 161 Frente Popularreko Gestora (1936ko urtarrilaren 7a-1936ko uztailaren 18a) ............. 164 7 Langabezia Krisia Bizkaiako Lurralde Historikoan: Kolokazio Bulegoak eta herri lanak, Diputaziotik Euzkadiko Gobernuaren gestiora .......................................................................... 168 7.1. Lan falta eta krisi ekonomikoa Bizkaian, Bigarren Errepublikaren etorreratik Euzkadiko Gobernuaren sorrerara ......................................................................................................... 168 7.1.1 Bizkaiko Ekonomiaren egoera eta Komisio Gestoren papera .................................. 168 Lehen Biurteko Komisio Gestore Errepublikar Sozialista (1931ko maiatza, 1933ko azaroa): .......................................................................................................................... 171 Bigarren Biurteko Komisio Gestora (1933ko urria, 1936ko martxoa): .......................... 186 Frente Popularreko Komisio Gestora (1936ko martxoaren 15a-1937ko ekainaren 11a): ....................................................................................................................................... 196 7.2 Lan Poltsen eta kolokazio bulegoen bilakaera ................................................................ 201 7.2.1 Sorreratik Gerra Zibili lehertu ondorengo momentura ........................................... 201 7.2.2 Kolokazioa Bulegoa gerra egoera batean: Euzkadiko Gobernuaren enplegu politika ........................................................................................................................................... 213 8 The public works, unemployment and communications policy of the Government of Euzkadi ................................................................................................................................................... 218 5 8.1 Introduction: The beginning of the Civil War, the Committee of Non-Intervention and the isolation of Euzkadi ............................................................................................................... 218 8.2 Adapting to a war situation: territory, policy, unemployment and public works ........... 219 8.3 Transportation and the Government of Euzkadi: Air Pyrénées, a special case .............. 232 8.3.1 The first months ......................................................................................................
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