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Interim Report on the Preservation Virginia Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia

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2007–2010 Interim Report on the Preservation Virginia Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia Contributing Authors: David Givens, William M. Kelso, Jamie May, Mary Anna Richardson, Daniel Schmidt, & Beverly Straube William M. Kelso Beverly Straube Daniel Schmidt Editors March 2012 Structure 177 (Well) Structure 176 Structure 189 Soldier’s Pits Structure 175 Structure 183 Structure 172 Structure 187 1607 Burial Ground Structure 180 West Bulwark Ditch Solitary Burials Marketplace Structure 185 Churchyard (Cellar/Well) Excavations Prehistoric Test Ditches 28 & 29 Structure 179 Fence 2&3 (Storehouse) Ludwell Burial Structure 184 Pit 25 Slot Trenches Outlines of James Fort South Church Excavations Structure 165 Structure 160 East Bulwark Ditch 2 2 Graphics and maps by David Givens and Jamie May Design and production by David Givens Photography by Michael Lavin and Mary Anna Richardson ©2012 by Preservation Virginia and the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation. All rights reserved, including the right to produce this report or portions thereof in any form. 2 2 Acknowledgements (2007–2010) The Jamestown Rediscovery team, directed by Dr. William this period, namely Juliana Harding, Christian Hager, and Kelso, continued archaeological excavations at the James Matthew Balazik. Thank you to the Colonial Williamsburg Fort site from 2007–2010. The following list highlights Foundation architectural historians who have analyzed the some of the many individuals who contributed to the project fort buildings with us: Cary Carson, Willie Graham, Carl during these years. Lounsbury, and Ed Chappell. Other Colonial Williamsburg Foundation staff also deserve our gratitude: zooarchaeolo- The current Jamestown Rediscovery staff, responsible for gists Joanne Bowen and Steve Atkins for helping the staff set synthesizing the work of the previous four years, consists up a system for processing faunal remains; cooper Jonathan of senior curator Beverly Straube; senior staff archaeologists Hallman for his work with us on wooden casks found in Jamie May, David Givens, and Daniel Schmidt; senior the dig; blacksmiths Ken Schwarz, Steve Mankowski, and conservator Michael Lavin; conservator Dan Gamble; staff Shel Browder for their assistance in analyzing blacksmithing archaeologists Mary Anna Richardson, Don Warmke, and and ironmaking-related artifacts and waste; and brickmak- Dan Smith; and assistant curator Merry Outlaw. ers Jason Whitehead, William Neff, and Joshua Graml for their input on some of the masonry work found at James Past full-time archaeological staff who contributed to Fort. Thank you to Bonnie Lent for her contributions as the archaeological work during this period include Tonia the Jamestown Rediscovery office manager during this period. Rock, Luke Pecoraro, Kelsey Noack, and Caroline Taylor. Thank you also to Dan Smith for proofing the text in this Part-time seasonal interns and employees include Michael report. Ligman, Amanda Williams, Lee McBee, Daisy Weill, Pa- tricia Searl, Sean Romo, Sarah McCartney, Bonnie Roane, Sincere thanks to the individuals who have served on and Heather Pasley. the Jamestown Rediscovery national Advisory Board: Dr. Warren M. Billings, chairman, Dennis B. Blanton, Dr. Jamestown Rediscovery’s archaeological endeavors ben- Edward Bond, Frederick Faust, Dr. Jeffrey P. Brain, Dr. Cary efited from many volunteers and interns, too many to all Carson, Dr. Kathleen Deagan, Dr. Rex M. Ellis, Dr. Alaric be named here. Notably we thank Susanne Doley, Barbara Faulkner, Dr. William W. Fitzhugh, Mrs. Roxane Gilmore, Best, Christa and Fritz Mueller, Paul Ryder, Stan Brown, Ms. Camille Hedrick, Dr. James Horn, Dr. Carter Hudgins, Aleta Bailey, Fran and Jim Lockhard, Marcia Ray, Geré Dr. Jon Kukla, Dr. Henry Miller, Dr. Douglas Owsley, Dr. Brown, and Mac White for the long hours they contributed David Orr, Mr. Oliver Perry, Dr. Carmel Schrire, Dr. George in the archaeological lab. We would also like to acknowledge Stuart, Dr. Sandra Treadway, Dr. Edwin Randolph Turner, Charles Durfor, Ralph Freer, George Evans, Jody Severing- and Mr. Robert Wharton. Thanks also to Preservation Vir- haus, Bill Helly, Walter Maginnis, Geré Brown, Eric Thorpe, ginia’s Board of Trustees and past presidents: Martin King, and Fritz Mueller for their volunteer assistance with the Peter Knowles, Ivor Massey, Jr., Barry Kerkham, John Guy, excavations. Finally, we are grateful to the many volunteers and to Executive Director Elizabeth Kostelny. who have interpreted the archaeological excavations to the visiting public, and to the past volunteer coordinators, Ann Many organizations and individuals have contributed Berry, Tonia Rock, and Tom Patton, with assistance from specific funds and support for the archaeological research Casey Horna and Bonnie Lent. during the history of the project, especially: The Common- wealth of Virginia and sponsors Governor George Allen and We would like to thank Doug Owsley, Kari Bruwelheide, Governor James Gilmore, The National Geographic Society, and Ashley McKeown from the Department of Anthropol- The New York Philanthropic Collaborative, James City ogy of the National Museum of Natural History, Smith- County, City of Williamsburg, Anheuser-Busch, Verizon, sonian Institution, for their work on the ongoing skeletal and the Colonial Capital Branch of Preservation Virginia. analysis of the burials detailed in this report. Thank you to Also special appreciation for the timely generosity of Patricia geologists Jack Kane, Steve Clement, Greg Hancock, and Cornwell, Roy Hock, Margaret Fowler, Donald and Elaine Rick Berquist who have analyzed thousands of the lithics Bogus, Donald Tharpe, and the ongoing contributions of found in the excavations and or studied the hydrology the Colonial Capitol Branch of Preservation Virginia. of the area around James Fort. Thank you to the many biologists who have worked with the collections during i Misc. 17th-Century Features Contents Fence Line 2 (Daniel Schmidt) 67 Fence Line 3 (Daniel Schmidt) 67 Curving Slot Trench (JR2457) Acknowledgements i (Mary Anna Richardson) 68 Slot Trench (JR2680) (Mary Anna Richardson) 69 Introduction iii Burials Prehistoric Period Ludwell Burial (Daniel Schmidt) Churchyard 70 Prehistoric Cultural Horizon Test (David Givens) 1 Churchyard Excavations (David Givens) 74 James Fort Period (1607–1624) 19th & 20th-Century Features South Churchyard Excavations James Fort Structures (David Givens & Mary Anna Richardson 78 Structure 176: Governor’s House Foundation Test (Daniel Schmidt) 2 Structure 176: Southern Addition (Daniel Schmidt) 2 Structure 179: Storehouse (Daniel Schmidt) 5 Structure 183: Metalworking/Bakery Shop (Daniel Schmidt, Beverly Straube & Jamie May) 7 Structure 184: Post Building Near Southwest Bulwark (Daniel Schmidt) 27 Structure 185: Cellar/Well (Daniel Schmidt & Beverly Straube) 29 Structure 187: Storehouse Addition (Mary Anna Richardson) 42 Fort Period Burials 1607 Burial Ground (Daniel Schmidt) 45 Solitary Burials (JR2716 & JR2730) (Daniel Schmidt) 46 James Fort Pits Pit 16: Mortar Mixing Pit (Mary Anna Richardson & Beverly Straube) 47 Pit 20 (Daniel Schmidt) 49 Pit 24 (Daniel Schmidt) 49 Pit 25 (Daniel Schmidt) 50 James Fort Marketplace Marketplace (Daniel Schmidt) 51 17th & 18th-Century Features Structures Structure 180: Drummond House (Daniel Schmidt & Beverly Straube) 52 Structure 189: Prescott Storehouse (Mary Anna Richardson & Beverly Straube) 62 Ditches Ditch 28, Ditch 29, and Plaster-Mixing Pit (JR2416) (Mary Anna Richardson) 65 ii numbers (Jamestown Rediscovery, “JR” numbers) are assigned to each discreet feature. Excavation of the Introduction features then depends upon the boundaries, orienta- This is an interim report on the partial archaeologi- tion, and likely relation to James Fort (1607–1624), cal excavation of the 1607 James Fort site at Jamestown usually leaving more recent features mapped but conducted 2007–2010 by the Jamestown Rediscovery unexcavated. This decision is also dependent upon team on the property of the Association for the Preser- whether or not an individual feature can be dated vation of Virginia Antiquities (Preservation Virginia). or spatially associated with the fort period without The text and images discussed and presented herein at- excavation. Once it is decided that a feature is likely tempt to describe and, to a limited extent, interpret the to contribute to an understanding of the fortified area, raw technical field data. Only the artifacts that primar- its excavation usually proceeds by partial excavation to ily establish chronology and/or spatial interpretation determine cultural deposition sequence, as shown by are discussed. It is important for the reader to know color, texture, or inclusion changes in the soil, each of that this report is in reality a collection of individual which are sequentially assigned a letter of the alphabet staff reports edited by William M. Kelso, Daniel W. (excluding the letters I, O, and U). In this manner, the Schmidt, and Beverly Straube. Therefore, discussion of JR number and letter establish each individual feature each of the archaeological deposits stands alone and is and each layer within it as a distinct context. Then the usually not intended to be read as a synthesis of what field drawings, photographs, and feature context data precedes or follows it. In that sense, this document is are added digitally to a GIS base map and are thereafter an encyclopedic reference. Along with the technical associated with their JR designations. Soil samples of reports that preceded it
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