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The Terminology of Armor in Old French 1 A 1 e n-MlS|^^^PP?; The Terminology Of Amor In Old French. THE TERMINOLOGY OF ARMOR IN OLD FRENCH BY OTHO WILLIAM ALLEN A. B. University of Illinois, 1915 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1916 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL CO oo ]J1^J % I 9 I ^ I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPER- VISION BY WtMc^j I^M^. „ ENTITLED ^h... *If?&3!£^^^ ^1 ^^Sh^o-^/ o>h, "^Y^t^C^/ BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF. hu^Ur /] CUjfo In Charge of Thesis 1 Head of Department Recommendation concurred in :* Committee on Final Examination* Required for doctor's degree but not for master's. .343139 LHUC CONTENTS Bibliography i Introduction 1 Glossary 8 Corrigenda — 79 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 http://archive.org/details/terminologyofarmOOalle i BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Descriptive Works on Armor: Boeheim, Wendelin. Handbuch der Waffenkunde. Leipzig, 1890, Quicherat, J, Histoire du costume en France, Paris, 1875* Schultz, Alwin. Das hofische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger. Two volumes. Leipzig, 1889. Demmin, August. Die Kriegswaffen in ihren geschicht lichen Ent wicklungen von den altesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart. Vierte Auflage. Leipzig, 1893. Ffoulkes, Charles. Armour and Weapons. Oxford, 1909. Gautier, Leon. La Chevalerie. Viollet-le-Duc • Dictionnaire raisonne' du mobilier frangais. Six volumes. Paris, 1874. Volumes V and VI. Ashdown, Charles Henry. Arms and Armour. New York. Ffoulkes, Charles. The Armourer and his Craft. London, 1912. Boutell, Charles. Arms and Armour in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages. Translated from the French of P.Lacombe. Lon don, 1902. El Conde V. do de Valencia de Don Juan. Catalogo historico- descriptivo de la Real Armerfa de Madrid. Madrid, 1898. Dean, Bashford. Handbook of Arras and Armor. Catalogue of the Collection at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1915. li Lexicographical Works: Godefroy, Fre'de'ric. Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue fran- caise et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XV© siecle. Ten volumes. Paris, 1881-1902. La Curne de Sainte-Palaye . Dictionnaire historique de l'an- cien langage fran^ois. Ten volumes. Niort. Du Cange. Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis. Editio nova a Leopold Favre. Niort, 1883-87. Ten volumes, includ- ing the Glossaire francais by Leopold Favre, Borel, Pierre. Dictionnaire des termes du vieux francois. Nouvelle edition par Le'opold Favre. Two volumes. Niort, 1882. Schirling, Victor. Die Verteidigungswaf fen im altfranzdsisch- en Epos • Number LXIX in Ausgaben und Abhandlungen aus dera Gebiete der roraanischen Philologie. Marburg, 1887. Hatzfeld, Darmesteter et Thomas. Dictionnaire general de la langue francaise. Paris. Littr£. Dictionnaire de la langue frangaise. Four volumes and supplement. Paris, 1873-86. Meyer-Lubke, wilhelm. Romanisches etymologisches Worterbuch. Heidelberg, 1911 Only the first eight Lieferungen (Down to the beginning of the letter T) were accessible. Korting, Gustav. Lateinisch-romanisches Worterbuch. Dritte vermehrte und verbesserte Ausgabe. Paderborn, 1907. Diez, Friedrich. Etymologisches Wttrterbuch der romanischen . iii Sprachen. Funfte Ausgabe , mit einem Anhang von August Scheler. Bonn, 1887. Raynouard, M. Lexique roman, ou dictionnaire de la langue des Troubadours. Six volumes. Paris, 1844. Menage, M. Dictionnaire 6tymologique de la langue francoise. Two volumes. Paris, 1760. Kttrting, Gustav. Etymologisches W5rterbuch der franzosischen Sprache. Paderborn, 1908. Scheler, Auguste. Dictionnaire d'etyraologie fran9aise. Troi- sierae Edition revue et augmented. Brussels and Paris, 1888 Cotgrave, Randle. A French and English Dictionary. London, 1660. Nouveau Larousse illustre'. Seven volumes and supplement. Georges, Karl Ernst. Lateinisch-deutsches Worterbuch. Harper's Latin Dictionary. New York, 1907. Benoist-Goelzer . Nouveau dictionnaire latin-francais Lammens, Henri. Reraarques sur les mots frangais drive's de l'arabe. Beyrouth, 1890. Murray, James A.H. A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Oxford, 1888 . Skeat , Walter V/. An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. New Edition Revised and Enlarged. Oxford, 1910. Webster's New International Dictionary. Springfield, Mass., 1910. Diccionario de la lengua castellana por la Real Academia Es- panola. Decimocuarta edicidn. Madrid, 1914. iv Candido de Figueiredo. Novo Diccionario da lingua portuguesa. Nova edicao. Two volumes. Lisbon, 1913. Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca. Florence, 1863----. Mistral, Fre'de'ric. Dictionnaire provencal-francais 1 INTRODUCTION The development of medieval armor falls naturally into two main periods, the period of mail, and the period of plate. Between these two may be added a third, known as the transition period, extending approximately from the thirteenth to the end of the fourteenth cen- tury. Of the two great periods the first naturally presents the most problems, since so few relics have resisted the destruction of time and rust. It is not hard to understand why mail, presenting a maximum of surface to atmospheric oxidation, has left no remains of the early period. We have not a single suit of mail dating before the year 1400, and even fragments are exceedingly rare. The archae- ologist, therefore, must seek enlightenment in the study of illumi- nated manuscripts, monumental brasses, seals, tapestries, chessmen, and references in literature. It is with this last source of in- formation that the present thesis is concerned. Armor had an important place in medieval literature. The chan - 1 sons de geste , the romans d aventure , and the chronicles of Ville- hardouin, Joinville, Froissart, and Commines all abound in refer- ences to armor. But these references are, as a rule, so indefinite, or colored by poetic exaggeration, that they give us little inform- ation concerning the actual shape, size, weight, material, and use of armor. Consequently, many common expressions have not yet re- ceived a satisfactory explanation. Among the difficult problems of the early period are "banded mail"; "tegulated armor"; the distinct- 2 ion between the JASERAN, the HAUBERC , and the BROIGNE; and between the ESCD, the BOUCLIER, and the TARGE. When other sources have failed, linguistics may shed some light upon these obscure questions The following glossary is a collection of about four hundred and forty terms referring to armor, gathered from the dictionaries of Godefroy, La Curne, Du Cange, and Borel. This is a large number; and yet, it is probable that the list is far from complete, espe- cially as regards the later period. The examination of a suit of plate armor reveals the fact that many of its minute parts have no corresponding name in the Old French dictionaries. It is evident, then, that these names, if they ever existed, have not been pre- served in literature. However, it is by no means certain that such terras were ever in use. Let us take, for instance, the armor of the knees or of the hands. Each one of these defenses is usually com- posed of a number of parts; but GENOUILLERE and GANTELET are the only terms recorded in Old French literature. In other words, only the larger pieces of armor are named. And yet, when we are told that the smallest part of a modern machine, such as an automobile, a binder, or a watch, has its established technical name, it seems likely that plate armor also, being universally employed in the Middle Ages, had a name for each one of its parts. Why, then, have not these words come down to us ? In the first place, they were doubtless not in common usage, being known only to the armorers of the time. To-day, for instance, no one but the manufacturer knows the complete nomenclature of the typewriter, although we use every day. In literature such words - . 3 are to be found only in technical works describing the mechanism of the machine. Naturally, then, we should expect to find the full nomenclature of armor only in technical works on the subject . But it must be remembered that medieval literature is strikingly devoid of technical works of all kinds, and especially manuals on trades and handicrafts. A handbook of armor, such as those that have ap- peared in recent years, was an impossibility in the Middle Ages. The armorer was, like the blacksmith or the carpenter, a man of the common people, without education or culture, and who could seldom read and write. Such a man, even if he were so disposed, would, on account of his illiteracy, be in no position to write an intellig- ible work on his craft. But there is another and more convincing reason. Since the patent office was unknown to the medieval world, the only way in which the artisan could protect his invention was by keeping it a secret. That is exactly what happened in number of crafts. Many processes in the working of metals, in the manufacture of inks and paints , and in the illumination of manuscripts , once jealously guarded by the workmen of the Middle Ages, have been lost to us in this way. Hence, it is not likely that the armorer, even if he were a literary man, would be so imprudent as to betray the Sords A were probably never committed to writing, and will doubtless never be known to us In the prepation of the glossary only words directly related to armor were included. Thus, in the following series: HEAUME,s.m., a helmet; HEAUMER ,v.a. , to cover with a helmet; HEAUMERIE,s .f . , a . 4 place where helmets are made or sold; HEAUMIER ,s .m. , he who makes or sells helmets, etc. , only the first two words were re- tained. In cases where the word has many meanings , only the one re- lating to armor has been recorded. Most of the words are substan- tives, but there are a few adjectives and denominative verbs (ENAR- MSR from ENARME, HEAUMER from HEAUME).
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