DOCSLIB.ORG

China's Incomplete Military Transformation: Assessing The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

China’s Incomplete Military Transformation Assessing the Weaknesses of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Michael S. Chase, Jeffrey Engstrom, Tai Ming Cheung, Kristen A. Gunness, Scott Warren Harold, Susan Puska, Samuel K. Berkowitz C O R P O R A T I O N For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR893 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-8830-7 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2015 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover: Chinese airborne troops parachute in an amphibious landing drill during the third phase of the Sino-Russian “Peace Mission 2005” joint military exercise, held in China's Shandong Peninsula in 2005 (AP Photo /Xinhua, Zha Chunming). Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface Since the mid-1990s, the People’s Republic of China has invested enor- mous resources in developing the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) into a modern force that can secure various national interests both at home and now increasingly abroad. The stunning U.S. victory in Opera- tion Desert Storm (Iraq) in 1991; U.S. involvement in the 1995–1996 Taiwan Strait Crisis; and U.S. military intervention in Kosovo in 1999, during which the United States accidentally bombed the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade, motivated Chinese leaders to invest considerable resources in the transformation of the PLA into a more modern, profes- sional, and operationally capable fighting force. These conflicts bluntly demonstrated to the People’s Republic of China that it lacked a mili- tary that could effectively fight and win wars against modern oppo- nents, especially adversaries who could effectively harness the infor- mation revolution and successfully conduct joint operations. Although the modernization drive is now over two decades old and has yielded impressive results, numerous weaknesses persist. This report assesses many of the weaknesses in the PLA’s human capital and organizational realms, in the PLA’s combat capabilities across various domains (land, sea, air, space, cyber, and electromagnetic), and in China’s defense research and industrial complex. It does so by examining how these weaknesses affect the PLA’s performance of missions Beijing tasks or may task the force to carry out and by reviewing Chinese assessments of the PLA’s shortcomings and their potential implications. This study should be of interest to military analysts, policymakers, lawmakers, or iii iv China’s Incomplete Military Transformation anyone interested in Chinese military affairs and their security impli- cations for the United States and its allies and partners. This research was sponsored by the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (USCC), which Congress established in 2000 to monitor and report on the economic and national security dimensions of U.S. trade and economic ties with the People’s Republic of China. This research was conducted within the International Security and Defense Policy Center of the RAND National Security Research Division (NSRD). NSRD conducts research and analysis on defense and national security topics for the U.S. and allied defense, foreign policy, homeland security, and intelligence communities and founda- tions and other nongovernmental organizations that support defense and national security analysis. For more information on the International Security and Defense Policy Center, see http://www.rand.org/nsrd/ndri/centers/isdp.html or contact the director (contact information is provided on the web page). Contents Preface ............................................................................. iii Figures and Tables ...............................................................vii Executive Summary ............................................................. ix Acknowledgments ...............................................................xv CHAPTER ONE Introduction: The Importance of Understanding the People’s Liberation Army’s Weaknesses ............................................ 1 Defining Weakness ................................................................ 2 Sources and Methodology ........................................................ 3 Limitations of Sources and Knowledge Gaps ................................... 7 Organization of This Report .....................................................11 CHAPTER TWO People’s Liberation Army Modernization: Mid‑1990s to 2025 .........13 People’s Liberation Army Modernization Since the 1990s ...................13 Likely Trajectory of People’s Liberation Army Modernization Through 2025 ............................................................................19 Factors That Could Change the Direction of People’s Liberation Army Modernization ................................................................21 CHAPTER THREE Missions of the People’s Liberation Army ...................................25 The People’s Liberation Army’s Strategic Objectives ..........................25 People’s Liberation Army Mission Sets, Relevant Campaigns, and Intended Campaign Effects ................................................ 27 v vi China’s Incomplete Military Transformation People’s Liberation Army’s Capabilities to Conduct Missions Through 2025 ............................................................................39 CHAPTER FOUR Weaknesses in People’s Liberation Army Organization and Human Capital ............................................................. 43 Potential Weaknesses in People’s Liberation Army Organization and Human Capital .............................................................. 44 Impact on the People’s Liberation Army’s Ability to Achieve Its Missions ...................................................................... 60 How the People’s Liberation Army Is Attempting to Address These Weaknesses ....................................................................61 CHAPTER FIVE Weaknesses of People’s Liberation Army Combat Capabilities .........69 The Two Incompatibles and the Two Gaps ....................................69 The Land Domain ................................................................74 The Sea Domain .................................................................. 87 The Air Domain ................................................................. 101 The Space, Cyber, and Electromagnetic Domains .......................... 114 Nuclear Deterrence ............................................................. 119 CHAPTER SIX Weaknesses in China’s Defense Industry ................................. 125 China’s Improving Defense Industry Capabilities .......................... 125 Weaknesses of China’s Defense Industry ..................................... 126 Potential Impact of Weaknesses in China’s Defense Industry ............. 133 CHAPTER SEVEN Conclusion: People’s Liberation Army Weaknesses and Their Implications ................................................................ 135 APPENDIX Critical Assumptions .......................................................... 139 Abbreviations ................................................................... 147 References ....................................................................... 151 Index ............................................................................. 173 Figures and Tables Figures 4.1. PLA Manpower, 1990–2014 ...................................... 54 5.1. Numbers of PLA Main Battle Tanks, by Generation, 1990–2014 ............................................................78 5.2. Comparison of Main Battle Tank Inventories Possessed by China’s Neighbors, 1990–2014 ....................................79 5.3. Numbers of PLA Air Defense Surface Combatants by SAM Range, 1990–2014 ............................................89 5.4. Comparison of Principal Surface Combatants Possessed by China’s Neighbors, 1990–2014 ................................... 90 5.5. Numbers of Modern and Legacy PLA Fighter Aircraft, 1990–2014 .......................................................... 102 5.6. Comparison of Fighter and Fighter Ground Attack Aircraft Possessed by China’s Neighbors, 1990–2014 ......... 103 5.7. Numbers of PLA Special-Mission Aircraft by Role, 1990–2014 .......................................................... 111 Tables 4.1. Major PLA Organizational Changes ..............................58 5.1. The Impact of Identified Land Domain Weaknesses on PLA Missions .......................................................
Recommended publications
  • Comparative Connections a Triannual E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations

    Comparative Connections a Triannual E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations

    Comparative Connections A Triannual E-Journal on East Asian Bilateral Relations China-Russia Relations: Navigating through the Ukraine Storm Yu Bin Wittenberg University Against the backdrop of escalating violence in Ukraine, Sino-Russian relations were on the fast track over the past four months in three broad areas: strategic coordination, economics, and mil- mil relations. This was particularly evident during President Putin’s state visit to China in late May when the two countries inked a 30-year, $400 billion gas deal after 20 years of hard negotiation. Meanwhile, the two navies were drilling off the East China Sea coast and the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA) was being held in Shanghai. Beyond this, Moscow and Beijing were instrumental in pushing the creation of the $50 billion BRICS development bank and a $100 billion reserve fund after years of frustrated waiting for a bigger voice for the developing world in the IMF and World Bank. Putin in Shanghai for state visit and more President Vladimir Putin traveled to Shanghai on May 20-21 to meet Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping. This was the seventh time they have met since March 2013 when Xi assumed the presidency in China. The trip was made against a backdrop of a deepening crisis in Ukraine: 42 pro-Russian activists were killed in the Odessa fire on May 2 and pro-Russian separatists in Donetsk and Luhansk declared independence on May 11. Four days after Putin’s China trip, the Ukrainian Army unveiled its “anti-terrorist operations,” and on July 17 Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was downed.
  • Assessing the Training and Operational Proficiency of China's

    Assessing the Training and Operational Proficiency of China's

    C O R P O R A T I O N Assessing the Training and Operational Proficiency of China’s Aerospace Forces Selections from the Inaugural Conference of the China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI) Edmund J. Burke, Astrid Stuth Cevallos, Mark R. Cozad, Timothy R. Heath For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/CF340 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9549-7 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface On June 22, 2015, the China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI), in conjunction with Headquarters, Air Force, held a day-long conference in Arlington, Virginia, titled “Assessing Chinese Aerospace Training and Operational Competence.” The purpose of the conference was to share the results of nine months of research and analysis by RAND researchers and to expose their work to critical review by experts and operators knowledgeable about U.S.
  • People's Liberation Army Air Force Aviation Training at the Operational

    People's Liberation Army Air Force Aviation Training at the Operational

    C O R P O R A T I O N From Theory to Practice People’s Liberation Army Air Force Aviation Training at the Operational Unit Lyle J. Morris, Eric Heginbotham For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/RR1415 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-9497-1 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface About the China Aerospace Studies Institute The China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI) was created in 2014 at the initiative of the Headquarters, U.S.
  • China Data Supplement

    China Data Supplement

    China Data Supplement October 2008 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC ......................................................................... 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC ..................................................................... 29 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership ...................................................................... 36 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries ......................................................................... 42 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations .............................................................................................. 45 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR................................................................................................................ 54 LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR....................................................................................................................... 61 LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan .............................................................................................................................. 66 LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 October 2008 The Main National Leadership of the
  • Xi Jinping's War on Corruption

    Xi Jinping's War on Corruption

    University of Mississippi eGrove Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors Theses Honors College) 2015 The Chinese Inquisition: Xi Jinping's War on Corruption Harriet E. Fisher University of Mississippi. Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Follow this and additional works at: https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Fisher, Harriet E., "The Chinese Inquisition: Xi Jinping's War on Corruption" (2015). Honors Theses. 375. https://egrove.olemiss.edu/hon_thesis/375 This Undergraduate Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors College (Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College) at eGrove. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of eGrove. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Chinese Inquisition: Xi Jinping’s War on Corruption By Harriet E. Fisher A thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for completion Of the Bachelor of Arts degree in International Studies at the Croft Institute for International Studies and the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College The University of Mississippi University, Mississippi May 2015 Approved by: ______________________________ Advisor: Dr. Gang Guo ______________________________ Reader: Dr. Kees Gispen ______________________________ Reader: Dr. Peter K. Frost i © 2015 Harriet E. Fisher ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii For Mom and Pop, who taught me to learn, and Helen, who taught me to teach. iii Acknowledgements I am indebted to a great many people for the completion of this thesis. First, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Gang Guo, for all his guidance during the thesis- writing process. His expertise in China and its endemic political corruption were invaluable, and without him, I would not have had a topic, much less been able to complete a thesis.
  • Military Regions Š

    Military Regions Š

    Encyclopedia of Modern China, Volume 3 – Finals/ 6/8/2009 19:56 Page 99 People’s Liberation Army: Overview MILITARY REGIONS China’s vast territory, diverse populations, and complex into six air-defense regions. The following year, a thirteenth geography, with attendant transportation and logistics military region, Fuzhou, was added. challenges, initially necessitated a regional approach to By 1969 the military regions of the People’s national defense, with centralized control imposed on Liberation Army were reduced to eleven: Shenyang, decentralized operations. The area control of the People’s Beijing, Jinan, Nanjing, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Chengdu, Liberation Army was originally divided into six levels (see Kunming, Lanzhou, Fuzhou, and Xinjiang (renamed Table 1), though terms have varied over time, restructuring Wulumuqi Military Region in May 1979). (In May 1967 has occurred, and mission overlap persists. the Inner Mongolia Military Region was reduced to a Since February 1949 the People’s Liberation Army has provincial military district (sheng junqu) subordinate to the employed a geographically delineated system of military Beijing Military Region, and in December 1969 the Xizang regions (junqu), which comprise military units permanently Military Region was reduced to a provincial military district allocated to them. During wartime, a theater of war subordinate to the Chengdu Military Region.) (zhanqu) encompasses both these geographically based In 1985 the eleven military regions were reduced to units and any additional units deployed or otherwise the current seven (with over twenty provincial military operationally assigned there. districts) as part of a major demobilization. The Shenyang In the late 1940s Red Army forces were organized into Military Region contains Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang; five field armies (yezhan jun) (see Table 2).
  • South Sea Fleet: the Emerging 'Lynchpin' of China's Naval

    South Sea Fleet: the Emerging 'Lynchpin' of China's Naval

    www.maritimeindia.org South Sea Fleet: The Emerging ‘Lynchpin’ of China’s Naval Power Projection in the Indo-Pacific Author: Gurpreet S Khurana* Date: 10 February 2016 In December 2015, China commissioned Hefei (174) – the third Type 052D guided- missile destroyer into its navy. 1 The warship represents the most advanced surface combatant ever operated by the PLA Navy, and comparable to the best in the world. It is armed with potent long-range missiles like the HHQ-9 (anti-air), the YJ-18 (anti-ship), and the CJ-10 (land-attack).2 This seems incredible considering that until barely a decade ago, China’s navy did not even possess a credible fleet air defence missile system, let alone a land-attack capability. Map – PLA Navy Fleets: Areas of Responsibility 1 Notably, all three Type 052D destroyers are based in PLA Navy’s South Sea Fleet (SSF).3 This is among the latest indicators of the growing salience and strength of this fleet. The SSF is fast becoming the ‘sword arm’ of the PLA Navy that is rapidly amassing distant power-projection capabilities, with major geopolitical and security ramifications, not only for the China’s immediate maritime neighbours in the South China Sea (SCS), but also for the littorals of the Indian Ocean region (IOR). This essay attempts to discern the trends since the rise of China’s naval power in recent decades, and the implications for the Indo-Pacific4 region. Circa 1995-2005: Focus on ESF Until the 1980s, the PLA Navy was merely a ‘brown-water’ coastal force.
  • Introduction This Statement Is Submitted to the U.S.-China

    Introduction This Statement Is Submitted to the U.S.-China

    USCC Hearing China’s Military Transition February 7, 2013 Roy Kamphausen Senior Advisor, The National Bureau of Asian Research Introduction This statement is submitted to the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission to address issues related to the transition to the new top military leadership in China. The statement addresses the composition of the new Central Military Commission, important factors in the selection of the leaders, and highlights salient elements in the backgrounds of specific leaders. The statement also addresses important factors of civil-military relations, including the relationship of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) to China’s top political leadership, potential reform of the military-region structure of the PLA, and the likely competition for budget resources. Composition of the China’s New Central Military Commission As expected, new Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping was appointed in November 2012 as the Central Military Commission (CMC) chairman. Additionally, army general Fan Changlong and air force general Xu Qiliang were promoted to positions as vice chairmen of the CMC—Fan from Jinan Military Region commander and Xu from PLA Air Force commander. Other members of the new CMC include General Chang Wanquan, who will become the next Minister of National Defense when that position is confirmed in early spring 2013; General Fang Fenghui, chief of the General Staff Department (GSD), who previously had been Beijing Military Region commander since 2007; General Zhang Yang, director of
  • DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM BRIEF Hypersonic Weapons By: Margot Van Loon, Dr

    DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM BRIEF Hypersonic Weapons By: Margot Van Loon, Dr

    May 2019 No. 18 AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY COUNCIL DEFENSE TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM BRIEF Hypersonic Weapons By: Margot van Loon, Dr. Larry Wortzel, and Dr. Mark B. Schneider BRIEFING HIGHLIGHTS TABLE OF CONTENTS Hypersonic Weapons: A Primer 1 Hypersonic weapons are coming online just as the United States shifts its focus back to great Margot van Loon power competition as its most pressing national Hypersonic Weapons in China’s Military Strategies 4 security threat. To China and Russia – both of Dr. Larry Wortzel whom are rapidly modernizing their military Moscow’s Development of Hypersonic Missiles… 10 capabilities and seeking ways to expand the and What It Means role of nuclear weapons in their strategies–the unique characteristics of hypersonic systems Dr. Mark B. Schneider (including their ability to render useless all Notes 15 current U.S. missile defenses) represent a perfect opportunity to take the lead in a high- stakes technological field. Because of their speed and maneuverability, Hypersonic Weapons: A Primer it would be nearly impossible to predict what By Margot van Loon facilities (or even what country) is being targeted if a country detected the launch of one of these weapons. Moreover, it would be impossible to n today’s Department of Defense, one of the most crucial missions is know for certain the type of warhead it carries, Iknown as “conventional prompt global strike” (CPGS). The complex meaning that a conventional strike could easily title belies a simple objective: in the most basic terms, CPGS seeks to be mistaken for a preemptive nuclear attack. guarantee the ability to strike a target any time at any place in the world The Russians may see destruction of the U.S.
  • 2019 China Military Power Report

    2019 China Military Power Report

    OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China ANNUAL REPORT TO CONGRESS Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019 Office of the Secretary of Defense Preparation of this report cost the Department of Defense a total of approximately $181,000 in Fiscal Years 2018-2019. This includes $12,000 in expenses and $169,000 in DoD labor. Generated on 2019May02 RefID: E-1F4B924 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China 2019 A Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, as Amended Section 1260, “Annual Report on Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China,” of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Public Law 115-232, which amends the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000, Section 1202, Public Law 106-65, provides that the Secretary of Defense shall submit a report “in both classified and unclassified form, on military and security developments involving the People’s Republic of China. The report shall address the current and probable future course of military-technological development of the People’s Liberation Army and the tenets and probable development of Chinese security strategy and military strategy, and of the military organizations and operational concepts supporting such development over the next 20 years.
  • The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles

    The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles

    The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles The Chinese Navy Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles Saunders, EDITED BY Yung, Swaine, PhILLIP C. SAUNderS, ChrISToPher YUNG, and Yang MIChAeL Swaine, ANd ANdreW NIeN-dzU YANG CeNTer For The STUdY oF ChINeSe MilitarY AffairS INSTITUTe For NATIoNAL STrATeGIC STUdIeS NatioNAL deFeNSe UNIverSITY COVER 4 SPINE 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY COVER.indd 3 COVER 1 11/29/11 12:35 PM The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 1 11/29/11 12:37 PM 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 2 11/29/11 12:37 PM The Chinese Navy: Expanding Capabilities, Evolving Roles Edited by Phillip C. Saunders, Christopher D. Yung, Michael Swaine, and Andrew Nien-Dzu Yang Published by National Defense University Press for the Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs Institute for National Strategic Studies Washington, D.C. 2011 990-219 NDU CHINESE NAVY.indb 3 11/29/11 12:37 PM Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the contributors and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Defense or any other agency of the Federal Government. Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. Chapter 5 was originally published as an article of the same title in Asian Security 5, no. 2 (2009), 144–169. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Used by permission. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Chinese Navy : expanding capabilities, evolving roles / edited by Phillip C. Saunders ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index.
  • Hearing on China's Military Reforms and Modernization: Implications for the United States Hearing Before the U.S.-China Economic

    Hearing on China's Military Reforms and Modernization: Implications for the United States Hearing Before the U.S.-China Economic

    HEARING ON CHINA'S MILITARY REFORMS AND MODERNIZATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE UNITED STATES HEARING BEFORE THE U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 2018 Printed for use of the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission Available via the World Wide Web: www.uscc.gov UNITED STATES-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION WASHINGTON: 2018 U.S.-CHINA ECONOMIC AND SECURITY REVIEW COMMISSION ROBIN CLEVELAND, CHAIRMAN CAROLYN BARTHOLOMEW, VICE CHAIRMAN Commissioners: HON. CARTE P. GOODWIN HON. JAMES TALENT DR. GLENN HUBBARD DR. KATHERINE C. TOBIN HON. DENNIS C. SHEA MICHAEL R. WESSEL HON. JONATHAN N. STIVERS DR. LARRY M. WORTZEL The Commission was created on October 30, 2000 by the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for 2001 § 1238, Public Law No. 106-398, 114 STAT. 1654A-334 (2000) (codified at 22 U.S.C. § 7002 (2001), as amended by the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for 2002 § 645 (regarding employment status of staff) & § 648 (regarding changing annual report due date from March to June), Public Law No. 107-67, 115 STAT. 514 (Nov. 12, 2001); as amended by Division P of the “Consolidated Appropriations Resolution, 2003,” Pub L. No. 108-7 (Feb. 20, 2003) (regarding Commission name change, terms of Commissioners, and responsibilities of the Commission); as amended by Public Law No. 109- 108 (H.R. 2862) (Nov. 22, 2005) (regarding responsibilities of Commission and applicability of FACA); as amended by Division J of the “Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2008,” Public Law Nol. 110-161 (December 26, 2007) (regarding responsibilities of the Commission, and changing the Annual Report due date from June to December); as amended by the Carl Levin and Howard P.