DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting THE SPEAR IN EARLY ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND: A SOCIAL-TECHNOLOGICAL HISTORY By ANDREW JOHN WELTON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Andrew John Welton To Rachel, and to our longsuffering cat. For five years they received less of my attention than they deserved, and each found little consolation in the other’s company. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS During the five years it took to research and write this dissertation, I received support, help, and friendship at every turn. For this, I feel deep gratitude. Many groups generously financed my research, and I offer each of them my thanks. A Mellon dissertation grant from the Council for Library and Information Resources funded a year of travel to UK museum and library collections. Support from many smaller grants funded shorter trips. These include the Medieval Academy of America’s Helen Maud Cam grant, alongside multiple awards from the University of Florida’s History Department, Rothman Endowment, Center for the Humanities and the Public Sphere, Graduate School, Office of Research, and History Graduate Society. My research and writing while resident in Florida was supplemented with additional fellowships from the Lilly Graduate Fellows Program and the University of Florida graduate school. Without this generous support, I would not have been able to see the objects about which I write, below. This dissertation, in short, would not exist. This research also could not exist without the assistance of the many library staff and museum curators who welcomed me to their spaces and facilitated my access to the materials in their collections. I want to thank the many curators who helped me access the artifacts I study: David Allen, John Clark, Gabrielle Day, Jill Greenaway, James Harris, Ann-Rachael Harwood, Ann Insker, Adam Jaffer, Jackie Keily, Rose Nicholson, Georgina Muskett, Pernille Richards, and Gill Woolrich for their time and help. I also thank the University of Florida’s interlibrary loan staff. They are heroes, and I would know nothing if it weren’t for them. I was never lonely while I researched, and for this I thank many wonderful colleagues and friends. Many welcomed me as I traveled, and I feel particular gratitude toward James Harland, Guy Halsall, Heinrich Härke, Indra Werthman, Mathew and Katie Delvaux, Heidi Stoner, Matt Austin, Andreas Duering, Toby Martin, and Sihong Lin for welcoming me into their 4 communities and, in many cases, into their homes. I must also thank Helena Hamerow, David Starley, Brian Gilmour, Robin Fleming, James Gerrard, John Hines, and Sarah Semple for their warm welcomes and intellectual generosity. Sharing these years with my fellow Lilly cohort members and our mentors, Susan VanZanten and Patrick Byrne, has enriched my life. My colleagues in Florida are too many to mention, but I am grateful for the climate of warm camaraderie we built together inside our department. Many poor souls took the time to read and comment on parts of this manuscript, and I thank them for the errors, confusions, and poorly argued claims they brought to my attention. Rebecca Devlin, Michael Genaro, Alana Lord, Mallory Szymanski, Rob Taber, Reid Weber, and the other members of our informal writing group suffered many drafts and always helped me find my missing argument. Dan’o Reid and Matthew Delvaux gave me invaluable feedback, comments, and conversation across all the stages of my research and writing. I am grateful to Howard Williams and the anonymous reviewers at the Archaeological Journal for detailed and extremely helpful comments on the article which became part of Chapter 4. Especially, however, I want to thank the members of my committee for their years of feedback—particularly Florin Curta for teaching me how to read and write about an archaeological site report, and Susan Gillespie for exposing me to new tools to think with and for never relaxing her expectation of excellence. On the pages below, I have done my best to follow their good counsel, but I know I have in many places fallen short. These mistakes are mine. There are several persons without whom this dissertation would not have been possible who deserve special thanks. Mark Graham was the first person who showed me what it meant to be a historian. He drove me to my first conference and took me to my first archaeological dig. I would not be here if it were not for him. James Harland, my comrade across the Atlantic, gave 5 me friendship, good conversation, and more than once a roof over my head. My mom and dad taught me to read and write and to love books, and they unflinchingly supported me through a long education. Anna Lankina showed me what it means to build a community; without her, Gainesville would have been a lonely place. Finally, Bonnie Effros, my advisor, who gave me the tools I needed and the freedom to use them. She has been the best advisor, and a good friend. Above all, I thank my wife Rachel who read innumerable drafts, shared my travels, and bore at times an entirely unfair share of the emotional labor of my graduate degrees. What is good in the pages below, I dedicate to her. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES .........................................................................................................................10 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................15 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................17 Relics of a Germanic Past? .....................................................................................................18 Social Products, or Producers? ...............................................................................................21 The Spear as an Agentive Material Thing ..............................................................................24 The Spear in Archaeology and Text .......................................................................................30 Making, Living, and Dying with Spears .................................................................................31 Spears as “Vibrant Matter” .....................................................................................................35 A Note on Terminology ..........................................................................................................36 2 RECOVERING THE SPEAR AS A PHYSICAL THING ....................................................41 The Effects of Corrosion ........................................................................................................42 The Iron Spearhead .................................................................................................................46 Bloomery Iron .................................................................................................................46 Iron Alloys .......................................................................................................................48 Forging Bloomery Iron ....................................................................................................51 Surface Finishes and Decoration .....................................................................................57 Physical Properties of the Iron Spearhead .......................................................................60 The Shapes of Blades ......................................................................................................66 The Shaft and its Fittings ........................................................................................................71 Timber Selection .............................................................................................................71 The Physical Dimensions of the Shaft .............................................................................74 Surface Finishes and Decoration .....................................................................................76 Joining Spearhead to Shaft ..............................................................................................77 The Ferrule ......................................................................................................................78 Assembling the Spear .............................................................................................................81 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................82 3 CHRONOLOGY, TYPOLOGY, AND THE PROBLEM OF CORROSION .......................95 The Search for Chronology ....................................................................................................96 Michael Swanton’s Spearhead Typology ........................................................................98 New Developments in Chronological Methods after Swanton .....................................102 The Limitations of Current Typologies: Testing Hines and Bayliss .............................105 A New Spearhead Typology .................................................................................................111
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Research Framework Revised.Vp
    Frontispiece: the Norfolk Rapid Coastal Zone Assessment Survey team recording timbers and ballast from the wreck of The Sheraton on Hunstanton beach, with Hunstanton cliffs and lighthouse in the background. Photo: David Robertson, copyright NAU Archaeology Research and Archaeology Revisited: a revised framework for the East of England edited by Maria Medlycott East Anglian Archaeology Occasional Paper No.24, 2011 ALGAO East of England EAST ANGLIAN ARCHAEOLOGY OCCASIONAL PAPER NO.24 Published by Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers East of England http://www.algao.org.uk/cttees/Regions Editor: David Gurney EAA Managing Editor: Jenny Glazebrook Editorial Board: Brian Ayers, Director, The Butrint Foundation Owen Bedwin, Head of Historic Environment, Essex County Council Stewart Bryant, Head of Historic Environment, Hertfordshire County Council Will Fletcher, English Heritage Kasia Gdaniec, Historic Environment, Cambridgeshire County Council David Gurney, Historic Environment Manager, Norfolk County Council Debbie Priddy, English Heritage Adrian Tindall, Archaeological Consultant Keith Wade, Archaeological Service Manager, Suffolk County Council Set in Times Roman by Jenny Glazebrook using Corel Ventura™ Printed by Henry Ling Limited, The Dorset Press © ALGAO East of England ISBN 978 0 9510695 6 1 This Research Framework was published with the aid of funding from English Heritage East Anglian Archaeology was established in 1975 by the Scole Committee for Archaeology in East Anglia. The scope of the series expanded to include all six eastern counties and responsi- bility for publication passed in 2002 to the Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers, East of England (ALGAO East). Cover illustration: The excavation of prehistoric burial monuments at Hanson’s Needingworth Quarry at Over, Cambridgeshire, by Cambridge Archaeological Unit in 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Ipswich & District Detector Club
    Ipswich & District Detector Club (Affiliated to the National Council for Metal Detecting) Monthly Newsletter by e-mail Editor: Adrian Pryke Club Website http://www.ipswich-detector-club.co.uk/ Meetings are held on the last Tuesday of each month at The Rosary Conservative club, 172 Bramford Road, Ipswich IP1 4AB starting at 7.30pm. Next meeting is on Tuesday 28th August 2018 July Meeting July Meeting We had Sally Sibley, Sally Metcalf, Jonathan Metclaf and Colin Sibley volunteers from The National Trust. The subject was the history and treasure from Sutton Hoo Sally's presentation was magnificent taking us back to the building of Sutton Hoo House, later to become the house and home of Edith Pretty. The excavations were initiated by local landowner Mrs Edith Pretty, who lived in Tranmer House, which over- looked the burial site. Mrs Pretty had spiritualist leanings, and it is said that she became convinced there was treasure in the ancient burial mound because of her involvement with the Spiritual movement, a clairvoyant saw and heard the funeral procession. She also claimed that one evening while looking out of windows she saw the figure of an armed warrior standing on the mound in the twilight. There is also tales that she employed a dowser who divined gold in the mound. Over a number of years Mrs Pretty became increasingly concerned with the history of her land and what lay beneath it. On the advice of Guy Maynard, at Ipswich Museum, she took on Basil Brown from Rickinghall - “a local archaeologist of no formal education” - and he began to dig with the help of her gardener, John Jacobs, and gamekeeper, William Spooner.
    [Show full text]
  • Durham Research Online
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 18 October 2018 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Caswell, E. and Roberts, B.W. (2018) 'Reassessing community cemeteries : cremation burials in Britain during the Middle Bronze Age (c. 16001150 cal BC).', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society., 84 . pp. 329-357. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2018.9 Publisher's copyright statement: c The Prehistoric Society 2018. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, page 1 of 29 © The Prehistoric Society. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Religious Ritual: Migration and Adaptation in Early Medieval Britain
    Dynamics of Religious Ritual: Migration and Adaptation in Early Medieval Britain A Dissertation SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Brooke Elizabeth Creager IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Peter S. Wells August 2019 Brooke Elizabeth Creager 2019 © For my Mom, I could never have done this without you. And for my Grandfather, thank you for showing me the world and never letting me doubt I can do anything. Thank you. i Abstract: How do migrations impact religious practice? In early Anglo-Saxon England, the practice of post-Roman Christianity adapted after the Anglo-Saxon migration. The contemporary texts all agree that Christianity continued to be practiced into the fifth and sixth centuries but the archaeological record reflects a predominantly Anglo-Saxon culture. My research compiles the evidence for post-Roman Christian practice on the east coast of England from cemeteries and Roman churches to determine the extent of religious change after the migration. Using the case study of post-Roman religion, the themes religion, migration, and the role of the individual are used to determine how a minority religion is practiced during periods of change within a new culturally dominant society. ii Table of Contents Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………...ii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………………iv Preface …………………………………………………………………………………….1 I. Religion 1. Archaeological Theory of Religion ...………………………………………………...3 II. Migration 2. Migration Theory and the Anglo-Saxon Migration ...……………………………….42 3. Continental Ritual Practice before the Migration, 100 BC – AD 400 ………………91 III. Southeastern England, before, during and after the Migration 4. Contemporary Accounts of Religion in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries……………..116 5.
    [Show full text]
  • The Incorporation of Human Cremation Ashes Into Objects and Tattoos in Contemporary British Practices
    Ashes to Art, Dust to Diamonds: The incorporation of human cremation ashes into objects and tattoos in contemporary British practices Samantha McCormick A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Sociology August 2015 Declaration I declare that the work in this thesis was carried out in accordance with the requirements of the University’s regulations and Code of Practice for Research Degree Programmes and all the material provided in this thesis are original and have not been published elsewhere. I declare that while registered as a candidate for the University’s research degree, I have not been a registered candidate or enrolled student for another award of the University or other academic or professional institution. A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy SINGED ………………………………… i ii Abstract This thesis examines the incorporation of human cremated remains into objects and tattoos in a range of contemporary practices in British society. Referred to collectively in this study as ‘ashes creations’, the practices explored in this research include human cremation ashes irreversibly incorporated or transformed into: jewellery, glassware, diamonds, paintings, tattoos, vinyl records, photograph frames, pottery, and mosaics. This research critically analyses the commissioning, production, and the lived experience of the incorporation of human cremation ashes into objects and tattoos from the perspective of two groups of people who participate in these practices: people who have commissioned an ashes creations incorporating the cremation ashes of a loved one and people who make or sell ashes creations.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 O'connor Patrick Morris 0431545 Ethesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ The psychology of warrior culture in the post-Roman Frankish kingdoms Morris O'Connor, Patrick Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 01. Oct. 2021 The Psychology of Warrior Culture in the Post-Roman Frankish Kingdoms Patrick Morris O’Connor A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy King’s College London 2019 0 Abstract Warfare and violence in the post-Roman West have attracted much interest, and historians have used the insights of social anthropology and literary theory to interpret the evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • Standard Cremation Authorization Form
    NORTH CAROLINA BOARD OF FUNERAL SERVICE STANDARD CREMATION AUTHORIZATION FORM NOTICE: THIS IS A LEGAL DOCUMENT. IT CONTAINS IMPORTANT PROVISIONS CONCERNING CREMATION. THE PROCESS IS IRREVERSIBLE AND FINAL. READ THIS DOCUMENT CAREFULLY BEFORE SIGNING. _________________________________________________________________________________ Name of Individual for which cremation is being arranged (“Decedent”) ____________________ / __________________ / __________________ / _____________ Date of Birth Date of Death Time of Death Age Place of Death: _______________________________________________________________Hospice (Yes or No): __________ Medical Examiner’s Authorization Required (Yes or No):_________ Death Due to an Infectious Disease (Yes or No): _________ Individual Confirming Identity of Decedent: ______________________________________________________ / ____________________________________________________ (Typed / Printed Name) (Signature) A. The undersigned (hereinafter referred to as "Authorizing Agent{s}”) hereby certify, warrant, and represent that I/we have the full legal right and authority to authorize and arrange for the cremation and final disposition of _______________________________________________________(hereinafter referred to as "Decedent"); Authorizing Agent(s) is (are) not aware of any living person who has a superior right to that of Authorizing Agent(s) as set forth in G.S. 90-210.124; or, if there is another living person who does have a superior right to that of Authorizing Agent(s), Authorizing Agent(s) represent that
    [Show full text]
  • Architecture of Afterlife: Future Cemetery in Metropolis
    ARCHITECTURE OF AFTERLIFE: FUTURE CEMETERY IN METROPOLIS A DARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I AT MĀNOA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF ARCHITECTURE MAY 2017 BY SHIYU SONG DArch Committee: Joyce Noe, Chairperson William Chapman Brian Takahashi Key Words: Conventional Cemetery, Contemporary Cemetery, Future Cemetery, High-technology Innovation Architecture of Afterlife: Future Cemetery in Metropolis Shiyu Song April 2017 We certify that we have read this Doctorate Project and that, in our opinion, it is satisfactory in scope and quality in partial fulfillment for the degree of Doctor of Architecture in the School of Architecture, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa. Doctorate Project Committee ___________________________________ Joyce Noe ___________________________________ William Chapman ___________________________________ Brian Takahashi Acknowledgments I dedicate this thesis to everyone in my life. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my committee chair, Professor Joyce Noe, for her support, guidance and insight throughout this doctoral project. Many thanks to my wonderful committee members William Chapman and Brian Takahashi for their precious and valuable guidance and support. Salute to my dear professor Spencer Leineweber who inspires me in spirit and work ethic. Thanks to all the professors for your teaching and encouragement imparted on me throughout my years of study. After all these years of study, finally, I understand why we need to study and how important education is. Overall, this dissertation is an emotional research product. As an idealist, I choose this topic as a lesson for myself to understand life through death. The more I delve into the notion of death, the better I appreciate life itself, and knowing every individual human being is a bless; everyday is a present is my best learning outcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Archaeologies of Cremation Howard Williams, Jessica I
    Introduction Archaeologies of Cremation Howard Williams, Jessica I. Cerezo-Román, and Anna Wessman Williams, H., Cerezo-Román, J.I., and Wessman, A. (eds) 2017. Introduction: Archaeologies of Cremation, in J.I. Cerezo-Román, A. Wessman and H. Williams (eds) Cremation and the Archaeology of Death, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1–24 Then the warriors began to kindle the greatest of funeral fires on the hill; woodsmoke ascended, dark over the flame, the soaring fire mingled with weeping – the raging wind subsided – until it had broken the body, hot at the heart. Depressed in soul, they lamented their grief, mourned the liege lord. Likewise the Geatish woman lamented for Beowulf, with bound hair, sang a sorrowful song, said often that she greatly feared evil days for herself, many slaughters, fear of the foe, humiliation and captivity. Heaven swallowed the smoke. Beowulf 3143–3155 (Owen-Crocker 2000: 91, 93) INTRODUCTION Four dramatic funerals punctuate the tenth- or eleventh-century Anglo-Saxon poem Beowulf; two involve the burning of the dead. While a Christian work to its core, the poem draws upon far older stories and at its very conclusion the poet provides a striking vision of an early medieval open-air cremation ceremony. Having died by the fire and poisonous bite of a dragon dwelling in a stone mound, the king of the Geats is cremated with treasures: helmets, swords, and coats of mail (Owen-Crocker 2000: 89). Before the raising of a burial mound upon a headland overlooking the sea, Beowulf ’s cremation is a focus of more than personal loss by mourners.
    [Show full text]
  • Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West, 450–900
    WARFARE AND SOCIETY IN THE BARBARIAN WEST, 450–900 Warfare was an integral part of early medieval life. It had a character of its own and was neither a pale shadow of Roman military practice nor an insignificant precursor to the warfare of the central Middle Ages. This book recovers its distinctiveness, looking at warfare in a rounded context in the British Isles and western Europe between the end of the Roman Empire and the break-up of the Carolingian Empire. The era was one of great changes in the practice of war. Guy Halsall relates warfare to many aspects of medieval life, economy, society and politics. He examines the raising and organisation of early medieval armies and looks at the conduct of campaigns. The survey includes the equipment of warriors and the horrific experience of battle as well as an analysis of medieval fortifications and siege warfare. Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West uses historical and archaeological evidence in a rigorous and sophisticated fashion. It stresses regional variations but also places Anglo-Saxon England in the mainstream of the military developments in this era. Guy Halsall is lecturer in medieval history at the University of York. He has published widely on the social history and archaeology of Merovingian Gaul and on violence in early medieval society, including Settlement and Social Organisation. The Merovingian Region of Metz (Cambridge, 1995). WARFARE AND HISTORY General Editor, Jeremy Black Professor of History, University of Exeter AIR POWER IN THE AGE OF TOTAL WAR John Buckley THE ARMIES OF THE CALIPHS: MILITARY AND SOCIETY IN THE EARLY ISLAMIC STATE Hugh Kennedy THE BALKAN WARS, 1912–1913: PRELUDE TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR Richard C.
    [Show full text]
  • Grave Goods, Hoards and Deposits ‘In Between’I
    Spectrums of depositional practice in later prehistoric Britain and beyond: grave goods, hoards and deposits ‘in between’i Anwen Cooper, Duncan Garrow and Catriona Gibson Paper accepted for publication in Archaeological Dialogues 27(2), Dec 2020 Abstract This paper critically evaluates how archaeologists define ‘grave goods’ in relation to the full spectrum of depositional contexts available to people in the past, including hoards, rivers and other ‘special’ deposits. Developing the argument that variations in artefact deposition over time and space can only be understood if different ‘types’ of finds location are considered together holistically, we contend that it is also vital to look at the points where traditionally defined contexts of deposition become blurred into one another. In this paper, we investigate one particular such category – body-less object deposits at funerary sites – in later prehistoric Britain. This category of evidence has never previously been analysed collectively, let alone over the extended time period considered here. On the basis of a substantial body of evidence collected as part of a nationwide survey, we demonstrate that body-less object deposits were a significant component of funerary sites during later prehistory. Consequently, we go on to question whether human remains were actually always a necessary element of funerary deposits for prehistoric people, suggesting that the absence of human bone could be a positive attribute rather than simply a negative outcome of taphonomic processes. We also argue that modern, fixed depositional categories sometimes serve to mask a full understanding of the complex realities of past practice and ask whether it might be productive in some instances to move beyond interpretatively confining terms such as ‘grave’, ‘hoard’ and ‘cenotaph’.
    [Show full text]
  • Dunwich Heath
    News and events for summer 2019 Bedfordshire | Cambridgeshire | Essex Hertfordshire | Norfolk | Suff olk Thanks to you his is shaping up to be quite a year for In Suff olk, Sutton Hoo is home to one of the Moving into the heart of the region at Wimpole Now you can ease off and enjoy some smooth the National Trust and it’s all thanks to greatest archaeological discoveries of all time Estate near Cambridge you’re well underway with sailing as we head towards the gateway to the you. Whether you realise it or not, this and the best Anglo-Saxon story out there. a whole new way to arrive at Wimpole. It’s one of Norfolk Broads. You have helped restore Horsey Tsummer you’re uncovering, restoring, You’ve helped to release that story for everyone the most exciting chapters in this magnifi cent Windpump, which stands proud once again in conserving, protecting, transforming, and if that to learn and let their imaginations run wild by estate’s history. You’ve already created a new the landscape. You can now even enjoy the wasn’t enough you’re also raising a roof. totally transforming what you can see and do home for our splendid Shire horses and by the time amazing view from the top. there. You’re inspiring tomorrow’s storytellers, you’re fi nished everyone will arrive at a robust new The support you give through coming to historians, archaeologists and explorers, while car park, be given a proper Wimpole welcome in a Wherever your adventures take you this summer see us, holidaying with us, renewing your sparking some curiosity today.
    [Show full text]