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Integrating Magna Dacia. a N Arrative Reappraisal Of INTEGRATING MAGNA DACIA. A NARRATIVE REAPPRAISAL OF JORDANES OTÁVIO LUIZ VIEIRA PINTO SUBMITTED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS SCHOOL OF HISTORY SEPTEMBER 2016 ii iii The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement. The right of Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. © 2016 The University of Leeds and Otávio Luiz Vieira Pinto iv Al contrario, rispondo, chi siamo noi, chi è ciascuno di noi se non una combinatoria d'esperienze, d'informazioni, di letture, d'immaginazioni? Ogni vita è un'enciclopedia, una biblioteca, un inventario d'oggetti, un campionario di stili, dove tutto può essere continuamente rimescolato e riordinato in tutti i modi possibili. Italo Calvino, Lezioni Americane. […] his own proper person was a riddle to unfold; a wondrous work in one volume; but whose mysteries not even himself could read, though his own live heart beat against them; and these mysteries were therefore destined in the end to moulder away with the living parchment whereon they were inscribed, and so be unsolved to the last. Herman Melville, Moby Dick. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When I crossed the Atlantic to start my doctoral research, I had no real dimension of how much certain people in my life would be fundamental to the completion of this thesis – and to go through, with head held high, the 4-year long process that it entailed. As my academic mentor, I am forever thankful to my supervisor, Ian Wood, a true ‘Venerable Bede’ of our times. His knowledge and kindness are the heart and soul of this work. But man shall not live on Academia alone. Family and friends were essential to keep me sane amidst my ramblings about Zalmoxis and Dacians. I am grateful to Priscila Scoville, my love, my anchor, and my island, for all the empathy, maturity, and rock- solid patience to put up with me (and with the Ocean between us). I thank Silvia and Alberto Degani for the unshakeable faith they had in me, and I thank Amaury for all the precious help – mental, spiritual and material. I am also grateful to Bianca and Débora, my extended family, whose company during the last stages of my doctoral process was deeply appreciated. This thesis has of me as much as it has of my ‘brothers-in-arms,’ Early (and Late) Medievalists that were always up for a coffee (and rum!) while I argued about Jordanes endlessly. Mike Burrows, a true Yorkshireman comrade; Iason Tzouriadis, the most Scottish of the Greeks; Hervin Fernández-Acevez, warrior of Hyrule; Cătălin Țăranu, living proof that Huns are Dacians (and Gepids); Daniele Morossi, musical wizard; Michael Kelly, whom I suspect is literally a wizard; Ioannis Papadopoulos, companion of all IMCs. I am also thankful to my extended circle of colleagues in Leeds and in the rest of Europe: Ricky Broome, N. Kıvılcım Yavuz, Jason Berg, Hope Williard, Lia Sternizki, Mark Tizzoni, Glenn McDorman, Tommaso Leso (and the whole ‘Early Medieval Seminar’ folk), Kay Burrows, Carla Harwood, Renato da Silva, Hörður Barðdal vi Bjarnason, John Latham, Salvatore Liccardo, Philipp Dörler, Ilona Tuomi, Angela Kinney and Gabriela Cavalheiro. I thank my friends and colleagues across the Ocean as well: Christina Leaderbrand, who left her academic heart in Leeds, I am sure; Erica Simonitis, Paulo Pachá, Paulo Duarte, Renan Birro, Lukas Grzybowski, Karen da Rosa, Bruna Bengozi and my eternal supervisor, Renan Frighetto. I am grateful to all of those who came before me and opened the path of Late Antiquity – and whose work has been invaluable since my first day as a ‘historian in the making’: Mark Humphries, Walter Pohl, Christine Delaplace, Shane Bjornlie, Carlos Machado, Guy Halsall and so many others. I am, too, thankful for the amazing lecturers and professor I met at the University of Leeds: William Flynn, Alaric Hall, and Emilia Jamroziak. I thank CAPES – Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – for the bursary, which was the cornerstone of my whole doctoral process. I also thank Warren and the people at Mrs. Athas, whose supplies of the most excellent coffee were, quite literally, a matter of survival for me. Some – if not most – of this thesis was conceived there. Finally, I am grateful to Jordanes, for leaving us an interesting and passionate text. vii Ao meu avô, neto de escravos, que sempre quis me ver virar “doutor”. viii ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to propose a new interpretation of Jordanes’ famous work, De Origine Actibusque Getarum, commonly known as Getica. The traditional view concerning the De Origine postulates that Jordanes was trying to devise a mythical, glorious history for the Goths, based on Greek and Latin texts, as well as what could have been ‘real elements of Gothic tradition.’ A number of scholars have also investigated the dependence of the De Origine on the lost Historia Gothorum, written by Cassiodorus – a high-ranking officer of the Ostrogothic court. Because Jordanes affirms, in the preface of the De Origine, that he was asked to abridge the Cassiodorian opus, many are led to believe that our author was able to transmit the Historia Gothorum to some extent. This thesis will counter those two views by proposing a narrative interpretation of the De Origine: my analysis is focused on the rhetorical strategies and textual choices of Jordanes. I argue that Jordanes’ usage of the ethnonym Geta, usually viewed as a classicising synonym of Goth, is, in fact, a way to link a number of different people that inhabited the Balkans throughout history: Dacians, Getae, Scythians, Goths, Gepids, and Huns. The reasoning behind this ethnogeographic constructions is, precisely, the goal of the De Origine: to devise a historical narrative of the vicissitudes of the Balkans. I chose to single out the narrative conceptualisation of this regions by calling it Magna Dacia – which is the Kulturraum that interests Jordanes and it is where most of the story takes place. My conclusions have incisive implications: we can see the De Origine as an independent text, one that does not owe its ideas to Cassiodorus; we can see a new Jordanes emerge, one with a high degree of agency in the composition of the work. ix ABBREVIATIONS PRIMARY SOURCES Amm. Marc., Res Gestae Ammianus Marcellinus, Ammianus Marcellinus: Roman History, Volume III, Books 27-31. Excerpta Valesiana, trans. by J. C. Rolfe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1939) Cass., Exp. Psalm. Cassiodorus, Expositio Psalmorum I - LXX, ed. by M. Adriaen, CCSL, 97 (Turnhout: Brepols, 1958) Cass., Variae Cassiodorus, Variae, ed. by T. Mommsen, MGH AA, 12 (Berlin: Weidmann, 1894). Cass. Dio, Hist. Rom. Cassius Dio, Roman History, trans. by E. Cary, 9 vols (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1914) Claud., In Ruf. Claudian, Claudian, trans. by M. Platnauer, 2 vols (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1922) Chron. Pasch. Dindorf, L. A., ed., Chronicon Paschale, CSHB, 2 vols (Bonn: Impensis Weberi, 1832), II Diod. Sic., Biblio. Diodorus of Sicily, Diodorus of Sicily in Twelve Volumes, trans. by C. H. Oldfather (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967) Ennod., Paneg. Ennodius, Magni Felicis Ennodi Opera, ed. by F. Vogel, MGH AA, 7 (Berlin: Weidmann, 1885) Evag. Schol., Hist. Eccles. Evagrius Scholasticus, Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. by J. Bidez and L. Parmentier (London: Methuen, 1898) Greg. Tur., Hist. Gregorius Turonensis, Libri Historiarum X, ed. by B. Krusch and W. Levison, MGH SRM, 1 (Hanover: Impenis Bibliopolii Hahniani, 1951) Hrdt., Hist. Herodotus, The Persian Wars, trans. by A. D. Godley, 4 vols (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920) Jord., Getica Iordanis, Romana et Getica, ed. by T. Mommsen, MGH AA, 5 Jord., Romana (Berlin: Weidmann, 1882) Just., Epit. Justinus, Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum, ed. by A. L. Marie-Pierre, CSL, 2003 x Marcell. Com., Chron. Marcellinus, The Chronicle of Marcellinus: A Translation and Commentary, trans. by B. Croke, Byzantina Australiensia, 7 (Sydney: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1995) Oros., Hist. Adv. Pag. Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos Libri VII, ed. by K. Zangemeister, CSEL, 5 (Leipzig: Teubner, 1882) Ov., Tr. Ovid, Tristia / Ex Ponto, trans. by A. L. Wheeler (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1939) Plin., Hist. Nat. Plinius Secundus, C. Plini Secundi Naturalis Historiae Libri XXXVII, ed. by K. F. T. Mayhoff and L. von Jan (Leipzig: B. G. Teubneri, 1898) Procop., Goth. Procopius, History of the Wars, trans. by H. B. Dewing, 5 vols (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006) Prosp. Aqu., Chron Prosperus Aquitanus, S. Prosperi Aquitani Chronicum Integrum in Duas Partes Distributum, ed. by J. P. Migne, PL (Paris: Bibliothecae Cleri Universae, 1861), LI Ptol., Geog. Claudius Ptolemaeus, Geographia, ed. by K. F. A. Nobbe, 2 vols (Leipzig: Sumptibus et Typis Caroli Tauchnitii, 1843) Sid. Apoll., Carm. Sidonius Apollinaris, Gai Sollii Apollinaris Sidonii Carmina, ed. by C. Luetjohann, MGH AA, 8 (Berlin: Weidmann, 1887) Strab., Geog. Strabo, Geography, trans. by H. L. Jones, 2 vols (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1917) COLLECTIONS CCSL Corpus Christianorum Series Latina, ed. B. Janssens, L. Jocqué and P. Sartori, 201 vols (Turnhout: Brepols, 1953 – 2014) CSHB Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, ed. B. G. Niebuhr, 50 vols (Bonn: Impensis Weberi, 1828 – 1897) CSL Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum, Collaborative Digital library of Latin Literature: http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/aaronx.html MGH: Monumenta Germaniae Historica AA Auctores Antiquissimi, 19 vols (Berlin: Weidmann, 1877 – 1919) SEM Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum, ed. B Krusch and W.
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