Sources Mythiques Du Christianisme

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Sources Mythiques Du Christianisme Les sources mythiques du christianisme Marc Hallet EDITION REVUE ET AUGMENTEE - 2013 Le présent ouvrage n'est disponible que sous forme électronique. Il est diffusé à titre gratuit, l'auteur conservant néanmoins tous ses droits de propriété légaux sur son oeuvre. Tout usage commercial par des tiers serait abusif, de même que des citations ou emprunts anormalement longs. Photo de couverture : Jupiter entouré du zodiaque - sculpture du II siècle, villa Albani, Rome Cette édition est une version actualisée et augmentée d'un ouvrage paru sous le même titre en novembre 2003 Liège (Belgique) - Mars 2013 Pour contacter l'auteur : via son site : www.marc-hallet.be DEDICACES ET REMERCIEMENTS C'est vers mon fidèle ami Michel MOUTET que vont tous mes remerciements. Il fut, pour moi, un correcteur méticuleux et érudit d’une rare compétence. Qu’il trouve ici le témoignage de ma profonde gratitude pour l'énorme travail accompli ainsi que pour ses conseils judicieux. Je dédie cet ouvrage à mon épouse qui a su comprendre toute l'importance que j'accordais à ce travail. Il la priva de longues heures de présence auprès d'elle... Cet ouvrage est également dédié à la mémoire de Charles-François Dupuis l'auteur de L'Origine de Tous les Cultes Charles-François Dupuis [1742 - 1809] J'analyse les opinions des autres et me garde bien d'en créer une. Le génie de l'homme qui peut expliquer les religions, me paraît bien au-dessus de celui qui en fait... (Dupuis, in : Préface de l'Origine de Tous les Cultes) QUELQUES NOTIONS D’ASTRONOMIE NECESSAIRES A LA COMPREHENSION DU PRESENT OUVRAGE Pour la compréhension de ce qui va suivre, il m’a paru nécessaire de fournir ici quelques notions simples d’astronomie. Comme le montre la figure 1, la Terre se meut autour du Soleil. Le tracé de cette trajectoire (orbite de la Terre) qui s’effectue dans le sens inverse des aiguilles d’une montre, forme un plan par rapport auquel l’axe Nord-Sud de la Terre est toujours incliné de 23° 27'. C’est cette inclinaison qui est la cause des saisons. Le 21 décembre, la Terre se situe en A. C’est le solstice d’hiver. Le 22 Figure 1 : Rotation de la Terre autour du Soleil juin, elle se situe à l’opposé : c’est le solstice d’été. Le 21 mars, elle se situe en B : c’est l’équinoxe du printemps. Le 21 septembre, elle se situe en D : c’est l’équinoxe d’automne. Les quatre saisons qui correspondent à ces solstices et équinoxes ne concernent que l’hémisphère nord où l’astronomie naquit. Dans l’hémisphère sud, les saisons sont inversées par rapport à l’hémisphère nord. Lors des équinoxes, la durée du jour est égale à celle de la nuit. Lors des solstices, l’inégalité de durée entre le jour et la nuit est maximale, la plus courte nuit se situant, dans l’hémisphère nord, au solstice d’été et la plus longue au solstice d’hiver. Figure 2 : La course annuelle du Soleil Figure 3 : Les signes du zodiaque La figure 2 montre la position respective du Soleil, de la Terre tournant autour de lui, et des constellations du zodiaque qui paraissent situées sur une sorte de bande entourant le système solaire. En regardant chaque jour, depuis la Terre, en direction du Soleil levant, il semble que ce dernier se projette successivement, de jour en jour, sur chacun des douze “signes” qui découpent arbitrairement le zodiaque, le tour complet du zodiaque étant effectué en un an. Les anciens parlaient donc de la course annuelle du Soleil dans le zodiaque, comme si la Terre était au centre du monde et que le Soleil se déplaçait annuellement devant la sphère des étoiles fixes dont le zodiaque faisait partie. C’est ce qu’illustre la figure 3. La Terre n’a pas une rotation régulière et son axe polaire se déplace lentement selon un cercle qui n’est pas exactement fermé. Ainsi, il y a 4000 ans, l’étoile Figure 4 : La nutation polaire était une étoile de la constellation du Dragon. Ce mouvement est appelé la nutation. Un autre mouvement, appelé précession des équinoxes a une conséquence plus importante encore : au fil des ans, par rapport à un même moment de l’année (l’équinoxe du printemps est généralement pris comme point de repère), l’ensemble du zodiaque semble se déplacer, faisant ainsi un tour complet en près de 26.000 ans. C’est ainsi que, selon les époques, l’équinoxe du printemps se situa successivement dans le Taureau, puis le Bélier, puis les Poissons et, enfin, actuellement, le Verseau AVANT-PROPOS Nous vivons dans une société profondément marquée par trois grandes religions monothéistes (les religions juives, chrétiennes et islamiques) qui, toutes, plongent leurs racines dans des textes réputés sacrés qui désignent Abraham comme un des plus anciens patriarches de l'humanité. Au sein de cette société, une écrasante majorité de gens -y compris des incroyants ou des non pratiquants- considèrent que la vie de Jésus telle qu'elle est racontée dans les Evangiles, fait partie des vérités historiques. Néanmoins, ceux qui pensent cela gardent leur libre-arbitre pour voir en Jésus soit un simple agitateur politique, soit un prophète, soit le Fils de Dieu. Il existe fort heureusement une minorité de curieux qui, à l'inverse de la majorité, préfèrent s'informer et réfléchir pour trouver des réponses et juger sur des questions importantes telles que celles-ci : d'où viennent les textes qui composent la Bible ? Sont-ils marqués, indiscutablement, du sceau de l'inspiration divine ou ne sont-ils qu'une création humaine ? Sont-ils exempts de remaniements ? Pourquoi les juifs n'en acceptent-ils qu'une partie ? Les événements qu'ils racontent se sont-ils réellement produits ? Existe-t-il des preuves de la résurrection de Jésus ? Des preuves de sa vie sur Terre ? Est-il raisonnable d'attendre encore son retour ? Dans une société telle que la nôtre, où l'information est reine, où l'on a consacré à chaque idée, chaque thème, chaque sujet, soit une encyclopédie ou un guide, soit un documentaire ; il serait logique de penser qu'il doit bien exister quelque part quelque chose donnant des réponses claires, précises et documentées aux questions ci-dessus. Eh bien non, un tel travail de vulgarisation de l'ensemble des connaissances sur ces sujets, réalisé par des spécialistes, n'existe pas, sous quelque forme que ce soit. Ou plutôt, il n'existe sur ces sujets qu'une multitude de livres pointus peu accessibles à un large public et nombre d'ouvrages plus ou moins sensationnels dans lesquels leurs auteurs défendent leurs propres thèses. Bart Ehman est professeur à la North Carolina University. Chaque année, des quantités d'étudiants se présentent à son cours en pensant, comme la plupart des américains, que la Bible est un ouvrage qui fut inspiré par Dieu et que ce qui s'y trouve est fondamentalement vrai. Or, après quelques semaines seulement, ces étudiants sont tous persuadés du contraire. Ayant réalisé que beaucoup d'américains pourraient ne pas pouvoir imaginer un seul instant qu'une chose pareille soit possible, le professeur Ehman a écrit plusieurs livres dans lesquels il a mis ses cours à la portée de l'homme de la rue. C'est à mon sens une initiative heureuse à laquelle j'applaudis tout en regrettant qu'elle ne fasse pas -1- vraiment école parmi les confrères de ce spécialiste. (1) Il y a des gens chez qui tout ce qui se rapporte à la religion produit une véritable exaspération et un fort sentiment de rejet. A ceux-là tout est bon pour moquer ou dénigrer des choses qu'ils ne veulent même pas se donner la peine d'examiner de près. A l'inverse de ces gens, voilà aujourd'hui près de quarante ans qu'animé d'une curiosité passionnée, j'ai commencé à éplucher systématiquement des livres et des articles érudits consacrés aux origines du christianisme. Le temps passant, mon attitude vis-à-vis des chrétiens sincères s'est chargée d'empathie, ma façon de voir les choses rejoignant assez précisément celle d'Henri Loriaux lorsqu'il se plut à définir l'Eglise chrétienne : "Une société de braves gens qui croient à la divinité de Jésus sur la foi de copies altérées, de manuscrits perdus, rédigés on ne sait où ni quand, par des auteurs inconnus qui se contredisent et qui n'ont pas été témoins de ce qu'ils racontent." (2) Le moment vint où, croyant devoir répondre à des demandes qui m'étaient faites, je finis par rédiger un ouvrage dans lequel je m'efforçai d'apporter un maximum d'informations et de pistes de réflexions à tous ceux qui se sentiraient assez concernés pour le lire attentivement et en faire, peut-être, une base de travail ou de réflexions. C'est une version mise à jour et augmentée de cet ouvrage que j'offre ici à mes lecteurs. La critique historique n'étant pas une science exacte et le sujet étant aussi ardu que complexe, de nombreuses incertitudes historiques persistent. Plutôt que de défendre une thèse en excluant de parler des autres, j'ai essayé chaque fois de signaler les différentes idées qui peuvent être raisonnablement défendues tout en sachant qu'il est impossible de tout dire sur un sujet aussi vaste et en un volume raisonnable. On me reprochera peut-être de ne pas être un historien professionnel des religions. Je tiens à répondre par avance à cette critique en disant que je n’ai nullement l’ambition de me substituer à ces derniers.
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