DOCSLIB.ORG

1 Index Optional Rules

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

VikingsVikings INDEX 1.0 COMPONENTS 2.0 INTRODUCTION 3.0 THE MAP 4.0 PLAYING PIECES 5.0 CARDS 6.0 HOW TO WIN 7.0 HOW TO SET UP THE GAME 8.0 SAGA CARDS 9.0 LEIDANG: GOLD & RECRUITING 1.0 COMPONENTS Roll against a value: Roll a die and then 10.0 HOW TO PLAY THE GAME (GENERAL) This Mini Game is complete if it includes: 40 compare it to a unit combat strength. 11.0 VOYAGES game pieces (units), 18 Saga and Voyage Cards, If the die roll is less than or equal to 12.0 MOVEMENT one 11 x 17” map, and this rules booklet. the factor, the die roll succeeds. If it is 13.0 VOYAGE CARDS If any parts are missing or greater than the combat factor, it fails. 14.0 HOSTILE UNITS damaged, please write to: Example: A unit has a combat value of 15.0 COMBAT (BATTLE) Decision Games, Mini Game Support, three. To destroy an enemy unit, it would 16.0 POST BATTLE PO Box 21598, Bakersfield, CA 93390- require a die roll of one, two or three. 17.0 EDDA 1598. Please register this game purchase A roll of four or higher would miss. 18.0 QUESTS on-line at: www.decisiongames.com Saga: Each of these four cards has your 19.0 JARLS (LEADERS) mission information—what resources you 20.0 PILLAGE & SETTLEMENTS Players must provide one or more begin the Saga with and what you must 21.0 SPECIAL UNITS six-sided dice (six is good). accomplish to complete the Saga successfully. 22.0 APPEAL TO THE HIGH KING\ Select: Sort through the markers 23.0 OLD OR NEW RELIGION 2.0 INTRODUCTION and choose the one you want. 24.0 CAMPAIGN GAME Vikings is a solitaire wargame system in which Voyaging Force: A group of units the player takes command of a Viking Band, operationg or taking an action together. OPTIONAL RULES engaged on great expeditions (called Sagas). The 25.0 SUPPLIES Opposition Force (hostiles) is controlled by the 3.0 THE MAP 26.0 SCOUTING game system. A deck of Voyage cards provides The map depicts the following. various voyages and encounters along the way. Viking Homelands: Special spaces CREDITS 2.1 Scenario Rules Precedent where you start Sagas. System Design: Joseph Miranda Each game is played in scenarios called Spaces: Locations where you place Developer: Christopher Cummins Sagas. The system rules include a campaign units. Different types of spaces are Playtesters: Vince Hoffman, game, allowing you to link the individual described on the Terrain Effects Chart. Darin Leviloff, Paul Reigel-Green, Sagas into a larger campaign. Scenario Routes: The lines connecting spaces. Terry Rooker, Terry Turnovsky rules supersede or modify the system Players move their units via routes. Map Graphics: Joe Youst rules. Instructions on cards take precedent Leidang (Recruit): Place your Viking units Counter Graphics: Nadir Elfarra over the scenario and system rules. that are not in play to the right of the map. Rules Booklet: Callie Cummins, Note: Vikings is similar to DG’s Quests Completed: Place completed quest Chris Cummins, & Chris Dickson Commando system but there are markers above the map (near the compass rose). Cover & Card Design: Chris some significant differences. Edda: Your reputation level. Dickson & Lisé Patterson Gold: The amount of wealth you control. 2.2 Game Terms Hostiles Bin: A wide mouth opaque container, © 2018 Decision Games, Bakersfield, May: You can choose to take the action or not. such as a coffee mug or bowl, a convenient CA. Made & printed in the USA. Must: You have to take the action. place to put hostile units when not on the [Mini-T_VikingComplete_V8] Pick or pick at random: Pick at random map and from which they are picked. from the designated marker pool. 1 2018-T-MINI_Viking Complete_V8F.indd 1 5/8/18 2:51 PM 4.0 PLAYING PIECES Edda: Your reputation. total on the table. This will state several The square cardboard pieces are called units. Gold: Your total wealth (resources). spaces. Place one quest marker in each Saga rules provide more information about (face down). Then roll two dice again, their set-up. The following game definitions Definitions and cross-index the total on the table for apply to the various playing pieces. Combat: The basic combat power of the additional locations for quest markers. unit; in combat, a die result of this number (Reroll if a previous result occurs; only one Viking (player) Units or less eliminates one opposing unit. quest marker per location.) If the remaining These are the combat units controlled Movement: Land units have a movement markers are less than the number of spaces by the player. There are three general allowance of one space. Ships roll a die in the next result, randomly determine types of mobile units: Jarls (leaders), to determine their movement allowance which locations will receive quest markers. Land (warbands) and Naval (ships). (see 12.1). Ships are also marked with If markers still remain un-deployed, roll the an “N” for easy identification. dice a third time. Quest accomplishment Jarl: A leader of extraordinary abilities. is necessary for Saga success. It may also Land Unit Information 5.0 CARDS help the player attain the objective(s). There are two types of cards: Saga and 7) Create your starting force(s) by Voyage. These are explained under their purchasing Viking units for the Type Elite Status rules sections (8.0 and 13.0, respectively). Saga with the gold received. (“+” symbol) 8) Place all un-purchased Viking units 6.0 HOW TO WIN to the right side of the map. Combat The game is played in missions called Sagas. 9) The Saga is now ready to be played. Strength At the beginning of each Saga draw one Saga Card. The card will state the starting number 8.0 SAGA CARDS Leader Unit Information of Voyage cards and gold, and the quests and Each Saga card has the objectives that must be completed (settlements following information. Name Elite Status placed, towns or fortresses pillaged, and/or Voyages: The number (“+” symbol) Edda level achieved). If you have fulfilled the of voyage cards shuffled objectives and accomplished the quests by the to form the draw deck. Combat end of the Saga, you win. If you fail to fulfill the Gold: The starting Strength objectives or complete the quests, you lose. number of gold if just playing a Saga. Naval Unit Information 6.1 Settlements Objective: The total There must be at least the total number number of pillage or of pillage or settlement markers settlement markers Name “N” indicates a on the map by the Saga end. you need to have Combat & naval unit (ship) on the map and/or Edda level achieved. Transport Value 6.2 Edda Quests: The number of quests The Edda marker must be at or that must be accomplished. Elite Status above the objective level. Success: This is for the campaign (“+” symbol) game—it’s what you receive for the 6.3 Return ensuing Saga if successful. Huskarl: Warriors. Also, to win, you must have at least one Berserkirs: Fierce warriors & shamans. of your Jarls in either a Viking Homeland 8.1 Saga Descriptions Varangians: Professional warriors. space, or a space with a settlement EirikSaga: Explore new lands Long Ship: A group of Viking ships marker by the end of the Saga. and establish settlements. Ormr Ship: A really long, long ship. Floamanna: Seek new lands and pillage them. Settlement: Colonies, forts, trading posts. 7.0 HOW TO SET UP THE GAME Heimskringla: Build a new kingdom. Note that Pillage: Pillaged area. 1) Place all hostile units in the Hostiles Bin (or settlements already built count towards the three face down to the left of the game map). settlement objective. Also, a space that has more Hostile Units 2) Shuffle the Saga cards together and than one of the types counts towards fulfilling These are the combat units place them face down in a pile. each type. For example, a fortress space with a controlled by the game 3) Draw at random one Saga card and read it. trading center and a warrior kingdom meets that system; they will sometimes 4) Shuffle the voyage cards together and deal requirement so any two other settlements would fight friendly forces and vice versa. (face down) the number called for by the meet the three total settlements requirement. Leaders: Elite combat unit. voyages line on the Saga card forming Volsunga: The epic struggle against the Huns. Warriors: Combat unit. the draw deck. Place the other voyage Elite Fleet: This provides the elite symbol only cards aside forming the reserve deck. if in a sea or river space. Otherwise replace 5) You start with one Jarl (randomly selected). with another hostile unit. You can recruit other units during initial Berserkir: a unit with setup. Place them in a Viking Homeland enhanced tactical abilities. space, or (campaign game) any settlement. 6) Quest Marker Placement Markers For all Sagas: To place quest markers, consult Quest: These are special markers, the Random Placement Table. Roll two indicating goals for a Saga. dice, add the results, and cross-index the 2 2018-T-MINI_Viking Complete_V8F.indd 2 5/8/18 2:51 PM 9.0 LEIDANG: GOLD Stacking does not apply to a homeland space. An Note: certain cards and special actions & RECRUITING unlimited number of units may be stacked there. will recruit a Jarl at the end of a You account for your total gold on the battle. This negates condition (3)—in Gold Index, using the gold marker.
Recommended publications
  • Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450–900

    Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450–900

    WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN THE BARBARIAN WEST, 450–900 Warfare was an integral part of early medieval life. It had a character of its own and was neither a pale shadow of Roman military practice nor an insignificant precursor to the warfare of the central Middle Ages. This book recovers its distinctiveness, looking at warfare in a rounded context in the British Isles and western Europe between the end of the Roman Empire and the break-up of the Carolingian Empire. The era was one of great changes in the practice of war. Guy Halsall relates warfare to many aspects of medieval life, economy, society and politics. He examines the raising and organisation of early medieval armies and looks at the conduct of campaigns. The survey includes the equipment of warriors and the horrific experience of battle as well as an analysis of medieval fortifications and siege warfare. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West uses historical and archaeological evidence in a rigorous and sophisticated fashion. It stresses regional variations but also places Anglo-Saxon England in the mainstream of the military developments in this era. Guy Halsall is lecturer in medieval history at the University of York. He has published widely on the social history and archaeology of Merovingian Gaul and on violence in early medieval society, including Settlement and Social Organisation. The Merovingian Region of Metz (Cambridge, 1995). WARFARE AND HISTORY General Editor, Jeremy Black Professor of History, University of Exeter AIR POWER IN THE AGE OF TOTAL WAR John Buckley THE ARMIES OF THE CALIPHS: MILITARY AND SOCIETY IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC STATE Hugh Kennedy THE BALKAN WARS, 1912–1913: PRELUDE TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR Richard C.
  • THE DISCOVERY of the BALTIC the NORTHERN WORLD North Europe and the Baltic C

    THE DISCOVERY of the BALTIC the NORTHERN WORLD North Europe and the Baltic C

    THE DISCOVERY OF THE BALTIC THE NORTHERN WORLD North Europe and the Baltic c. 400-1700 AD Peoples, Economies and Cultures EDITORS Barbara Crawford (St. Andrews) David Kirby (London) Jon-Vidar Sigurdsson (Oslo) Ingvild Øye (Bergen) Richard W. Unger (Vancouver) Przemyslaw Urbanczyk (Warsaw) VOLUME 15 THE DISCOVERY OF THE BALTIC The Reception of a Catholic World-System in the European North (AD 1075-1225) BY NILS BLOMKVIST BRILL LEIDEN • BOSTON 2005 On the cover: Knight sitting on a horse, chess piece from mid-13th century, found in Kalmar. SHM inv. nr 1304:1838:139. Neg. nr 345:29. Antikvarisk-topografiska arkivet, the National Heritage Board, Stockholm. Brill Academic Publishers has done its best to establish rights to use of the materials printed herein. Should any other party feel that its rights have been infringed we would be glad to take up contact with them. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Blomkvist, Nils. The discovery of the Baltic : the reception of a Catholic world-system in the European north (AD 1075-1225) / by Nils Blomkvist. p. cm. — (The northern world, ISSN 1569-1462 ; v. 15) Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 90-04-14122-7 1. Catholic Church—Baltic Sea Region—History. 2. Church history—Middle Ages, 600-1500. 3. Baltic Sea Region—Church history. I. Title. II. Series. BX1612.B34B56 2004 282’485—dc22 2004054598 ISSN 1569–1462 ISBN 90 04 14122 7 © Copyright 2005 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill Academic Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
  • In Vil<Ing Age Orkney

    In Vil<Ing Age Orkney

    'Central places' in Vil<ing Age Orkney Frans-Arne Stylegar The present paper is an attenlpt to stinlulate discussion based on an analysis of the distribution patterns of S0111e place-names in Orkney. I It is argued, based on H. Mar\vick's interpretations, that SOlne of the Norse place-natnes in these islands seeln to belong to types that in Scandinavia are considered indicative of nodal or central places of the late Iron Age. The question is posed whether we in Viking Age Orkney can expect a social organisation and a settletnent structure similar to the one in the Scandinavian countries, and - if so - \vhat constitutes such a pattern? The Northern Isles lnay fulfil an itnportant role for students of Scandinavian central places, since one fronl the landnilJn situation in Orkney could, potentially, reach a fuller understanding of both chronological and social aspects of the different kinds of nodal places in the Scandinavian 'holne-lands'. Other parts of Britain, such as the Scottish Western Isles, could in principle serve the salne function, but in the latter case early Norse settletnent sites with only one exception still await discovery (Annit ]996). The study o.f·central places - so/ne Scandinavian examples Strictly speaking, the central place is an archaeological concept, denoting Iron Age settletnents with a rich and varied find material. Thus it covers sites that fulfilled various functions (Fabech 1999). The concept was reintroduced into Scandinavian archaeology after a symposiulll in Denlllark in 1989, first and foretnost to cOlne to tenns with a new type of Inetal-rich settlelnents that tnetal detector surveying had brought to light in Dennlark and Sweden (ibid.).
  • An Edition of Guta Saga with Introduction, Translation

    An Edition of Guta Saga with Introduction, Translation

    An Edition ofGuta Saga with Introduction, Translation, Commentary and Glossary edited by Christine Ingegerd Peel UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON Degree of MPhil 1998 ProQuest Number: U642093 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest U642093 Published by ProQuest LLC(2015). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Guta Saga 2 Abstract The following thesis is an edition of the text of Guta saga found in the fourteenth-century manuscript of G uta la g It is held in Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm and designated B64. In the manuscript the text covers the last eight leaves. It represents the only complete version of the text in Gutnish, the medieval language of Gotland. The Introduction contains a section on the historical background to the text and a discussion of the following: preservation, content, sources (both written and oral), date and place of composition, authorship, historical value, language and previous editions of the text. The principles of the current edition are described. The text of the manuscript is normalized and contains a number of emendations, which are signalled in footnotes.
  • Vessel Import to Norway in the First Millennium AD Composition And

    Vessel Import to Norway in the First Millennium AD Composition And

    VESSEL IMPORT TO NORWAY IN THE FIRST MILLENNIUM A.D Composition and context. by Ingegerd Roland Ph.D. thesis. Institute of Archaeology, University College London, June 1996. ProQuest Number: 10017303 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10017303 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract : More than 1100 complete or fragmentary imported vessels in bronze, glass, wood, horn, clay and silver from the first millennium A.D. have been found in Norway, approximately 80% of them in graves. The extensive research already carried out has produced a vast body of literature, which generally keeps within strict chronological boundaries, concentrating on vessels from either the Roman Period, the Migration Period, or the Viking Age. Two main approaches to the material have traditionally been applied: 1) typo­ logical studies, on the basis of which trade connections and systems have been discussed from different theoretical perspectives, and 2) imports as status markers, from which hierarchical social systems of a general kind have been inferred. Only very rarely have their function as vessels attracted any serious consideration, and even more rarely their actual local context.
  • The Economy of Norwegian Towns C. 1250–1350

    The Economy of Norwegian Towns C. 1250–1350

    Institutt for historie og religionsvitenskap ved fakultetet for humaniora, samfunnsvitenskap og lærerutdanning. The economy of Norwegian towns c. 1250–1350 A comparative study of the economic functions of towns in Norway, Denmark and England — Olav Elias Gundersen Masteroppgave i historie – mai 2015 Acknowledgements I wish to thank my supervisor, Professor Richard Holt, for all the help he has given me. Without the insightful and intellectually provocative comments he has continually provided throughout my work on this thesis, I do not know how it would have turned out. Thank you. My fellow students in Breiviklia also deserve thanks for providing a great social environment, as well as comments on my earlier drafts of this thesis. I especially want to thank Tor-Ivar for his last minute proofreading of the entire thesis. I also want to thank my parents for their constant support, and my girlfriend, Helene, for always being there for me when I needed encouragement or to take my mind off the thesis. Contents Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1: Research questions .......................................................................................................... 2 1.2: Geographical and chronological delimitation ................................................................. 3 1.3: Sources ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.4: Previous
  • No R Se Ca Stles in Orkney

    No R Se Ca Stles in Orkney

    N o r s e C a s t l e s in O r k n e y Sarah Jane Grieve, M.A (Hons.) This thesis is submitted in fulfilment for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Department of Archaeology and the School of Scottish Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of Glasgow, September 1999. © S. J. Grieve 1999 ProQuest Number: 13818935 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13818935 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 G/ r SGOW JJBnARyui- v'ERSinrl n t k Co S J Grieve 1999 ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to research Norse Castles in Orkney. The subject was first approached by the historian J. S. Clouston who published a paper entitled ‘Early Norse Castles’ in 1931, and this is the key starting point for the present study. A critical assessment of Clouston’s ‘castle’ research and his methodology revealed that there were certain weaknesses within his arguments and his classification system, and that the subject (virtually ignored for sixty years) was in need of re-evaluation and updating.
  • History of Norway

    History of Norway

    NÓREGR HISTORY OF NORWAY © NORSKK - All Rights Reserved NÓREGR: HISTORY OF NORWAY NORSKK.COM Nóregr: History of Norway This a chronological summary of the history of Norway, from the first human settlements, to the present day. For the sake of simplicity, dates are approximate. This historical account is also inherently selective, only reviewing historical events deemed significant. 10 500 BCE: End of Ice Age. The Ice Age is coming to an end. Temperatures are rising and various animals, including reindeer and moose, are starting to travel northward, followed by hunter- gatherers from the east and south, and their tribes. 10 000 BCE: The Komsa People The Komsa, from Russia, first settle in northern Norway, in Troms and Finnmark. They are hunter-gatherers and they use tools and weapons made of quartz. The Komsa then move towards the coast when they become expert ship builders and seafarers. 8 000 BCE: The Fosna People The Fosna, from Doggerland in the North Sea (which becomes increasingly smaller following end of ice age and rising sea levels, and is submerged by 6000 BCE following the storega slide, a massive underwater landslide and resulting tsunami), settle on the west coast of Norway, between Trondheim and Kristiansund. They are hunter-gatherers and they use flint for their tools and weapons made of quartz. 6 000 BCE: The Nøstvet People © NORSKK - All Rights Reserved NÓREGR: HISTORY OF NORWAY NORSKK.COM The Nøstvet, originally nomadic and from the south, settle on the south coast of Norway, between Oslo and Trondheim. They are hunter-gatherers as well, and they use tools and weapons made of both quartz and flint.
  • The Vikings Part I Professor Kenneth W. Harl

    The Vikings Part I Professor Kenneth W. Harl

    The Vikings Part I Professor Kenneth W. Harl THE TEACHING COMPANY ® Kenneth W. Harl, Ph.D. Professor of Classical and Byzantine History, Tulane University Kenneth W. Harl is Professor of Classical and Byzantine History at Tulane University in New Orleans, where he has been teaching since 1978. He earned his Bachelor’s degree from Trinity College and went on to earn his Master’s and Ph.D. from Yale University. Dr. Harl specializes in the Mediterranean civilizations of Greece, Rome, and Byzantium and in the ancient Near East. He has published numerous articles and is the author of Civic Coins and Civic Politics of the Roman East, A.D. 180–275 and Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to 700 A.D. He is a scholar on ancient coins and the archaeology of Asia Minor (modern Turkey). He has served on the Editorial Board of the American Journal of Archaeology and is currently is on the Editorial Board of the American Journal of Numismatics. Professor Harl’s skill and dedication as an instructor are attested by his many teaching awards. He has earned Tulane’s annual Student Award in Excellence nine times. He is also the recipient of Baylor University’s nationwide Robert Foster Cherry Award for Great Teachers. ©2005 The Teaching Company Limited Partnership i Table of Contents The Vikings Part I Professor Biography............................................................................................i Course Scope.......................................................................................................1 Lecture One The Vikings
  • Thorsten Andersson

    Thorsten Andersson

    From Starafjall to Starling Hill An investigation of the formation and development of Old Norse place-names in Orkney Berit Sandnes © Berit Sandnes Permission is granted to print pages from this website for personal use. However, commercial publication, copying, hiring, lending and reproduction are strictly prohibited and constitute a breach of copy- right. If you have any questions please contact Dr Sandnes at berit.sandnes @ sofi.se. ISBN: 978-0-9565172-0-3 E-book publisher: Scottish Place-Name Society www.spns.org.uk 2010 Frontpage photo: View from Rousay towards Evie. Photo P. Gam- meltoft. Contents Foreword……………………………………………............ VI 1. Introduction …………………………………………….. 7 2. Historical background …………………………………. 10 2.1 The Norse settlement ……………………………… 10 2.2 The Norse period (ca. 850 – 1350) ………………… 14 2.3 The early contact period (ca. 1350–1468)………….. 15 2.3.1 Political overview ………………………………….. 16 2.3.2 Written documentation of contact and conflict…….. 16 2.3.3 The languages ……………………………………… 19 2.4 The Scottish take-over ………………………........... 21 2.4.1 The languages from 1468 to the death of Norn…….. 23 2.4.2 The language shift – summary …………………….. 30 3. Former research…………………………………........... 33 3.1 Place-names in the Viking colonies ……………….. 33 3.1.1 Nicolaisen’s distribution maps …………………….. 34 3.2 Orkney (and Shetland) ……………………………... 35 3.2.1 The Norn language …………………………............ 35 3.2.2 Place-names ………………………………………... 39 3.3 Contact onomastics ………………………………… 44 3.3.1 Early contact onomastics ………………………….. 44 3.3.2 Sociolinguistics and contact onomastics…………… 45 3.3.3 Integration of borrowed names ……………............. 46 3.4 Hybrid names? ……………………………………... 48 3.5 Borrowed names - part of the recipient language….
  • Baltic Slavs Fighting at Sea from the Ninth to Twelfth Century. the Phenomenon of Over a Hundred Years of Slavic Domination Over the Baltic Sea

    Baltic Slavs Fighting at Sea from the Ninth to Twelfth Century. the Phenomenon of Over a Hundred Years of Slavic Domination Over the Baltic Sea

    STUDIA IURIDICA TORUNIENSIA tom XXIV DATA WPŁYWU: 16 maja 2019 r. DATA AKCEPTACJI: 10 czerwca 2019 r. Andrzej Gaca Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Toruń [email protected] ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5051-3486 Baltic Slavs fighting at sea from the ninth to twelfth century. The phenomenon of over a hundred years of Slavic domination over the Baltic Sea http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/SIT.2019.003 The term “Dominion over the Baltic Sea” (Dominion maris Baltici) began to appear in Polish sources as early as in the 15th century. Initially, it was used primarily in the context of defending one’s own ports and coasts1. It should be remembered, however, that the phe- nomenon of defending one’s own coastal territories against Baltic tribes, or their maritime expansion in the form of pirate expeditions undertaken to plunder or seek to conquer areas on the other side 1 At the beginning of the previous century, Adam Szelągowski, a student of the eminent Polish historian Tadeusz Wojciechowski, claimed that the battle for the Dominion maris Baltici had begun already in the middle of the 13th century, i.e. from the establishment of the first commercial and political power on the Baltic Sea, which was the Hanseatic League. This struggle lasted continuously until the first half of the 18th century as a form of competition between the northern powers: Sweden and Denmark, Moscow and Sweden, Poland and Sweden and Moscow, id., Walka o Bałtyk (1544–1621), in: Sprawa północna w wiekach XVI i XVII, part 1, Lwów 1904, pp. IX–X.
  • The Western European Kingdoms, 600-1000

    The Western European Kingdoms, 600-1000

    This is a repository copy of The Western European kingdoms, 600-1000. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/168820/ Version: Accepted Version Book Section: Halsall, Guy Richard William orcid.org/0000-0002-8981-4355 (2020) The Western European kingdoms, 600-1000. In: Curry, Anne, (ed.) The Cambridge History of War. Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , pp. 50-82. Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ C:/ITOOLS/WMS/CUP-NEW/21997673/WORKINGFOLDER/CURRY-RG/9780521877152C02.3D 50 [50–82] 19.4.2020 9:33PM 2 The Western European kingdoms, 600–1000 guy halsall* Part 1: c.600–800 Change around 600 CE: a military revolution? Before c.600, Western European military forces were recognisably descended from the last western Roman armies, as can quickly be demonstrated. Late Roman troops had sometimes been paid via the delegation of fiscal revenues and, as earlier, received allotments of land on retirement.1 Their hereditary service,2 furthermore, exempted them from certain taxes.