Germany Italy
1861 Kingdom of Italy proclaimed
Unification of Germany 1871
Wilhelm II became Kaiser 1888
1911 Invasion of Libya
Giolitti became prime minister (third time)
1912 Suffrage extended
1914 Declaration of neutrality
Start of First World War
1915 Treaty of London with Entente Powers
Declaration of war on Austria-Hungary
1916 Declaration of war on Germany
1917 Defeat at Caporetto
‘Revolution from above’ 1918 Victory at Vittorio Veneto
Abdication of the Kaiser End of Italy on winning side First Fighting on Western Front Universal male suffrage World ended by armistice introduced in Italy War
The Spartacist Revolt 1919 Catholic Popular Party (PPI) founded National Assembly elections Fasci di Combattimento Weimar Constitution drawn founded up Party list electoral system Ebert became president (and proportional Germany signed the representation) introduced Versailles Treaty Treaty of Saint Germain signed
D’Annunzio occupied Fiume First general election under new system – Liberals and their allies lost control of the chamber
The Kapp Putsch 1920 Treaty of Rapallo signed with Yugoslavia Foundation of the NSDAP Worker occupation of the Publication of the NSDAP’s 25 factories (Bienno Rosso) Point Programme Occupation of Fiume ended by force
Matthias Erzberger murdered 1921 Italian Communist Party by Organisation Consul (PCI) formed
National Fascist Party (PNF) founded
Walter Rathenau murdered 1922 Fascist ‘March on Rome’ by Organisation Consul carried out
Mussolini became prime minister
French troops occupied the 1923 Acerbo Law passed Ruhr Corfu affair Germany abandoned ‘passive resistance’ policy
Introduction of the Rentenmark
Economic recovery begins
Hitler’s ‘Beer Hall Putsch’ (Munich)
Dawes Plan 1924 Matteotti crisis
Hitler’s treason trial Italy gained Fiume
Locarno Pact 1925 Mussolini became head of government and Duce Publication of Hitler’s Mein Kampf OND founded
Hindenburg elected president The ‘battle for grain’ launched
Vidoni Pact between Confindustria and Fascist syndicates Locarno Pact
Germany admitted to the 1926 Head of government to League of Nations make law by decree
Stresemann awarded the ONB founded Nobel Peace Prize Fascist one party state Bamberg Conference created
Rocco Law passed
Ministry of Corporations established
OVRA and Special Tribunal established
Protectorate declared over Albania
Unemployment Insurance Act 1927 ‘Quota 90’ and the ‘battle for births’ launched
Ruralisation campaign started
Labour Charter introduced
Reichstag elections: extreme 1928 ‘Mussolini Law’ on land right-wing parties lost ground reclamation introduced
Electoral law introduced
Kellogg-Briand Pact
Young Plan 1929 Lateran Pacts signed between Fascist state and Hitler and the Nazis invited to Wall the Catholic Church join Hugenberg’s campaign Street against the Young Plan Crash
Severe economic depression began
Death of Stresemann
Reichstag elections: Nazis 1930 won 6.4 million votes and 107 seats
5 million unemployed 1931 IMI founded
Reparation payments Catholic Action dispute suspended Presidential election: 1932 Hindenburg re-elected and Hitler came second with 13.4 million votes
Reparations ended
Reichstag elections (July): Nazis won 13.8 million votes and 230 seats
Reichstag elections (November): Nazis won 11.7 million votes and 196 seats
Hitler appointed chancellor 1933 IRI founded
Reichstag Fire Four Power Pact with Germany, Britain and Reichstag elections (March): France Nazis won 17.3 million votes and 288 seats
Enabling Act passed
Laws outlawing political parties and trade unions
Concordat between Nazi Germany and the Vatican
Establishment of the Protestant ‘Reich Church’
Introduction Marriage Loan Scheme
Opening of the ‘Battle for Work’
Night of the Long Knives 1934 Confrontation with Germany over Austria Hindenburg’s death: Hitler combined posts of president and chancellor
Schacht’s ‘New Plan’
Nuremberg Laws 1935 Stresa Conference
Rearmament and military Outbreak of war in conscription announced Abyssinia
Marriage Law Hoare-Laval Pact Blood Protection Law
Law on the Hitler Youth 1936 Bank of Italy nationalised introduced Italian intervention in Nazi occupation of the Spanish Civil War began Outbre Rhineland ak of Rome-Berlin Axis ‘Four Year Plan’ launched Spanis announced h Civil War
Schacht resigned as Minister 1937 Anti-Comintern Pact of Economics
Hossbach meeting
Introduction of the Mother 1938 Munich Conference Cross award Anti-semitic decrees passed Marriage Law
Anschluss
Munich Conference
Kristallnacht
Hitler seized Czechoslovakia 1939 Chamber of Fasces and Corporations established Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Outbre Pact ak of Anti-semitic decrees passed Second German invasion of Poland Albania annexed World Euthanasia programme War Pact of Steel signed began Outbreak of Second World War – Italy stayed neutral
Fall of France 1940 Declaration of war on Britain and France
British Somaliland conquered
British naval victory at Matapan
Egypt and Greece invaded
Italian fleet defeated at Taranto
Operation Barbarossa 1941 Italian army in Libya launched surrendered USA entered the war British reconquered Somaliland
Italian armies in Ethiopia destroyed
Speer appointed Armaments 1942 Italian-German armies Minister defeated in Egypt
‘Final Solution’ adopted
German surrender at 1943 North Africa surrender Stalingrad Anglo-American invasion of Extermination camp system Sicily expanded Mussolini deposed Women compelled to Allied invasion of Italy register for state-allocated work New Italian government declared war on Germany White Rose executions Mussolini rescued by Germans and installed as head of the Republic of Salo
July Plot 1944 Allies liberated Rome
Allied invasion of France
Invasion of Germany 1945 Mussolini executed by partisans Yalta Conference End of Second Allies defeated Germany Suicide of Hitler, Goebbels World and Himmler War Potsdam Conference
Licensing of political parties - western zones of occupation
Nuremberg Trials
Nuremberg Trials 1946 Referendum on monarchy decided Italy to become a Law for Liberation from republic National Socialism Constituent Assembly Christian Democratic Union elected founded
Economic Council of the 1947 Bizone Currency reform in the 1948 western zones
Trizonia created
Marshall Aid received
Berlin Blockade and airlift begins
West German constitutional conference
Parliamentary Council set up in Bonn
Berlin Blockade lifted 1949
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
Election of the first German Bundestag
Konrad Adenauer (CDU) elected Federal Chancellor
Collective Bargaining Law on Industrial Relations
FRG joined the Council of Europe and the OEEC
Construction Law 1950
End of food rationing in the Federal Republic
Law on co-determination in 1951 the steel and coalmining industries
FRG entered the European Coal and Steel Community
Reinstatement Act
Investment Aid Law
Works Constitution Law 1952
Equalisation of Burdens Act 1953
Treaty of Paris allowed FRG 1954 to join NATO and rearm 1955
Decision made to form a 1956 German ‘Citizens’ Army’
Bundestag election: absolute 1957 majority for the CDU/CSU
Anti-Trust Law
Bonn Conventions signed
FRG signed Treaty of Rome
1958
SPD Bad Godesberg 1959 programme
Berlin Wall constructed 1961
Der Spiegel Affair 1962
Resignation of Chancellor 1963 Konrad Adenauer
Election of Economics Minister Ludwig Erhard as his successor
1964
Economic recession 1965
Grand Coalition formed 1966 between CDU/CSU and SPD under Chancellor Kurt Kiesinger
Stabilisation Law 1967
2 June Movement formed
Student leader Rudi Dutschke 1968 shot
‘Easter Riots’ in West German cities
Emergency Law
Bundestag elections: gains 1969 made by the SPD
SPD Chairman Willy Brandt elected Chancellor SDP/FDP federal government formed
1970
Educational Support Law 1971
Bundestag elections: SPD and 1972 FDP gained a clear majority
Pension Act
Factory Management Law
Rise in oil prices 1973
Willy Brandt resigned as 1974 chancellor
Election of Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt (SPD) as chancellor
SPD/FDP coalition renewed
Munich Olympics - terrorist attack
1975
1976
Kidnap and murder of the 1977 president of the employers’ federation, Hanns-Martin Schleyer
Hijack of a Lufthansa plane
Liberation of the hostages in Mogadishu
Suicide of terrorists Baader, Ensslin and Raspe
1978
Green Party formed 1980
1981
Chancellor Schmidt and the 1982 SPD minority government replaced by a CDU/CSU/FDP coalition under Chancellor Helmut Kohl Bundestag elections: 1983 CDU/CSU and FDP secured an absolute majority
Green represented in the Bundestag for the first time
Bundestag re-elects Kohl as federal chancellor
Bundestag elections: 1987
FDP/CDU/CSU coalition under Kohl retained power with a reduced majority
Kohl announced his ’10 Point 1989 Plan’ for German reunification
Collapse of GDR; fall of Berlin Wall; road to re-unification begins
Using the Timelines above, pick out what you think are the ten key events of Italian history and the ten key events of German history.
You may need to research some of the events to check they are significant.
Then create a timeline, make it colourful and add pictures and it will go on display.