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Home , Appalachian Plateau, Bay, Blue Ridge Mountains, Chesapeake Bay, Coastal Plain, Douglas Wilder

Studies 2008 CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK (CONDENSED) STUDY GUIDE – Virginia Studies

VS.2 Virginia Geography, Native Peoples

Condensed format created by SOLpass. www.solpass.org

STANDARD VS.2A STANDARD VS.2b BORDER STATES VA Locate and describe Virginia’s Coastal Locate Virginia and its bordering states (), , Blue , What are some ways that relative location can be and Ridge, and Appalachian . described? Terms to know • : The natural border between the Coastal Locations of places can be described in relative terms. Plain (Tidewater) and Piedmont regions, where Relative location may be described using terms that prevent further travel on the show connections between two places such as “next to,” “near,” “bordering.” What are the five geographic regions in Virginia? What large bodies of water border Virginia? How do they differ? Where are they located? Bordering bodies of water • Atlantic •

Geographic regions Geographic regions have distinctive characteristics. Virginia can be divided into five geographic regions. (Tidewater) What states border Virginia?  Bordering states  Location near and • (includes Eastern ) •  East of the Fall Line • Piedmont (land at the foot of mountains) •  Rolling •  West of the Fall Line  Old, rounded mountains  Part of Appalachian system  Located between the Piedmont and Valley and Ridge regions  Source of many Valley and Ridge  Includes the Great Valley of Virginia and other valleys separated by (The Blue Ridge Mountains and the Valley and Ridge Regions are How did water features influence the development part of the Appalachian mountain system.) of Virginia? How did the flow of rivers affect the  Located west of Blue Ridge Mountains settlement of Virginia? (Plateau: Area of elevated land that Water features is flat on top) Atlantic Ocean  Located in  Provided transportation links between Virginia and  Only a small part of the plateau is located in Virginia other places (e.g., , , )

Chesapeake Bay  Provided a safe harbor STANDARD VS.2C  Was a source of food and transportation VA RIVERS  Flows into the Chesapeake Bay  Richmond and Jamestown located along the James Locate and identify water features important to River the early (Atlantic Ocean, Chesapeake Bay, James River, York River, Potomac  Flows into the Chesapeake Bay River, and Drummond  Yorktown located along the York River and the Dismal ).  Flows into the Chesapeake Bay  Which water features were important to the early Alexandria located along the Potomac River Rappahannock River history of Virginia?  Flows into the Chesapeake Bay  Water features were important to the early history of  Fredericksburg located on the Rappahannock River Virginia. Each river was a source of food and provided a pathway for  Many early Virginia cities developed along the Fall exploration and settlement of Virginia. Line, the natural border between the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and Piedmont regions where the land Lake Drummond rises sharply and where the waterfalls prevent  Located in the further travel on the river. Coastal Plain  The four major rivers that flow into the Chesapeake (Tidewater) Bay are separated by .  Shallow  The Chesapeake Bay separates the natural lake surrounded from the mainland of Virginia. by the Dismal Swamp Dismal Swamp  Located in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region  –Variety of wildlife  explored and surveyed the Dismal Swamp. Where is the Eastern Shore located? What is a ? Peninsula: A piece of land bordered by water on three sides. The Eastern Shore is a peninsula bordered by the Chesapeake Bay to the west and the Atlantic Ocean to the east.

STANDARD VS.2D STANDARD VS.2E NATIVE PEOPLES ADAPTATIONS TO ENVIRONMENT

Locate three American Indian language groups Describe how American Indians related to the (the Algonquian, the Siouan, and the Iroquoian) on climate and their environment to secure food, a map of Virginia. clothing, and shelter. American Indians were the first people who lived in Virginia’s American Indians worked with the climate and Virginia. They lived in all areas of the state. their environment to meet their basic needs.

Virginia Indian cultures have changed over time. Why are native peoples called Indians? What are some characteristics of Virginia’s climate?  Christopher Columbus called the people he found in the he explored “Indians” because he thought Climate in Virginia he was in the Indies (near China).  The climate in Virginia is relatively mild with distinct seasons—spring, summer, fall, and winter—resulting What evidence is there that American Indians lived in a variety of vegetation. in all areas of the state?  Forests, which have a variety of trees, cover most of Artifacts such as arrowheads, pottery, and other tools the land. Virginia’s Indians are referred to as Eastern that have been found tell a lot about the people who Woodland Indians. lived in Virginia. What are some ways Virginia’s American Indians related to the climate and interacted with their environment to meet their basic needs? Environmental Connections The kinds of food they ate, the clothing they wore, and the shelters they had depended upon the seasons. • Foods changed with the seasons. o In winter, they hunted birds and animals and lived on stored foods from the previous fall. What were the three major language groups found o In spring, they hunted, fished and picked in Virginia, and where was each located? berries. o In summer, they grew crops (beans, corn, Three major language groups squash). • Algonquian languages were spoken primarily in o In fall, they harvested crops and hunted the Tidewater region; the were a part for foods to preserve and keep for the of this group. winter. • Siouan languages were spoken primarily in the • Animal skins (deerskin) were used for Piedmont region – the Monacan were part of clothing. this group. • Shelter was made from materials around them. • Iroquoian languages were spoken in Southwestern Virginia and in Southern Virginia Native peoples of the past farmed, hunted, and fished. near what is today North Carolina; the They made homes using natural resources. They used were a part of this group. animal skins for clothing in the winter.

Today, most native peoples live like other . Their cultures have changed over time.

STANDARD VS.2F STANDARD VS.2G EVIDENCE OF WEROWOCOMOCO & JAMESTOWN VA TRIBES Describe how archaeologists have recovered new Identify and locate the current state-recognized material evidence through sites including tribes. Werowocomoco and Jamestown. American Indian people have lived in Virginia for thousands of years. Archaeology is another way that helps people understand the past. Today, eight American Indian tribes in Virginia are recognized by the Commonwealth of Virginia Recent archaeological digs have recovered new material evidence about Werowocomoco and . What are the names of the current state-recognized Why is archaeology important? tribes and where in Virginia are they located? Archaeologists study all kinds of material evidence left American Indians, who trace their ancestry family history from people of the past. back to before 1607, continue to live in all parts of Virginia today.

The current state-recognized tribes are located in the following regions: Coastal Plain (Tidewater) Region  Chickahominy Tribe  Eastern Chickahominy Tribe  Tribe What was Werowocomoco?  Tribe Werowocomoco was a large Indian town used by Indian  Tribe leaders for several hundred years before the English  Rappahannock Tribe settlers came. It was the headquarters of the leader,  Upper Mattaponi Tribe Powhatan, in 1607. What was Jamestown? Piedmont Region Jamestown became the first permanent English  Monacan Tribe settlement in . Archaeologists have discovered the site of the original fort. How can new findings change the understanding of history? The recovered artifacts give archaeologists clues about the interactions of English, Africans, and Indians in early Virginia. Virginia Studies 2008 CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK (CONDENSED) VS.3 Jamestown

STANDARD VS.3A STANDARD VS.3B REASONS FOR COLONIZATION GEOGRAPHY –REASON FOR LOCATION

Explain the reasons for English colonization How geography influenced the decision to settle at Jamestown What were the reasons for English colonization in Where is Jamestown located? America? When the settlers arrived in 1607, Jamestown was Reasons for English colonization in America located on a narrow peninsula bordered on three sides Some European countries, including England, were by the James River. in competition to increase their wealth and power Today, Jamestown is located on an in the James by expanding their empires to America. River. Location and physical characteristics influenced England wanted to establish an American colony to the decision to settle at Jamestown. increase her wealth and power. Why did the settlers choose the site at Jamestown? • England hoped to find silver and gold in America. Reasons for site choice • An American settlement would furnish raw  The location could be easily defended from attack by materials that could not be grown or (Spanish). obtained in England, while opening new  The water along the shore was deep enough for ships markets for trade. to dock. What were the reasons why the Jamestown settlers  They believed they had a good supply of fresh water. came to America? The first permanent English settlement in America was STANDARD VS.3C Jamestown, founded in 1607 as an economic CHARTERS venture. Jamestown Importance of the charters of the of  Jamestown was London in establishing the Jamestown settlement. primarily an economic The King of England had the power to grant charters venture. allowing settlement in North America.

 The stockholders What was the importance of the charters of the of the Virginia Company of London financed the Virginia Company of London to the Jamestown settlement of Jamestown. settlement?  Jamestown Importance of Virginia charters became the first permanent English settlement in The King of England granted North America in 1607. charters to the Virginia Company of London to:  establish a settlement in North America, and  extend English rights to the settlers.

STANDARD VS.3D STANDARD VS.3E GENERAL ASSEMBLY AFRICANS & WOMEN ARRIVE

Importance of the General Assembly (1619) as the first Arrival of Africans and women to the Jamestown settlement representative legislative body in English America Jamestown became a more diverse colony by 1620. As Jamestown grew, the system of government evolved. What was the What was this system of government called? impact of the System of government arrival of In 1619, the of Virginia called a meeting of additional the General Assembly. The Assembly included two women on the citizen representatives (called “burgesses”) from each Jamestown of the divisions of Virginia along with the governor’s council, and the settlement? governor. They met The arrival of as one legislative women in 1620 body. (At that time, made it possible for only certain free the settlers to establish families and a more permanent adult men had a right settlement at Jamestown. to take part.) What was the impact of the arrival of Africans on What was the the Jamestown settlement? Virginia , and  Africans arrived in Jamestown against their will in 1619. why was it important?  Portuguese sailors captured African men and women By the 1640s, the burgesses became a separate legislative from what is present-day Angola. The status of these body, called the House of Burgesses. They met early African men and women as either separately from the Governor’s Council as one of the two servants or slaves in Virginia is legislative bodies of the General Assembly. unknown. House of Burgesses  The arrival of Africans made it  The House of Burgesses was the first elected possible to expand the legislative body in English America giving settlers economy. the opportunity to control their own government.  The current Virginia General Assembly dates from the establishment of the House of Burgesses at Jamestown in 1619.

STANDARD VS.3F STANDARD VS.3G HARDSHIPS ENGLISH & POWHATAN

The hardships faced by settlers at Jamestown and the Interactions between the English settlers and the Powhatan changes that took place to ensure survival. people, including the contributions of the to the survival of the settlers. What hardships did the Jamestown settlers face? How did the native peoples and the English settlers The English settlers found life in Jamestown harder than they had expected. interact? Hardships faced by the settlers  The native peoples and the English settlers at • The site they chose to live on was Jamestown established trading relationships and for marshy and lacked safe drinking water. a while had positive interactions. • The settlers lacked some skills  Captain initiated trading relationships necessary to provide for themselves. with the native peoples. • Many settlers died of starvation and  The native peoples traded mainly food with the disease. English in exchange for tools, pots, and copper for What changes took jewelry. place that resulted in How did Powhatan contribute to the survival of the survival of the settlers? settlers? Changes that resulted in The Powhatan people contributed to the survival of the survival Jamestown settlers in several ways.  The arrival of two  Powhatan, chief of many tribes, provided leadership supply ships, the forced work to his people and taught the settlers survival skills. program and strong leadership of Captain John  , Smith, and the emphasis on daughter of Chief Powhatan, agriculture resulted in the served as a contact between survival of the colony. the native peoples and the English.  The native peoples showed the settlers how to plant corn and tobacco. Why did the relationship between the Jamestown settlers and the native peoples change?  Over time, the native peoples realized the English settlement would continue to grow.  The native peoples came to see the settlers as invaders who would take over their land. Virginia Studies 2008 CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK (CONDENSED) VS.4 Virginia Colony

STANDARD VS.4B STANDARD VS.4.A CULTURE REFLECTS ORIGINS AGRICULTURE - SLAVERY The culture of Virginia reflected beliefs, Virginia Colony: The importance of agriculture and its customs, and architecture of Europeans, Africans, and influence on the institution of slavery. American Indians living in those areas. What effect did agriculture have on the Virginia Although a colony of England, Virginia developed a colony? unique culture different from that of England. The success of tobacco as a cash crop transformed life in How did the culture of colonial Virginia reflect the Virginia colony and encouraged slavery. Terms to know beliefs, customs, and architecture of people  Cash crop: A crop that is grown to sell for money Europeans, Africans, and American Indians? rather than for use by the growers Culture of colonial Virginia  The economy of the Virginia colony depended on Whenever people settle an area, they change the culture agriculture as a primary source of wealth. and landscape to reflect their beliefs, customs, and architecture. Examples of architecture that reflect different cultures include • Barns • Homes • Places of worship (e.g., churches) Place names reflecting culture • English—Richmond • American Indian - Roanoke

How did agriculture in the Virginia colony influence the institution of slavery? Tobacco became the most profitable agricultural product.  Tobacco was sold in England as a cash crop. Where did the various cultural groups settle? • The successful planting of tobacco depended on a steady and inexpensive source of labor. Settlement areas • English and other Europeans settled primarily in • African men, women, and children were brought to Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and Piedmont regions. the colony against their will to work as slaves on the plantations. • Germans and Scots-Irish settled primarily in the , which was along the migration • The Virginia colony became dependent on slave route. labor, and the dependence lasted a long time. • Africans were settled primarily in the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) and Piedmont regions where tobacco agriculture required a great deal of labor. • Prior to the arrival of the settlers, American Indians lived throughout Virginia. After the settlers arrived, most were forced inland. • Migration and living in new areas caused people to adapt old customs to their new environment. STANDARD VS.4C -- STANDARD VS.4D -- CAPITAL MOVES MONEY, BARTER, CREDIT The reason for the relocation of Virginia’s capital from Money, barter, and credit were used. Jamestown to Williamsburg to Richmond. Money was not often used in the early Virginia colony. A variety of factors explain What forms of exchange were used in the reasons for the Virginia colony? moving Virginia’s capital. Terms to know • Money: A medium of exchange What were some (currency, which includes coins reasons why the and paper bills) capital was moved • Barter: from Jamestown to Williamsburg? Trading/exchanging of goods and • Drinking water was contaminated by seepage of salt services without the use of money water. • Credit: Buying a good or service now • Unhealthy living conditions caused diseases. and paying for it later • Fire destroyed wooden and brick buildings at • Debt: A good or service owed to Jamestown. another • Saving: Money put away to save or to spend at a later time What were some reasons why was Few people had paper money and coins to use to buy moved from Williamsburg to Richmond? goods and services.

• Population was moving westward. Barter was commonly used instead of money.

• Richmond was a more central location. Tobacco was used as money. A tobacco farmer could use • Moving to Richmond increased the distance from his tobacco to pay for goods and services. attack by the British Farmers and other consumers could also buy goods and England became Great Britain in the early 1700s. services on credit and pay their debts when their crops were harvested and sold. Colonial Virginia had no banks STANDARD VS.4E --- EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE COLONY Resources were used in colonial Virginia to produce the • Some people (farmers) lived in large houses goods and services that people needed. Clothing: Everyday life was different for whites, enslaved African • Households made their own clothes Americans, and free in colonial • Most clothing was made of cotton, wool, and Virginia. leather How did resources influence the food, housing, and How was everyday life different for whites, clothing in colonial Virginia? enslaved African Americans, and free African People living in colonial Virginia depended on natural, Americans in colonial Virginia? human, and capital resources to produce the goods and services they needed. Most white Virginians made their living from the land as small farmers. A few owned large farms (plantations)., Food: • Food choices were limited Most enslaved African Americans worked tobacco, crops, and livestock. Enslaved African Americans had no • Meals were made of local produce and meats rights. Housing: Many free African Americans owned their own business • Most people lived in one-room homes with dirt and property, but were denied most rights floors Virginia Studies 2008 CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK (CONDENSED) VS.5 Revolution

STANDARD VS.5A STANDARD VS.5B REASONS FOR REVOLUTION WASHINGTON, JEFFERSON, HENRY, Reasons why the colonies went to war with Great Britain as LAFAYETTE expressed in the Declaration of Independence. The colonists and the British Parliament disagreed over Various roles played by whites, enslaved African Americans, how the colonies should be governed. free African Americans, and American Indians in the Revolutionary War era, including George Washington, England became Great Britain in the early 1700s. , and James Lafayette. How did the colonists’ ideas about government What contributions did Virginians make during the differ from those of the British Parliament? Revolutionary War era? Conflicts developed between the colonies and Great Virginians made significant contributions during the Britain over how the colonies should be governed. Revolutionary War era. • Parliament believed it had legal authority in

the colonies, while the colonists believed their

local assemblies had legal authority. • George Washington • Parliament believed it had the right to tax the provided military leadership by colonies, while the colonists believed they serving as commander-in-chief should not be taxed since they had no of the Continental Army. representation in Parliament.

Why is the Declaration of Independence an • Thomas Jefferson important document? provided political leadership by expressing the reasons for The Declaration of Independence gave reasons for colonial independence from independence and ideas Great Britain in the Declaration for self-government. of Independence. Written by Thomas

Jefferson, it states that authority to govern • Patrick Henry inspired patriots from other colonies belongs to the people when he spoke out against taxation without rather than to kings and representation by saying, “…give me liberty or give that all people are me death.” created equal and have rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. • James Lafayette, an enslaved African American from Virginia, served in the Continental Army and successfully requested his freedom after the war. What contributions did whites, enslaved African • Women took on more responsibility to support the Americans, free African Americans, and American war effort. Indians make during the ? • Some enslaved African Americans fought for a better chance of freedom. • Virginia patriots served in the Continental Army and fought for independence, leading to the British • Some free African Americans fought for surrender at Yorktown. independence in the American Revolution. • Some Virginians were neutral and did not take sides • Many American Indians fought alongside both the while other Virginians remained loyal to Great Virginia patriots and the British. Britain.

STANDARD VS.5C GREAT , JACK JOUET

Importance of the , the ride of , and the American victory at Yorktown. What was the importance of the American victory at What was the importance of the Battle of Great Yorktown? Bridge?

The Battle of Great Bridge was the first land battle fought in  The last Virginia during major battle of the American the Revolutionary Revolution. War was fought at Yorktown, The American Virginia. victory forced the British colonial governor to flee the City of Norfolk.

Who was Jack Jouett?  The The actions of Jack Jouett American victory prevented the capture of key at Yorktown members of the Virginia General resulted in the Assembly. surrender of the Jack Jouett rode on horseback , through the backwoods of which led to an Virginia to Charlottesville to end to the war. warn Thomas Jefferson, then

, that the

British were coming to arrest him and members of the General Assembly.

Virginia Studies 2008 CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK (CONDENSED) VS.6 New Nation

.

STANDARD VS.6A STANDARD VS.6B WASHINGTON, MADISON MASON, JEFFERSON

George Washington is called the “Father of Our Country” and The ideas of and Thomas Jefferson as is called the “Father of the expressed in the Virginia Constitution.” Declaration of Rights and The actions and ideas of Virginians formed the the Virginia Statute for basis for the new constitutional government of Religious Freedom. the . Ideas expressed in the Why is George Washington referred to as the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia “Father of Our Country?” Statute for Religious Freedom served as George Washington, a models for the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the Virginian, was elected as the United States of America. first President of the United States of America. He What was the influence of the Virginia Declaration provided the strong of Rights on the Constitution of the United States of leadership needed to help America? the young country and provided a model of The Virginia Declaration leadership for future of Rights, written by presidents. Thus, he is George Mason, states often called the “Father of that all Virginians have Our Country.” many rights, including and freedom of the press.

What was the influence of the Virginia Statute for Why is James Madison Religious Freedom on the Constitution of the United referred to as the “Father of the Constitution?” States of America? James Madison, a Virginian, The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, written by believed in the importance of Thomas Jefferson, states that all people should be free having a United States to worship as they please. constitution. He kept detailed notes during the Constitutional Convention. His skills at

compromise helped the

delegates reach agreement during the difficult process of writing the Constitution of the United States of America. This earned him the title “Father of the Constitution.”

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STANDARD VS.6C MIGRATION WEST

The influence of geography on the migration of Virginians into western territories.

What geographic factors influenced Virginians to move to the western frontier of Virginia and beyond? Geography influenced the movement of people and ideas as Virginians moved to and beyond the Virginia frontier. After the American Revolution, Virginia’s agricultural base began to change, and as a result large numbers of Virginians moved west and to the to find better farmland and new opportunities. • Tobacco farming was hard on the soil, causing many farmers to look west and south for new land to farm. • Virginians migrated into western territories looking for large areas of land and new opportunities. • As Virginians moved, they took their traditions, ideas, and cultures with them. • Settlers crossed the through the as they migrated to new lands in the west.

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2008 Curriculum Framework -- Condensed format created by SOLpass. www.solpass.org Virginia Studies STANDARD VS.7 Civil War

STANDARD VS.7A DIFFERENCES DIVIDE THE STATES Differences between northern and southern states that divided Virginians and led to secession, war, and the creation of West Virginia. Because of economic differences between the North and South, they were unable to resolve their conflicts and the South seceded from the United States.

Virginians were divided about secession from the Union, Harriet Tubman supported a secret route that which led to the creation of West Virginia. escaped enslaved African Americans took; it What conflicts developed between the northern became known as the “.” and southern states in the years following the • John Brown led a raid on the United States American Revolution and led to the Civil War? Armory (Arsenal) at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He was trying to start a slave rebellion. He was Differences between northern and southern states captured and hanged. • The economy in the northern part of the United States was industrialized, while in the southern part it was agricultural and relied more on slave labor. • Northern states wanted the new states created out of the western territory to be “free states,” while the southern states wanted the new states to be “slave states.” Why did Virginia secede from the • After Abraham Lincoln was elected President Union? of the United States in 1860, some southern Events leading to states seceded from the Union and formed the secession and war “Confederate States of America.” Later, Virginia seceded and joined them. Nat Turner led a revolt against plantation owners How did West Virginia become a state? in Virginia. Creation of West Virginia Conflict grew between the eastern Abolitionists campaigned to end of Virginia that relied on slavery. slavery and western counties that did not favor slavery. Many disagreements between the two regions of the state led to the formation of West Virginia.

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STANDARD VS.7B STANDARD VS.7C VIRGINIA’S ROLE IN WAR ROLES OF WHITES, AFRICAN AMERICANS & INDIANS Virginia’s role in the war, including identifying major The student will demonstrate knowledge of the issues that battles that took place in Virginia. divided our nation and led to the Civil War by Virginia played a significant role in the Civil War and Roles played by whites, enslaved African Americans, became a major battleground between Union and and free African Americans, and American Indians. Confederate troops. How were whites, enslaved African Americans, free What major Civil War battles were fought in African Americans, and American Indians affected Virginia? Who were some of the leaders of the Civil by the Civil War? War? Varied roles of whites, enslaved African Americans, free Major Civil War battles fought in Virginia African Americans, and American Indians during the Civil War • The (or Manassas) was the first • Most white Virginians supported the Confederacy. major clash of the Civil War. Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson played a • The Confederacy relied on enslaved African major role in this battle. Americans to raise crops and provide • General Robert E. Lee, Commander of labor for the army. the Army of , defeated Union troops at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Some free African Americans felt their • Richmond was the capital of the limited rights could Confederacy. It fell to General Ulysses S. best be protected by Grant and was burned near the end of supporting the the war. Confederacy. • Lincoln used the Union navy to blockade Most American southern . An important sea battle Indians did not take between the Monitor (Union) and the sides during the Civil Merrimack (Confederate), two iron-clad War. ships, took place in Virginia waters near Norfolk and Hampton. The battle was fought to a draw. • The Civil War ended at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant in April, 1865.

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Curriculum Framework -- Condensed format created by SOLpass. www.solpass.org Virginia Studies STANDARD VS.8 Reconstruction

STANDARD VS.8A STANDARD VS.8B EFFECTS OF RECONSTRUCTION SEGREGATION & “JIM CROW” The effects of Reconstruction on life in Virginia. Effects of segregation and “Jim Crow” on life in Virginia for Virginians faced serious problems in rebuilding the state whites, African Americans, and American Indians. after the war. The freedoms and rights promised to African Americans Terms to know were slowly taken away after Reconstruction, and it  Reconstruction: The period following the Civil War in would take years to win them back. which Congress passed laws designed to rebuild the country and bring the southern states back into the What happened to the rights of African Americans Union after Reconstruction? What were some of the problems Virginians faced Terms to know during the period of Reconstruction following the • Segregation: The separation of people, usually based on Civil War? race or religion Problems faced by Virginians during Reconstruction • Discrimination: An  Millions of freed African Americans needed unfair difference in the treatment of housing, education, clothing, food, and jobs. people  Virginia’s economy was in ruins: During Reconstruction, African o Money had no value. Americans began to have power in Virginia’s government, and men of all races could vote. o Banks were closed. After Reconstruction, these gains were lost when “Jim o Railroads, , plantations, and crops Crow” Laws were passed by southern states. “Jim Crow” were destroyed. Laws established segregation or separation of the races What measures were taken during Reconstruction and reinforced prejudices held by whites. to resolve Virginia’s problems? Measures taken to resolve problems • The Freedmen’s Bureau was a government agency that provided food, schools, and medical care for freed African Americans and others in Virginia.

• Sharecropping was a system common in Virginia after the war in which freedmen and poor white farmers rented land from a landowner by promising to pay the owner with a share of the crop.

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What impact did “Jim Crow” laws • African Americans have on whites, blacks, African found it very difficult to vote or hold public office. Americans, and American Indians in Virginia? • African Americans were forced to use separate poor- “Jim Crow” laws had an effect on the quality services such as drinking lives of African Americans and fountains, restrooms, and restaurants. American Indians. • Unfair poll taxes and voting • African American and tests were established to keep white children attended separate African American men from schools. voting. • “Jim Crow” laws had an effect on American Indians.

STANDARD VS.8C  Other parts of Virginia grew as other industries ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT developed. deposits were discovered in Tazewell . Importance of railroads, new industries, and the growth of cities to Virginia’s economic development.  The need for more and better increased. What changes took place in  Tobacco farming and tobacco Virginia to boost the products became important Virginia industries. economic growth? After the Civil War, industry and technology, transportation, and cities began to grow and contribute to Virginia’s economy. Virginia began to grow in many areas after the Civil War and Reconstruction.  Virginia’s cities grew with people, businesses, and factories. Railroads were a key to the expansion of business, agriculture, and industry. They facilitated the growth of small towns to cities.

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Curriculum Framework -- Condensed format created by SOLpass. www.solpass.org Virginia Studies th st STANDARD VS.9 Virginia in the 20 and 21 Centuries

STANDARD VS.9A STANDARD VS.9B VIRGINIA’S ECONOMY TRANSFORMS WILSON & MARSHALL

Twentieth and twenty-first century Virginia -- Impact of Virginians, such as and George C. Economic and social transition from a rural, agricultural Marshall, on international events. society to a more urban, industrialized society, including the Two famous Virginians, Woodrow Wilson and George C. reasons people came to Virginia from other states and Marshall, were important national and international countries. leaders. During the 20th and 21st centuries, Virginia changed from a rural, agricultural society to a more urban, industrial society. Why did Virginia change from an agricultural to an industrial society? During the early 20th century, agriculture began to change.  Old systems of farming were no longer effective. How did Woodrow Wilson’s actions impact international events?  Crop prices were low. • Woodrow Wilson was a 20th century What caused Virginia’s cities president who wrote a plan to achieve for world to grow? peace. Growth of Virginia’s cities How did George C. Marshall’s actions  People moved from rural impact America’s role with other world to urban areas for economic opportunities. nations?  Technological developments in transportation, • George C. Marshall was a military leader who created roads, railroads, and streetcars helped cities grow. an economic plan to ensure world peace.  Coal mining spurred the growth of Virginia towns and cities as people moved from the countryside to find jobs. STANDARD VS.9C During the 20th century, Northern Virginia has DESEGREGATION & experienced growth due to increases in the number of federal jobs located in the region. Events in Virginia linked to desegregation and Massive Resistance and their relationship to national history. In the late 20th century and the early 21st century, Northern Virginia and the Coastal Plain (Tidewater) After World War II, African Americans demanded equal region have grown due to computer technology. treatment and the recognition of their rights as American citizens. People have moved to Virginia from many other states and nations. As a result of the , laws were passed that made racial discrimination illegal.

What changes occurred in Virginia as a result of the Civil Rights Movement? Terms to know • Segregation: The separation of people, usually based on race or religion

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• Desegregation: Abolishment of STANDARD VS.9D • Integration: Full equality of all races in the use IMPORTANT VIRGINIANS of public facilities Contributions made by Maggie L. Walker, Harry F. Byrd, Sr., Oliver W. , Sr., Arthur R. Ashe, Jr., A. , Jr., Desegregation and Massive Resistance in Virginia and L. . • The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1954 (Brown v. Board of Education) that “separate but equal” Many individuals made social, political, and economic public schools were unconstitutional. contributions to Virginia life in the 20th and 21st centuries. What contributions to twentieth century Virginia life were made by Maggie L. Walker, Harry Flood Byrd, Sr., Oliver W. Hill, Sr., Arthur R. Ashe, Jr., A. Linwood Holton, Jr., and L. Douglas Wilder? Citizens who made political, social, and/or economic contributions  Maggie L. Walker was the first African American woman to establish and become a bank president in the United States.. • All public schools, including those in Virginia, were ordered to desegregate.  Harry F. Byrd, Sr., as governor, was known for a “Pay As You Go” policy • Virginia’s government established a policy of for improvements, and he Massive Resistance, which fought to “resist” the modernized Virginia state integration of public schools. government. • Some schools were closed to avoid integration.  Oliver W. Hill, Sr., was a lawyer and • The policy of Massive Resistance failed, and civil rights leader who worked for Virginia’s public schools were integrated. equal rights of African Americans. He played a key role in the Brown v. • Harry F. Byrd, Sr., led a Massive Resistance Board of Education decision. Movement against the desegregation of public schools.  Arthur R. Ashe, Jr., was the first African American winner of a major men’s tennis singles championship. He was also an author and eloquent spokesperson for social change.  A. Linwood Holton, Jr., as governor of Virginia, promoted racial equality and appointed more African Americans and women to positions in state government than previous governors.  L. Douglas Wilder, as governor of Virginia, was the first African American to be elected a state governor in the United States.

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Curriculum Framework -- Condensed format created by SOLpass. www.solpass.org Virginia Studies STANDARD VS.10 Virginia – Government, Geography, & Economics

• The General Assembly is the legislative branch of the STANDARD VS.10A Three branches of Virginia government and the Virginia government that makes state laws. It is divided into two parts—the function of each. Senate and the House of Delegates. Virginia state government is made up of three parts • The governor heads the executive (branches) that ensure Virginia laws agree with the branch of the state government. The state constitution. executive branch makes sure that state laws are carried out. What are the three branches of government in Virginia and what are the powers of each branch? • The judicial branch is the state’s court system. The judicial branch decides cases about people The is divided into three accused of breaking the law and whether or not a law branches. agrees with Virginia’s constitution

STANDARD VS.10B -- PRODUCTS & INDUSTRIES Major products and industries of Virginia’s five  Piedmont geographic regions. o Products: Tobacco products, information technology What are the major products and industries of o Industries: Federal and state government, each region in Virginia? farming, horse industry,  Blue Ridge Mountains The state of Virginia can be divided into five geographic o Products: Apples regions. Different products and industries characterize o Industries: Recreation, farming each region.  Valley and Ridge  Coastal Plain (Tidewater) o Products: Poultry, apples, dairy, beef o Products: Seafood, peanuts o Industries: Farming o Industries: Shipbuilding, tourism, military  Appalachian Plateau bases o Products: Coal

o Industries: Coal mining

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STANDARD VS.10C TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNICATION & TECHNOLOGY Advances in transportation, communications, and How have advances in communications and technology have contributed to Virginia’s prosperity and technology helped the economy grow? role in the global economy. Virginia has a large number of communications and Advances in transportation, communications, and other technology industries. technology have facilitated migration and led to economic development in Virginia. In what ways is Virginia part of the U.S. economy? How have advances in transportation facilitated  Virginia exports agricultural and manufactured migration and economic growth? products, including tobacco, poultry, coal, and large ships.  Virginia’s transportation system (highways, railroads, and air transportation) moves raw materials to  Tourism is a major part of Virginia’s economy. factories and finished products to markets.  Because many federal workers live and/or work in  Virginia exports agricultural and manufactured Virginia, the federal government has a significant products, including tobacco, poultry, coal, and large impact on Virginia’s economy. ships. Industries in Virginia produce goods and services used throughout the United States

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