Armour & Weapons in the Middle Ages
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Ballistic Protective Properties of Material Representative of English Civil War Buff-Coats and Clothing
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UWE Bristol Research Repository International Journal of Legal Medicine (2020) 134:1949–1956 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-020-02378-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Ballistic protective properties of material representative of English civil war buff-coats and clothing Brian May1 & Richard Critchley1 & Debra Carr1,2 & Alan Peare1 & Keith Dowen3 Received: 19 March 2020 /Accepted: 15 July 2020 / Published online: 21 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020 Abstract One type of clothing system used in the English Civil War, more common amongst cavalrymen than infantrymen, was the linen shirt, wool waistcoat and buff-coat. Ballistic testing was conducted to estimate the velocity at which 50% of 12-bore lead spherical projectiles (V50) would be expected to perforate this clothing system when mounted on gelatine (a tissue simulant used in wound ballistic studies). An estimated six-shot V50 for the clothing system was calculated as 102 m/s. The distance at which the projectile would have decelerated from the muzzle of the weapon to this velocity in free flight was triple the recognised effective range of weapons of the era suggesting that the clothing system would provide limited protection for the wearer. The estimated V50 was also compared with recorded bounce-and-roll data; this suggested that the clothing system could provide some protection to the wearer from ricochets. Finally, potential wounding behind the clothing system was investigated; the results compared favourably with seventeenth century medical writings. Keywords Leather . Linen . Wool . Behind armour blunt trauma . -
Stab Resistant Body Armour
IAN HORSFALL STAB RESISTANT BODY ARMOUR COLLEGE OF DEFENCE TECHNOLOGY SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF PhD CRANFIELD UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF PhD 1999-2000 IAN HORSFALL STAB RESISTANT BODY ARMOUR SUPERVISOR DR M. R. EDWARDS MARCH 2000 ©Cranfield University, 2000. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT There is now a widely accepted need for stab resistant body armour for the police in the UK. However, very little research has been done on knife resistant systems and the penetration mechanics of sharp projectiles are poorly understood. This thesis explores the general background to knife attack and defence with a particular emphasis on the penetration mechanics of edged weapons. The energy and velocity that can be achieved in stabbing actions has been determined for a number of sample populations. The energy dissipated against the target was shown to be primarily the combined kinetic energy of the knife and the arm of the attacker. The compliance between the hand and the knife was shown to significantly affect the pattern of energy delivery. Flexibility and the resulting compliance of the armour was shown to have a significant effect upon the absorption of this kinetic energy. The ability of a knife to penetrate a variety of targets was studied using an instrumented drop tower. It was found that the penetration process consisted of three stages, indentation, perforation and further penetration as the knife slides through the target. Analysis of the indentation process shows that for slimmer indenters, as represented by knives, frictional forces dominate, and indentation depth becomes dependent upon the coefficient of friction between indenter and sample. -
Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki
Master of Philosophy Faculty of Arts University of Glasgow Saint Demetrios of Thessaloniki By Lena Kousouros Christie's Education London Master's Programme September 2000 ProQuest Number: 13818861 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 13818861 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ^ v r r ARV- ^ [2,5 2 . 0 A b stract This thesis intends to explore the various forms the representations of Saint Demetrios took, in Thessaloniki and throughout Byzantium. The study of the image of Saint Demetrios is an endeavour of considerable length, consisting of numerous aspects. A constant issue running throughout the body of the project is the function of Saint Demetrios as patron Saint of Thessaloniki and his ever present protective image. The first paper of the thesis will focus on the transformation of the Saint’s image from courtly figure to military warrior. Links between the main text concerning Saint Demetrios, The Miracles, and the artefacts will be made and the transformation of his image will be observed on a multitude of media. -
Interim Report on the Preservation Virginia Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia
2007–2010 Interim Report on the Preservation Virginia Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia Contributing Authors: David Givens, William M. Kelso, Jamie May, Mary Anna Richardson, Daniel Schmidt, & Beverly Straube William M. Kelso Beverly Straube Daniel Schmidt Editors March 2012 Structure 177 (Well) Structure 176 Structure 189 Soldier’s Pits Structure 175 Structure 183 Structure 172 Structure 187 1607 Burial Ground Structure 180 West Bulwark Ditch Solitary Burials Marketplace Structure 185 Churchyard (Cellar/Well) Excavations Prehistoric Test Ditches 28 & 29 Structure 179 Fence 2&3 (Storehouse) Ludwell Burial Structure 184 Pit 25 Slot Trenches Outlines of James Fort South Church Excavations Structure 165 Structure 160 East Bulwark Ditch 2 2 Graphics and maps by David Givens and Jamie May Design and production by David Givens Photography by Michael Lavin and Mary Anna Richardson ©2012 by Preservation Virginia and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. All rights reserved, including the right to produce this report or portions thereof in any form. 2 2 Acknowledgements (2007–2010) The Jamestown Rediscovery team, directed by Dr. William this period, namely Juliana Harding, Christian Hager, and Kelso, continued archaeological excavations at the James Matthew Balazik. Thank you to the Colonial Williamsburg Fort site from 2007–2010. The following list highlights Foundation architectural historians who have analyzed the some of the many individuals who contributed to the project fort buildings with us: Cary Carson, Willie Graham, Carl during these -
Denv S090015 Military Vehicle Protection.Qxd
Defence TNO | Knowledge for business Military vehicle protection Finding the best armour solutions circuit armour. All these current and future armours require constant and rigorous testing under fully controlled conditions. The Laboratory for Ballistic Research is a state of the art research facility of TNO and able to provide these conditions. New threats In today's scenarios, the threat to a military vehicle may come from any direction, including above and below. The crew of a military vehicle not only has to deal with more or less 'standard' fire from the enemy in front, but - more often than not - also with asymmetric threats like rocket-propelled grenades, explosively formed projectiles, mines and improvised explosive devices. The RPG7, for instance, is able to cut through 250 mm of armour steel. Falling prey to any of these threats, also known as a 'cheap kill', Developments in vehicle armour never stop. It's not just the nature of the is something that has to be avoided at all threat that is continually changing, but we also have to deal with new times. TNO uses its highly advanced resources and decades of expertise in armour trends in warfare, like lightweight armoured vehicles. For survival, today's research to help governments and and tomorrow's military vehicles will not only have to rely on armour, but manufacturers achieve their aim: the optimal e.g. also on mobility and manoeuvrability. TNO supports its clients - protection of military vehicles against the governments and manufacturers - in finding the best armour solutions for widest possible range of ballistic threats. -
Fashion,Costume,And Culture
FCC_TP_V4_930 3/5/04 3:59 PM Page 1 Fashion, Costume, and Culture Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages FCC_TP_V4_930 3/5/04 3:59 PM Page 3 Fashion, Costume, and Culture Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages Volume 4: Modern World Part I: 19004 – 1945 SARA PENDERGAST AND TOM PENDERGAST SARAH HERMSEN, Project Editor Fashion, Costume, and Culture: Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast Project Editor Imaging and Multimedia Composition Sarah Hermsen Dean Dauphinais, Dave Oblender Evi Seoud Editorial Product Design Manufacturing Lawrence W. Baker Kate Scheible Rita Wimberley Permissions Shalice Shah-Caldwell, Ann Taylor ©2004 by U•X•L. U•X•L is an imprint of For permission to use material from Picture Archive/CORBIS, the Library of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of this product, submit your request via Congress, AP/Wide World Photos; large Thomson Learning, Inc. the Web at http://www.gale-edit.com/ photo, Public Domain. Volume 4, from permissions, or you may download our top to bottom, © Austrian Archives/ U•X•L® is a registered trademark used Permissions Request form and submit CORBIS, AP/Wide World Photos, © Kelly herein under license. Thomson your request by fax or mail to: A. Quin; large photo, AP/Wide World Learning™ is a trademark used herein Permissions Department Photos. Volume 5, from top to bottom, under license. The Gale Group, Inc. Susan D. Rock, AP/Wide World Photos, 27500 Drake Rd. © Ken Settle; large photo, AP/Wide For more information, contact: Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 World Photos. -
Oriental Adventures James Wyatt
620_T12015 OrientalAdvCh1b.qxd 8/9/01 10:44 AM Page 2 ® ORIENTAL ADVENTURES JAMES WYATT EDITORS: GWENDOLYN F. M. KESTREL PLAYTESTERS: BILL E. ANDERSON, FRANK ARMENANTE, RICHARD BAKER, EIRIK BULL-HANSEN, ERIC CAGLE, BRAIN MICHELE CARTER CAMPBELL, JASON CARL, MICHELE CARTER, MAC CHAMBERS, TOM KRISTENSEN JENNIFER CLARKE WILKES, MONTE COOK , DANIEL COOPER, BRUCE R. CORDELL, LILY A. DOUGLAS, CHRISTIAN DUUS, TROY ADDITIONAL EDITING: DUANE MAXWELL D. ELLIS, ROBERT N. EMERSON, ANDREW FINCH , LEWIS A. FLEAK, HELGE FURUSETH, ROB HEINSOO, CORY J. HERNDON, MANAGING EDITOR: KIM MOHAN WILLIAM H. HEZELTINE, ROBERT HOBART, STEVE HORVATH, OLAV B. HOVET, TYLER T. HURST, RHONDA L. HUTCHESON, CREATIVE DIRECTOR: RICHARD BAKER JEFFREY IBACH, BRIAN JENKINS, GWENDOLYN F.M. KESTREL, TOM KRISTENSEN, CATIE A. MARTOLIN, DUANE MAXWELL, ART DIRECTOR: DAWN MURIN ANGEL LEIGH MCCOY, DANEEN MCDERMOTT, BRANDON H. MCKEE, ROBERT MOORE, DAVID NOONAN, SHERRY L. O’NEAL- GRAPHIC DESIGNER: CYNTHIA FLIEGE HANCOCK, TAMMY R. OVERSTREET, JOHN D. RATELIFF, RICH REDMAN, THOMAS REFSDAL, THOMAS M. REID, SEAN K COVER ARTIST: RAVEN MIMURA REYNOLDS, TIM RHOADES, MIKE SELINKER, JAMES B. SHARKEY, JR., STAN!, ED STARK, CHRISTIAN STENERUD, OWEN K.C. INTERIOR ARTISTS: MATT CAVOTTA STEPHENS, SCOTT B. THOMAS, CHERYL A. VANMATER-MINER, LARRY DIXON PHILIPS R. VANMATER-MINER, ALLEN WILKINS, PENNY WILLIAMS, SKIP WILLIAMS CRIS DORNAUS PRONUNCIATION HELP: DAVID MARTIN RON FOSTER, MOE MURAYAMA, CHRIS PASCUAL, STAN! RAVEN MIMURA ADDITIONAL THANKS: WAYNE REYNOLDS ED BOLME, ANDY HECKT, LUKE PETERSCHMIDT, REE SOESBEE, PAUL TIMM DARRELL RICHE RICHARD SARDINHA Dedication: To the people who have taught me about the cultures of Asia—Knight Biggerstaff, Paula Richman, and my father, RIAN NODDY B S David K. -
Constructing a Heavy-List Gambeson Tips and Techniques
Constructing a Heavy-List Gambeson Tips and Techniques Lady Magdalena von Regensburg mka Marla Berry [email protected] July 16, 2005 An Historic Overview “Mail is tough but flexible; it resists a cutting sword-stroke but needs a padded or quilted undergarment as a shock absorber against a heavy blow.”1 Quilted garments were part of soldiers’ kits in varying forms and with varying names throughout most of the SCA timeline. As early as the late Roman/early Byzantine period there is documentation for quilted or padded coats called Zabai or Kabadia.2 Illuminations from Maciejowski Bible (circa 1250) show aketons or gambesons. “These terms seem to have been interchangeable but the weight of evidence From “Jonathan and his Armor- suggests that ‘aketon’ refers to garments worn under the mail while bearer Attack the Philistines,” gambesons were worn over or instead of it...The gambeson is often from the Maciejowski Bible, referred to in contemporary accounts as being worn by the common circa 1250. soldiery and, indeed, is part of the equipment required by the Assize of Arms of 1185 of Edward I of England.”3 Extant examples from the fourteenth century include the pourpoint of Charles de Blois (d. 1364) and the late fourteenth century jupon of Charles VI. Fifteenth century documents mention arming doublets and padded jacks. These garments were worn under maille, over maille, under plate, over plate, or on their own. Some were designed to encase maille or plate. “Infantry, as laid down in the Assize of Arms of 1182, often wore one of two types of gambeson. -
Leather Manufacture : a Treatise on the Practical Workings of the Leather Manufacture : Including Oil Shoe Grain, Imitation Goat
I Bloomfield g. TVloore I TVlemorial fund. rJSr-l-?-T^T=-Sr LEHTHER MllNUFICTURE, o (X Crcatise ON THE Prbctiml Workings of the Leather Msnufbcture INCLUDING OIL SHOE GRAIN, IMITATION GOAT AND CALF, BRIGHT OIL, ENGLISH AND AMERICAN BOOT GRAIN, HAND AND MACHINE SEWED WELT, GLOVE GRAIN, FLESH SPLITS, HARNESS LEATHER, THE SUL- ^ PHIDE OF SODIUM PROCESS, OAK AND HEMLOCK BARK EXTRACTS, CONSTRUCTION OF TANNERIES, . TOGETHER WITH NUMEROUS VALUABLE RECIPES AND MISCELLANEOUS MATTER SPECIALLY ADAPTED TO THE LEATHER MANUFACTURE. By JOHN WT. STEVBNS, Author of "Mistakes of Tanners,'' Etc. CONTAINING ILLUSTRATIONS OF MACHINERY AND MOST APPROVED AP- PLIANCES ADAPTED FOR THE CLASS OF WORK. PUBLISHED BY THE SHOE AND LEATHER REVIEW, 182 Monroe St., Chicago, III. 1890. Knteted, according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1889, by The Review Printing ant PUBUSBC^G Co., in the ofi&ce of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. UBRARY Dc&ication. To My Grandson, John Warren Stsvens. I dedicate to you, this volume of a work now submitted to the tanning fraternity, with a diffidence and hesitation proportioned to the multiplicity of details and the practical workings connected with the I,eather Manufacture. Your grandfather, great-grandfather and uncles devoted a good portion of their lives to the now second largest manufactur- ing industry in this country. I trust that you, in your future walks, will not feel compelled to emulate the calling of your humble predecessors ; but, in whatever position your inclinations lead, to give it your undivided attention, and fill the same with credit to your- self and honor to the name. -
Semi-Historical Arms and Armor the Following Are Some Notes About The
Semi-Historical Arms and Armor The following are some notes about the weapons and armor tables in D&D 5th edition, as they pertain to their relationship to modern understandings of historical arms and armor. In general, 5th edition is far more accurate to ancient and medieval sources regarding these topics than prior editions, but for the sake of balance and ease of play without the onerous restrictions of reality, there are still some expected incongruences. This article attempts to explain some particular facets about the use of arms and armor throughout our long, shared history, and to offer some suggestions (imbalanced as they may be) on how such items would have been used in particular times and places. A note on generalities: One of the best things 5th edition offers in these tables is the generalization of particular weapons and armor compared to prior editions. Is there a significant, functional difference between a half-sword, arming sword, backsword, wakizashi, tulwar, or any other various forms of predominately one-handed pokey and slashy things with 13 inch, sometimes 14 or 20 or even 30 inch blades? Well, actually yes, but that level of discrimination is often not noticeable in the granularity of the combat mechanics of most systems, and, more importantly, how modern readers often distinguish them is often anachronistic. For instance, almost all straight sword-like weapons, be it arming swords, half-swords, back swords, longswords or even great swords like claymores (but not Messers!) are referred to in ancient and medieval texts (MS I.33, Liberi, etc) as… swords. -
The Terminology of Armor in Old French
1 A 1 e n-MlS|^^^PP?; The Terminology Of Amor In Old French. THE TERMINOLOGY OF ARMOR IN OLD FRENCH BY OTHO WILLIAM ALLEN A. B. University of Illinois, 1915 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN ROMANCE LANGUAGES IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 1916 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL CO oo ]J1^J % I 9 I ^ I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPER- VISION BY WtMc^j I^M^. „ ENTITLED ^h... *If?&3!£^^^ ^1 ^^Sh^o-^/ o>h, "^Y^t^C^/ BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF. hu^Ur /] CUjfo In Charge of Thesis 1 Head of Department Recommendation concurred in :* Committee on Final Examination* Required for doctor's degree but not for master's. .343139 LHUC CONTENTS Bibliography i Introduction 1 Glossary 8 Corrigenda — 79 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2014 http://archive.org/details/terminologyofarmOOalle i BIBLIOGRAPHY I. Descriptive Works on Armor: Boeheim, Wendelin. Handbuch der Waffenkunde. Leipzig, 1890, Quicherat, J, Histoire du costume en France, Paris, 1875* Schultz, Alwin. Das hofische Leben zur Zeit der Minnesinger. Two volumes. Leipzig, 1889. Demmin, August. Die Kriegswaffen in ihren geschicht lichen Ent wicklungen von den altesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart. Vierte Auflage. Leipzig, 1893. Ffoulkes, Charles. Armour and Weapons. Oxford, 1909. Gautier, Leon. La Chevalerie. Viollet-le-Duc • Dictionnaire raisonne' du mobilier frangais. Six volumes. Paris, 1874. Volumes V and VI. Ashdown, Charles Henry. Arms and Armour. New York. Ffoulkes, Charles. The Armourer and his Craft. -
The Evolution of Armour Steel
May 26, 2021 Clad in Steel: The Evolution of Armour Steel A little over a century ago, the armed forces of the British Empire received a new type of land-based military vehicle. The British Admiralty led the vehicle’s development in the utmost secrecy. To justify the connection with the Royal Navy, the invention was called a “landship” in official documents. As the Admiralty also managed oil production and processing, it decided to codename this vehicle the “tank” to mislead adversaries. This name is still used for self-propelled tracked armoured combat vehicles. Nowadays, armed forces around the world have hundreds of different types of tanks and other self-propelled vehicles. A key feature that they share is an armoured hull made of specialty grade steel . This protects the crew and critical parts from bullets, shells and other devastating effects. Over the past 100 years, one of the main challenges for designers has been to reduce the weight of armoured vehicles while increasing the level of protection that they provide. Aside from products for military use, civilian applications for armoured vehicles have also been developed. At the beginning of the 20th century, steel plates were used to reinforce the carriages of royalty and high-ranking officials. Today, armoured vehicles are used by heads of state, businesspeople, sport stars and entertainers. They are also used by government agencies and security services, as well as by banks for cash collection and transportation. Below, we discuss what armour is, how these steels evolved, as well as the role that Ukraine played in these developments.