Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450–900

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450–900 WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN THE BARBARIAN WEST, 450–900 Warfare was an integral part of early medieval life. It had a character of its own and was neither a pale shadow of Roman military practice nor an insignificant precursor to the warfare of the central Middle Ages. This book recovers its distinctiveness, looking at warfare in a rounded context in the British Isles and western Europe between the end of the Roman Empire and the break-up of the Carolingian Empire. The era was one of great changes in the practice of war. Guy Halsall relates warfare to many aspects of medieval life, economy, society and politics. He examines the raising and organisation of early medieval armies and looks at the conduct of campaigns. The survey includes the equipment of warriors and the horrific experience of battle as well as an analysis of medieval fortifications and siege warfare. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West uses historical and archaeological evidence in a rigorous and sophisticated fashion. It stresses regional variations but also places Anglo-Saxon England in the mainstream of the military developments in this era. Guy Halsall is lecturer in medieval history at the University of York. He has published widely on the social history and archaeology of Merovingian Gaul and on violence in early medieval society, including Settlement and Social Organisation. The Merovingian Region of Metz (Cambridge, 1995). WARFARE AND HISTORY General Editor, Jeremy Black Professor of History, University of Exeter AIR POWER IN THE AGE OF TOTAL WAR John Buckley THE ARMIES OF THE CALIPHS: MILITARY AND SOCIETY IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC STATE Hugh Kennedy THE BALKAN WARS, 1912–1913: PRELUDE TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR Richard C. Hall ENGLISH WARFARE, 1511–1642 Mark Charles Fissel EUROPEAN AND NATIVE AMERICAN WARFARE, 1675–1815 Armstrong Starkey EUROPEAN WARFARE, 1660–1815 Jeremy Black THE FIRST PUNIC WAR J. F. Lazenby FRONTIERSMEN: WARFARE IN AFRICA SINCE 1950 Anthony Clayton GERMAN ARMIES: WAR AND GERMAN POLITICS, 1648–1806 Peter H. Wilson THE GREAT WAR 1914–1918 Spencer C. Tucker ISRAEL’S WARS, 1947–1993 Ahron Bregman THE KOREAN WAR: NO VICTORS, NO VANQUISHED Stanley Sandler MEDIEVAL CHINESE WARFARE, 300–900 David A. Graff MEDIEVAL NAVAL WARFARE, 1000–1500 Susan Rose MODERN CHINESE WARFARE, 1795–1989 Bruce A. Elleman MODERN INSURGENCIES AND COUNTER-INSURGENCIES: GUERRILLAS AND THEIR OPPONENTS SINCE 1750 Ian F. W. Beckett NAVAL WARFARE, 1815–1914 Lawrence Sondhaus OTTOMAN WARFARE, 1500–1700 Rhoads Murphey SEAPOWER AND NAVAL WARFARE, 1650–1830 Richard Harding THE SOVIET MILITARY EXPERIENCE Roger R. Reese VIETNAM Spencer C. Tucker THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF AMERICAN SOCIETY Harry M. Ward WAR AND THE STATE IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE: SPAIN, THE DUTCH REPUBLIC AND SWEDEN AS FISCAL-MILITARY STATES, 1500–1660 Jan Glete WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN EUROPE, 1792–1914 Geoffrey Wawro WARFARE AT SEA, 1500–1650 Jan Glete WARFARE IN ATLANTIC AFRICA, 1500–1800: MARITIME CONFLICTS AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE John K. Thornton WARFARE, STATE AND SOCIETY IN THE BYZANTINE WORLD, 565–1204 John Haldon WAR IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD, 1450–1815 Jeremy Black WARS OF IMPERIAL CONQUEST IN AFRICA, 1830–1914 Bruce Vandervort WESTERN WARFARE IN THE AGE OF THE CRUSADES, 1000–1300 John France THE IRISH AND BRITISH WARS, 1637–1654. TRIUMPH, TRAGEDY, AND FAILURE James Scott Wheeler EUROPEAN WARFARE, 1494–1660 Jeremy Black WAR AND SOCIETY IN IMPERIAL ROME, 31 BC–AD 284 Brian Campbell MUGHAL WARFARE: IMPERIAL FRONTIERS AND HIGHROADS TO EMPIRE 1500–1700 Jos Gommans WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN THE BARBARIAN WEST, 450–900 Guy Halsall WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN THE BARBARIAN WEST, 450–900 Guy Halsall First published 2003 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2003 Guy Halsall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Halsall, Guy. Warfare and society in the barbarian West, 450–900 / Guy Halsall. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Military art and science—Europe, Western—History—To 900. 2. Europe, Western—History, Military—To 1500. I. Title. U37.H357 2003 355′.0094′0902—dc2l 2002013881 ISBN 0-203-93007-X Master e-book ISBN 0–415–23939–7 (hbk) 0–415–23940–0 (pbk) FOR MY TEACHERS CONTENTS List of illustrations xi Acknowledgements xiii Maps xv 1 Warfare and violence in the early Middle Ages 1 2 Warfare and society 20 3 Raising an army (1): post-Roman Europe 40 4 Raising an army (2): the Carolingian world 71 5 Raising an army (3): allies, mercenaries and training the troops 111 6 Raising an army (4): the size of armies 119 7 Campaigning 134 8 Weaponry and equipment 163 9 Battle 177 10 Fortification and siege warfare 215 Epilogue 228 Appendix: Military activity in the Frankish realms, 581–90 231 Notes 234 Select bibliography 297 Index 315 ix ILLUSTRATIONS Maps 1 The Merovingian world xv 2 Anglo-Saxon Britain xvi 3 Lombard Italy xvii 4 The Carolingian Empire xviii–xix Figures 1 Incidence of warfare and changes of king in Mercia, 600–850 28 2 English warfare 600–850: changing patterns or changing traditions? 139 3 Locational analysis of Anglo-Saxon battles, 600–850 158 xi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This volume has been a long time in gestation and in many ways has had a difficult birth. I am immensely grateful to my editors at Routledge for their patience! I have accumulated a substantial number of other personal and professional debts in the difficult years during which this book was being written. My colleagues in the School of History, Classics and Archaeology at Birkbeck College provided a fine environment in which to work and to study history at the highest level. My Birkbeck students, especially on my ‘Barbarian Migrations in Archaeology and History’ and ‘Urbanism in the First Millennium’ courses, have inspired, helped and usefully criticised my thinking on the early Middle Ages. They have also borne my digressions into the politics of the raising of armies – often during seminars on completely different subjects – with exem- plary forbearance! Steve Neate, a survivor of ‘Barbarians’, read the entire draft, made many helpful suggestions and spotted innumerable ‘typos’. Overall, my students’ input into this volume (as one put it, ‘a history of violent chancers’, which just about sums it up) is much more considerable than they realise. To write a book covering 450 years of the history of most of western Europe is, if one is honest, to walk into the caverns of one’s ignorance. I have been enormously fortunate to have had the assistance of numerous guides and lantern-bearers. Paul Fouracre read the whole book in draft and made many helpful observations, all of which have significantly improved the final version. I hope he has gained as much as I have from our debates on the nature of early medieval societies and politics over the last decade or so. Chris Wickham also read most of the volume, has been a merciless scourge of my woolly thinking and saved me from several factual errors in the process. Any qualities the Carolingian section may have are thanks in large part to thorough and critical reading (of more than one draft) by Simon MacLean. Kate Cooper, Falco Daim, Wendy Davies, Julio Escalona Monge, Mark Handley, Matthew Innes, Charles Insley, Jon Jarrett, Ryan Lavelle, Julia Smith and the late and much missed Tim Reuter have all provided discussions, help, information and references. Charles, Ryan and Tim also read substantial sections of the book and provided invaluable feedback. I have not always followed the advice I have been given, so although all the above have played an important part in giving this xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS volume any merits it may possess, they are not to be blamed for any errors, off- beam ideas and woolly thinking that remain. Paul Kershaw has taught me an enormous amount about early medieval history, not least by putting his voluminous knowledge of early medieval political thought and ideas of war and peace at my disposal, but also by being a very solid and reliable friend. To use a metaphor from this book, in the great shieldwall of life you could not have a better man at your right shoulder. I count myself exceptionally lucky to have worked with the other medi- evalists of the University of London and, as well as benefiting hugely from their friendship, I have learnt immeasurably from the other regulars at the Institute of Historical Research’s justly famous ‘Earlier Middle Ages’ seminar, especially Matthew Bennett, John Gillingham, Janet Nelson, Susan Reynolds, Alan Thacker, Andrew Wareham and Geoff West. There is nowhere better than London to learn the art of being an early medieval historian. Outside academia, I am grateful to Duncan Macfarlane, editor of Wargames Illustrated, who first published my thoughts on early medieval warfare in 1983, and has consistently (and with great patience and support) given me access to a broader non-academic audience ever since.
Recommended publications
  • 2020 O'connor Patrick Morris 0431545 Ethesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The psychology of warrior culture in the post-Roman Frankish kingdoms Morris O'Connor, Patrick Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 The Psychology of Warrior Culture in the Post-Roman Frankish Kingdoms Patrick Morris O’Connor A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy King’s College London 2019 0 Abstract Warfare and violence in the post-Roman West have attracted much interest, and historians have used the insights of social anthropology and literary theory to interpret the evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • THE DISCOVERY of the BALTIC the NORTHERN WORLD North Europe and the Baltic C
    THE DISCOVERY OF THE BALTIC THE NORTHERN WORLD North Europe and the Baltic c. 400-1700 AD Peoples, Economies and Cultures EDITORS Barbara Crawford (St. Andrews) David Kirby (London) Jon-Vidar Sigurdsson (Oslo) Ingvild Øye (Bergen) Richard W. Unger (Vancouver) Przemyslaw Urbanczyk (Warsaw) VOLUME 15 THE DISCOVERY OF THE BALTIC The Reception of a Catholic World-System in the European North (AD 1075-1225) BY NILS BLOMKVIST BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2005 On the cover: Knight sitting on a horse, chess piece from mid-13th century, found in Kalmar. SHM inv. nr 1304:1838:139. Neg. nr 345:29. Antikvarisk-topografiska arkivet, the National Heritage Board, Stockholm. Brill Academic Publishers has done its best to establish rights to use of the materials printed herein. Should any other party feel that its rights have been infringed we would be glad to take up contact with them. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blomkvist, Nils. The discovery of the Baltic : the reception of a Catholic world-system in the European north (AD 1075-1225) / by Nils Blomkvist. p. cm. — (The northern world, ISSN 1569-1462 ; v. 15) Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 90-04-14122-7 1. Catholic Church—Baltic Sea Region—History. 2. Church history—Middle Ages, 600-1500. 3. Baltic Sea Region—Church history. I. Title. II. Series. BX1612.B34B56 2004 282’485—dc22 2004054598 ISSN 1569–1462 ISBN 90 04 14122 7 © Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
    [Show full text]
  • Deadly Hostility: Feud, Violence, and Power in Early Anglo-Saxon England
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Dissertations Graduate College 6-2017 Deadly Hostility: Feud, Violence, and Power in Early Anglo-Saxon England David DiTucci Western Michigan University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation DiTucci, David, "Deadly Hostility: Feud, Violence, and Power in Early Anglo-Saxon England" (2017). Dissertations. 3138. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/3138 This Dissertation-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEADLY HOSTILITY: FEUD, VIOLENCE, AND POWER IN EARLY ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND by David DiTucci A dissertation submitted to the Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy History Western Michigan University June 2017 Doctoral Committee: Robert F. Berkhofer III, Ph.D., Chair Jana Schulman, Ph.D. James Palmitessa, Ph.D. E. Rozanne Elder, Ph.D. DEADLY HOSTILITY: FEUD, VIOLENCE, AND POWER IN EARLY ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND David DiTucci, Ph.D. Western Michigan University, 2017 This dissertation examines the existence and political relevance of feud in Anglo-Saxon England from the fifth century migration to the opening of the Viking Age in 793. The central argument is that feud was a method that Anglo-Saxons used to understand and settle conflict, and that it was a tool kings used to enhance their power. The first part of this study examines the use of fæhð in Old English documents, including laws and Beowulf, to demonstrate that fæhð referred to feuds between parties marked by reciprocal acts of retaliation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Terminology of Armor in Old French
    1 A 1 e n-MlS|^^^PP?; The Terminology Of Amor In Old French. THE TERMINOLOGY OF ARMOR IN OLD FRENCH BY OTHO WILLIAM ALLEN A. B. University of Illinois, 1915 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1916 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL CO oo ]J1^J % I 9 I ^ I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPER- VISION BY WtMc^j I^M^. „ ENTITLED ^h... *If?&3!£^^^ ^1 ^^Sh^o-^/ o>h, "^Y^t^C^/ BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF. hu^Ur /] CUjfo In Charge of Thesis 1 Head of Department Recommendation concurred in :* Committee on Final Examination* Required for doctor's degree but not for master's. .343139 LHUC CONTENTS Bibliography i Introduction 1 Glossary 8 Corrigenda — 79 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 http://archive.org/details/terminologyofarmOOalle i BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Descriptive Works on Armor: Boeheim, Wendelin. Handbuch der Waffenkunde. Leipzig, 1890, Quicherat, J, Histoire du costume en France, Paris, 1875* Schultz, Alwin. Das hofische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger. Two volumes. Leipzig, 1889. Demmin, August. Die Kriegswaffen in ihren geschicht lichen Ent wicklungen von den altesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart. Vierte Auflage. Leipzig, 1893. Ffoulkes, Charles. Armour and Weapons. Oxford, 1909. Gautier, Leon. La Chevalerie. Viollet-le-Duc • Dictionnaire raisonne' du mobilier frangais. Six volumes. Paris, 1874. Volumes V and VI. Ashdown, Charles Henry. Arms and Armour. New York. Ffoulkes, Charles. The Armourer and his Craft.
    [Show full text]
  • In Vil<Ing Age Orkney
    'Central places' in Vil<ing Age Orkney Frans-Arne Stylegar The present paper is an attenlpt to stinlulate discussion based on an analysis of the distribution patterns of S0111e place-names in Orkney. I It is argued, based on H. Mar\vick's interpretations, that SOlne of the Norse place-natnes in these islands seeln to belong to types that in Scandinavia are considered indicative of nodal or central places of the late Iron Age. The question is posed whether we in Viking Age Orkney can expect a social organisation and a settletnent structure similar to the one in the Scandinavian countries, and - if so - \vhat constitutes such a pattern? The Northern Isles lnay fulfil an itnportant role for students of Scandinavian central places, since one fronl the landnilJn situation in Orkney could, potentially, reach a fuller understanding of both chronological and social aspects of the different kinds of nodal places in the Scandinavian 'holne-lands'. Other parts of Britain, such as the Scottish Western Isles, could in principle serve the salne function, but in the latter case early Norse settletnent sites with only one exception still await discovery (Annit ]996). The study o.f·central places - so/ne Scandinavian examples Strictly speaking, the central place is an archaeological concept, denoting Iron Age settletnents with a rich and varied find material. Thus it covers sites that fulfilled various functions (Fabech 1999). The concept was reintroduced into Scandinavian archaeology after a symposiulll in Denlllark in 1989, first and foretnost to cOlne to tenns with a new type of Inetal-rich settlelnents that tnetal detector surveying had brought to light in Dennlark and Sweden (ibid.).
    [Show full text]
  • Low-Tech Armortm
    LOADOUTS:TM LOW-TECH ARMORTM Written by DAN HOWARD Edited by JASON “PK” LEVINE Illustrated by DAVID DAY, DAN HOWARD, and SHANE L. JOHNSON GURPS System Design ❚ STEVE JACKSON e23 Manager ❚ STEVEN MARSH GURPS Line Editor ❚ SEAN PUNCH Marketing Director ❚ LEONARD BALSERA Managing Editor ❚ PHILIP REED Director of Sales ❚ ROSS JEPSON Assistant GURPS Line Editor ❚ JASON “PK” LEVINE Prepress Checker ❚ NIKKI VRTIS Production Artist & Indexer ❚ NIKOLA VRTIS Page Design ❚ PHIL REED and JUSTIN DE WITT Art Direction ❚ MONICA STEPHENS GURPS FAQ Maintainer ❚ VICKY “MOLOKH” KOLENKO Lead Playtester: Douglas H. Cole Playtesters: Roger Burton West, Nathan Joy, Rob Kamm, Stephen Money, David Nichols, and Antoni Ten Monrós GURPS, Warehouse 23, and the all-seeing pyramid are registered trademarks of Steve Jackson Games Incorporated. Pyramid, Loadouts, Low-Tech Armor, e23, and the names of all products published by Steve Jackson Games Incorporated are registered trademarks or trademarks of Steve Jackson Games Incorporated, or used under license. GURPS Loadouts: Low-Tech Armor is copyright © 2013, 2017 by Steve Jackson Games Incorporated. Some art © 2013 JupiterImages Corporation. All rights reserved. The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this material via the Internet or via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal, and punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions, and do not participate in or encourage the electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the author’s rights is appreciated. STEVE JACKSON GAMES Stock #37-1581 Version 1.0.1 – June 2017 ® CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 3 Padded Jacks . 41 Recommended Books . 3 How a Man Shall Be Armed . 42 Additional Rules .
    [Show full text]
  • Guy Halsall Ethnicity and Early Medieval Cemeteries / Etnicidad Y Cementerios Altomedievales
    Guy Halsall Ethnicity and early medieval cemeteries / Etnicidad y cementerios altomedievales [A stampa in Archaeology and ethnicity. Reassessing the “Visigothic necropoleis”, dossier a cura di Juan Antonio Quirós Castillo, in “Arquelogía y territorio medieval”, 18 (2011), pp. 15-27 © dell’autore - Distribuito in formato digitale da “Reti Medievali”, www.retimedievali.it]. Arqueología yTerritorio Medieval 18, 2011. pp. 15-27 I.S.S.N.: 1134-3184 Ethnicity and early medieval cemeteries1 Etnicidad y cementerios altomedievales Guy Halsall * DOSSIER and ethnicity. Archaeology necropoleis” “Visigothic Reassessing the Antonio Quirós Castillo (ed.) Juan SUMMARY RESUMEN This article responds to recent work by Michel Kazan- Este artículo pretende responder al reciente trabajo ski and Patrick Périn, defending the ability of archaeo- de Michel Kazanski y Patrick Périn, que defiende la logy to recognise ethnic identity in the burial record capacidad de la Arqueología para reconocer la iden- of the early Middle Ages. After summarising the main tidad étnica en los registros funerarios altomedievales. outlines of their argument, it takes the components of Tras resumir las líneas principales de su argumentación, their hypothesis in turn and subjects them to analy- somete a análisis cada postulado de sus hipótesis. sis. This analysis is based around the archaeological Dicho análisis se basa en la evidencia arqueológica y evidence and what it can and cannot say without the en lo que ésta puede o no aportar, sin introducir pre- intrusion of preconceptions
    [Show full text]
  • An Edition of Guta Saga with Introduction, Translation
    An Edition ofGuta Saga with Introduction, Translation, Commentary and Glossary edited by Christine Ingegerd Peel UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON Degree of MPhil 1998 ProQuest Number: U642093 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642093 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Guta Saga 2 Abstract The following thesis is an edition of the text of Guta saga found in the fourteenth-century manuscript of G uta la g It is held in Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm and designated B64. In the manuscript the text covers the last eight leaves. It represents the only complete version of the text in Gutnish, the medieval language of Gotland. The Introduction contains a section on the historical background to the text and a discussion of the following: preservation, content, sources (both written and oral), date and place of composition, authorship, historical value, language and previous editions of the text. The principles of the current edition are described. The text of the manuscript is normalized and contains a number of emendations, which are signalled in footnotes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Virtual Armory
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@WPI Worcester Polytechnic Institute Digital WPI Interactive Qualifying Projects (All Years) Interactive Qualifying Projects July 2013 The irV tual Armory Jeffrey M. Bardon Worcester Polytechnic Institute Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all Repository Citation Bardon, J. M. (2013). The Virtual Armory. Retrieved from https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/2532 This Unrestricted is brought to you for free and open access by the Interactive Qualifying Projects at Digital WPI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Interactive Qualifying Projects (All Years) by an authorized administrator of Digital WPI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 48-JLS-0069 The Virtual Armory Interactive Qualifying Project Proposal Submitted to the Faculty of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation by _____________________________ Jeffrey Bardon June 25th 2013 Professor Jeffrey L. Forgeng. Major Advisor Keywords: Higgins Armory, Arms and Armor, QR Code 1 Abstract This project developed a QR system to provide an interactive experience at the Higgins Armory Museum. I developed a web page that gives interesting facts on a medieval European helmet. When scanned, a QR Code next to the helmet brings up a mobile- friendly web page with information on the object, randomly selected from a pool of information, and an HTML-based game involving matching Greek,
    [Show full text]
  • Problem 5.5 X 9Long
    Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-43543-7 - Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568 Guy Halsall Index More information INDEX · Ad Salices, battle (377) 178 Amory, Patrick 18 Adovacrius, Saxon leader 271 Anthemius, emperor 272–3, 275–6, Adrianople, battle (378) 178–9 277–8 Aegidius, general 263, 266–7, 269 Antonine Constitution (212) 53, Æthelberht, King of Kent 317, 318 72, 98 laws of 464–5 Aquitanian Goths see Visigoths Ae¨tius, general 236–7, 237–40, 241–2, Arabs, Roman ideas about 52 244–5, 248–50, 252–3, 254–5, Arbogast 187–8 519, 520 Arborychoi 304, 305 Africa 5–6, 93–6, 219, 321–7, 514 Arcadius, emperor 188, 213 Africans, Roman ideas about 52–3 archaeology, and barbarians inside the Agila, king of the Visigoths 506 Empire 153–61, 198, 448 agri deserti 91, 434–5, 439 and ethnicity 466–8 Agrippinus, general 263 see also historiography Alamans 118, 138, 149, 151, 174–5, 241, Arianism, and ethnicity 469–70 263, 271, 304–5, 400, 511 aristocracy, in Merovingian Gaul, Alans 222, 227, 228, 248, 249, 253, 268, northern 353–5, 356–7 Alaric I, Gothic king 189–90, 191, 192, in Merovingian Gaul, southern 194–5, 200, 201–2, 209, 213, 214–17, 353, 356 titles of 202–6 in Ostrogothic Italy 331–2 Alaric II, king of the Visigoths 288, in post-imperial Britain, highland 297–8, 304 363–4 Alatheus 170, 176, 177 in post-imperial Britain, lowland Amalafrida, sister of Theoderic Amal 295 364–7 Amalaric, king of the Visigoths 294, in post-imperial Europe 368 298–9 late Roman 77, 78, 81, 92–3 Amalasuentha, daughter of Theoderic Amal involvement
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    THE SPEAR IN EARLY ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND: A SOCIAL-TECHNOLOGICAL HISTORY By ANDREW JOHN WELTON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Andrew John Welton To Rachel, and to our longsuffering cat. For five years they received less of my attention than they deserved, and each found little consolation in the other’s company. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the five years it took to research and write this dissertation, I received support, help, and friendship at every turn. For this, I feel deep gratitude. Many groups generously financed my research, and I offer each of them my thanks. A Mellon dissertation grant from the Council for Library and Information Resources funded a year of travel to UK museum and library collections. Support from many smaller grants funded shorter trips. These include the Medieval Academy of America’s Helen Maud Cam grant, alongside multiple awards from the University of Florida’s History Department, Rothman Endowment, Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere, Graduate School, Office of Research, and History Graduate Society. My research and writing while resident in Florida was supplemented with additional fellowships from the Lilly Graduate Fellows Program and the University of Florida graduate school. Without this generous support, I would not have been able to see the objects about which I write, below. This dissertation, in short, would not exist. This research also could not exist without the assistance of the many library staff and museum curators who welcomed me to their spaces and facilitated my access to the materials in their collections.
    [Show full text]
  • Vessel Import to Norway in the First Millennium AD Composition And
    VESSEL IMPORT TO NORWAY IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM A.D Composition and context. by Ingegerd Roland Ph.D. thesis. Institute of Archaeology, University College London, June 1996. ProQuest Number: 10017303 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017303 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract : More than 1100 complete or fragmentary imported vessels in bronze, glass, wood, horn, clay and silver from the first millennium A.D. have been found in Norway, approximately 80% of them in graves. The extensive research already carried out has produced a vast body of literature, which generally keeps within strict chronological boundaries, concentrating on vessels from either the Roman Period, the Migration Period, or the Viking Age. Two main approaches to the material have traditionally been applied: 1) typo­ logical studies, on the basis of which trade connections and systems have been discussed from different theoretical perspectives, and 2) imports as status markers, from which hierarchical social systems of a general kind have been inferred. Only very rarely have their function as vessels attracted any serious consideration, and even more rarely their actual local context.
    [Show full text]