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Home , Dawes Plan, Economy of East Germany, Gustav Stresemann, West Berlin

45 min exam

5 questions

1) Describe the … (5 marks)

Germany 2) How far did …change in between …? (6)

3) Arrange the …in order of their significance in … 1919- Germany after the ... Explain your choices. (9)

4) Explain why …different for 1991 … after ... (8) 5) How important was …in Hitler`s …between …? (12)

1 Pages 3- 11

Pages 13- 20 Pages 21- 28 Pages 29- 37

Pages 38- 46 Pages 47- 54 Pages 55- 62

2 KEYWORDS

Reparations which Germany Key Qu- 1 had to pay the Allies from How successful were the 1921 Organisation to keep the government in peace in the world The new democratic dealing with Germany’s government of Germany problems between 1919- Spartacist Uprising Communist revolt against 1933? the Weimar government Right-wing revolt against the Weimar government You need to know about: Ex-servicemen from WW1 • Impact of WW1 p4 • Terms of the p4 1923 • The p5 Foreign minister 1923-29 • Opposition to the Republic p6 1924- $800m gold marks • Economic/political/ foreign reform lent to Germany under Stresemann p7-8 Hyperinflation When the prices of goods rise significantly above wages

3 KEY QUESTION 1- How successful were the Weimar government in dealing with Germany’s problems between 1919-1933? Impact of WW1 on Treaty of Versailles (28 June 1919) War Guilt clause 231: Germany accepted blame for ‘causing all the loss Germany and damage’ of the war. • Naval mutiny at Kiel and violent protests over Army: 100,000/no submarines/no aeroplanes/6 battleships/No military Germany led to Kaiser’s abdication. allowed in Rhineland • The Kaiser’s government had collapsed. Republic now Reparations: £6,600 million – in yearly payments as compensation, set up. extended by the 1929 • Over 2 million Germans had died. Germany lost land- Alsace-Lorraine to /Saar to • Germany was close to bankruptcy. France (15 years)/West Prussia and to Poland/Danzig a ‘free • Serious food . city’/German colonies became ‘mandates’ of the League of Nations. • Serious political divisions League of Nations set up. between left and right Extra points- forbidden to unite with Austria. Estonia/Latvia and Lithuania to be independent states.

Political impact of Treaty of Versailles • New republic blamed for signing the humiliating ‘Treaty’. Couldn’t shake off ‘stab in the back’ propaganda from right-wing groups. • Germans felt bitter resentment to new republic. Army leaders blamed the government ‘November Criminals’ for signing armistice.

Economic impact of the Treaty of Versailles • Huge debt after the war. Lost industrial areas after the Treaty so struggled A German cartoon published in 1919. The German mother is saying to her to pay reparations. starving child: ‘When we have paid one • Government preferred to borrow money instead of raising taxes so printed hundred billion marks then I can give you something to eat.’ more money. Led to currency declining in value but prices of good going up. • 1923- Germany missed a reparations payment- crisis and 4 hyperinflation. KEY QUESTION 1- How successful were the Weimar government in dealing with Germany’s problems between 1919-1933?

What was the Weimar republic?

Article 48 President Elect can rule every 7 without years Parliament

All men and women over 20 could vote

Proportional Representation or ‘One person one vote’ meant that all Germans could vote in elections for their leaders. The country was so divided that this led to many small parties getting support, some had to try and work together in a coalition government to run the country– this led to arguments and slow decisions. 5 KEY QUESTION 1- How successful were the Weimar government in dealing with Germany’s problems between 1919-1933?

OPPOSITION TO THE WEIMAR GOVERNMENT 3 political ideas affected Germany after 1918 SPARTACIST UPRISING 1919

COMMUNISM DEMOCRACY NATIONALISM •In Jan 1919, 50,000 Spartacists rebelled in , led by the Communists and Karl Liebknecht and tried to set up a Soviet form of government. Nationalists believed believed •The rebellion was put down quickly by the that Germany needed that: workers should a strong leader to army and the Freikorps in bitter street fighting control businesses return Germany to and government using and both sides suffered losses. the powerful position violence and • Uprising badly planned. Leaders captured it had before world revolution if and shot. War One. necessary. Communist groups had different They hated names in different Democracy and the MUNICH PUTSCH 1923 countries in Russia, Weimar Republic, they • Hitler and 600 stormtroopers burst into a meeting by they were called believed it made Bolsheviks. Germany weak. Kahr (leader of ). Waving a gun at them, Hitler forced them to agree to rebel - and then let them go home. • SA took over the army headquarters and the offices KAPP PUTSCH 1920 of the local newspaper. • 12,000 Freikorps (ex-army) led by • Next day, 9 , Hitler and his 3,000 Wolfgang Kapp marched on Berlin troops went into Munich, however, Kahr had called in because the government ordered the police and army reinforcements. break up of the Freikorps. • There was a short scuffle in which the police killed 16 • Weimar government fled but the putsch Nazis. did not have support. Berlin workers went • Hitler fled, but was arrested two days later. Sent to on strike. After 4 days the government prison for 5 years but served 9 months. Trial was a6 returned. platform for his ideas to the public. KEY QUESTION 1- How successful were the Weimar government in dealing with Germany’s problems between 1919-1933? CONTENT- economic/political/foreign reform under Stresemann

How successful was STRESEMANN in the in leading Germany to recovery? The economy- SUCCESSES • Called off passive resistance in Ruhr • Called in worthless marks and burnt them. new currency called the Rentenmark • Negotiated to receive American loans under the Dawes Plan, 800 million marks • Renegotiated reparations payments • By 1927 German industry seemed to have recovered well • 1928 achieved the same levels of production as before the war and became the worlds second greatest industrial power Gustav Stresemann • Wages rose. Higher standards of living Chancellor 1923 • Reparations were being paid Foreign minister 1924-29 • Exports were on the increase • Government was even able to increase welfare benefits and wages for state employees

Foreign Policy -Successes • Stresemann’s greatest achievements were Politics- SUCCESSES in foreign policy • 1925 he signed the , • Became more stable guaranteeing not to change Germany’s • No attempted revolutions after 1923 western borders with France and • Parties that supported the Republic did • 1926 Germany was accepted into the LON well at elections • Stresemann began to work quietly on reversing the term of the Treaty 7 KEY QUESTION 1- How successful were the Weimar government in dealing with Germany’s problems between 1919- CONTENT1933? - economic/political/foreign reform under Stresemann How successful was STRESEMANN in the 1920s in leading Germany to recovery? You need to The economy- FAILURES • The boom was precarious, if US loans were recalled it make sure you would cause ruin • began to rise understand what • Peasant farmers were over producing • Many small businesses became disillusioned Stresemann • Small shopkeepers saw their businesses threatened by large department stores achieved but also problems Politics- FAILURES • Both the Nazis and Communists were building up their which still party organisations • During these stable years there were still four existed Chancellors and it was only the influence of party leaders which held party coalitions together • Worryingly 30% of the vote went to parties opposed Foreign Policy -FAILURES to the Republic • Nationalists attacked Stresemann for • Right wing parties were quiet rather than destroyed signing Locarno, seeing it as an acceptance • Parties like the Nazis made themselves more of the Treaty respectable • Communists also attacked Locarno seeing it • Hindenburg was elected as President in 1926, he as a plot against the Communist opposed democracy and even wrote to the Kaiser in government in the USSR. exile for approval before taking up the post! 8 KEY QUESTION 1- How successful were the Weimar government in dealing with Germany’s problems between 1919-1933?

Invasion of the Ruhr The Ruhr NEED TO PAY 1922 / 23 REPARATIONS France invaded the industrial area of the Germany called the Ruhr in + retaliation for the inability of Germany to pay the reparations in 1922 as they had missed a payment. NO MONEY TO

They would seize the money in terms of goods, resources and machinery instead. PAY WITH = The Weimar Government ordered passive resistance and the German workers went on strike. This meant that the French could not gain any raw PRINT MONEY materials as payment for the reparations but also that the Germans lost a huge amount of their profits as the area did not make a goods to sell. MONEY LOSES VALUE The French killed over 100 passive resistors and expelled 100,000 protestors out of the Ruhr region. = HYPERINFLATION Hyperinflation 1919 - 23 The sudden flood of paper money into the economy combined with a weak economy ruined by the Ruhr Crisis war resulted in hyperinflation Prices ran out of control - eg a loaf of bread, which cost 250 marks in January 1923 had risen made to 200,000 million marks in November 1923. German's currency became worthless. Some people used money as fuel. People collected their wages in suitcases. Hyperinflation Pensioners on fixed incomes and people with savings were the most badly hit. One woman sold her house with the intention of using the money to live on. A few weeks later, the money wasn't even enough to buy a loaf of bread. But remember: worse Some people made fortunes during the crisis. One man borrowed money to buy a herd of There was a need to give striking cattle, but soon after paid back his loan by selling one cow. workers some money to live on The There was a thriving black market during this period for products in foreign currencies such as Weimar Government printed9 US Dollars which were not affected by inflation. money which made inflation worse.9 KEY QUESTION 1- How successful were the Weimar government in dealing with Germany’s problems between 1919-1933?

Key words/phrases What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Weimar Spartacist Uprising 1919 Weimar – name given to the new gov’t constitution? 1. Who led the revolt? formed in 1918 Strengths Weaknesses Constitution - 2. How was it stopped? Reichstag – Chancellor – Ebert – Coalition -

Kapp Putsch 1920 Describe how the First World war changed Germany 1. Who led the revolt? What was Article 48? 2. How was it stopped?

3. What does this suggest about support for the Weimar gov’t?

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles Munich (Beer Hall) Putsch 1923 W 1. When did the Putsch take place?

Munich (Beer Hall) Putsch 1923 A 2. Where? How far was the Putsch a success or failure for the Nazis? Success Failure R 3. What happened? G

L

E KEY QUESTION 1- How successful were the Weimar government in dealing with Germany’s problems between 1919-1933?

Key words/phrases 1. What did Stresemann do to solve Hyperinflation? Ruhr - Hyperinflation 1923 Passive resistance – List 3 key aspects of hyperinflation Hyperinflation - • 2. How did he sort out the situation in the Ruhr? Stresemann – • Rentenmark – • Foreign policy - 3. What did he do about the Reparations payments? How much did a loaf of bread cost in Nov 1923?

Describe the Ruhr Crisis Who was most badly hit by hyperinflation 4. How successful was Stresemann? and why?

Who benefitted during hyperinflation?

Stresemann and Foreign Policy List the key features of the Locarno Treaty

Who became President in 1925? When was Germany accepted into League of Nations?

What two political roles were held by Who disliked Stresemann's policies? Stresemann? Why? • List 3 improvements in the economy as a • result of Stresemann’s policies KEYWORDS

FRG Federal Republic of Key Qu- 2 Germany (West) GDR German Democratic The Rise of the Nazi Party republic (East) 1948- when Stalin cut off and the consolidation of all transport routes to and from Berlin except power 1933-34. How did the air NATO North Atlantic Treaty the Nazis take control of Organisation set up 1949 (western countries) to power by 1934? protect each other if attacked Set up 1955 to protect You need to know about: eastern countries if attacked • Reasons for Nazi support p13 Chancellor West • Hitler as Chancellor p14 Germany 1969. came up with • Steps to dictatorship p15-16 Ostpolitik ‘East policy’ by Brandt to • Creation of police state p17- improve relations 18

12 KEY QUESTION 2- The Rise of the Nazi Party and the consolidation of power 1933-34. How did the Nazis take control of power by 1934?

CONTENT: Reasons for Nazi support/Hitler as Chancellor WEAKNESSES OF THE WEIMAR GOVERNMENT Government failed to deal with the effects of the Street Crash and Depression. They raised taxes and reduced unemployment benefit at a time when the WALL STREET CRASH 1929 Germans needed support the most. Coalitions were not The stock market collapse of effective and the emergency decree was constantly being 1929 had a devastating used. effect on Germany. The USA began recalling their loans, PROMISES AND PROPAGANDA- Hitler which meant Germany had promised to: to start paying them back. • Destroy the treaty This led to a Depression in • Build up the army Germany and increased • Make Germany great again unemployment. 6 million • Provide jobs unemployed by 1933. They used posters, rallies, speeches, films to get their message across. Targeted middle classes who feared communism. Working classes who feared losing their jobs. Attractive to young Germans.

NAZI TACTICS Nazis used threats and violence to HINDENBURG AND VON PAPEN intimidate political opponents and Hitler was offered the Chancellorship voters. SA would deliberately stir up of Germany on 30th January 1933 by trouble to make the government look Hindenburg. weak but the Nazis would look strong amidst the chaos. HITLER’S LEADERSHIP His speeches and personality gained the Nazis lots of support. He came across as somebody who could solve SEE EVENTS IN DETAIL the problems. He was a powerful and NEXT PAGE inspiring speaker. 13 HINDENBURG AND VON PAPEN- WHAT HAPPENED IN 1933?

You need to be able to explain a range of reasons why Hitler became Chancellor in 1933.

You need to be able to argue which reasons are more important than others

Can you show how the reason helped Hitler?

KEY FACTS By 1932 the Nazis had 12 million votes and in 5 years went from 12 MPs to 288. Their percentage of support from those voting increased from 2.6% to 43.9% in the same period. Nazi support increased as unemployment increased

14 KEY QUESTION 2- The Rise of the Nazi Party and the consolidation of power 1933-34. How did the Nazis take control of power by 1934?

How did Hitler change Germany from a democracy to a dictatorship 1933-34?

You will need to be able to describe and explain each of these events.

You will also need to consider which events were more important than others in allowing Hitler to establish a dictatorship 15 KEY QUESTION 2- The Rise of the Nazi Party and the consolidation of power 1933-34. How did the Nazis take control of power by 1934?

How did Hitler change Germany from a democracy to a dictatorship 1933-34? How this helped Hitler to gain Date Events power Hitler used the fire to persuade Hindenburg to pass an emergency law restricting personal liberty. This Reichstag Fire and Reichstag election: on 27 March the Reichstag enabled him to imprison many communist leaders, building was set on fire. A Dutch communist, van der Lubbe, was which stopped them campaigning during the 27 Feb - 5 caught red-handed in the burning building. Days later in the election. Although the Nazis the did not gain the Mar 1933 election 44 per cent of the population voted for the Nazis, who overall majority that Hitler had hoped for in the won 288 seats in the Reichstag – still not an overall majority. Hitler Reichstag, it gave them enough seats - after Hitler had to join with the nationalists to form a majority. had arrested all the communist deputies and the other parties had been intimidated by the SA - to pass the Enabling Act. Arguably this was the critical event during this The Enabling Act: with the communist deputies banned and the period. It gave Hitler absolute power to make laws, 23 Mar SA intimidating all the remaining non-Nazi deputies, the Reichstag which enabled him to destroy all opposition to his voted by the required two-thirds majority to give Hitler the right 1933 rule. This removed the Reichstag as a source of to make laws without the Reichstag’s approval for four years. opposition. Banning political parties made Germany a one-party Political parties were banned: only the Nazi party was allowed to state and destroyed democracy in the country. This 14 July 1933 exist. removed other parties as a source of opposition. Night of the Long Knives: Many members of the SA, including its leader Ernst Röhm, were demanding that the Nazi party carry out This destroyed all opposition to Hitler within the Nazi 30 June its socialist agenda and that the SA take over the army. Hitler Party and gave power to the brutal SS. It also showed could not afford to annoy businessmen or the army, so the SS the rest of the world what a tyrant Hitler was. This 1934 (Hitler's personal bodyguards) murdered around 400 members of removed any internal Nazi Party opposition to the SA, including Röhm, along with a number of Hitler's other Hitler. opponents like the previous Chancellor, von Schleicher. Hitler became Führer: when Hindenburg died, Hitler declared This formally made Hitler the absolute ruler of himself jointly president, chancellor and head of the army. Germany. This neutralised any sources of opposition 19 Aug 1934 Members of the armed forces had to swear a personal oath of to Hitler within the army. 16 allegiance not to Germany, but to Hitler. KEY QUESTION 2- The Rise of the Nazi Party and the consolidation of power 1933-34. How did the Nazis take control of power by 1934?

SS Gestapo

What were they? What were they? • Protection squad. • Secret police. Tap telephones, open mail and collect Black uniform. information from huge network of informers. • Had to be Aryan. High • Arrested people without trial, tortured them and standards to join- imprisoned them in concentration camps. tooth fillings were banned from 1936. Ordinary police- carried on with regular work but all bosses were Nazis. Courts also under Nazi control. Offences carrying • Trained to be ruthless and the death penalty included telling an anti-Nazi joke to loyal to Hitler. Arrest people listening to foreign radio. without trial. Creation of the police Concentration state Informers camps

What were they? What were they? • First set up in 1933, political • Nazis had a strong local opponents were sent here. structure. Every town was • Initially held for short periods of divided into ‘blocks’. The time. By 1939 they were run by a Block Warden visited each section of the SS called ‘Death home in the block every Head Units’ as hard labour camps. week, collecting donations to • The camps held Jews, the Nazi Party and checking Communists, Socialists, trade on everyone. unionists, church leaders and • The Block Warden would 17 anyone who criticised the Nazis. write a report. Himmler KEY QUESTION 2- The Rise of the Nazi Party and the consolidation of power 1933-34. How did the Nazis take control of power by 1934? Propaganda and Censorship Propaganda Josef Goebbels, Minister of Propaganda, used propaganda to brainwash Germany Propaganda focused on; the greatness of Germany, the Fuhrer cult, the Aryan Race and attacking Germany’s enemy's (communism and Jews) Goebbels The Nazis produced over Goebbels controlled all controlled all 1000 films and ones The stations and cheap newspapers. Eternal Jew encouraged ‘peoples receivers’ were anti-Jewish feelings made so 70% of homes Anti-Nazi papers had one. Hitler's were shutdown, The Nazis controlled speeches were common. negative news all music, books and Loudspeakers were put was censored. plays. It had to be up in streets so all could pro-German listen

Nuremberg rallies held in Aug Censorship every year. Create a sense of The Nazis censored everything – all anti-Nazi ideas were banned power and unity. Large The Nazis controlled what people celebrations would take place read, saw and heard – it was part of their indoctrination 1,600 newspapers were shut down - Minister During WW2, only positive news stories for Propaganda were shown to show Nazi successes. In 1933, 20,000 Jews books were burnt Writers, film makers and artists could Think about how only produce pro Nazi arts important the use of Jazz music was banned Telling an Anti-Nazi joke was a crime, propaganda was for leading to a fine or imprisonment. Hitler and the Nazis consolidating their control 18 KEY QUESTION 2- The Rise of the Nazi Party and the consolidation of power 1933-34. How did the Nazis take control of power by 1934?

Key words/phrases Hitler – Chancellor Chancellor – 1. When did Hitler become Chancellor? Propaganda – Consolidation – 2. How did propaganda and promises help the Nazis gain votes & Hitler to chancellor? Police State – 3. Describe how Nazi tactics were a factor in Hitler’s rise to power

Creation of the Police State

Describe features of the Gestapo • • 4. How did Hitler’s speeches help? •

Describe features of the SS • • 5. How did the help Hitler become Chancellor? •

Describe features of the concentration camps 6. Draw a cartoon strip/flow chart showing the political deals made between • Hindenburg, Papen, Schleicher and Hitler. • •

Describe features of the informers • • •

What were the Nazis doing between 1924 - 1930

What was the most important reason for Hitler becoming Chancellor and why? How was propaganda and censorship used from 1933? KEY QUESTION 2- The Rise of the Nazi Party and the consolidation of power 1933-34. How did the Nazis take control of power by 1934?

For each event add notes: Who? What? Where? When? Why? and how did it help Hitler’s consolidation of power?

Trade Night of Reichstag March Enabling Unions the Long Death of Oath of Fire Elections Law banned Knives Hindenbur loyalty g KEYWORDS

Self- sufficiency Not reliant on anyone or Key Qu- 3 anything else to survive RAD National Labour Service men 18-25yrs old

KDF Strength through Joy How were the lives of programme

Four Year Plan Goering’s economic plan German people to become self-sufficient affected by Nazi Rule DAF German Labour Front

Beauty of labour Movement to get the between 1933-39? best out of workers to get good working conditions You need to know about: in return Indoctrinate Brainwash with Nazi • Economic control p22 ideals • Control of the workers p23 Kristallnacht Night of the Broken Glass 1938- Jewish shops • Treatment of women p24 smashed, Jews killed • Children and education p25 • Treatment of Jews up to 1939

p26 21 KEY QUESTION 3- How were the lives of German people affected by Nazi Rule between 1933-39?

Hitler wanted Germany to regain the land lost in 1919 and to dominate Europe. TO do Hitler’s this, he knew Germany had to recover its economic strength: economic Make Germany economically self- Build up Germany Reduce sufficient, so it did not have to rely army, navy and air aims: unemployment on any other countries force

Programmes included job creation schemes (similar to the New Deal in the USA). These programmes included building the first motorways (or ), many of which were deliberately built towards the borders of France, Belgium and Poland and used by tanks at the start of WW2. National Labour Service (RAD) all men aged 18 – 25 had to do 6 months national labour such as digging ditches, planting trees. They were given ‘pocket money’ food and lodging. These programmes included conservation, house building, railway extensions and the building of the Reich Chancellery in Berlin. Conscription into the army and public works programmes was introduced. After 1936, the second 4 year Plan was overseen by Goering, it emphasised manufacturing weapons and heavy industry. Economic policy was the responsibility of and Hermann Economic policy was so successful that from 1932 Goering and was done through a series of 4 year plans, which aimed to – 1938 unemployment went from 5 ½ million to a transform the economy. Some historians have argued that the aim of this situation where Germany was short of workers. ‘transformation’ was to create a ‘war economy’ (plan the economy to prepare for war). 22 KEY QUESTION 3- How were the lives of German people affected by Nazi Rule between 1933-39?

Control of the workers

Was life better for workers? – Attitudes in Germany varied YES NO Small businesses benefited. Nazis RAD: unpopular because of banned new department stores low wages. from opening which reduced competition. Some farmers had their debts Many farmers resented the written off. All benefited from an government meddling in their increase in food prices affairs. Big businesses benefited from massive rearmament programme. Huge profits were made. DAF: For many, this was a lifeline. Workers were working longer Allowed them to feed and clothe hours. their families once more. Trade unions banned “Strength through Joy” and Not everyone could afford “Beauty of Labour” campaigns set the ‘People’s Car’ up. Remember: Life certainly not better for women and Jewish workers!

Women encouraged to stay at home and not to work.

Many Jews sacked from their jobs.

Nazis reduced unemployment from 6 million in 1933 – just over 100,000

BUT THESE FIGURES ARE MISLEADING

SOCIALISTS AND COMMUNISTS COULD NOT REGISTER AS UNEMPLOYED!

WOMEN AND JEWS WERE NTO INCLUDED ON THE UNEMPLOYMENT FIGURES! 23 KEY QUESTION 3- How were the lives of German people affected by Nazi Rule between 1933-39? Women in • Women were expected to play a supporting role within a family unit. • They were thought by the Nazis and wives and mothers of the ‘political soldiers’ the Nazis were training. • They were expected to dress traditionally – long hair, traditional clothing styles and no make up. • Nazi women’s organisations rewarded women with medals for having families of 4 or more (Gold medal for 8, Silver for 6, Bronze for 4. If you had 10 then Hitler would be Godfather to your 10th child) and the government gave women tax breaks. • Education other than that which supported a domestic role was not encouraged beyond 16. • Many intelligent, educated, urban living women found this new situation stifling and lacking in opportunities. If women were employed by the state – women doctors, civil servants and teachers were sacked from their jobs.

The family was meant to be at the heart of the . Propaganda encouraged men and women to believe they had separate roles within the family unit and children to be respectful to their parents and loyal to Hitler. There were very strict rules about marriage based on Nazi laws of racial purity. This happened due to the Nuremburg laws of 1935.

The family was thought of as less important than the ‘Volksgemeinschaft’, or the ‘People’s Community’ – this24 was the racially ‘pure’, German speaking peoples who the Nazis believed were united by their loyalty to Hitler. KEY QUESTION 3- How were the lives of German people affected by Nazi Rule between 1933-39?

EDUCATION New curriculum: • Maths questions promoted messages of war and getting rid of minorities • History focused on the Nazi Party • Geography focused on the “Greater Germany” • Biology focused on recognising the Aryan race New resources • History books were rewritten without German defeats • Story books were written warning children of the dangers of the Jews. Boys were educated to be soldiers, girls educated to be mothers. They had separate timetables. Lots of PE lessons for everyone to keep everyone fit and healthy for their new roles. Teachers had to join the Nazi Teachers’ Association or lose their jobs. Jewish pupils were persecuted in lessons. They had25 to leave German schools in 1938. KEY QUESTION 3- How were the lives of German people affected by Nazi Rule between 1933-39? Treatment of Jews up to 1939

Stage 1: 1933 – 35 ‘Piecemeal’ Discrimination

School books included anti – Jewish information and images

Jewish people could not continue in some professions eg the law

Stage 2: 1935 – 39 Systematic Discrimination

In 1935 the ‘Nuremburg Laws’ were passed which had important effects.

1) Jewish people could not marry non-Jewish people their children lost inheritance rights 2) Jewish people could not be citizens of Germany – they couldn’t hold passports and became people without rights under the law in their own country 3) Some saw the future danger and left the country or got their children out on ‘Kinder transport’ to Britain. 4) The stage ended with ‘Kristallnacht’ (Night of Broken Glass) 1938 After the assassination of a Nazi diplomat in revenge was taken on Jewish businesses and houses

26 KEY QUESTION 3- How were the lives of German people affected by Nazi Rule between 1933-39?

Key words/phrases Nazi social policy - Workers Nazi social policy – Autarky - What Nazi organisation replaced Trade Unions? RAD – Women & the family What role were women expected to take? Volksgemeinschaft – All workers had to join and received benefits… Motherhood Cross (Mutterkreuz) – List the benefits from A) KDF Strength Through Joy • How were women rewarded for motherhood? • • Nazi economic policy • 1. Who was responsible for the Nazi economic policy? B) Beauty of Labour • What state jobs were women sacked from? 2. Describe the National Labour Service (RAD) • • • How far was this change accepted by women? 3. Who was Dr. Ley?

4. How were men recruited into RAD? Describe the Nazi idea of ‘family’ 5. List four types of public works completed by this programme. • • Was life better for workers under • the Nazis? • 6. Goering oversaw the second 4 year plan but what did it What rules about marriage were introduced by focus on? Yes the Nuremberg Laws of 1935?

What incentives were there for couples to marry? 7. What impact did this have on unemployment in Germany? NO KEY QUESTION 3- How were the lives of German people affected by Nazi Rule between 1933-39?

Nazi treatment of Jewish people up to 1939 ‘The whole purpose of education is to create Nazis.’ Key word : Define Statement from the Nazi Minister of Education Anti-Semitism – (Bernhard Rust) in 1934. Boycott –

What did Hitler order German people to boycott in 1933 (he was Young People in Nazi Germany (Boys) Young People in Nazi Germany (Girls) criticised and disliked by Hindenburg for doing this so? 10 year old boys joined the Pimpfen; what was the What was the name of the Nazi youth organisation for name of the organisation they could join aged 14 ? girls?

In what year did it become compulsory to join the HJ? In 1933 what types of jobs and professions were Jewish people List 4 activities young people (girls) would have been banned from? List 4 activities young people (boys) would have been doing on youth camps. doing on youth camps. • • • • • List the 3 main aspects of the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 which • • impacted Jewish people. • Choose 2 and explain why these activities were Choose 2 and explain why these activities were considered important. • considered important. • •

Describe what happened on Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) Describe what girls were taught in school and explain on 9th November 1938. why. Describe what boys were taught in school and explain why.

What name were all Jewish people ordered to add to their names by 1st January 1939. What were the main features of Nazi education? KEYWORDS

Blitzkrieg Lightening war tactics Key Qu- 4 used by the Nazis for swift victory Home front When war affects Why did life change for civilians in their country Limits on food and the German people supplies during the Opposition People who don’t agree War? Ghettos Temporary walled off areas for Jews 1939-41

Final Solution Decided at You need to know about: Conference 1941 to exterminate Jews using • Changing conditions on gas chambers Home Front p30-31 Name given to the period of time when Jews were • Opposition to Nazis p32 persecuted by the Nazis • Treatment of Jews 1939-45 Nuremberg war Where trials took place trials for Nazi war criminals p33 De-nazification Process of removing Nazi • Impact of defeat p34-35 ideas from Germany 29 KEY QUESTION 4- Life in Germany during the Second World War (1939-45)

Content- changing conditions on the Home Front

Germany invade Poland 1st Sept 1939 leading to Britain and France declaring Rationing war. Rations of food, soap and textiles began in August 1939. The rations were certainly not Germany used blitzkrieg tactics and generous. To begin with, 500 grams of meat quickly defeated Denmark, Norway, a week for an average worker (halved by Belgium and France. 1945), 125 grams of butter and one egg a week were introduced. The German staple diet throughout the war was bland and 1941- turning point. Germany invade boring, mainly rye bread, potatoes and and the USA enter the vegetables. war.

From this point forward Germany were on the defensive until their 30 defeat in 1945. KEY QUESTION 4- Life in Germany during the Second World War (1939-45)

Content- changing conditions on the Home Front

Fresh food and fish were rarely British and American bombing obtained. Shoes were also severely campaigns on German cities brought rationed: work shoes were only be massive casualties. was worn at work and there were completely destroyed with 25,000 regular checks on homes by Nazi casualties in one night. Millions were officials to confiscate extra shoes. homeless by the end of the war

By the summer of 1940, 50 per cent By 1944 German war production had of German workers were involved in improved tremendously, but by then war production . it was too late as Germany could not compete against the massive Women were increasingly used which combined war productions of Britain, reversed their previous policy of the USA and the USSR. having women at home.

31 KEY QUESTION 4- Life in Germany during the Second World War (1939-45) Opposition to the Nazis Opposition from the church- Dietrich Bonhoeffer Opposition from the youth At a time when many Church leaders in Germany actively supported or at best failed to oppose the Nazis, Bonhoeffer’s Edelweiss Pirates Christian faith led him to act against the Nazis, resulting in his •Young girls and boys. death in a concentration camp a few days before the defeat of •Anti-Hitler Youth Germany. •Some even sheltered army deserters and Bonhoeffer was placed in solitary confinement, given stinking attacked Nazi officials blankets, with no soap and water or clean clothes. The guards were forbidden to talk to him and he was fed on dry bread thrown onto the cell floor through a slit in the door.

In 1944 Bonhoeffer was transferred to a concentration camp. White Rose Group Swing Kids On 8 April 1945 Bonhoeffer was put on trial in Flossenburg •Students at University of •Middle-class youths concentration camp. The trial lasted half an hour. The sentence Munich •Wanted to dance and was death by hanging. •Led by Hans and Sophie listen to swing music Scholl which was banned under Some Protestants tried to oppose the Nazis. Martin Niemoller •Arrested by Gestapo for Nazis set up the Confessional Church. He was sent to a giving out anti-Nazi •Rebelled by wearing concentration camp for 7 years and kept in solitary confinement. leaflets listening to Jazz, being •Tortured and hanged friends with Jews.

Opposition from Military – July Bomb Plot Leading army men tried to kill Hitler. They believed that Hitler’s leadership was dooming Think Germany to defeat. Claus von Stauffenberg carried the bomb in a briefcase and placed about why it on the floor while he left to make a phone-call. The bomb exploded killing four men in the hut. Hitler's right arm was badly injured but he survived the bomb blast. opposition was weak It is estimated that around 4,980 Germans were executed after the July Plot. Hitler decided that the leaders should have a slow death. They were hung with against the piano wire from meat-hooks. Their executions were filmed and later shown to Nazis senior members of the Nazi party and the armed forces. 32 KEY QUESTION 4- Life in Germany during the Second World War (1939-45) Treatment of Jews 1939-45 Stage 3: 1939 – 41 Ghettos When World War Two started Jewish people in land taken over by the Nazis became targets. They were put in Ghettos – small areas of towns and cities. All Jewish people from that town and the surrounding countryside were forced to live there in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. Conditions became so that disease and epidemics spread quickly.

Nazis then used these conditions as propaganda by filming them to show that Jewish people were in the eyes of the Nazis ‘untermensch’ (sub-human).

Stage 4: 1941 – 45 The Holocaust (called the ‘Final Solution’ by the Nazis).

In Dec. 1941 there was a meeting at Wannsee in Germany between senior SS officers. Little evidence of the discussions they had there survive, but the decision was taken to carry out the ‘Holocaust’ or ‘Final Solution to the Jewish Question’.

This lead to the killing of 6 million Jewish people by 1945 and approximately 1 million others – political opponents, Prisoners of War, Roma people, homosexuals and religious opponents, such as Jehovah’s Witnesses.

Concentration camps had existed since 1933, but only after 1941 were they used to murder systematically Jewish people. After experiments with several methods, gassing was the system adopted.

The Holocaust ended when invading Russian soldiers from the East and American / British soldiers from the West discovered the camps which had been abandoned as they advanced with many inmates alive or dead left behind. 33 KEY QUESTION 4- Life in Germany during the Second World War (1939-45)

IMPACT OF DEFEAT ON GERMANY IN 1945

Surrender 1945 Millions homeless In May 1945 Germany surrendered to Poor diet the Allies. One of the most serious consequences for Germans was their forced expulsion from where they had Ordinary settled in occupied Europe. Some 11 High million Germans were expelled from Germans inflation countries all over the continent, 1945 arriving in the western and eastern Starvation zones of occupation as homeless Lack of supplies refugees. Nuremberg War Trials 1945+

The major Nazi war criminals were put on trial at Nuremberg in 1946: twelve (including Hermann Goering) were sentenced to death, seven (including Albert Speer) were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Trials of other Nazis prison camp guards and army officers continued for many years – in the British zone alone 34 between 1945 and 1949 24,000 trials were held KEY QUESTION 4- Life in Germany during the Second World War (1939-45)

IMPACT OF DEFEAT ON GERMANY IN 1945 Allies take control 1945 1945 • To start with, the Allies began a programme of • In all of the Allied zones a process of de- industrialisation: destroying all trace of heavy denazification began, designed to industry in Germany so that any future remove Nazis from positions of armaments industry would be impossible. power and to re-educate the German • Large-scale unemployment resulted when population. chemical and electrical industries were destroyed. • The Nazi Party was made illegal and German schools were reorganised to • The supply of food dried up. No chance of remove all trace of Nazi propaganda. Germany paying reparations. • The British government found itself in the crazy • By 1947 the process of denazification situation of paying more for importing food into had definitely slowed down and by the British zone than it was receiving in 1951 it was abandoned as so many reparations. Germans had links to the Nazis there • The western Allies came to the conclusion that positions were being comprised. unless Germany was allowed to revive its economy there was no hope of payment of reparations, recovery or an end to starvation35. KEY QUESTION 4- Life in Germany during the Second World War (1939-45)

Key words/phrases Opposition Blitzkrieg – Describe how Martin Neὂmoller and Dietrich Bonhoeffer opposed the Nazis. Volksturm – Total War -

What was the White Rose movement? Rationing What key items were rationed? • • • How did the Swing Youth oppose the Nazis? What were German people asked to donate to help the troops on the Eastern front ?

Describe the way life changed for the following during WWII Home Front Who were the Edelweiss Pirates and how di they oppose the Nazis/ a) Women

b) Young people The July Bomb Plot 1944. Answer the 5Ws – Who, What, Where, When, Why?

c) Senior government officials

Which German cities were severely affected by bombing? KEY QUESTION 4- Life in Germany during the Second World War (1939-45)

Key words/phrases The impact of defeat Einsatzgruppen – When did the Nazis surrender to the Allies? Ghetto – Untermensch - Describe the social, economic and political situation in Germany at the What were conditions like in Ghettos? end of the war?

What was the ‘Final Solution’?

What was de-nazification’? What is the name given to the horrific genocide of Jewish people?

Where were the key Nazi war criminals put on trial in 1946?

Which other groups in society were persecuted by the Nazis? How was Germany divided? KEYWORDS

Yalta Conference Feb 1945 to decide what Key Qu- 5 should happen to Germany after the war Conference July-Aug 1945- conference which took place to finalise Why were conditions punishment for Germany $1.3 billion given to West in East and after 1945 to help recovery Germany different Konrad Adenaur Chancellor of West Germany

after 1945? Adenaur’s economic minister 1948-61

Stasi Secret police in East You need to know about: Germany • Division of Germany p39 East German leader • Economic recovery of West 1950-1971 Germany p40-41 • Control and repression in the East p42-43 • Separation of Germany by 1961 p44 38 KEY QUESTION 5- West and between 1949-19911991. Why were conditions in West and East Germany different after 1949? Post war division Eastern Soviet War zone of Germany ended May 1945 Feb 1945 July-Aug 1945

Berlin, also divided into 4 3 western zones zones but in the centre of the Soviet zone

• After World War 2, America, Britain, France and the Soviet Union could not agree on how to govern Germany. • The four countries argued over money and investment and this time of great tension between them was known as the . Germany became two countries in 1949. • The 3 Western Zones became West Germany - the Federal Republic of Germany - die Bundesrepublik Deutschland (FRD). • The Soviet Zone in the East became the East Germany - the German Democratic Republic - die Deutsche Demokratische Republik (GDR). • West Germany was a democracy similar to the UK. East Germany was a Communist country like the Soviet Union and other ‘’ countries 39 KEY QUESTION 5- West and East Germany between 1949-19911991. Why were conditions in West and East Germany different after 1949? Economic recovery in the West How did West Germany recover after World War Two? NEW CURRENCY MARSHALL PLAN

In 1947- huge boost to The West introduced a new West Germany economy currency to end inflation. through the Marshall Plan. 1948-1952 $1.3 billion They introduced the spent on rebuilding western Deutschmark. European economies

Konrad Adenauer- First Chancellor of West Germany 1949-68 • restore the West German economy and Most aims were achieved: repair the damage done by war; 1. 1955 Germany joined NATO • work for increased independence for 2. Allied occupation ended (Br, Fr, US West Germany and end the occupation troops stayed as allies on German soil) by Allied military forces; 3. New army Bundeswehr formed. • restore democracy and de-nazify West 4. Parliamentary democracy worked well- Germany. even with ex-Nazis in post 40 KEY QUESTION 5- West and East Germany between 1949-19911991. Why were conditions in West and East Germany different after 1949? Economic recovery in the West How did West Germany recover after World War Two?

Dr Ludwig Erhard- - This led to….. Adenauer’s Chancellor The industrial expansion of West Germany in the 1950s has sometimes economic minister been described as an ‘economic miracle’. This was because West Germany in the 1950s experienced:

• the highest annual growth rate in western Europe; The key points of Erhard’s policies in the 1950s were: • full employment; (by 1960 a low rate of 0.4 per cent  Sensible use of $1,300 million of Marshall Aid to rebuild unemployment); • high productivity; (between 1948 and 1964 industrial production old industries and introduce hi-tech machinery. increased by 600 per cent);  Investment and research: firms which invested in research • very low inflation. and development could reclaim tax.  A strong central bank and new currency. • Benefitted from Marshall aid  Massive demand for goods because of the Korean War (1950–3). Luxury goods like Leica  High taxation of business and wealthy German people to cameras and Mercedes- fund further investment and social reform; for example, benz cars were popular. from 1952 wealthier Germans were taxed at 50 per cent All of this this led to many and the money was used to build 2 million badly needed Volkswagen cars East Germans wanting to West Germans had a new homes. produced at live in West Germany. high standard of affordable prices- 41 living reliable KEY QUESTION 5- West and East Germany between 1949-19911991. Why were conditions in West and East Germany different after 1949? Control and repression East Germany How was East Germany controlled from 1949? ?

East Germany had less than a June 1953 1/3 of the thousands of population of Industrial output was 20% workers went on West Germany of what West Germany strike- destroyed were producing (Stalin had buildings. Soviet factories dissembled and army called in moved to Soviet Union in 1. Wages were increased Problems 1949) in East 2. Secret police () was doubled Led to a Germany of Poor living and skilled workers working in E.Germany conditions led to 3. Stasi began to employ IMs (unofficial thousands moving to West Germany collaborators) to spy on East German people. By 1980s 25% of people living in East Germany were informants for the By 1961 the E.German Stasi. government built the Berlin 4. Between 1951 and 1989 the Stasi Wall to stop people going to placed political prisoners in the the West. Stasi strengthened Hohenschönhausen prison on the its control. outskirts of where they were often tortured. 42 KEY QUESTION 5- West and East Germany between 1949-19911991. Why were conditions in West and East Germany different after 1949? Control and repression East Germany- Key people

Walter Ulbricht became leader of East Germany in 1950. • He planned to build socialism in East Germany through planned rapid industrialisation and the collectivisation of farming just as had been done in the Soviet Union in the 1930s. • His policies on farming, which dominated the , were very unpopular and ultimately disastrous as they led to food shortages and rationing. • Industrialisation also proved to be very difficult as Upper Silesia, the industrial area of eastern Germany, was taken by Poland in 1945, All businesses were state owned and run by the Communist Party. • He also supported the building of the to prevent East Germany’s workers from escaping to the West. Despite all of this East Germany had become the most prosperous member of (the communist countries of eastern Europe) Walter Ulbricht, • by the 1960s. Ulbricht’s refusal to support any liberal reforms meant replaced by in 1971. East German leader In the 1970s the new leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker tried to remedy some of these problems with: • a major housing programme to deal with housing shortages as well as the terrible conditions that some people were living in. • In 1978 he introduced a greater degree of religious toleration after reaching an agreement with the leaders of the Protestant churches. • However the Stasi continued to monitor every aspect of life in East Germany. 43 Erich Honecker KEY QUESTION 5- West and East Germany between 1949-19911991. Why were conditions in West and East Germany different after 1949? Separation of Germany by 1961

Most housing was Key divisions apartments owned by the State rents The only fresh vegetables • E. Germany faced many economic problems. were controlled. available were ones grown • Population was 1/3 of w. Germany and Standardised to locally. industrial production 20% of w.Germany. avoid class You could not buy distinction. strawberries in shops. • Poor living and working conditions led to There were plenty of thousands moving west. cabbages and potatoes! In East Germany, sport was • Shortage of skilled workers in e.Germany. important: the East German • Border between W and E Germany closed in government decided to create the DSA (Deutscher 1952 but many more still moved freely in berlin. Sportausschuss), a 'German • June 1953 e. german government faced strikes Committee for Sports'. Living in and called in the to restore order East Germany used their East • West Berlin was a centre of consumerism – athletes as a propaganda tool to promote the strengths of Germany with modern, well-stocked shops, thriving Communism. Popular sports included football, athletics, cafés and restaurants, packed theatres and handball and gymnastics. Basic black and nightclubs. white TV could • In E. Germany whilst everyone was fed and cost 10 times a persons’ housed and health care and free education • Government supported education monthly salary was provided, it was nevertheless a much • Access to better education was affected by political position. For example if you had not lower standard. been part of the Young Pioneers you could • The migration of people from east to west was not access University education. not only politically embarrassing, it was also • At the start of the school day you were expected to stand and salute your teacher economically disastrous as there was a serious who would say “Be Prepared” to which you labour shortage. Many of those who left would respond “Always Prepared” tended to be young and highly skilled. • You learned to speak Russian 44 KEY QUESTION 5- West and East Germany between 1949-1991. Why were conditions in West and East Germany different after 1949?

Who were the key leaders at the Yalta Conferences in Key words Key people February 1945? ‘’ - Stalin ‘Brain Drain’ – Adenaur Communist – Brandt Capitalist – Ulbricht What three things were decided? Democracy – Honecker Cold War – Kohl • Stasi – Détente - • Marshall Plan • 1. Who was George Marshall? 2. How did Stalin react to the Marshall aid? Who replaced Churchill at the Potsdam Conference in ?

Economic Miracle How was Germany divided? 1. Who was Chancellor of West Germany between 1949 and 1963 – accredited with economic miracle?

What was the name was given to the joining of the British 2. What were the four key features of the industrial expansions in West and American zones in 1947? Germany in the 1950s • • • • How did Stalin react to this and the introduction of the Deutschmark? Control and repression in the East How did the communists control East Germany? KEY QUESTION 5- West and East Germany between 1949-1991. Why were conditions in West and East Germany different after 1949?

West East Germany Germany

46 Annotate as many differences between West and East Germany KEYWORDS Key Qu- 6 FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West)

GDR German Democratic republic (East) How did relations Berlin blockade 1948- when Stalin cut off all transport routes to and from Berlin except between the two the air NATO North Atlantic Treaty Germanies change Organisation set up 1949 (western countries) to 1949-1991? protect each other if attacked Warsaw Pact Set up 1955 to protect You need to know about: eastern countries if attacked • Emergence of two Germanies Willy Brandt Chancellor West p48-9 Germany 1969. came up with Ostpolitik • Berlin Blockade and airlift p50 Ostpolitik ‘East policy’ by Brandt to • Significance of Berlin Wall p51 improve relations • Military alliances p52

• Brandt and Ostpolitik p53 47 KEY QUESTION 6- How did relations between the two Germanies change 1949-1991? Emergence of 2 Germanies The Federal Republic of Germany The German Democratic Republic The western powers decided to form a new country out of their three zones in 1949. This country would Meanwhile, the USSR made arrangements for its zone still be under occupation but would have extensive in the east to become a separate country which was powers of self-government. A revived West German called the German Democratic Republic (GDR). The economy was seen as a useful barrier against the USSR set up a one-party communist state there in spread of communism. The new country would be 1949, led by Walter Ulbricht leader of the Socialist called the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), with Unity Party (SED). This party was made up of German as its capital. communists of the KPD who had been imprisoned by the Nazis and released by the Allies, as well as • A federal structure was adopted to avoid any communists who had returned from exile in the Soviet danger of dictatorship. The new country was Union. East Berlin was the new capital. divided into eleven Länder which would be represented in a new Federal Parliament in There were regular elections to the East German Bonn. parliament, the Volkskammer, and SED candidates • The Parliament would have two sections. A lower regularly won 99% of the votes. All government house called the would be directly decisions were taken by the SED’s central committee, elected by the people. The upper house was the the Politburo. Local government was brought under Bundesrat which would contain representatives direct control of the central government by abolishing of the eleven Länder. the 5 Länder and replacing them with 14 districts, • The main political leader would be the known as Bezirke. Chancellor who was elected by the Bundestag. Opponents of the new government were arrested and Given stronger powers than in the Weimar imprisoned. Old Nazi concentration camps were Republic, such as the right to choose ministers. brought back into use for political prisoners. It has • There would be a President who was to be been estimated that at this time 120,000 people were elected for five years and would only be allowed put into these camps, over a third of whom died. to stand once for this office. The President would not be allowed to control the armed forces and Two very different political systems had been set up in would have no power to declare a state of the divided Germany: a communist, one-party state in emergency or appoint and dismiss chancellors. the East (GDR), and a federal, democratic state with an These were very important changes from the elected Chancellor, President and Parliament48 in the Weimar constitution. west (FRG). KEY QUESTION 6- How did relations between the two Germanies change 1949-1991? Emergence of 2 Germanies

West Germany East Germany Official Name: Federal Republic of Germany. Allies Official Name: German Democratic Republic united their zones in 1949 to create the FDR. Leaders: 1949 – 1971 Walter Ulbricht Leaders: Konrad Adenaur 1949 – 1963. (See our Germany Post war knowledge booklet for other chancellors) 1971 – 1989 Erich Honecker Political System: Democracy Political System: Dictatorship. Changes were made in the Constitution which meant that parties had to have 5%.... Some other political parties allowed but the Communist Party held all the power. Relationship with other countries: Member of NATO (Treaty with USA and other Western countries to defend each other if attacked) Relationship with other countries: Member of Warsaw Pact Marshall Plan: Benefited from Marshall Aid, billions of Dollars were (Treaty with USSR and other Communist powers to defend each given to help with economic recovery in European democracies and other if attacked) prevent possible turn to Communism. Marshall Plan: Refused to accept Marshall Aid. East Germany never Economy: Adenaur’s ‘Economic Miracle’ fully rebuilt. 1945 80% of Germany’s economy destroyed but by 1960 West Germany was wealthier than Britain. The ‘Economic Miracle’ was achieved by… Economy: State controlled the economy, set worker’s wages and • Introduction of the Deutschmark – a new currency which ended the controlled supplies so food shortages were common, for example Black Market. bananas and oranges were luxuries. • Getting rid of price control on goods • Cutting taxes Trade: Many East Germans crossed to the West and proclaimed • Marshall Aid lent FRG billions of dollars themselves refugees. By 1961 of the 17.5 million residents in East • Worked hard and invested in high quality products – e.g BMW Germany, 2.6 had moved to west Germany taking their trade skills with them. This had a serious impact on the East German economy and was one of the reasons why the wall in Berlin was built and Trade: Became a member of the European Coal and Steel Community movements eventually restricted. which encouraged closer ties with other countries and created a common market for coal and steel. Individual Rights: Free speech was not tolerated and arts etc were strictly Became a member of the EEC – Common Market. The aim was to bring controlled. peace and common economic policies between European countries Individual Rights: Freedom of speech and movement. The Stasi secret police arrested anyone who opposed the regime. 49 KEY QUESTION 6- How did relations between the two Germanies change 1949-1991? Berlin blockade and airlift

The Berlin Blockade and Airlift In 1947 the Americans introduced a new currency into West Berlin and it rapidly improved the standard of living when compared to those in the East. Stalin retaliated by cutting off all roads and trains into W Berlin for 11 months in 1948. He hoped to force the US, Britain and France out of the city. A flight left bases in West Germany every 30 seconds to Berlin. The worst moment for the west Berliners came in January 1949 when supplies of coal were down to one week and food to three weeks. West Berliners had to suffer near-famine conditions but most were not tempted into the eastern zone with promises of food and fuel. In the end only 2 per cent of the population of west Berlin was tempted to leave So the allies supplied in: Thousands of tonnes of food, clothes, coal, medicine and even a dog for a blind man! Stalin re-opened the roads in 1949.

The effects of the Berlin Blockade The USSR lost the first “battle” of the Cold War. The tactics of the Americans and British mean that it appeared they were standing up for freedom, without using violence. The relationship between the communists and the capitalist governments became more tense and the the 4 zones disappeared into 2 separate countries. The West joined the capitalist allies: NATO The East joined the communist countries: the Warsaw Pact.50 KEY QUESTION 6- How did relations between the two Germanies change 1949-1991? Significance of Berlin Wall 1961

The Berlin Wall: The Building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 Built in: 1961 The existence of Western zones in Berlin, and the free access for Lasted: 28 years Berliners allow many East Germans to defect to West Berlin. Ordered by: Khrushchev, the Soviet leader Built because: Thousands of educated and skilled By 1961, around 3 million people had migrated from East to West. This workers left East Berlin and the GDR in search of a was a major success for the West as these people were leaving the better life by going through West Berlin. So, a wall was communist system for a better life in the capitalist West. The number of built through the middle of the city, splitting friends and refugees that had fled to the West by 1961 was about one in six of East families. Germany's population. False propaganda: The leaders of the GDR said that they On August 12th 1961, a record 4,000 people went to West Berlin. On 13 built the wall because there were lots of US spies , barbed wire barricades went up, dividing the city. The East entering the GDR through West Germany. Germans claimed that West Germany were using Berlin as a centre for spying. Instantly military and civilian movement was restricted. As a permanent concrete wall reinforced the barbed wire barricades, there was international outrage. Killer facts US and Soviet tanks faced each other in Berlin, and for a short while a More than 200 people were killed trying to get ‘hot’ war was possible. In the end, however, all sides accepted the wall. across the wall. Thousands of people were successful, though, Although President Kennedy was deeply critical of the wall, even he escaping in car boots, air balloons and using faked pointed out that `a wall is a lot better than a war’. For many people the work permits. Berlin Wall was seen as the iconic symbol of the Cold War.

51 KEY QUESTION 6- How did relations between the two Germanies change 1949-1991?

Military alliances What were the military alliances after 1949?

vs

NATO-set up in 1949. Included main Western In response to West Germany joining NATO, the countries. The USA was very keen for West Soviet Union followed by creating its own Germany to join as they saw it as the front line military alliance of communist states in Europe in the defence of western Europe from the in 1955 – this was called the Warsaw Pact. This threat of communist attack. also led to the re-militarisation of East In 1955 West Germany joined NATO and a new Germany as well, with the founding of the German army was created (the Bundeswehr). Nationale Volksarmee (the National People’s Army) in 1956.

By now the USSR also had atomic weapons and Europe was firmly divided into two very hostile, armed alliances. By the 1980s the USA was stationing its nuclear cruise missiles in West Germany, while the USSR was stationing its nuclear SS20 missiles in East 52 Germany KEY QUESTION 6- How did relations between the two Germanies change 1949-1991? Brandt and Ostpolitik- improving relations with E.Germany

After the building of the Berlin Wall many in W. Berlin wanted to improve relation with East Germany. Willy Brandt was foreign minister 1966 and Chancellor 1969. He came up with the policy Ostpolitik ( meaning Eastern policy) The policy • The 1970 Moscow Treaty, a non-aggression agreement between West Germany and the USSR; • The 1970 Warsaw Treaty, an agreement with Poland allowed Germans remaining in Poland to return to West Germany • Brandt kneeling in homage at the memorial to Polish Jews killed by the Nazis in the Warsaw ghetto, although it was criticised by Germans who had lost their homes in Poland at the end of the war • The 1971 Berlin Accord with the USSR, in which both sides accepted the division of Berlin as permanent; • A Basic Treaty in 1972 between East and West Germany in which they agreed to exchange diplomatic missions, increase cross-border contacts and trade, as well as respecting each other’s independence. Results Brandt won the for his work • both countries joined the in 1973 • travel and communications were easier and trade increased throughout the 1970s

• it allowed East Germany to participate more fully in international sporting events. 53 KEY QUESTION 6- How did relations between the two Germanies change 1949-1991?

West Germany What was the significance of East Germany Political system the Berlin Wall? Political system

)

Ostpolitik What was Ostpolitik?

Military alliances Berlin blockade and airlift Whose idea was it? When did this event happen? What was NATO? What happened?

Why did Stalin take actions? What did he hope to achieve? What was the Warsaw pact?

How did the allies respond? List three ways they tried to improve relations between East How did it increase tensions? and West. • • • KEYWORDS Key Qu- 7 Soviet leader 1985-1991

Glasnost Giving political freedom Cooperation and to Eastern countries Giving economic freedom reconciliation by to Eastern countries Reunification When east and West Germany joined together 1991 as one country Erich Honecker East German leader 1971-1989

Helmet Kohl • W. German You need to know about: Chancellor 1982-89 • Reunified Germany • Collapse of communism in the 1989-1998 East and end of Cold War p56 Gunter Schabowski Government official who accidentally said the wall • p57 was open ‘immediately’ • The role of p58-9 and Dresden Large protests in these cities during 1989 • Reunification p58

55 KEY QUESTION 7- Cooperation and reconciliation by 1991. What factors led to the reunification of Germany in 1990? Collapse of communism in the East

Treaties in 1987 and 1991 to significantly reduce nuclear weapons, but also led to them discussing and agreeing on German unification.

Mikhail Gorbachev was clearly more interested in reforming the Soviet Union than supporting communist governments in Eastern Europe. Mikhail Gorbachev became Soviet leader in 1985. Introduced series of reforms to strengthen USSR. After the 1990 “Two Plus Four” talks (West and East Glasnost- political freedom Germany, with USA, USSR, Britain and France) agreed that Perestroika-economic freedom Germany could be unified, and would remain a member of NATO and that there would be a big reduction in Thousands in E. Germany could now move west. armed forces stationed in Germany. By June 1989 12 per cent of E. Germans placed applications to emigrate. Hungary opened its By 1991 the Cold War was over. Germany was borders in Aug 1989 which led to many fleeing to reunified under a democratic government and W. Germany through Austria. democratic governments were elected across the In September 1989 alone, 33,000 people moved former Soviet-controlled eastern Europe. The USSR, west from East Germany. This would eventually the Soviet Union, also came to an end in December lead to the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of 1991 when the union was officially dissolved, communist rule, not just in East Germany but right breaking up into 15 new countries. 56 across eastern Europe. KEY QUESTION 7- Cooperation and reconciliation by 1991. What factors led to the reunification of Germany in 1990? Fall of the Berlin Wall and end of communist rule in East Germany.

Situation in East Germany in 1989 • German economy heading for bankruptcy • Many protests throughout East Germany • Honecker (E. German leader) did not

reform like Gorbachev did in USSR. Gunter Schabowski was an official on the E.German government. He didn’t read the text before the press • Gorbachev had ordered all 20,000 Soviet conference on 9th November and accidentally said troops out of E. Germany. Protests ‘immediately’ when asked when the wall can come down. increased.  On 4th November 1989 the largest ever demonstration in East Germany • New political parties emerging in 1989 took place when 1 million people protested on the streets of East Berlin. leading to first free elections in 1990.  On 6th November 1989 half a million people marched in Leipzig demanding • On 9th October 1989 large freedom of movement, an end to communist rule, while chanting “Germany – One Fatherland” (“Deutschland - Ein Vaterland”) demonstrations against the government  On 9th November 1989 the East German government had no option left, took place first in Leipzig, then in without Soviet support – it opened its borders and allowed free travel. Dresden. The protesters demanded non- Thousands marched to the Berlin Wall and pulled it down in one of the violent political change. The Stasi did most momentous events in post-war history. In the next few days nothing to stop or break up these hundreds of thousands of East Germans crossed the remains of the wall and visited the west. demonstrations which surprised protesters, but encouraged future protests as well. • On 18th October Honecker was forced to resign, but when his replacement Egon Krenz asked the USSR for support in breaking up demonstrations he was told that East Germany was on its own. KEY QUESTION 7- Cooperation and reconciliation by 1991. What factors led to the reunification of Germany in 1990? Reunification of Germany 1990

After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Helmut Kohl, the Germany now a Chancellor of West Germany, seized the opportunity to federal lead the reunification of Germany: democracy  Huge loans given to bail out East Germany.  By March 1990, 300,000 East Germans had left for the west. Currencies  Gorbachev assured Kohl he would not oppose merged Treaty of (E. in return for West German loans to the currency unification USSR. matched to Aug 1990  There was overwhelming support for reunification W.Germany) in East Germany as was shown in free elections in March 1990.  On 2nd 0ctober 1990 after the Two Plus Four Talks Berlin the Helmet (between West Germany, East Germany, USA, USSR, new Kohl new Britain and France)agreed to a unified Germany. capital chancellor

After reunification- big problems still existed • E.German economy needed big payouts from W. Germany to survive

• Huge migration from East to West led to high unemployment in W. Germany58 KEY QUESTION 7- Cooperation and reconciliation by 1991. What factors led to the reunification of Germany in 1990? Role of Helmut Kohl in bringing about reunification Who was Helmut Kohl? • With the collapse of communism in 1989 Kohl became a leading supporter of the re- unification of West Germany and East Germany. • This policy was very popular and in December 1990 German elections, • Kohl’s CDU party were the largest won a 134-seat majority coalition in the Bundestag. He therefore became the first chancellor of a unified Germany since 1945. Helmut Kohl’s 10 Point Plan for Germany On 28th November 1989, this plan was proposed by Kohl, without consulting other European leaders. The plan included: Economic Aid to East Germany Practical improvements and moves to integrate infrastructure such as transport and postal services Creating a confederation between West and East Germany to prepare for a future unified Germany. Free elections in both Germanies Economic reforms to move East Germany toward being a similar to the one that operated in the West. The plan was originally proposed to take up to 5 years Kohl’s plan suggested that a united Germany should look, in terms of politics and economics, very much like West Germany. Supporters of the plan included President George Bush snr Other European such as Margaret Thatcher were concerned at the possibility of a large, re-united Germany at the centre of Europe. The East German government sought a ‘third way’ whereby the border was open but East Germany survived as a separate state. This was not popular with East Germans and the plan was abandoned in favour of Unification. 59 KEY QUESTION 7- Cooperation and reconciliation by 1991. What factors led to the reunification of Germany in 1990? What factors led to the reunification of Germany in 1990?

Mikhail Fall of the Protests Kohl’s Gorbachev and anger Berlin and collapse in E. policies Wall of communism Germany

• Gorbachev’s policies of • Increasing protests in • The fall of the Berlin • Kohl’s policies were glasnost and perestroika led to East Germany as Wall happened after important in the increasing freedoms across economy heading for Schabowski made the reunification of Eastern Europe, in particular E. bankruptcy. mistake at the press • Gorbachev had ordered Germany. Germany because conference 9th Nov 20,000 Soviet troops out • Led to thousands moving West he was ultimately giving access to East so protests increased by late 1980s. Gorbachev was responsible for Germans to cross the without being stopped. more concerned about border. • Oct 1989 violent protests getting the support reforming Soviet Union. • This led to the wall in Leipzig and Dresden from the USSR to • The collapse of communism in being pulled down and where protesters agree to the Soviet Union led to the demanded political the symbol of the breaking up of Eastern change. reunification after division being removed countries under their control • The mood in East the Two Plus Four paving the way for leading to reunification Germany was ready for a Talks in 1990. reunification. becoming more likely. change and reunification. 60 KEY QUESTION 7- Cooperation and reconciliation by 1991. What factors led to the reunification of Germany in 1990?

Key words Protests, Demonstrations and changes in the Eastern Bloc Perestroika – Which country opened its border with Austria in August 1989? Glasnost – Reunification – Self – determination ‘De Wende’ – How did this impact on East Germany?

How did the East German government deal with the mass protests in East Berlin and East Germany?

2 3 1 . . . What was the reaction of the Soviet government? Key individuals 1. Mikhail Gorbachev –leader of Soviet Union 2. Helmut Kohl – West Germany 3. Erich Honecker – East Germany How did this lead to the fall of the Berlin wall? Changing relationships between USA and USSR How did this contribute towards the collapse of East Germany?

November 9th 1989 What role did Gorbachev’s policies play? What were the immediate consequences of the fall of the wall? KEY QUESTION 7- Cooperation and reconciliation by 1991. What factors led to the reunification of Germany in 1990?

Disintegration of East Germany Honecker resigned in October 1989. Ergon Krenz replaced him. Soviet refused support to suppress the protests. Problems with Mass ,migration – East Germans given ‘welcome money’ reunification Krenz resigned December 1989 KOHL’S TEN POINT PLAN 1. East and West were New government formed under Hans Modrow – in favour very different societies of reunification. 28th November 1989 Kohl proposed 10 point plan – saw the opportunity to reunite Germany What did the free elections in East Germany held in Problems with March 1990 show? What were the main parts of Kohl’s ten point reunification plan? 2. Could only happen if allies (USA, Britain) and USSR agreed

Problems with reunification Reunification 3. Opposition in West Germany form main When was the Treaty Of Reunification signed? opposition party

Which city became the capital of the new Reunification & Reconciliation Federal Germany? Problems with reunification What was the impact of reunification on the economy in the West? Who became its first Chancellor?

Why did they opt for 3rd October as ‘Unity Day’ and not 9th November (the day the wall came down)? Germany 1919-1991 Exam technique help Question 1- Describe the … (5 marks)

Marks Example answers available

5/5

Writing structure

1. REFER to the The … EVENT in the question. Tell me the story

Really clear developed points focussed upon the features of Ostpolitik. Have at least 2 well developed points or an outline of many. Germany 1919-1991 Exam technique help

Question 2- How far did…change in Germany between..? (6 marks)

Marks Example answers available 3/6

Writing structure

1. Write the answer in In ….. (this happened) chronological order.

1. Pick another event during the By ….. (this happened) period to show what has changed and by how much This shows a big/small change… 1. Pick another event during the By ….. (this happened) period to show what has changed and by how much This shows a big/small change… 1. Finish with a CONCLUSION- Overall ? was a significant/minor change in how far did the experiences Germany… change Germany 1919-1991 Exam technique help

Question 2- How far did…change in Germany between..? (6 marks)

Example answers 6/6

3 clear paragraphs showing what has changed from the start to finish dates.

Key choice of words in answer to show how far life changed eg ‘culminated’, ‘more systematic’, ‘changed drastically’ Germany 1919-1991 Exam technique help Question 3- Arrange the events in order of significance..? (9 marks)

Marks Example answers available 6/9

Writing structure

1. Start with the MOST ? was the most significant because significant event/person and ? is more significant than ? because EXPLAIN why 1. Then NEXT most ? is partly significant because… significant event/person and ? is more significant than ? because… EXPLAIN why 1. Then EXPLAIN the ? is least significant because… LEAST significant ? is not as significant as ? and ? because… Germany 1919-1991 Exam technique help Question 4- Explain why..? (8 marks)

Marks Example answers 7/8 available

Writing structure

1.Explain ONE example of ? was different because… how and why it was different after the date This happened because…

2. Explain another example Also, ? was different because… of change This happened because…

3. Explain a final example of Furthermore,… change This happened because…

4. Judgement- which was Overall, I think… the most significant change? Germany 1919-1991 Exam technique help Question 4- Explain why..? (8 marks)

Example answers 7/8

Strong subject knowledge

Comparison of life in West and East Germany 1919-1991 Exam technique help Question 5- How important..? (12 marks)

Marks Example answers available

Writing structure

1. AGREE with the The ? was important for… EVENT in the question and show how important it was 2. Give a different However, ? was also important example of an event which was important 3. Give another In contrast,? was also important DIFFERENT event which was important 4. JUDGEMENT- weigh Overall, ? was really/not very up how important the important 1st event was PTO Germany 1919-1991 Exam technique help Question 5- How important..? (12 marks)

Example answers 7/12 Example answers Germany 1919-1991 Exam technique help

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