Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-43543-7 - Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568 Guy Halsall Index More information

INDEX ·

Ad Salices, battle (377) 178 Amory, Patrick 18 Adovacrius, Saxon leader 271 Anthemius, emperor 272–3, 275–6, Adrianople, battle (378) 178–9 277–8 Aegidius, general 263, 266–7, 269 Antonine Constitution (212) 53, Æthelberht, King of 317, 318 72, 98 laws of 464–5 Aquitanian see Ae¨tius, general 236–7, 237–40, 241–2, Arabs, Roman ideas about 52 244–5, 248–50, 252–3, 254–5, Arbogast 187–8 519, 520 Arborychoi 304, 305 Africa 5–6, 93–6, 219, 321–7, 514 Arcadius, emperor 188, 213 Africans, Roman ideas about 52–3 archaeology, and barbarians inside the Agila, king of the Visigoths 506 Empire 153–61, 198, 448 agri deserti 91, 434–5, 439 and ethnicity 466–8 Agrippinus, general 263 see also historiography Alamans 118, 138, 149, 151, 174–5, 241, , and ethnicity 469–70 263, 271, 304–5, 400, 511 aristocracy, in Merovingian Gaul, 222, 227, 228, 248, 249, 253, 268, northern 353–5, 356–7 Alaric I, Gothic king 189–90, 191, 192, in Merovingian Gaul, southern 194–5, 200, 201–2, 209, 213, 214–17, 353, 356 titles of 202–6 in Ostrogothic Italy 331–2 Alaric II, king of the Visigoths 288, in post-imperial Britain, highland 297–8, 304 363–4 Alatheus 170, 176, 177 in post-imperial Britain, lowland Amalafrida, sister of Theoderic Amal 295 364–7 Amalaric, king of the Visigoths 294, in post-imperial Europe 368 298–9 late Roman 77, 78, 81, 92–3 Amalasuentha, daughter of Theoderic Amal involvement in army 109–10 291, 500, 501 post-imperial 494–7 Amals, Ostrogothic dynasty 286, 334, 492 and hunting 496 Ambrosianus Aurelianus 520 and literary culture 496 Ammianus Marcellinus 5, 6, 65, 121, 146, and the church 497 170, 171–2, 179–80 militarisation of 494–6

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586 Index

army, late Roman 101–10 Bavarians 403–5 and the barbarian threat 145–7 Belisarius, general 499–500, 501–3, 504 barbarisation of 102–9, 147, 160 boathouses, Norwegian 128, 381 costume of 104, 110 Boethius, Roman senator 291, 292 ethnic change 475–6, 477–82 bog finds see votive deposits organisation of 102, 142–3 Boniface, general 236, 240, 241, 242, recruitment of barbarians 105–9, 147 Britain 79–81, 196–8, 209–10, 212, recruitment problems 243 217, 218, 238–9, 242–3, 244–5, unit titles 106–8 311–19, 357 Arthur, legendary figure 316 Britons, appeal to Ae¨tius 249 Arvandus, Gallic aristocrat 274 Brown, Peter 66 Astorga, battle of (456) 260 bureaucracy, late Roman 76–7 , King of the 120, 222, 230, 244, 262, 291, 501 268–9, 277, 280, 288, 289–90, , king of the Visigoths 506 300–3, 511 Athanaric, Gothic Iudex 4, 135, 170–1, Burgundians, settlement in Sapaudia 248, 173–4, 181 260, 424, 425, 428–9, 431, 436, 437, Atharid, Gothic prince 4 442–3 Athaulf, Gothic king 220, 223–4, burials, among Germani 128–9, 156 224–6 among the Alamanni 401–2 Attecotti 114 among the Bavarians 404 Attila, king of the 251–4 among the Goths 132 Aula Palatina (Trier) 64, 68 among the Picts 377–8 Aurelius Caninus, British king 312 among the Saxons 384–6 , emperor 252, 258–61 among the Thuringians 397 Avitus, saint, bishop of Vienne 300, 306 historiography of study 27–9 in Merovingian Gaul 350–1, 352–3, , rebels 218, 229, 233, 244, 245, 356–7 249, 250, 255, 354, in Ostrogothic Italy 336–8 balance of power, military 144–8 in post-imperial Britain 361, Barbarian Conspiracy (367) 58, 117 364–6, 387 barbarians, political disunity of 147–8 in Scandinavia 380, 381 reality of military threat 144–9, in Vandal Africa 324 161–2 in Visigothic 342–6 Roman classification of 48–53 Burns, Thomas 430, 435 Roman concept of 45 Busta Gallorum, battle of (552) 505 and climate 46–7 and gender 55, 98, 99 Callander Murray, Alexander 18 and history 47–8 Cameron, Averil 66 and the barbarian threat 144, 150 Carthage 322 and the demands of genre 48 sack of (439) see and the frontier 140–1, 142 Cassiodorus, variae 426–7 and the law 55 Castinus, general 233, 235–6 and the Picts 116 Catalaunian Fields, battle of (451) 253 changes in 479 Celticism 24–5 use in Roman society 55, 56–7 , Roman ideas about 48–9 barbaricaria 105 Cesa, Maria 430 Barnish, Sam 430 Chalons-sur-Marne see Catalaunian Fields barritus, battle cry 103–4 Childeric king of the 263, 266, Barth, Fredrik 36, 45 269–70, 271, 392 Basiliscus, brother-in-law of emperor Leo grave of 269 272, 273 Chilperic I, king of the Burgundians 300

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Index 587

Chilperic II , king of the Burgundians Roman, in later imperial period (may ¼ Chilperic I) 300 71–2, 143 Church, late Roman 99–101 Edobech, general 222 organisation of 100–1 emotions, and ethnicity 474–5, 477–8 civic masculinity 98, 99, 483 equestrian class 77 civitas identities 480–1 Eraric, Rugian 503 Clovis, king of the Franks 269–70, 288, Ermenaric, Greuthungian king 170 303–8 ethnic change 470 conversion of 306 see also ethnogenesis comitiva 77 ethnicity, and physical traits 43–4 confederacies, in barbarian society and and the self 44–5 politics 59, 115, 120, 134, 148, 161 archaeology of 59–62 Constans, son of Constantine ‘III’ 222 barbarian views of 57 Constantine, king of 312 cognitive 38 Constantine I, emperor, conversion of dynamic 42 99–100 gendering of 485–7 Constantine ‘III’, usurper 212, 214, 215, melting pot theory 43, 59, 474 220–3 multi-layered 38–40, 193, 482 Constantius III, emperor 222–3, 224–34, non-‘Germanic’ 479–80 consuls, and civitas identity 481 performative 40 Council of the , creation of (418) 54, situational 37, 40–2 209, 231, 258 see also functional ethnicity Culture Groups (Kulturgruppen) 59, 131 ethnogenesis, theory of 14–15, 457–8 culture history, archaeological paradigm and the law see law 25–6 and traditions 461–2 Cuneglassus, British king 312 problems with theory 458–61 Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III 248, Danes 309, 381 256, 293 Dankirke 127 , king of Visigoths 273–4, 276, 277, ‘dark earth’ 358 279, 281, 296–7 dediticii 152, 153 Eutharic, Visigothic noble 291, 501 Delbruck, Hans 424–5 Exuperantius, general 229, 233, 234, 236 Diocletian, emperor 74, 90, 100 djedars, mausolea 407–8, 410 Fallward, burial 123, 385 DNA see genetics Feddersen Wierde, rural settlement Donatism 95 126, 383 draco, standard 105 federate graves 153–9 dual kingship, among Germani 122 Felix, general 239, 241 Duero Valley Culture 341–4 female costume 98 Durliat, Jean 432 152–3, 154, 184, 192, 249 Franks 118, 139, 233, 238, 251, 266–7, Ecdicius, general 280 269–70, 271, 288, 298, 299, 303–10, economy, among the Goths 132 399–400 in Merovingian Gaul 349–50 settlement of in Gaul 445–7 in Ostrogothic Italy 328–9, 330–1 Fravitta, Gothic commander 201 in post-imperial Britain 362–3 Frederic, brother of Theoderic II 255, 258, in Vandal Africa 324–5 269, 297 in Visigothic Spain 340 Frigidus, battle of (394) 187, 199 Irish 113, 114, Fritigern, Gothic leader 174, 182 Pictish 116–17, 378–9 Frontiers, of the Roman Empire Roman, in early imperial period 138–44 70–1, 85–6, 89 and Grand Strategy see Grand Strategy

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588 Index

functional ethnicity 475–6 Grand Strategy, Roman 142–3 Fustel de Coulanges, Numa-Denis 20, 423 grant of universal citizenship see Antonine Constitution Gaı¨nas Gothic commander 195, 200–1 Gratian, emperor 178, 179, 182, 186–7 Gaiseric, king of the Vandals 239, 247, Great Invasion (406) 211–12, 215 248, 252, 255–6, 259, 265, 267, 273, Great Plague 504, 512 277–8 Gregory of Tours, historian 6–7, Galla Placidia, sister of 225, 304, 400 226, 236 Greuthungi, Gothic confederacy 134, 173 Garcı´a Gallo, Alfonso 425, 435 Gudme-Lundeborg, high-status complex Gaul, late Roman 81–6, 209–10, 218–19, 127, 380–1 243, 248–9 Gundioc, king of the Burgundians 268–9 capital moved to Arles from Trier 209 Gundobad, king of the Burgundians 278, Merovingian governance of 6–7, 279–80, 300–2 346–57 Gunthamund, king of the Vandals 293–4 Gaupp, Theodor 422–3, 424 Guntram Boso, duke 6–7 Geary, Patrick 17, 37 Gelimer, king of the Vandals 296, 500 Hadrian’s Wall 139 Gender, among Germani 130–1 Havet, Julien 423–4 and costume 485 Heather, Peter 18–19, 37, 472–3 and ethnic change 482, 516 , general 216, 224 and the church 101, 488 Hermenfrid, king of the Thuringians 288, in late Roman society 96–9 393–4 see also ethnicity gendering of Heruls 260, 265 genetics, and barbarian settlement 451 Hilderic, king of the Vandals 295–6, 500 Germani 118–31 hillforts, in post-imperial Britain 359–60, political geography of 118–20 363–4 Roman ideas about 49–50 historiography, continuity 20–1 Germania see Tacitus of archaeology 25–31 Germanism 22–4, 26, 29, 458 see also under culture history, Germanus, saint, 1st visit to Britain 238 processualism, post-processualism, 2nd visit to Britain 244 burials, rural settlements, and towns Gerontius, general 220, 222, 223, 227–8 of barbarian settlement see hospitalitas Gesalic, son of Alaric II 294, 298 of barbarians 10–19 Gildas 311–13, 434, 447, 519 and national identity 11–14 Gildo, Moorish rebel 137, 200 and 14, 22 Glycerius, emperor 279 of ethnicity 35–45 Godemar I, king of the Burgundians 300 of Fall of Roman Empire 19–22, Godemar II, king of the Burgundians 303 166–9 Godesgisel, king of the Burgundians of Irish society 112 300–1 of late Roman Empire 63–8 Goffart, Walter 17–18, 425–9, 435 of Roman frontiers 140–2 Gothic Kingdoms, before migrations, Pirenne Thesis 20 government of 3–4, 134–6, 173 Transformation of the Roman World , of 501–5 19–20, 34 Goths, pre-migration 131–6, 138, 170–1 see also Celticism crossing of the (376) 175 see also Germanism language and names 133 History of the Britons 521–2 nature of under Alaric I 190–4 Ho¨hensiedlungen, Alamannic high-status rebellion of 177–80 sites 128, 401, 402 government, pre-modern, problems of Honorius, emperor 188, 189, 217, 7–10 234, 236

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Index 589

Hospitalitas, debate 422 120, 398–9, 507, 515 Roman concept of 425–6, London 70–1 433–4, 435 Lot, Ferdinand 425, 435 Huneric, king of the Vandals 248, 293 Huns 170–1, 171–3, 175, 201, 208, 210, MacMullen, Ramsay 66 247, 250–1, 254 Maglocunus, British king 312 Magnus Maximus, usurper 186, 187, 197, Illatio tertiarum 426–7 209, 519, 526, inflation, third-century 73 Majorian, emperor 259, 261, 262–6 instrumentalism 36, 40 Marcellinus, general 259, 265, 267, 272, 273 integration, of barbarians in Ostrogothic martial masculinity 110, 484 Italy 332–6 Martin, saint, bishop of 300 Ireland 112–14, 371–5 masculinity 98 and migration to Britain 372–3 see also civic masculinity, martial introduction of Christianity in 371 masculinity Isaurians 286–7 Masties, Moorish ruler 408–9 Isonzo, battle of (489) 287 Masuna, Moorish ruler 407 Italy 89, 328–38, 514–15 Maximus, usurper 220, 227, 233 Merovingians 305–6, 491–2 John, pope 291–2 civil wars of 310 John, usurper 236 divisions of the kingdom 308–9, 310 Jones, A. H. M. 63–4, 65–6, 67 , migration theory 417–18 Jordanes, Getica 132–3, 181, 203, 204 use of 418–19 Jovinus, usurper 222–4 millenarii 427, 443 Jovius, Roman official 203, 215 Mons Lactarius, battle of (552) 505 judge (iudex), ruler of Tervingi 134–5 Moors 136–7, 248, 294, 295, 296, 405–11, Julius Nepos, emperor 279, 280, 281, 282 509, 514 Justin I, emperor 291 Roman ideas about 52 Justinian, emperor 291, 499–507, 512 Mount Badon, siege of 520, 522 municipal councils 69–70, 72–3, 94–5 kingship, among Anglo-Saxons 313–15 Murray see Callander Murray among Germani 121–5, 488 among the Goths 135–6 Narses, general 505 Irish 113, 373 negotium 78, 353, 368 post-imperial 488–94 New Archaeology see processualism and divine origins 492 Norse myth 122–3 and doctrinal matters 490 North Africa see Africa and towns 491, 493 Nydam, votive deposit 129 dynastic principle 489 Nydam Style 382 elective principle 489–90 war-leadership 490 , 280–1, 282, Kossinna, Gustav 14 284–5, 287 Olybrius, emperor 267, 277–8 laeti 152, 154 Orestes, general 280 Langobards see Lombards Orleans, Council of (511) 307–8 language, and ethnicity 468–9 Ostrogoths 285, 509–10 law, and ethnicity 462–6 settlement of in Italy 426–7, 437–8, Leo I, emperor 263, 267, 272 443–5 Leo I, pope 254 otium 78, 353, 368 Liberius, Italian aristocrat 506 Libius Severus, emperor 266, 271 paideia 66–7 Litorius, general 244, 245 Paul, general 270–1

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590 Index

Persians, Roman ideas about 52 siege of (537-8) 502 personal names, and ethnicity 469, 475 Romulus, emperor 280 Petronius Maximus, emperor 255 rural settlements, among Germani 125–8 Picts 114–18, 375–9 among the Goths 132 political geography of 115 among the Saxons 383 Pirenne, Henri 20 historiography of study 29–30 place-names, and barbarian settlement in Ireland 113 448–50 see also Raths Pohl, Walter 16 in Merovingian Gaul, northern post-processualism, archaeological 348–9, 351 paradigm 27 southern 348 Pragmatic Sanction (554) 505 in Ostrogothic Italy 328 primordialism 35, 61 in post-imperial Britain 360–1 Priscus Attalus, usurper 216, 223, 225, 226 in Vandal Africa 323–4 Processualism, archaeological paradigm in Visigothic Spain 339–40 26–7 Pictish 117, 377 Proud Tyrant, the 520, 526 public building 69, 72, 83–5, 86–8, Saba, saint 3–4 90–1, 94, 95 saints’ cults, and civitas identity 481 Saphrax 170, 176, 177 Quoit Brooch Style 238, 276, 317, 363 Sapir-Whorf hypothesis 23 Sarus, Gothic king 212, 213, 216, Radagaisus, Gothic king 206–7, 208 223, 226 raiding, political uses of 151 Saxon shore 139 raising on a shield, custom 104 Saxons 119–20, 271, 309, 383–6 Raths, Irish forts 373–4 settlement of in Britain 197–8, , king of the Sueves 247, 250, 260 386–92 , king of the Sueves 245, 250 Scandinavia 379 regions, within Roman Empire 65, 68, 79 , Roman ideas about 51–2 and identity 53–4, 479–82 Sebastian, son of Boniface 247 religion and ethnicity 469–70 senatorial order 77, 78 Remigius, saint, bishop of Reims 355 Sergeric, Gothic king 226 , general 259, 261, 265–6, 272, sex-gender system 97 273, 275–6, 277–8 Sidonius Apollinaris, bishop and author Riothamus, British king 276, 277 259, 263, 274, 279, 280, 281, 434 Rituals, and ethnicity 477 Sigismund, king of the Burgundians 288, Roman Empire, governance of 5–6, 64–5, 301, 302–3 74–7, 448–50, 110–11, 187, 188–9 Sigistrix, son of Sigismund 302 and corruption 66 Sigisvult, general 240, 241 in early imperial period 69–70 Sintana de Muresˇ-Cˇ ernjachov culture 61, social structures in 64, 70, 77–8, 81 132–4 totalitarian ideology 64, 78 relationship to Gothic migration Romanisation 69, 71 132–3 Romanitas, acquisition of 55 skeletal remains, and barbarian settlement and the law 54 450–2 barbarian adoption of 57–8, 59, 62, social structure, among Germani 125–31, 123–4 210 performative 55, 99, 471 Spain 86–9, 242, 243, 249–50, 254–5, Romanus, Count of Africa 5–6 259–60, 264, 266, 289, 338–46, 515 Rome, city of 92, 504 Spanish Campaign, of Justinian I 505–7 sack of (410) 216 stable isotope analysis and barbarian sack of (455) 255–6 settlement 450–1

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Index 591

Stilicho, general 189, 195, 199–200, in Visigothic Spain 338–9, 340–1 201–2, 206–7, 208–9, 212–13, trade, between Romans and barbarians, 213–14, control of 124, 127, 131, 134, 150–1 Strasbourg, battle of (357) 121, 146, 148 Traditionskern 14 Style I 362, 382, 485 Treaty of 382 180–5 Style II 382, 485 Tribal Hidage 313, 314 Sueves 227, 228, 233, 240, 241–2, 243, 245, 250, 255, 259–60, 264–5, 300 Uldin, Hunnic leader 201, 208 Syagrius, son of Aegidius 271, 303–4 Symmachus, Roman senator 291 Valens, emperor 173, 175, 176, 178–9 Valentinian I, emperor 5, 149, 174 Tacitus, Germania 13, 50, 118, 121, 122 Valentinian II, emperor 187 Taginae, battle of (552) see Busta Gallorum Valentinian III, emperor 236, 248, 255, 257 Tervingi Gothic confederacy 134 Vandal War, of Justinian I 500–1 Themistius, Thanksgiving for the Peace 181, Vandals 120, 226, 227, 228, 233, 235, 239, 182 240, 242, 243, 249, 263, 273, 279, Theodehad, king of Ostrogoths 38, 291, 288, 293–6, 323, 326–7, 508–9 501–2 crossing to Africa 240–1 Theoderic I, king of Visigoths 245, sack of Carthage (439) 245 252–3 settlement of in Africa 445 Theoderic II, king of Visigoths 255, 258, treaty with (442) 247–8 264, 265, 266, 267–8, 273 Videmer, Ostrogothic leader 278 Theoderic ‘Strabo’, Ostrogothic king 286 Videmer, son of Videmer 279 Theoderic ‘the Great’, king of the villas 70, 80, 83, 88, 91, 95, 228, 323–4 Ostrogoths 286–93, 294, 305, 501 in Ostrogothic Italy 328 ideology of 290, 298, 302, in post-imperial Britain 357–8, 364 332–4, 490 in Visigothic Spain 339–40, 343 Theodosius I, emperor 179–80, 183, Visigoths, in Aquitaine 235, 237–8, 244, 187–8 250, 272, 273–4, 296–9 Theodosius II, emperor 213, 234 in Spain 297–8, 510–11 Thessalonica, massacre of (390) 194, 478 settlement of in Aquitaine (419) Theudebert I, king of the Franks 309–10, 228–33, 427–8, 436–7, 491, 502–3, 438–42 Theudegisel, king of the Visigoths 299, 506 treaty with (439) 245–7, 440–1 , king of the Visigoths 292, 299, Vorbasse, rural settlement 126, 379 505, 507 Vortigern 521, 526 Theudisculus see Theudegisel Vortiporius, British king 312 Third-Century Crisis 71–4 votive deposits 129–30, 380, 381 Thrasamund, king of the Vandals 288, Vouille´, battle of (507) 298, 307 294–5 vulgar law 464 Thuringians 392–8, 399, 511–12 time, and identity 481 Walbank, F. W. 63 torques 105 Wallace Hadrill, J. M. 16 , Ostrogothic king 504–5 , Gothic king 226, 228 towns 83–5, 86–8, 90–1 Wenskus, Reinhard 14–15 historiography of study 30 Wijster, rural settlement 125, 383 in Merovingian Gaul, northern Wittigis, Ostrogothic king 502–3 347–8 Wolfram, Herwig 15–16, 431 southern 347 Wood, Ian 16–17, 431 in Ostrogothic Italy 329–30 Wroxeter 359 in post-imperial Britain 358–9 in Vandal Africa 321–3 Zeno, emperor 279, 281, 285, 286–7

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