E EFFIGTH ALEXANDEF YO R STEWART EAR BUCHAF LO LORD AN BADENOCNF D O H (?i343- ?

. NORMANV . bA y , B.A., F.S.A.SCOT.

THE effigy of Alexander Stewart has already been published in Volume xxix (1894-5) °f these Proceedings in a general study of Scottish effigies by Robert Brydall, F.S.A.SCOT. Since that date the study of has advanced considerably and a reassessment of this figure in the light of more recent knowledge may be of value in estimating the dates of a number of other Scottish effigies of the fifteenth century, where heraldr inscriptionyor s faius. l It lies on an altar tomb behind the screen of the communion table at the east end choie of th Dunkel f ro d cathedral parise th w h churchno ,grey-gree s i d an , n marble, kine th df o quarrie e saib o d t Gle n di n Til Atholn ti l unti lase lth t centur used yan d for fireplaces bascinee e th heee th f . lonth f o e figur ft o l o p g7 t Th t . to s froei e mth left foot .XVIII L (figP d . an )i The effigy today consists of four pieces, broken at the neck, waist, knees and ankles. The right foot is entirely missing and the left from the instep down. The left shoulde elbod an ralse war o broken havd offan e been replace shouldee th y d b an r elbow of a much smaller sandstone effigy of which these are the only traces. The face has suffered considerably, probably at the same time that the effigy was broken, which is thought to have been in 1560 at the Reformation.1 The inscription runs 'HIC JACET ALEXANDER SENESCALUS, FILIUS ROBERTI REGIS SCOTORUM ET ELIZABETH MORE, DOMINU BADENACHE D BUCHA E S D DN T N E QUI OBIIT VINGESIMO QUARTOE DI JULII:* The words italicised are cut with a rather narrower line than those preceding them, stonee th whicn d so an t are hr were cu o the, e yar ,maie fixeth no t d sla iroy bb n staples. It is therefore possible that this part of the inscription is a restoration. The date of death is wrong as the Wolf probably died between the end of 1404 and the beginning of 1405. An attempt has been made to attribute this effigy to other Alexander Stewarts strengte e th restoratio th n f o inscriptione o h th f o n . However unquestionee th , d evidenc descriptioe th f eo parentagf no e seem leavo st Wole eth possessionn fi . The head rests on two pillows placed one on top of the other ; the lower is parallel tombe edgee t oth uppeth e f th so , r lying diagonall them o yt bodye Th . , which lies

1 New Stat. Ace., Perthshire, 976. 8 This readin fros gi m Rogers , MonumentsC. , and Monumental Inscriptions of Scotland (London, 1872), n, 159. He read BADENOCH, but this, on inspection, proved to be BADENACH. THE EFFIGY OF ALEXANDER STEWART IO5 on a cloak, is quite straight, as are the legs. The hands are in the position of prayer on the breast, but most unusually the left hand is placed palm downwards on the right hand which is palm upwards. The effigy lies on a large chest tomb which is surrounded by twenty-two weepers all in armour, eight at each side and three at each end. They stand each under a three-arch dividee canopar froe d dmyon an anothe smaly b r l buttresses. grea a hea e n i Th ts d i bascine hazel-nuf to t shape, with pointed sligh a skul d tlan keel down the front. On either side are hinges for a removable . A large is rivete skule threth y b lo d t e rivet eacn so h side. Ther gorgea s ei t consistina f go back and front plate riveted together by one rivet at each side. These rivets probably als oskulle plateo attacth tw o ,st e thuhth s formin singlga e defence e gorgeTh . t plates curve down ove brease th rbackd an t . Beneataventain a s maia i t r hi o l l fringe e skule edgth f Th l o e brof .trefoil plat o th ws decoratet i w ea sro a y db presumably representing a latten edge. In fact, only two remain on the right side, the rest are entirely worn away. shape Th thif eo s bascine transitionas i t l betwee fourteenth-centure nth y 'Inter- national' type wit aventaififteenth-centurn e ha th d an l y great ;e thath s i t skull is high and pointed and is not drawn in towards the neck but quite vertical, and bevoe gorgeth d an r t plate smallef so follot no outline raventaie we th th ar f eo d an l diameter than the skull. of this type occur on English brasses as early as 1400, on the brass of William Lord d'Eresby at Spilsby (Lines.)1 and continue until 1418 on the brass of Sir Thomas de St Quinton at Harpham (Yorks.).2 An actual example exists in the Musee de 1'Armee at Paris (No. H. 243). It has a typical pointed visor which, when closed, falls withi e uppeth n re th edg f o e , thus preventing a weapon point from catching under the visor edge and throwing it up. decoratioe Th helmee broe th th f wf o no t with cusp trefoild san paralleles si n do the brass of Lord Camoys at Trotton (Sussex) c. 1419,* but the fashion can be traced effige bac th Lorf o yo kt d Montacut Salisburn ei y Cathedral . is88.d ,

It is uncertain whether the mail whic5 h appears beneath the edge of the gorget plate effigien so thif o s s perio fac n i aventain s a dti lskule fixeth lo d t plat mera r eo e fringe attache gorgee th o dt t plates. Mail seems alway havo st e been worn undee th r great bascine n Scotlandi t t appeari ;e shoulder th n o s f effigieo s t Cupaa s d an r Ceres, bot whicf ho h wea secone rth d typ greaf eo t bascine tpointe w witlo ha d skull and a gorget which follows the contours of head and neck much more closely. It also appears in the bascinets which are shown on a group of Scottish effigies of the middle of the century under the head of the deceased, for instance that of Sir Alexander Irvine of Drum, St Nicholas Church, Aberdeen. In this case the fringe

1 Illustrate Cataloguee Th dn i of Rubbings of Brasses and Incised VictoriaSlabse th n i and Albert Museum (London, 1929), PI. n, fig. i. Illustrate Bouquetn di . C.A , , Church Brasses (London, 1956), fig. 21. 32 Illustrated Laking, Sir Guy, A Record of European Armour and Arms (London, 1920), i, fig. 292, and also Robert , CatalogueL. , composant te Musee d'Artillerie (Paris, 1889-93), . PI26 . 1 Illustrated in The Catalogue of Rubbings of Brasses and Incised Slabs in the Victoria and Albert Museum, PI. 15, %-3- s Illustrated Stothard Monumental e . A.C ,Th , Effigies of Great Britain (London, 1817), . PI94 .

I06 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1958-59 aventaif iso l proportion insid p fixed u neckr e san edfa th . These e bascinetth f o e sar type on the armour of Frederick the Victorious at Vienna. 1 e leftTh shoulde e Wolth f fo r effig s brokei y e defenc e righth n th t off f tbu o e, shoulde advancef o s ri d formpare Th t. visible unde maie rth l consist upwardx si f so - overlapping cylindrica e cover e shouldeon poine th p th s lf to lameso d t e an r Th . defends the top of the 'defaut' of the by a small rectangular projection at right angles to the rest of the plate. Below this , which is the widest, are four narrow lames which encircle the outer three-quarters of the arm, and are riveted to thesf o o e eac lametw thire p pard hth fronto e f dothesan back d o te th an t t a Th r. pass unde rectangularthe r projectiolame lowestop The . the t lamnof alleof , which is slightly wider than the four above it, is hinged to a narrow lame which encircles the inside of the arm. The lowest lame is rather wider at its extremities than at its centre e shouldeTh . r defenc t boxeno s ei d dow centre platese nth th f eo . (SeL eP XVIII, a). e shouldeTh r defenc r pauldrona vero e n yi s experimentawa , le stagth t a e beginning e fifteentth f o n examinatio ha e see b centuryy nb n ca s f a Englis,no h effigies and brasses of that period. On brasses up to that of Sir Nicholas Hawberk, 1407 t Cobhaa , m (Kent), shouldee th usualls ri y defended onl fouy yb r small lames covering just the poin2t of the shoulder. (See fig. 2, b.) A small round or oval besaque is added to this over the 'defaut' c. 1410, on the brass of Robert de Frevile at Little Shelford (Cambs.).3 By 1416 on the brass of Sir Symon Felbrygge, K.G., at Felbrigg (Norfolk) numbee th lamef o r bees sha n increase nino dthet d ean y extend almost half-way 4down the upper arm. These lames appear to overlap downwards, that is mannee th n roofa i f tile besaque o rpavisn t th w so S , no a es es i shapeha d dan George' same s th Cros . e(Sen it I yea n bras) se o figc. rth Mathe, f s2 .o w Swetenham at Blakesley (Northants)5 shows a very like that on the Wolf effigy. There is a large upper lame, five narrow lames and a wider lowest lame strapped round the inside of the arm. The 'defaut' is covered by a besaque, circular in shape. (See 'Beare fig d.), Th 2 . ' shoulder defence armoure th n si t Churburgya , believe dato dt e from c. 1420-30, are closely related both to those on the Swetenham brass and to that of the Wolf effigy. They consist of eight lames. The fourth from the top is the largest coverd shouldere an poine th th sf o s extendeti t i ; d ove e 'defaut th ra smal y b 'l besaque wit e madlamee on h th n ei . This plate overlap lamee sth s abov d beloean w othee th l r al lame d an s t i overlap away fro , hencmit e those belo tile-wisee war , those above are counter-tile-wise. The wider lowest lame is strapped round the upper cannon of the .6 (See fig. 2, e.) Ther effign a s ei y (illustrate Heffner-Altenecy db 'Waffen's hi ) 2 n ki . No , , PI40 . the of which appear to be rather similar to the visible portion of the Wolf's pauldron e particulaTh . r interes thif o t s effig tha s i yhelmee t showth t no d s i tnan the top of the shoulder is therefore visible: the top lame of the pauldron, which has

1 Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, illustrated Laking, op. cit., i, fig. 2iab, and Thomas, B., Harnische (Vienna, 1947), PI. 10 and n. 2 Illustrate Cataloguee Th n di of Rubbings of Brasses Incisedd an Victoriae Slabsth Albertd n i an Museum, PI. 14, fig. 3. » ibid., PI. 12, fig. 2. 4 ibid., PI. 17, fig. 2. 5 ibid., PI. 17, fig. i. 6 No. :8 in the Catalogue of the Armoury of Churburg, by Count Trapp and J. Mann (London, 1929). THE EFFIGY OF ALEXANDER STEWART IOJ the rectangular extension over the 'defaut', is seen to enclose the entire point of the shoulder. Thi Cathedrae s figurth n i s ei t Maina l probabld zan y dates fro 1430. mc . (See fig. 2, g.) returo Wole T th shorfa o n t effigys tha uppet i , r cannon plate coverin oute gth - side of the arm only, over a mail sleeve. To this plate the narrow boxed is articulate narroo tw y wdb lames coute e broaa Th y .hel b s rdi n dstrao p roune dth articulateinsids elboe i th d narrof o weo an tw y wdb lamelowee th o rst cannone Th . coutee winth f gbilobats o ri fluteds i d ean . Ther eighe ear t raised flutes radiating fro poine mth t where win couted gan r coalesce. Whereve fluta r e reache edge sth e of the plate the metal is drawn out to a point, thus giving the wing plate a cusped edge coutee Th . secures r i lame e th o dst abov belod rivetsy ean b wt i . Fluted couter wings appea Englisn o r h brasseunknowbrase n a th f . 14.10,so n c s o s na knighn i t South Kelsey Church (Lines.), t the invariable 1bu yar y single lobe shaped dan d like scalloa p shell. (See fig. 2,f.) These examples have engrailed edges while thosf eo r SymoSi n Felbrygge, K.G. . 14.16,c , t Felbriga g (Norfolk) have invected edges. (See fig. 2, k.) Fluted wings with engrailed edges appear on the brass of Lord Camoys c. 1419 but here again they are shell shaped. The flu tings on English examples are usually very close exampln A . e mor keepinn ei g wit e typ hth e f flutin eo th n o g Wolf's armour is to be found on the model for the tomb of Ludwig VII of Bavaria-Ingolstad Bavariae th n i 143. tc w n 5Nationano l Museum.2 Her flutine eth g is wide cuspine th , centrae g th dee d lpan hollo wwiders i , givin gslightla y bilobate appearance. lowee Th r canno Wolf'e th f no s vambrac parto tw s n hingei s ei d roun arme dth . hingee Th applie e inside outside sar metale th th th n o edt f eO o plat. e just below the upper edge there is a stop rib of rectangular cross section. The outer plate has no stop-rib. The rivets from the lower lames of the elbow cap would doubtless have worke slotn di s paralle ende th s o lowe le t o fth r cannon plates givin gcertaia n amount of rotary motio forearme th o nt . piecem Thiar e s seee froth syste b n mni n mca Metropolitae th Chalcin i w sno n Museum York.w double Ne , Th e external hinge 3 is quite common, it occurs on several of the Chalcis arm pieces, but as an alternative

e hing s ofteth ewa n insid a precautio s a e n agains t beini t ge damageth n o s (a d 4 Metropolitan Museum arm piece No. 29.150.22 and the Churburg armour, No. 13 Trape th Mand n pi an n catalogue). The single stop-rib inside the arm is unusual. They are usually found in pairs, on eacn eo h plate r outsido , e onl witinned e edge yth an h th f reo plate turned out- ward at the top to form a built-in stop-rib in front of the elbow joint (as on the Metropolitan Museum armpiece No. 29.150.29). There are no gauntlets on this effigy. e breasTh rathee t th plat s r eha bagg y profile typicatype f Germaon eo f o l n breast plate of the early years of the century, the type shown on the effigy of Graf

1 Illustrated Laking, op. cit., n, fig. 564. 2 Illustrated Kelly, F. M., 'Early Crested ', Apollo, xn (London, 1930), 212-16, fig. vi. 3 Illustrate Kienbuscy db Grancsayd han , Catalogue of the Bashford Dean Collection (Portland, Maine, 1933), Nos. 76-81. 4 . ibid.Genera78 d , Nosan l 7 Museu7 . m Catalogue Nos. 29.150.33 29.150.19d an , . Bevor Gorget Fauld Cuisse

Bascinet Baldron Couter FIG. I THE EFFIGY OF ALEXANDER STEWART

e

(d) e a e

FIG. 2 110 PROCEEDING SOCIETYE TH F O S , 1958-59 Morit Oldenburgn zvo , churce 1420th n t Rastede.i ,ha Wolf'e Th 1 s breast plate has a strongly boxed turn-over at the neck parallel to the lower edge of the . There is also a strong turn-over at the armhole. Next to the armhole and diverging slightly from it is a curved rib of rectangular cross section apparently riveted to the breas side studo tth e plat n tw awa so y eb y fro armholee mth . Thi probabls si n applied stop-rib founs suci s ha d belo nece w th f man ko y fifteenth-century Italian armours, as on the Bear suit at Churburg and on the two late fourteenth-century breast plates there (Nos. 13 and 14). Of course the turn-over at the neck of the Wolf may have been an applied stop-rib also. There is a breast plate in the Metro- politan Museum in New York with applied stop-ribs at the armholes but they differ from the Wolf suit by being at the very edge of the plate. This breast plate is German 1450. c , , much later tha estimatee nth d Wole datth f feo armour.2 However hale th ff breaso e on t plate coaa f platef so o t s fro armoure mth Chalcif yo s whics hi believed to date from the early years of the fifteenth century has a stop-rib, not unlik eWolfe thath f ,o t righe rivete edge th th f t e o o armhole. dt positioe Th 3 f no the rivet holes at the armholes of the well-known breast plate in the Rathaus at Vienna (No. 278 . 144c ) 0 suggest sstop-ribd thaha t i t s applie thin di s positios na necke th existine t wel.th a s e a l gon The skirt or fauld probably consists of ten lames overlapping counter-tile-wise. Eight are visible and the hip belt is estimated to cover two more. There is.no joint in the fauld lames and no buckles or hinges on either side. This may be due to carelessnes ignorancr so carvere pare th f th to n ,e o althoug renderes ha e e th h h l dal other details correctly t mayI . , however worte b , h while recallin woodee gth n figure of William VI van Beieran Graaf van Holland, carved c. 1475 and now in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam thin I . s figure bot backplate hth fauld ean d open down centre th e back. Now, while there mus some b t e degre f antiquarianiseo e th mn i figure since it was carved nearly half a century after the death of William VI; most feature e paralleleoe th fb n paintinge ca sth n di Stephaf so n Lochne otherd an r f so the North German school; furthermore, there is literary evidence of backplates openin backe th Lydgate'n I t g.a s Book of Troy, in, lines 60-63 we nnd: And some chose of the new entaille, For to be sure myd all her foos An hoi brest-plate wit hrere-dooa s Behynde schet or ellis on the side.4 The MS. Flos Duellatorum by Maestro Fiore dei Liberi da Premariacco, at Bergamo, shows and backplates buckled at the back (pages 25b and 26a). Unfortun- ately detaile th , thesn so e illustration rathee sar r sketchily cannoe drawnon e d tb an ,

cas A thi f o t s Germanische e effigth n yi s Museum, Niirenberg illustrates ,i Jamer Si y dsb Mans hi n i 'NoteEvolutioe th n 1so Platf no e Armou Germann ri Fourteente th n yi Fifteentd han h Centuries', Archaeologia, LXXXIV (1935), PI. XVII, fig. 2 . 2 Museu . 29.150.79mNo . Illustrate Cataloguee Th n di Bashforde oth f Dean thers i t I eCollection, . 55 . No said to be Italian c. 1470, but see Robinson, H. R., 'Some examples of Mid-i5th Century German Armour', Journal of the Arms Armourd an Society, (London6 . nNo , , 1957), 136. Illustrated by ffoulkes, C., 'On Italian Armour from Chalcis in the Ethnological Museum at Athens', Archaeologia,8 LXII (1911), PI. 3 LIV . No ,

. Cripps-DaQuoteH . F y db Fragmentan yi Armamentaria, , 128v . 4 E EFFIGTH ALEXANDEF YO I II R STEWART certain tha faullamee e th tth df s o completely encircl hipse eth . They appea facn ri t implicatioe backth e mee o t d th t t an ,a t no nthas i t thehavy yma e been attachedo t some sor foundatiof o t n garment thad this i , an t sti tha buckles ti d together. Viollet- le-Duc1 illustrates a figure taken from the manuscript Les Merveilles du Monde c. 1404-17 whicn o , e bodhth y armou s bucklei rbacke th n thiI p . u ds casee th , backplate is made up of lames like the fauld, and all the lames meet down the line of the spine. centre lowese th th t f eA o t faule lamth buckles f di eo dfora k defenc flattenef eo d shield shape, consisting of two horizontal lames overlapping counter-tile-wise. The lame hingee ar s d togethe applieo meany b rtw f so d hune hingear gd froan se mth buckleo e uppeth tw faul n y ro b sd lam e fauldd strapth an en .o s This defence appear Englisn so h brasse Johr brase 1411. Si sth c nf sn o Draytoo , t Dorchestena r (Oxon.),2 but his lames are both rectangular with rounded corners and without any sign of buckles or hinges. The brass of Sir John de Brewys at Wiston (Sussex), 1426, has a single lame fork defence.3 The hip belt is placed one lame from the bottom 'of the fauld. (See fig. 2, g.) Since there are no signs of any joints, it is probably of leather. The edges are lined with large round studs wit hsmala l circular depressio heae th eachf dn o e no Th . square bosse comparativele sar y small, little more than one-thir widte e dth th f ho belt; the decoratee yar d alternately with conventionalised flower smald an s l circular medallions hung on hinges. These medallions are of the type that are usually des- cribed as harness decorations. They would probably once have been painted or enamelled with heraldic devices. Between each bos hungs si , fro mrin a staple d gan , a small oval object which may have been a bell. Bells were common articles of dress in the fifteenth century; they appear for instance on the effigy of Graf Moritz von Oldenburg . 1420d , , hun lonn go g chains fro waise mth t belt. centure th shows f i o s ya d y nworb bels p en hi e wa tScotlan n n i e th o Th t p du the effigy of Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, yth Baron of Kin tail, d. 1492, at Beauly Priory. numbeA Scottisf ro beltp h hi effigie n so hingee lefe ar sth t siden do , suggesting that they were permanently attache armoue th opened o dt an r d wit r faulde fo hth s a , instance on the effigy of a Seton in Seton Collegiate Church. Belo Wolf'e wth s fauld appear skirs edge hi mailf sth o f t eo ; eight row ringf so s are visible and it is realistically draped to fit in with the recumbent position. armoug le e lightls i rTh y boxed dow centre nth e fronte cuisseTh .r thig o s h defences consist of one semi-cylindrical plate; there are no side plates nor any sign o stop-rifa lattee tope th Th .t rba appear earls Joh r a effige Si 137s th yf na yo n 1o Swynford at Spratton (Northants) .The are strapped round the leg by a single

strap at mid-thigh, buckling inside4 . On the outside of the leg the strap is riveted to the inside of the cuisse and passes out through a rectangular slot in the metal close

1 Dictionnaire Raisonne du Mobilier Franfais (Paris, 1874), v, 130. 2 Illustrated Druitt , CostumeH. , Brassesn o (London, 1906), 190. 3 Illustrated in The Catalogue of Rubbings of Brasses and Incised Slabs in the Victoria and Albert Museum, PI. 18, fig. 2. 1 Illustrated Gardener, A., Alabaster Tombs of the pre-Reformation Period Englandn i (Cambridge, 1940), PI. 143- 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY, 1958-59 platee edge th th f eo .o t This metho straf do p attachmen alss i t o thae t useth n do leg pieces of the boy's armour at Chartres which Mr F. H. Cripps-Day dated as not later than i^82.1 cuissee Th articulatee sar poleyne th o d t knee-copr so narroe on y wsb lamee Th . knee-cop is convex in profile and cusped above and below on the medial line. The wing is one-lobed and fluted like the couter wing with seven flutes. The poleyn is strapped round the leg, and below it are two narrow lames and one longer one also strapped round the leg. On this lowest lame the strap is riveted on in the same manner as on the cuisse. This plate overlaps the greave at the front, but does not seem to be attached to it in any way, nor does the strap encircle the top of the back plate of the greave as happens on the effigy of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick e Ladth yn i , Chape t Mary'S f o l s Warwick . I454-c , Effigiee th f o s 2 Ralph Neville group (mos whicf to h see havmo t e been mad . 1410ec ) hav large eth e lame below the poleyn attached to the top of the greave by a slot and turning pin locate outee th t rda bottom cornelame e greavee th finf f o Th .ro e e robussar t pro- portion hingee outsidappliee o ar th tw d n dy o eds b an hinge buckled san d insidt ea two points. They fit well down over the ankle, though not as far down as later fifteenth-century . Two lames of the are visible on the left foot, the remainder and the whole of the right foot are broken away. The left spur is attached to the top lame of the sabatoshoro tw t y strapnb s rivete metale th o dt . e sworTh d hangs fro waise mth lefe t th tbel side n extremels to i t ;i y battered dan brokenvers ywa t broad-bladeI . therd remaine dan ear cruciforf so m quillonr so guards, a semicircular water guard over the mouth of the scabbard and an orna- mental strap e daggeTh . entirels i r y excepbrokem lefe ar th tr s i fo t n o s awa d yan the hand. Considering the dates of the comparative material the date of the Wolf effigy appears to be between 1410 and 1430; this view gains strength from the evidence of the weepers, all of which are in armour generally corresponding with that of the main figure, they are, however, extremely battered. Two of the weepers wear jelly- hatg ba s floppin sidee on , o alsgt o worweepea y nb t Elforda r . 1408 c ,fashion d an , - . 1415.c o ablt 3p eu MacGibbon and Ross in their Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland depict two panels from an altar tomb which must have been very similar to that of the Wolf. They wer t thaea ttooe tim th churcl e n sheei th f dt o Coupah a w no r e Anguar t sbu south-wese wale th fixeth n i l n do t vestibul Parise th f eo h Church. They shox wsi weepers: two are in armour very similar to that of the Wolf, one is in armour over whic weare hh typa s sur-coaf eo t havin gfula l pleated skiroved an tr thi wida s e beltp othee hi th , rciviliansl thesf threal o e e eear howeveOn . r wear three-quartesa r length houppelande with the belt placed low over the hips causing the garment to bulge abov rathen i t ei unsightln a r y manner. e combinatioTh f thesno o tw e

4 Se1 e Fragmenta Armamentaria (Frome, 1941), v, 95. 2 Illustrated Stothard . . A.cit.C , op , , PI. 12d 1243an . 3 Kelly, F. M., and Schwabe, R., A Short History of Costume and Armour (London, 1931), I, 32. 4 Illustrated in The Ecclesiastical Architecture of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1896-7), figs. 1450 and 1451. THE EFFIG F ALEXANDEO Y R STEWART 113 garments reappears on an altarpiece at Wismar in the church of St Jurgen, of about 1420. When considerin date gerectioth f e o tome probabls th i f t bni o y significant that the arms of the Wolf's son, Alexander, Earl of Mar, occur in the cathedral on a arce th hf smalo abov p tome to l e th shiele Bisho f bo th t da p Carden soute th hn yi navee aislth f e.o This tomr waso , b,is dated 1420. e writeTh r wishe expreso t s dees shi p gratitud r ClaudM o et e Blair, Assistant Keeper of the Metalwork Department of the Victoria and Albert Museum and to Mr Russel Robinson, Assistant to the Master of the Armouries, for their help and advic preparinn ei g this . GowpaperReve M Ministee th alsd . th ,o J .o an t , f o r Dunkeld Cathedral, for permission to examine and photograph the effigy.

GLOSSARY OF ARMOUR TERMS

AVENTAI tippee Th maif Lto l worn hanging fro lowee mth rbascine e edgth f eo proteco t necke tth . BEVO e defenclowee Th th R r rfacee fo par th f . o t GOUTER The defence for the elbow. CUISS e defence thighe Th th Er .fo DEFAUT The gap in the plate defences at the armhole of the breast plate, necessary to allow the movement armse th f so . FAULD Skir overlappinf o t g lames. GREAT BASCINET The later form of the bascinet in which the neck is protected by plates rather than by the mail aventail. MAIL Flexible armour made of interlocked rings. PAULDRON The defence of the shoulder. POLEY e defenc kneee Th Nth f e.o QUILLONS The cross guard of the sword. SABATO e defenc foote Th th N r . efo Srop-RiB A rib riveted onto a plate to prevent the point of a weapon glancing over the edge and entering the body of the wearer. VAMBRACE The complex of plates defending the arm excluding the shoulder.