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Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
Geographic Regions of North America Location Physical Characteristics Coastal Range Along the Pacific Coast Rugged mountains stretching from California to containing fertile valleys Canada Basin and Range Located west of Rocky Area of varying elevations Mountains and containing isolated east of the Sierra mountain ranges Nevadas and the Death Valley, the lowest Cascades point in North America Rocky Mountains Rugged mountains stretching from Alaska Located west of the Great almost to Mexico; high Plains and east of the Basin elevations; and Range contains the Continental Divide, which determines the directional flow of rivers Great Plains West of the Interior Lowlands Flat land that gradually and east of the Rocky increases in elevation Mountains westward; grasslands
Interior Lowlands West of the Appalachian Rolling flatlands with many Highlands (Mountains) and rivers, broad river valleys, east of the Great Plains and grassy hills Canadian Shield Hills worn by erosion and Wrapped around Hudson Bay in hundreds of lakes carved a horseshoe shape by glaciers, has some of the oldest rock formations in North America Appalachian West of Coastal Plain, Highlands extending Old, eroded mountains (Mountains) from eastern Canada to western (oldest Alabama, includes the mountain range in North Piedmont America)
Coastal Plain Along Atlantic Ocean and Gulf Broad lowlands providing of Mexico many excellent harbors
Color Blue, Red, Green In A Circle (C.S.)
Prime Meridian Eurasia
0 Longitude
Equator
0 Latitude
Eurasia is the name for Europe and Asia combined
Continents are large land masses surrounded by water
Latitude Lines Longitude Lines
Prime Meridian Parallels lines o EQUATOR 0 Longitude
0 Latitude d rawn north/south (top / bottom) drawn east/west
Measure how far north or Measure how far east or south a location is from west a location is from the
Equator Prime Meridian
Run parallel to each other and Longitude lines all come never intersect or touch together at North and South Poles
Landforms and water features set the stage for and influence the course of events in the United States
Key geographic features
lakes rivers Water - related tributaries gulfs and bays
mountains
hills Land - related plains plateaus
Geographic features are related to:
patterns of trade the location of cities and towns
the westward (frontier) movement agricultural and fishing industries
Missouri
Ohio
Atlantic Ocean Rio Grande Mississippi
Pacific Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
provided access to other parts of the Atlantic, Pacific & Gulf of Mexico world served as the highway for explorers, Atlantic Ocean early settlers, & later immigrants Ohio River Gateway to West inland port cities grew in the Midwest Great Lakes (HOMES) Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior used to transport farm & industrial Mississippi & Missouri Rivers products links to U.S. ports & other parts of the world Columbia River explored by Lewis & Clark Colorado River explored by Spanish Rio Grande forms the border with Mexico Pacific Ocean early exploration destination provided French & Spanish with Gulf of Mexico exploration routes to Mexico & others parts of America forms part of the northeastern border St. Lawrence River with Canada connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
Bodies of water support interaction among regions, form borders, & create links to other areas
Archaeologist study human behavior and culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts
Cactus Hill is located on the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia
Evidence that humans lived at Cactus Hill as early as 18,000 years ago makes it one of the oldest archaeological sites in North America
Archaeology is the recovery of material evidence remaining from the past
In the past, American Indians fished, hunted, and grew crops for food They made clothing from animal skins and plants
They constructed shelters from resources found in their environments ( e.g., sod, stones, animal skins, wood)
Types of Resources
Natural resources things that come directly from nature Human resources people working to produce goods and services goods produced and used to make other goods Capital resources and services
Natural resources fish American Indians caught
wild animals they hunted
crops they grew
Human resources people who fished, made clothing, and hunted animals
Capital resources canoes, bows, and spears American Indians made
Geographic and climate affected how the various American Indians groups met their basic needs
Resources influenced what was produced and how it was produced Inuit
Arctic
Arctic Igloo cold Inuit Alaska Canada
Kwakiutl
totem pole rainy, mild Tepees nomadic Iroquois buffalo Lakota
Pueblo
I Know People Like Ice cream
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Spanish English Claimed French Southwest Eastern United States Canada and East Coast Mississippi River Valley
Pacific Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
Portugal
Portuguese
West Africa Carried metals, cloth, & other manufactured Ghana goods to West Africa to Mali trade for gold &salt Songhai
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai became powerful by controlling trade in West Africa located in the western region of Africa, south of the Sahara Desert, near the Niger River
The Interaction between American Indians and Europeans sometimes led to cooperation and other times resulted in conflict
Technologies (weapons & metal farm tools) Areas
of Trade Cooperation
Crops
Differences in cultures Language Disease difference
Areas of Conflict
Competition Land for trade
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English
England
(was equal)
Learned Established Traded with farming settlements American techniques and claimed Indians ownership of from American land Indians
Brought
Christianity to the Spanish Brought New World Spain European (is a pain) diseases
Conquered
& enslaved American Indians
Established trading post French France (is a friend) Spread Christian religion
Samuel De Champlain Robert La Salle Quebec Mississippi River Valley
Taught farming techniques to European settlers
American Indians Believed that land was to
be shared or used but not owned
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Religious: Economic Forces: Spread of gold, natural Motivations for Christianity resources, trade the Explorations
3G’s
Gold, God, Glory
Competition: countries competing for empire belief in superiority of own culture
Claimed territories
Accomplishments Exchange of goods
of Exploration and ideas SIT Improved
navigational tools and ships
Poor maps & Fear of navigational unknown tools Obstacles to the Exploration MUDS
Lack of Disease adequate & supplies Starvation
Colonies and the reasons they were established
- Lost Colony 1585 Roanoke Island - established as an economic venture by English - Sir Walter Raleigh $ - 1st English colony in New World
- 1607 - first permanent English settlement in Jamestown Settlement North America - was an economic venture by $ Virginia Company - John Smith - settled by Separatist from the Church Of England Plymouth Colony - wanted to avoid religious persecution Pilgrims (Separatist) - Pilgrims - William Bradford - 1620 - Religious Freedom - settled by Puritans Massachusetts Bay Colony - wanted to avoid religious Puritans (Reformers) persecution - John Winthrop - 1630 - Religious Freedom - settled by Quakers Pennsylvania - wanted to have freedom to practice their faith without interference - William Penn - 1670 - Religious Freedom - settled by people who had been in Georgia debtor’s prisons in England (buffer against Spain) - hoped to experience economic freedom and a new life in the New World - James Oglethrope - Economic Freedom $ - 1733
- lived predominately in the South - relied on Indentured servants and / or Large Landowners slaves for labor - were educated in some cases - had rich social culture - worked the land according to the region Farmers - relied on family members for labor - worked as craftsmen in towns and on the Artisans plantations - - lived in small villages and cities - worked as caretakers, house workers, Women homemakers - could not vote - had few opportunities for an education - were able to own land - had more economic freedom and could Free African Americans work for pay and decide how to spend their money - not allowed to vote
- were men and women who did not have money for passage to the colonies and Indentured Servants who agreed to work without pay for the person who paid for their passage - were free at the end of their contract - were captured in their native Africa and sold to slave traders, then were shipped to the colonies where they were sold into Enslaved African slavery Americans - were owned as property for life with no rights - were often born into slavery (children of enslaved African Americans were born into slavery)
The colonies were made up of different groups of people whose lives varied greatly depending on their social position
Whitlock New England Colonies
cold winters
New Hampshire moderate Massachusetts summers Rhode Island Connecticut
Social/Political
Religious reformers and
Civil life separatists
Town meetings Villages and churches were centers of life
Specialization Appalachian Highlands Boston harbor fishing hilly terrain jagged coastline shipbuilding rocky soil
naval supplies metal tools
Natural resources: timber, fish, deep harbors
Human resources: skilled craftsman, shopkeepers, shipbuilders
Capital resources: tools, buildings
Examples of Interdependence
The New England colonies depended on the Southern colonies for crops and raw materials such as tobacco, rice, cotton, and indigo, and for forest products such as lumber, tar, and pitch
They depended on the Mid-Atlantic colonies for livestock and grains
Mid – Atlantic / Middle Atlantic
New York moderate climate Pennsylvania New Jersey Delaware mild winters
Civil life
Market towns Appalachian Highlands Coastal lowlands harbors and bays wide & deep rivers
Social/Political
villages and cities Specialization livestock varied and diverse lifestyles diverse religions grains
fish
Natural resources: rich farmlands, rivers
Human resources: unskilled and skilled workers, fishermen
Capital resources: tools, buildings
Examples of Interdependence The Mid-Atlantic colonies traded with the Southern and New England colonies to get the products they did not produce
The Mid-Atlantic colonies depended on the Southern colonies for tobacco, rice, cotton, indigo, and forest products
They traded with the New England colonies for metal tools and equipment
Southern Colonies
mild winters
humid climate
hot summers
Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Civil life Virginia counties Georgia
Social/Political
Plantations (slavery) Appalachian Highlands Mansions Piedmont Indentured servants Atlantic Coastal Plain fewer cities good harbors and rivers fewer schools
Church of England
Natural resources: fertile farmlands, rivers, harbors
Human resources: farmers, enslaved African Americans Specialization
Capital resources: tools, buildings cotton tobacco
indigo rice forest products (lumber, tar pitch)
Examples of Interdependence
The Southern colonies depended on the New England colonies for manufactured goods, including metal tools and equipment.
They depended on the Mid-Atlantic colonies for grains and other agricultural products not plentiful in the South
Economic Relationships
Great Britain Great Britain Colonies traded imposed strict taxed the raw materials for control over colonies after goods made in trade the French and Great Britain Indian War
Factors that shaped colonial America
Political Relationships
Colonial Colonial Colonists had to Governors were legislatures obey British appointed by made laws for laws, that were the king or by each colony but enforced by the Proprietor were monitored Governors by the Governor
Great Britain established and attempted to maintain control over the colonies:
England became Great Britain in the early 1700’s
Great Britain’s Reasons for Controlling the Colonies
Great Britain imposed taxes, Great Britain’s
such as the desired to remain a Stamp Act, to world power raise necessary
revenue (money) to pay the cost of the French and Indian War
Great Britain’s Reasons for Taxation To help finance (pay for) the French and Indian War
To help with the maintaining of English troops in the colonies
Sources of Colonial Dissatisfaction Colonies had no representation in Parliament Some colonists resented power of colonial governors Great Britain wanted strict control over colonial legislatures
The Proclamation of 1763, which followed the French and Indian War, restricted the western movement of settlers The colonies opposed the British taxes
New political ideas led to a desire for independence and a democratic government in the American colonies
The Declaration of Independence proclaimed independence from Great Britain. It stated that people have natural (inherent) rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Key philosophies in the Declaration of Independence were based upon ideas first expressed by European philosophers (John Locke)
People have “certain
unalienable rights” (rights that cannot be taken away) – to life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness
People establish government to protect those rights
Key philosophies in the Declaration of Independence Government derives power from the people
People have a right and a duty to change a government that
violates their rights
Colonial Advantages
Some colonists’ defense of their Strong leadership Additional support own land (they knew the land & from France how to use it to their advantage),
principles and beliefs Key Leaders in Revolution King George III George Washington British king during the Revolutionary Era Commander of the Continental Army
Lord Cornwallis John Adams
British general who Championed the surrendered at cause of Yorktown independence
Phyllis Wheatley Thomas Jefferson A former enslaved African American who Main author of the wrote poems and plays Declaration of supporting Independence independence
Patrick Henry Benjamin Franklin Outspoken member Prominent member of House of of the Continental Burgesses "Give me Congress, helped liberty or give me frame the death!" Declaration of Independence, helped gain French support for American independence
Paul Revere Patriot who Thomas Paine made a daring ride to warn Journalist, author colonists of of Common British arrival, Sense yelling "The British are coming!"
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Key Events of the Revolutionary War
Colonists in Boston were shot after Boston Massacre March 5, 1770 taunting British Soldiers Samuel Adams and Paul Revere led Boston Tea Party 1773 patriots in throwing tea into Boston Harbor to protest tea taxes Delegates from all colonies except First Continental Georgia met to discuss problems Congress 1774 with Great Britain and to promote independence Battles at Lexington The first armed conflicts of the and Concord 1775 Revolutionary War Approval of the Declaration of July 4, 1776 Colonies declared independence Independence from Great Britain This American victory was the Battle of Saratoga 1777 turning point of the war Surrender This was the colonial victory over at forces of Lord Cornwallis that marked Yorktown 1781 the end of the Revolutionary War Signing of the Treaty Great Britain recognized American of Paris 1783 independence in this treaty
The Articles of Confederation was a constitution written during the American Revolution to establish the powers of the new national government
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
No power to tax No power to regulate commerce among states Provided for no common currency
No Judicial or Executive branches Gave each state one vote regardless of size Weak National Government
Written: 1777
Approved: 1781
Replaced: 1788
Weakness in the Articles of Confederation led to the effort to draft a new Constitution
The Constitutional Convention
Delegates debated over how much State delegates George power should be met in Philadelphia Washington given to the new and decided not to was elected national revise the Articles president of government and of Confederation the how small states but to write a new Constitutional should be Constitution Convention represented in the new government
The Constitution was signed at the end of the convention
The Great Compromise decided how many votes each state would have in the Senate and the House of Representatives
The Structure of the new national government included
three separate branches of government
Legislative
Executive Judicial Congress Senate (2 per state) President Supreme Court
House of Carries out laws Determines if
Representative laws are (based on population) constitutional Makes laws
Ratification of the Constitution Makes the laws
A minimum of nine of the thirteen states had to vote in favor of the Constitution before it could become law
The United States is an example of the form of government called a representative democracy
The development of the United States was significant to the foundation of the American republic
The Constitution of the United States established a federal system of government based on power being shared between the national and state governments
THE BILL
of Bill of Rights
RIGHTS
James Madison
was the author Based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason) and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom First 10 Amendments to the (Thomas Jefferson) Constitution of the United States of America
Provided a written
guarantee of individual rights
Benjamin Banneker
An African American astronomer and
surveyor Helped complete the design for the national capital in Washington, D.C.
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First Five Presidents George Washington Federal court system established Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution of the United States of America
Political parties grew out of disagreements Plans were initiated (started) for development of the national capital in Washington, D. C.
John Adams Massachusetts 2nd President A two – party system emerged during his administration
Thomas Jefferson Virginia 3rd President Bought Louisiana from France (Louisiana Purchase)
James Madison Virginia 4th President War of 1812 “Father of Our Constitution”
James Monroe Virginia 5th President Monroe Doctrine
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Cotton Gin Invented by Eli Whitney Increased the production of cotton Increased the need for slave labor to cultivate & pick the cotton
Reaper Invented by Jo Anderson (an enslaved African American) & Cyrus McCormick Increased the productivity of the American farmer
Steamboat Was improved by the entrepreneur Robert Fulton Provided faster river transportation that connected Southern plantations & farms to Northern industries & Western territories
Steam locomotive
Provided faster land transportation
Between 1801 & 1861, exploration was encouraged as America underwent vast territorial expansion & settlement
Geographic & Economic Factors that influenced
Westward Expansion
Population growth
Cheap fertile land
Logging, gold, farming, freedom
Overland trails (Oregon & Santa Fe)
Louisiana Purchase 1803 Florida Thomas Jefferson 1819
doubled the size of U.S. Spain
Lewis & Clark Adams-Onis Treaty
France
1783
United States
California Oregon Texas 1848 1845 1846 war with Mexico after it became an divided between independent republic Great Britain & southwest territory United States Texas Annexation Mexican Cession Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Gadsden Purchase
1854
To build a railroad
1854 United States
1854
Manifest Destiny the idea that expansion was for the good of the country and was the right of the country
Inventor person who is the first to think of or make something
Entrepreneur person who organizes resources to bring a new or better good or service to market in hopes of earning a profit
Women’s Suffrage
Supporters declared that “All men and women are created equal” supporters believed that women were deprived basic rights limited in rights to own property
denied the right to vote denied educational opportunities, especially higher education denied equal opportunities in business helped women gain equal rights
The movement was led by strong women who began their campaign before the Civil War and continued after the war had ended
Leaders
A former enslaved African American, Isabel Sojourner Truth was a nationally known advocate for equality and justice
Susan Was an advocate to gain voting B. rights for women and equal rights for Anthony all
Played a leadership role in the Elizabeth Cady Stanton women’s rights movement
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Abolitionists movement (Abolitionist worked to end slavery) demanded immediate freeing of slaves morally wrong cruel & inhuman a violation of principles of democracy
Leaders
Wrote the Liberator newspaper and William Lloyd Garrison worked for the immediate emancipation of all enslaved African Americans
Frederick Douglass Wrote the North Star and worked for rights to better the lives of African Americans and women
Led hundreds of enslaved African Harriet Tubman Americans to freedom along the Underground Railroad
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Cultural, economic, and constitutional differences between the North and South eventually resulted in the civil War
While the Civil War did not begin as a war to abolish slavery, issues surrounding slavery deeply divided the nation
SOUTH
Feared that the North would take control of Congress
Southerners began to proclaim state’s rights as a means of self-protection
States’ rights (Constitutional issues) Believed that they had the power to declare any national law illegal
No tariffs Felt that the abolition of slavery would destroy their region’s economy Most southerners believed that states had freely created and joined the Union and could freely leave it
Slavery South was primarily an agricultural society (people lived in small villages and on farms and plantations (cultural issues) South was largely agricultural. Southerners opposed tariffs that would
cause prices of manufactured goods to increase. Planters were also concerned that Great Britain might stop buying cotton from the South if tariffs were added (Economic issues)
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NORTH
Federal government
Believed that the nation was a union & could not be divided Believed that the national government’s power was supreme over that
of the states Protective tariffs
Believed that slavery should be abolished for moral reasons Was mainly an urban society in which people held jobs in cities
(cultural issues) North was a manufacturing region, and its people favored tariffs that
protected factory owners and workers from foreign competition (economic issues)
Because of cultural differences, people of the North and South found it difficult to agree on social and political issues
A major conflict was states’ rights versus strong central government (Constitutional issues)
Compromises
Missouri entered the Union as a slave state Missouri Compromise (1820) Maine entered the Union as a free state
California entered the Union as a free state Compromise of 1850 Southwest territories would decide the slavery issue for themselves
People in each state would decide the Kansas-Nebraska Act slavery issue (“popular sovereignty”)
Henry Clay “The Great Compromiser” from Kentucky
Deal with issue of slavery bring new states in as Free States
Letting states decide on the issue
Compromising in some territories
Maintain balance between free and slave states
Fugitive Slave Law required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves
Southern succession
Following Abraham Lincoln’s election, southern states seceded from the Union
Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter, SC, marking the beginning of the Civil War
Lincoln and many Northerners believed that the United
States was one nation that could not be separated or divided
Most Southerners believed that the states had freely created and joined the union and could freely leave it
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Union Border States (Slave States) Confederate States (Seceded) 1. Delaware 1. Alabama 2 Kentucky 2. Arkansas 3. Maryland 3. Florida 4. Missouri (did not allow slavery) 4. Georgia Union (Free States) 5. Louisiana 5. California 6. Mississippi 6. Connecticut 7. North Carolina 7. Illinois 8. South Carolina 1st 1861 8. Indiana 9. Tennessee 9. Iowa 10. Texas 10. Kansas 11. Virginia 11. Maine 12. Massachusetts 13. Michigan Confederate States of America 14. Minnesota 15. New Hampshire 16. New Jersey 17. New York 18. Ohio 19. Oregon 20. Pennsylvania 21. Rhode Island 22. Vermont 23. West Virginia (Western counties of Virginia that refused to secede from the Union) 24. Wisconsin
Southern states that were dependent upon labor-intensive cash crops seceded from the Union
Northern most slave states (Border States) and free states stayed in the Union
Roles of Civil War Leaders
Was president of the United States Abraham Lincoln Opposed the spread of slavery Issued the Emancipation Proclamation Determined to preserve the Union, by force if necessary Believed the United States was one nation, not a collection of independent states Wrote the Gettysburg Address that said that the Civil War was to preserve a government “of the people, by the people, and for the people.”
Jefferson Davis Was president of the Confederate States of America
Ulysses S. Grant Was general of the Union army that defeated Lee
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Was a skilled Confederate general from Virginia
Clara Barton
a Civil War nurse created the American Red Cross
Robert Smalls
An African American sailor Later a Union naval captain Was highly honored for his feats of bravery & heroism Became a Congressman after the war
Robert E. Lee Was leader of the Army of Northern Virginia Was offered command of the Union forces at the beginning of the war, but chose not to fight against Virginia Opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force Urged Southerners to accept defeat at the end of the war & reunite as Americans when some wanted to fight on
Frederick Douglass Was an enslaved African American who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist
Whitlock Location and topography were critical elements influencing important developments in the Civil War, including major battles
Control of high ground (Gettysburg)
Battle locations influenced by the struggle to capture capital cities (Richmond; Washington D.C.)
Many of the battles fought in Civil War took place in Virginia,
Control of the because the capitals of both Mississippi River Union and the Confederacy were (Vicksburg) in or on the border of Virginia
The Union blockade of southern ports (Savannah, Charleston, and New Orleans
General effects of the war
Family members were often pitted against one another, as were friends against friends
Southern troops became increasingly younger and more poorly equipped and clothed
Much of the South was devastated at the end of the war (burning of Atlanta and Richmond)
Disease was a major killer
Combat was brutal and often man-to-man (hand to hand)
Women were left to run businesses in the North
Women were left to run farms and plantations in the South
The collapse of the Confederacy made Confederate money worthless
Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, created the American Red Cross
Major Battles and events
Lincoln was elected President
Firing on Fort Sumter, South Carolina began the war April 12,1861
First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) the first major battle Confederate victory
Signing of the Emancipation Proclamation made “freeing slaves” the new focus of the war many freed African Americans joined the Union army
The Battle of Vicksburg divided the South The North controlled the Mississippi River
Confederacy’s chances of winning the war were weakened by Union blockades of Southern ports Anaconda plan: Union’s strategy in order to gain victory over the Confederacy; earliest strategies to control all waterways and choke off support for the South
The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the war Advantage high ground The North repelled Lee’s invasion (Lee’s last northern invasion)
Lee’s surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865 ended the war April 9, 1865
Fat Boys Eat Very Good Always Life on the battlefield and on the home front was extremely harsh. Many soldiers died from disease and exposure
Effects of the war on African Americans
African Americans fought in both the Confederate & Union armies
The Confederacy used enslaved African Americans as ship workers, laborers, cooks, and camp workers
The Union moved to enlist African American sailors and soldiers during the war
African Americans soldiers were discriminated against & served in segregated units under the command of white officers
African American soldiers were paid less than white soldiers
Lee, on the way to Appomattox Court House in 1865
“There is nothing for me to do but go and see General Grant, and I would rather die a thousand deaths” April 9, 1865 Original thirteen colonies
Original thirteen colonies
Adams-Onis Treaty signed 1819