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1919-1991: How successful was the Government in dealing with Germany`s problems between 1919 and 1933?

Timeline / Chronology Key events Key Vocabulary 1918 End of First World War / W.R. set up Treaty of Versailles November Criminals  War Guilt 1919 Spartacists Revolt (January) The politicians of the who  Reparations of £6600 signed the Armistice. Treaty of Versailles (June)  Land (territorial) losses The Weimar Republic 1920 Kapp Putsch  Loss of military Germany‘s new government 1918-1933

1923 Munich Putsch / Invasion of the Munich Putsch Proportional Representation Stresemann becomes Chancellor In 1923 the Nazis seized power in Munich. W.R.‘s voting system. Each party received The SA burst in on a meeting of the Bavarian seats in direct proportion to the number of 1924 Stresemann resigns as Chancellor and government and Hitler declared himself lead- people who voted for that party. becomes Foreign Minister er. The next day Hitler was arrested by armed police and put on trial for treason. Coalition Government 1925 Locarno Pact Invasion of the Ruhr Multiple political parties rule instead of one The Germans stopped reparation payments party. 1926 Germany was allowed to join the League and in January 1923 France reacted by occu- of Nations pying the Ruhr Valley, a rich industrial area. Spartacists The German government ordered the work- An extreme left wing political group who op- 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact signed with 60 other ers out on strike. To pay them, more money posed the WR and revolted in in Jan- countries. All countries declared that was printed. The effect was dramatic as mon- uary 1919 countries would not go to war against ey became worthless in a period of hyperin- each other. flation. Article 48 1929 Germany out-paced Britain and France in in- The Golden Years Used in times of emergency, the President dustrial production could spend democracy and rule by decree. Stresemann introduced Rentenmark / Con- street Crash trolled inflation / Reduced / Freikorps Restarted reparations / Negotiated Dawes / Soldiers returning from war recruited by the Young Plan WR. They were violent thugs who put down Key ideas revolts using violence. Key Quotes Reichstag  Men & women over 20 could vote ―The economic position is only flourishing on The name of the German Parliament build-  The Chancellor was appointed by the Presi- the surface. Germany is in fact dancing on a ing and the name of the German Parlia- dent volcano. If the short-term credits are called in, ment.. a large section of our economy would col-  The President was elected by the people. He lapse.‖ Gustav Stresemann Kapp Putsch had control of the Armed Forces and could Wolfgang Kapp was a right wing extremist dismiss Parliament. Key People who called for a general strike of workers in the gas, water, electrical and transport in- Stabbed in the back Gustav Stresemann / dustries. Rosa Luxemburg / Karl Liebknecht The German people felt like they had been Hyperinflation stabbed in the back when the Weimar Republic Wolfgang Kapp agreed to the surrender of WW1 / Treaty of Ver- When the prices of goods and services rise sailles. more than 50 percent a month. Germany 1919-1991: How did the Nazis take total control of Germany by 1934? 1. Rise to Power

Timeline / Chronology Key ideas Key Vocabulary The Mein Kampf 1921 Hitler became leader of the Nazi Party 1924 March—The Nazis only gained 32 Originally called the German Workers Party, the Hitler‘s book (My Struggle) which out- seats in the election. Nazis were a far right group with an emphasis on lined many of his ideas. It was written discipline and loyalty to the leader. The Nazis want- when Hitler was in prison when Hitler December—They only had 12 seats ed to show they believed in strong family values. realised he would have to take power by the ballot and not the bullet.

1929 Wall Street Crash Stormtroopers / SA Twenty Five Point Programme 1930 The Nazis had 107 seats A brown-shirted paramilitary organisation made up Nazi programme of ideas including hav- of ex-soldiers and members of the Freikorps. They ing a Germany filled with people only intimidated opponents of the Nazis especially the 1932 Hitler challenged Hindenburg for Presi- Communists. with German blood and the union of all dency. And lost by 5 million. Hitler’s appeal Germans in a Greater Germany. Nazis won 230 seats in the election He promised the working class and farmers aid. He Gauleiter promised to protect German businesses from the evils of communism. He promised women an im- Party Leader in charge of an area in 1933 January—Hitler became Chancellor of portant role in portraying family values. Germany. Germany

Key Quotes Key events ―If you tell a big enough lie and tell it frequently Wall Street Crash / Depression enough, it will be believed.‖ The USA called in their loans, German businesses went bankrupt and unemployment peaked at 6 million. The Depression led to the collapse of democracy. Article 48 was trig- Key People gered in 1929 as the government were unstable and no good. With no jobs or food support Adolf Hitler for the Nazis and Communists grew. Josef Goebbels Hitler became Chancellor President Hindenburg In the Reichstag elections of 1932 Hitler and the Nazis gained 230 seats and became the Franz von Papen biggest party in the Reichstag. Hindenburg disliked Hitler but agreed to make him Chancellor Ernst Rohm in a deal only if Franz von Papen was Vice Chancellor.

Germany 1919-1991: How did the Nazis take total control of Germany by 1934? 2. Consolidation of Power 1933-1934

Key events Timeline / Chronology Key Vocabulary

Feb 33 Reichstag Fire Reichstag Fire Gestapo Feb 33 Emergency Decree ‗ Decree Secret Police force set up by Herman Goring. Hitler blamed the Communists for the for the Protection of the Peo- They dealt ruthlessly with any opposition. burning down. Dutch Communist Marinus Van der Lubbe ple and the State.‖ was found at the scene and was forced to confess. Hitler SS / Protection Squad 5 March March elections argued that the fire was the signal for a Communist upris- The main security force under the leadership 33 ing and got Hindenburg to use Article 48. of Heinrich Himmler. March Enabling Act Rallies 33 March Germany becomes a One March elections Mass gatherings of Nazis to pledge and show their support to Hitler. 33 Party state Won by the Nazis but they failed to gain a majority. Decree for the Protection of the People The Enabling Act July Night of the Long Knives and the State 1934 This allowed the Nazi government to introduce its own An emergency decree made using Article 48. The police could arrest and imprison anyone August 34 President Hindenburg died laws without consulting the Reichstag. Hitler becomes Fuhrer without a trial. Left wing newspapers were Night of the Long Knives Army swears oath of loyalty to banned and political meetings were restrict- Hitler Hitler wanted to get rid of Ernst Rohm who wanted the SA ed. to become even more important in the Nazi state. Howev- Key ideas Key Quotes er to Hitler, the SA had served it‘s purpose and he wanted Propaganda the army to trust him. In June 1934 the SS rounded up ―A lie told once remains a lie but a lie ‗suspected traitors‘ to the Nazis. Several hundreds includ- This was used to indoctrinate the Ger- told a thousand times becomes the ing Rohm were killed in the Night of the Long Knives. man people by controlling radio sta- truth‖ Josef Goebbels tions, the film industry and other media. The Police State Key People Hitler becomes Fuhrer The SS carried out terror campaigns Herman Goring After Hindenburg died and the army swore an oath of loy- and the Gestapo could arrest people Heinrich Himmler alty to Hitler made himself Fuhrer of Germany. without evidence. Josef Goebbels Germany 1919-1991: How were the lives of the German people affected by Nazi rule between 1933 and 1939?

Timeline / Chronology Key ideas Key Vocabulary 1933 Trade Unions were abolished National Labour Service Brot und Arbeit (Bread and Work) Boycott of Jewish shops Provided jobs for men between 18 and 25 The Nazis reduced unemployment by setting up the on public work schemes. 1935 Jews banned from public places National Labour Service , introducing rearmament and Motherhood Cross Nuremburg Laws construction. Women and Jews were made to leave their jobs and did not appear on the unemployment Given to women who had 4, 6 and 8 chil- 1936 Compulsory to join figures. dren. 1938 The German Labour Front (DAF) Strength Through Joy DAF took the place of trade unions—it increased pro- Key Quotes Organised cheap leisure activities as re- duction because strikes were forbidden. It controlled wards for workers. E.G. holidays and thea- ―He alone, who owns the youth, gains the workers, they could not negotiate better wages or leave their jobs without the permission of the Labour tre tickets future.‖ Adolf Hitler Front. The DAF also set up ‗Beauty of Labour‘ and Beauty of Labour Strength Through Joy‘ which helped to persuade ―The Fuhrer is always right. I sense it.‖ Robert workers that life was better under the Nazis. Promoted better working conditions at the Ley Women workplace e.g. fixing health and safety con- cerns, providing hot meals. Key events They were seen as incapable of logical thought which is why women were banned from being judges. They Hitler Youth The Law for the Encouragement of Mar- were told how to dress and how to act. Women were riage 1933 ordered to leave the workplace and were banned from Encouraged boys to become the ideal Na- being doctors, lecturers and teachers. zis. Life was exciting in the Hitler Youth, it Newly married couples qualified for a 1000 Youth was also disciplined with severe and physi- mark loan which would be reduced by 25% for The Nazis wanted to indoctrinate the young and train cal training. Boys were trained to march 50 each child born. Birth control was banned and them to be loyal. Children were encouraged to tell on miles on minimal rations. There were oppo- infertile couples were forced to divorce. non Nazi teachers, Lessons began and ended with a sition to the Hitler Youth from the Edelweiss Kristallnacht . The Nazi curriculum changed and was Pirates and the Swing Kids. different for boys and girls. Important subjects were Hitler ordered the SA to unleash a campaign History, Biology, Eugenics and P.E. Key People Jews of terror against the Jews. In November 1938 Adolf Hitler Synagogues were burned down and 8000 Hitler persecuted Jews because he blamed them for Robert Ley Germany‘s problems. When he first took control in shops and homes were looted. Over 100 Jews 1933 the Nazis passed laws restricting Jews from tak- were killed and 30,000 were arrested and sent ing jobs and being in public places. In addition Jews Gurtrud Scholz-Klink to concentration camps. were forbidden to marry no Jews. Germany 1919-1991: Why did life change for the German people during the Second World War? 1. War

Timeline / Chronology Key ideas Key Vocabulary 1939 War began Women Total War 1941 Final Solution Although the Nazis believed women were needed in the Everyone and every available object is home they also needed to recruit them into industry to used for war. Jan 1943 Women were obliged to start war take the jobs that male soldiers had left behind. By Janu- work Autarky Feb 1943 Defeat at Stalingrad / Total War ary 1943 women were obliged to do war work. Propaganda Hitler‘s policy to make Germany self- sufficient in food and supplies so that May Germany surrendered and war Propaganda was crucial during war to maintain morale there would be no shortages in the war. 1945 ended and ensure support for the war. In the early years, propa- ganda portrayed the Germans as smashing the Allies to Key People pieces. Later on propaganda was used to spread the Key Quotes Adolf Hitler / Joseph Goebbels ―Do you want total war?‖ Joseph Goebbels message of ‗Total War‘ and was used to keep German support. Martin Niemoller / Dieter Bonhoeffer

Key events Victorious Homefront Early Nazi victories from 1939-1941 meant that the Opposition during the War Germans faced opposition from young peo- Homefront was flooded with raw materials, land, slave workers and life con- ple, religious groups and the military. Youth groups such as the Edel- tinued as if there was no war. There were no food shortages thanks to ra- weiss Pirated refused to conform, Religious people such as Martin Nie- tioning and Hitler‘s Autarky policy. The Hitler Youth recycled clothes, metal moller set up break away churches and the military tried to assassinate and books within communities. Germans were more healthy than before the Hitler with the July 1944 bomb b plot. Overall opposition to the Nazis war! failed to stop Hitler. Total War Germany started to lose the war after defeats in Russia in 1942. After Kristallnacht the Nazis started sending Jews to ghettos The population was told to prepare for total war and that sacrifices would and then onto concentration camps. In 1941 the Nazis sent out have to be made. Goebbels stepped up his propaganda campaign and Einsatzgruppen to shoot Jews dead in Russia. In 1942 at the asked for sacrifices. German factories were forced to work longer hours Conference the Nazis set out the details for the Final Solution to extermi- and food rations were cut. Women were increasingly drafted into factories nate all Jews in death camps. They decided on gassing Jews in camps to keep up production. such as Auschwitz and Treblinka. The Holocaust saw 6 million Jews had Bombing raids on German cities after 1942 meant civilians were also tar- been shot, gassed or worked to death. geted. Round the clock bombing reduced cities and boats to ruins. Germany 1919-1991: Why did life change for the German people during the Second World War? 2. 1945-1949

Key ideas Timeline / Chronology Key Vocabulary Marshall Aid Feb 1945 Yalta Conference This policy was created to remove all traces of the Nazi re- This was the money lent by the USA May 1945 End of Second World War gime from German society, culture, press, economy, judici- to Eastern European countries as ar and politics. Suspected Nazis were investigated and all part of the Marshall plan. Conference traces of were removed . Capitalism Truman Doctrine Nov 1945 The trials A political system under which busi- - Oct 1946 President Truman was determined to do all he could to eradicate communism. The Truman Doctrine stated that it nesses are owned privately and peo- 1947 The Truman Doctrine would halt the spread of communism especially in Eastern ple are able to make a profit. Europe. This was followed up by Marshall Aid to fund the doctrine. 1949 Two separate Germanys were formed Key events Yalta Britain, Russia and the USA met before war ended to decide how to deal with Germany. Key Quotes They agreed that once war was over Germany would be split into 4 zones and Berlin would be split into 4 zones. Nazi war criminals would be hunted down and tried for war crimes and countries ――We have to get tough with the Rus- liberated after Nazi occupation would choose their own governments. sians. They don‘t know how to behave. They are like bulls in a china shop. They are only 25 years old. We are over 100 Potsdam This took place two months after war ended and most of Yalta‘s decisions were put into and the British are centuries older. We place. Germany and Berlin were split into 4 zones. Germany was demilitarised. Democracy was have got to teach them how to behave.‖ re-established in Germany and Germany had to pay reparations. The Nazi Party were banned, President Truman leading Nazis were put on trial at Nuremberg and Germany was de-nazified.

Nuremberg Trials Leading members of Nazis were put on trial for war crimes. 200 Nazis were tried and 142 were found guilty. 24 received death sentences and 20 were given lifetime imprison- Key People President Truman ment. 98 were given prison sentences 4 committed suicide during the trials. Baldur von Schirach President Roosevelt (Hitler Youth) was given 20 years, Himmler committed suicide after capture and Robert Ley (DAF) Joseph Stalin committed suicide whilst awaiting trial. Winston Churchill Germany 1919-1991: Why were conditions in West and different after 1949?

Timeline / Chronology Key Vocabulary Key events 1949 West and East Germany were FDR / Federal Republic of Germany FDR Constitution Military occupation was removed formed from West Germany but not . The new 1949 was Chancel- capital was where the Federal Parliament Länder would meet. The President was elected for five years –63 lor of Germany Provinces / areas of West Germany and could only stand once. The President did NOT 1950s Adenauer‘s economic miracle Economic miracle control the armed forces and had no powers to de- clare a state emergency or appoint or dismiss chan- 1952 Wealthy Germans had to pay Boom and expansion in West German in- cellors. The key political figure was the chancellor 50% tax dustry helped by Adenauer‘s policies. who was elected by the . 1953 France, Belgium, Italy, Luxem- Baader-Meinhof gang Adenauer’s economic miracle Factories were re- burg, the Netherlands and West West German far right extremist group built with the latest technology so could produce top Germany formed the ECSC Treaty of Rome of the range goods quickly. Ludwig Erhard encour- 1953 Treaty of Rome This treaty established the EEC between aged economic development, West Germany re- France, Belgium, Italy, Luxemburg, the ceived $1300 million of Marshall Aid. The Korean 1960s Decline in industrial output and Netherlands and West Germany. War gave the economy a massive boost making a rise in unemployment ECSC / European Coal and Steel Commu- weapons and trade unions discouraged strikes which nity helped produce more and thus stabilise the econo- Key ideas Bring together Coal and Iron Ore (needed to my. The Deutschmark currency was introduced and make steel) between countries without pay- new social welfare was introduced for the unem- ing customs duties. Adenauer’s aims ployed, old, young and sick. 1. Repair the physical damage done EEC / European Economic Community to Germany The aim of the EEC was to remove trade Righting the wrongs Adenauer tried to bring in his 2. Transform Germany into a respect- barriers between European countries. ed nation moral rebirth. German Jews were paid reparations to rebuild their lives and Adenauer vowed that Germa- 3. Instil a moral rebirth after the brutal- ity of Key Quotes ny should never forget the atrocities. ―We all live under the same sky, but we Unrest in the 1970s Neo-Nazi parties experienced Luxurious life? don't all have the same horizon.‖ Konrad some victories in local government elections. The During Adenauer‘s economic miracle, Adenauer West Germans had money to spend. De- National Democratic Party was anti-American, anti- mand was high for Leica cameras, VW and Mercedes-Benz cars. Unemploy- Russian and hostile to foreign immigrant workers. ment dropped from 9% to 0.4% and for- Key People eign workers were brought in to help re- Students also protested in the 1970s against the Vi- build the economy. Konrad Adenauer etnam War and the Baader Meinhof gang were as- Ludwig Erhard sociated with terrorism. In the mid 1970s unemploy- ment rose to 1 million as did inflation and strikes. Germany 1919-1991: Why were conditions in West and East Germany different after 1949?

Timeline / Chronology Key events Key Vocabulary GDR / German Democratic Republic 1949 West and East Germany were GDR rule East Germany formed The GDR was controlled by Russia. Communists were Brain drain became General appointed to local offices and a Soviet style system was introduced. Banks, factories and farms were reorgan- 3.5 million skilled workers in the East Secretary ised. People who opposed the communists were arrest- leaving to go to the West for better pay 1961 built ed and imprisoned. Walter Ulbricht became the first and a better life. General Secretary. The Unity Party was the only party 1971 took over from allowed . was the capital of East Germany. Stasi Walter Ulbricht as General Industrial Problems in East Germany East German secret police Secretary East Germany only had 30% of the industrial capacity 1972 The state was the sole employer that west Germany did and was very short of raw materi- The countries in Eastern Europe who als. Skilled workers from the East left to go and find bet- were communist and controlled by the ter paid work in the West. This was known as the ‗brain USSR. drain‘, Unlike West Germany, East Germany still had to Key Quotes pay reparations to Russia. Poor wages led to strikes and unrest—in response the government put down strikes ―Nobody intends to put up a wall!‖ violently and increased work quotas. East Germany did Key ideas Walter Ulbricht, Leader of the GDR, June experience social and economic development during this 15, 1961 – 2 months before the Berlin Wall period but it was always repressed by Russia and the Berlin Wall Unity party. was erected. This was put up to stop the brain ―The penalties for being an accessory to Living in the GDR drain in East Germany. It cut families the attempt to flee the [GDR] were greater Life was difficult due to poor pay and increased working and friends off from each other. Any- than the crime of trying to flee itself.‖ quotas. Border guards and machine-gun posts made body who tried to escape was shot. Anna Funder escaping to the West almost impossible. The Unity Party put sown any social unrest and people who tried to cross Consumer Socialism Key People over into West Berlin were shot. East Germans could By 1970 unemployment had drasti- only visit other communist countries and many were cally reduced in East Germany and Walter Ulbrecht completely cut off from their friends and relations who the GDR was the most prosperous Josef Satlin were in West Germany. country in the whole Eastern bloc. Germany 1919-1991: How did relations between the two Germanies change between 1949 and 1991?

Timeline / Chronology Key events Key Vocabulary and Berlin Airlift Bizonia 1947 Truman Doctrine Stalin felt threatened by the formation of Bizonia and Britain and USA joined their zones in Ger- then Trizonia and the introduction of the new curren- many together. 1948 Trizonia was formed cy. He was concerned about the threat to Soviet New currency for Germany controlled Berlin by a prosperous West Germany. Marshall Aid given out On 24th June 1948 Soviet troops cut off all road, rail Trizonia and canal links between East and West Berlin. Sta- France joined Britain and France‘s joined 1948-49 Berlin Blockade and Airlift lin wanted to starve the West Berliners into submis- zones sion. America considered using their military but Formation of NATO 1955 wanted to avoid war so instead decided to airlift pro- NATO Berlin Wall built visions to those in West Germany. By September 1961 1948 an aircraft landed every three minutes and North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was formed by 12 Western powers in 1955. 1969 begins Stalin was powerless to stop them as shooting them Each country promised to come to the aid of down would be deemed an act of war. During the the other countries if one was attacked. airlift over 27,000 air trips were made to drop in over NATO was formed out of fear that the Sovi- 2 million tonnes of supplies. ets would use their recently acquired atomic Key Quotes Stalin eventually conceded and lifted the blockade in bomb. May 1949. The Blockade had worsened relations Key ideas ―It often takes more courage to change between east and West and there was no prospect one's opinion than to keep it. ― of reuniting East and West. It led to the creation of Reducing Inflation the two Germanies FDR and GDR. To try and reduce inflation the Western

―Berlin is the testicles of the West, every Allies introduced a new currency in Berlin Wall time I want the West to scream, I squeeze June 1948. The Berlin Wall was built by East Germany in re- on Berlin.‖ Ostpolitik sponse to what they saw as a threat from the West. Nikita Khrushchev, 1962. West Germany was thriving and prosperous and mil- Willy Brandt introduced Ostpolitik in lions of East Germans were leaving to go there. On 1969 as he was convinced that East Key People 13th a wall was built to divide East and and West could be reconciled. Ostpoli- West Berlin. The Wall separated family and friends Walter Ulbricht tik was the opening of relations with the and meant it was almost impossible for East Berlin- eastern bloc and got the two countries Nikita Khrushchev ers to leave for the West. In the first year, 41 Berlin- talking to each other again. ers were shot trying to cross. Willy Brandt

Germany 1919-1991: What factors led to the reunification of Germany in 1990?

Timeline / Chronology Key events Key Vocabulary Basic Treaty United Nations (UN) 1969 Ostpolitik began Both Germanies signed this treaty in 1972 in which they International peace keeping organ- 1972 Basic Treaty agreed to develop good understanding as normal neigh- bours and to respect each other‘s own independence. This isation 1973 East and West Germany were represented a thaw in the and both countries allowed to join the UN were allowed to join the United Nations. Travel within Ber- 1985 Gorbachev became leader of the lin became easier and communications were improved as General Secretary of Communist well as trade tripled. USSR Party in USSR in 1985 Role of Gorbachev May 89 Hungary removed borders to Austria His policies of Perestroika and Glasnost helped to relax tension within Europe. Next he informed the leaders of Key ideas Nov 89 East Germany open it‘s borders East Germany that the Red Army would no longer be able and allowed free travel to defend them to crush opposition. He also made nuclear Perestroika and Glasnost disarmament deals with the USA which again helped thaw Gorbachev‘s policy of econom- Berlin Wall came down relations. ic restructuring and openness July 90 East and West German econo- The Collapse of Communism which relaxed tensions be- mies were merged People started to demonstrate against the communist re- tween East and West. Oct 90 Germany was reunified gimes. In 1989 Hungary removed it‘s barriers to Austria al- lowing East Germans to leave and go to West Germany. He was significant in the reunifi- With four months over 50,000 East Germans had left for cation. He got on good terms West Germany forcing East Germany into action. In No- with Gorbachev and came up Key Quotes vember 1989 the East German government announced it with a 10 point plan for reunifi- would open it‘s borders and allow free travel which lead to cation to ensure a stable future ―We were united not only by political respect East Germans marching to the Berlin Wall the day after economy. It was Kohl who pro- for each other, but also by deep mutual sym- and knocking it down. posed monetary union by merg- Reunification of Germany ing the currencies into the pathy as people.‖ Helmut Kohl deutschmark. Germany reunified in October 1990. Before then their two ―Mr Gorbachev, tear down this Wall!‖ Ronald economies had merged and Berlin became the capital of Key People Germany. The first elections took place in December and Reagan US President about the Berlin Wall Helmut Kohl won a substantial victory and became the first Helmut Kohl leader of the unified Germany. Mikhail Gorbachev