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La Investigación Sobre La Vida De Jesús En El Cambio Del Siglo '" 381 XIX

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La Investigación Sobre La Vida De Jesús En El Cambio Del Siglo ' CLÁSICOS DE LA CIENCIA BÍBLICA IV** INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE LA VIDA DE JESÚS ALBERT SCHWEITZER. Director: L. ALONSO SCHÓKEL Edición publicada en 2002 EDICEPi COLECCIÓN CLÁSICOS DE LA CIENCIA BÍBLICA N" 4** Título original: GESCHICHTE DER LEBEN JESU FORSCHUNG © J.C.B. MOHR (PauI Síebeck) Tübingen Traducido por: Juan Miguel Díaz Rodelas PRINTED IN SPAIN r.S.B.N.: 84-7050-685-4 Obra completa r.S.B.N.: 84-7050-682-X Segunda parte Depósito Legal: V-2859-1990 © by EDICEP C.B. Almirante Cadarso, 11 - 46005 VALENCIA (España) Tfno.: (34) 96 395 2045 - 96 395 72 93 Fax: (34) 96 395 2297 E-mail: [email protected] • www.edicep.com IMPRIME: eVADA Litogmfía S.L. VALENCIA (España) ÍNDICE Primera Parte Prólogo a la primera edición .. '" 7 Prólogo a la segunda edición 9 Prólogo a la sexta edición , 13 INTRODUCCIÓN 25 Naturaleza de la obra de Schweitzer 27 Las alternativas de la interpretación en el siglo XX 28 La Escuela de la Interpretación teológica 37 El impacto de la obra de Schweitzer en otros campos 40 1. El problema 49 n. Hermann Samuel Reimarus 63 III. Vidas de Jesús del primer racionalismo 79 IV. Primeras Vidas de Jesús noveladas 91 V. Racionalismo evolucionado. Paulus 103 VI. Los Epígonos del racionalismo 115 VII. David Friedrich Strauss. Su vida y su destino 127 Vll1. La Primera Vida de JeslÍs de D. F. Strauss 139 IX. Defensores y detractorcs dcllibro 159 X. La hipótesis de Marco 183 XI. Bruno Bauer: La primera Vida de Jesús fruto del escepticismo 201 XII. Nuevas Vidas de Jesús noveladas 223 XIII. Ernest Renan 241 XlV. Las Vidas de Jesús liberales 255 Xv. El problema de la Escatología 283 XVI. Adversarios de la Escatología 297 XVII. Aportaciones de los Estudios Arameos, Rabínicos y Budistas 323 Segunda Parte XVIII. La investigación sobre la Vida de Jesús en el cambio del siglo '" 381 XIX. La crítica de Wrede y de la Escatología consecuente a la moderna concepción histórica 423 XX. Exposición y crítica de la construcción de Wrede 433 XXI. La solución de la Escatología consecuente 449 XXII. Negación de la historicidad de Jesús en los últimos años 501 XXIII. La discusión de la historicidad de Jesús 551 XXIV. Desde 1907 hasta 1912 613 XXv. Consideraciones finales ,. 673 Índice de autores . 687 XVIII LA INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE LA VIDA DE JESÚS EN EL CAMBIO DEL SIGLO LA INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE LA VIDA DE JESÚS EN EL CAMBIO DEL SIGLO Oskar Holtzmann; D,1s Lebcn Jcsu (La vida de Jesús: Tubinga 1901) - Das l'vfcssíanitiítsbcwusstscin Jcsu und seinc ncueste Bestreitung (La conciencia mesiánica de Jesús y su refutación más reciente: conferencia contra las posiciones de Wrede; editada en 1902). - War Jesus EkstaÚker:rrubinga 1903). Paut Wilhelm Schmidt, Die Geschichce Jesu (La historia de Jesús: Friburgo 1899). - Die Geschichtc Jesu. Erlfiucerc. Mic drei Karten van Professor Kurrer (La historia de Jesús interpretada, Con tres mapas del Profesor Kurrer de Zurich: Tubinga 19(4). Otto Schmicdel, Die Hauptprobleme del' Leben-Jesu-Forschung (Problemas capitales en la investigación sobre la vida de Jesús: Tubinga 1902; 21906). - Die Person Jesu im Streile der ,'"leinungen der Gegenwart (La persona de Jesús. tema discutido en la actualidad: Leipzig 1906; conferencia). Hermann Freiherr von Soden. Die Wichtigsten Fragen im Leben Jcsu (Las cuestiones más importantes en la vida de Jesús: Berlín 1904; lecciones de un curso de vacaciones), Gustav Frenssen, Hilligenlei (Berlín 1905). pp 462-593: «Die liandschrift». Otto Ptleiderer, Das Urchn'stentum. seine Schn'ften und Lehren in gesch¡chtlichem Zusammenhang beschrieben (El cristianismo primitivo, sus escritos y doctrinas descritos en su contexto histórico: 21902). - Die Entstehungdes Christentums(EI nacimiento del cristianismo: Munich 1905). Albert Kalthoff. Das Chn'stusproblem. Grundlinien zu einer Sozialtheologie (El pro­ blema de Cristo. Líneas básicas para una teología social: Leipzig 1902). - Die Entstehung des Chriscentums. Neue Beítriige zum Chnstusproblem (El naci­ miento del cristianismo. Nuevas contribuciones al problema de Cristo: Leipzig 19(4). Eduard van Hartmann. Das Chnstentum des Neuen Testaments (Sachsa im Harz 1905; segunda edición revisada de las Briefe úber die christliche Religion). De Jonge, Jeschuah. Dcr klassische jiídische Mann. arst6rung des kirchlichen, Ent­ hüllung des jüdischen Jesus-bildes (Jeschuah. El hombre clásico judío. destrucción de la imagen eclesial de Jesús y descubrimiento de la judía: Berlín 19(4). Moritz Friedlander, Die reJigiósen Bewegungen innerhaJb des Judentums im aira/ter Jcsu (Los movimientos religiosos dentro del judaismo en tiempos de Jesús: Berlín 1905). Wolfgang Kirchbach. Was lehrte Jesus? Zwei Urevangelíen (¿Qué enseñó Jesús? Dos evangelios primigenios: Berlín 1897; 21902, edición muy ampliada y mejorada). /\\oert Dulk. Der Irrgang des Lebens Jesu. In geschichtlicher Auffassung dargeste!Jt (El laberinto de la vida de Jesús. F..,,-posición histórica: primera parte. 1884; segunda parte, 1885). Emest Bosc, La ~7'e ésotérique de Jésus de Nazarcth et les origines orientales du Chriscianismc (La vida esotérica de Jesús de Nazarcth y los orígenes orientales del cristia­ nismo: Paris 1902). Emil Rasmussen, Jesus, El'ne \lergleichende p¡,ychopath%gische Studie (Jesús. estudio psícopatológico comparado: Leipzig 1905). Paul de Régla. Jesús \Ion Nazareth (Jesús de Nazaret. Traducción alemana de A. Just: Leipzig 1894). Hermann Wemer. Dic p¡,ycllÍsche Gesundheít Jesu. (La salud psíquica de Jesús. GrosslichterfeldelI3erJín 1908). Una visi6n panorámica amplia, aunque no completa, sobre las Vidas de Je­ sús puede encontrarse en la revista Theologische Jahresbericht, que aparece desde 1881. En este capítulo trataremos las obras aparecidas hasta 1906, más o menos. La Vida de Jesús ideal de finales del s. XIX fue la que no escribi6 Heinrich Julius Holtzmann. Dicha Vida se obtiene leyendo complementariamente el Comentario a los Sinópticos y la Teologfa del Nuevo testamento de dicho autor 1. El carácter ideal de la misma 10 determina el hecho de que no fuera escrita, sino que existiera únicamente en la mente del lector; por otra parte, en su composici6n, que s6lo tendrá el carácter de esbozo general, la fantasía del propio lector juega un papel importantísimo. Holtzmann ofrece un esquema general de la actividad pública de Jesús, elabora críticamente los diferentes detalles y expone ampliamente la doctrina de Jesús. Presenta, por consi­ guiente, un plan bien acabado y un material bien preparado para realizar di­ cho plan. Con los instrumentos que Holtzmann pone en su mano, cualquier lector es capaz de construir el edificio a su gusto y bajo su propia responsabi­ lidad. El autor no ofrece el cemento y la cal; cada uno debe ver c6mo combi­ nar mejor la doctrina y la vida de Jesús así como los detalles de cada uno de esos apartados separadamente. Recuérdese que también Weisse, el otro fundador de la hipótesis sobre el carácter primigenio de Marcos, había renunciado a escribir una vida de Jesús porque le parecía muy difícil, más aún, imposible incluir los distintos detalles en un plan general. En esta modestia se sitúa precisamente la grandeza tanto de Weisse como de Holtzmann. De este modo, la hipótesis de Marcos termina en el mismo punto en que había comenzado, es decir, en un cierto escepti­ cismo histórico 2. 1 HJ. Holtzmann, Handkommentar. Die Synoptiker(11889; 31901); Lehrouch der neu· testamentlichen The%gie (1896). 2 Hasta la fecha, los estudios sobre la Vida de Jesús realizados por autores católicos se han visto libres de cualquier forma de escepticismo; ello se debe a que han quedado anclados en una perspectiva anterior a Strauss y no se atreven a llevar el análisis histórico-crítico hasta sus úl­ timas consecuencias, ni en la cuestión de los milagros ni en la cuestión joánica. Lógicamente tam­ bién renuncian a aceptar y explicar los grandes problemas históricos. De las Vidas de Jesús de autores católicos alemanes, vale la pena mencionar las siguientes: Joh. Nep. Sepp, Das Leben Jesu Christi. 7 vol. (Rastibona 1843-1846; 21853-1862). Peter Schegg, Sechs Bücher des Lebens Jesu (Friburgo 1874-1875). Joseph Grimm, Das Leben Jesu. 6 vol. (Wützburgo 21890-1903). Richard von Kralik, Jesu /eben und Werk (Kempten!Nürenberg 19(4). W. Capitaine, Jesus van Nazareth (Rastibona 1905). La obra Christus de Hermann Schell es una prueba evidente de los Hmites tan estrechos en que debe moverse la investigación sobre la Vida de Jesús en campo católico, incluso cuando se toman en serio los problemas (Maguncia 1903). Tras leer las 42 preguntas planteadas en la introdución, uno pensaría que el autor ha tomado conciencia del alcance de todos los problemas históricos que rodean la vida de Jesús y que pretende dar respuesta a los mismos. Pero de hecho no lo hace, asumiendo cada vez más claramente el papel del apologista que no se atreve a plantear con dedsión ni el tema de los milagros ni la cuesti6n joánica; más bien, valiéndose de títulos inge­ niosos, Schell flanquea las dificultades, ayudando además al lector a que adopte esa misma actitud. El único resultado de semejante actitud es que su Vida de Jesús se convierta en una simple expli­ cación de las 89 ilustraciones que adoman el libro y dificultan su lectura. En Francia, la Vida de Los oficiales no se dejan intimidar por el ambiente reinante en el cuartel general. Actúan. Es su derecho y ahí reside precisamente la importancia de su labor. Intentan tomar posiciones a pesar de las dificultades y, al fracasar en di­ cho intento, aportan la prueba objetiva de que las orientaciones elaboradas por el Estado Mayor resultan impracticables, percatándose además de las ra­ zones de ese hecho y señalando los elementos que se deben tener en cuenta al dilucidar la nueva táctica a adoptar. A Oskar Holtzmann corresponde el mérito, extraordinario en su género, de haber escrito una Vída de Jesús estrictamente científica y frustrada, no obstante, a priori 3. Este autor tiene plena confianza en el plan de Marcos y considera que su misión consiste en introducir en ese esquema todas las frases de Jesús; de ese modo se podrá mostrar «qué elementos pueden corresponder a cada uno de los momentos de la predicación de Jesús y cuales no».
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