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The Construction of Meaning in Robert Frost's Poem “Fire and Ice” Hendra English Education Study Program Ibn Khaldun Univ

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The Construction of Meaning in Robert Frost's Poem “Fire and Ice” Hendra English Education Study Program Ibn Khaldun Univ The Construction of Meaning in Robert Frost’s Poem “Fire and Ice” Hendra English Education Study Program Ibn Khaldun University of Bogor Abstract Reading is actually a process that involves communication. Particularly when reading a literary text such as poem, readers might go in through similar process, as the other readers subconsciously experience, to construct meaning, so that they will arrive in their interpretation about the poem being read. A poem writtern by Robert Lee Frost entitled “Fire and Ice” has been chosen to be the object of the research and three people coming from different background was appointed purposively to be the participants of the research. They were asked to make their own interpretation about the poem. Their activities when reading the poem itself were observed as well and finally thew were interviewed. It is then found that they could only deal with the stages of coherence and background knowledge. Keywords: Meaning construction, Robert Frost, Poem INTRODUCTION construction and (re)construction in Interaction does not only occur readers’ mind and yet, the construction of between people but also in a reading meaning in readers’ mind will be process; between text and readers, determined by readers’ experience, between the readers and their own mind. expectation, and previous knowledge This statement is supported by Ibsen (Thomas, 1995). Meanwhile, Yule (1995) in which he states that reading is a (2000) elucidates that such process is two-way process where there is a derived from the analysis of coherence, dialogue and a process of constructing background knowledge, cultural and interacting meaning between the schemata and cross-cultural pragmatics. readers and the text. Thus, a piece of a Thus, readers discover meaning through literary text, such as poem, will not exist the process of articulation and exploring until it is read. their thought. The statement above indicates Based on the explanation above, that when doing reading, readers are this study will be focused on supposed to interact with the text; giving investigating the process how readers responses to what they read, understand, could construct or reconstruct the and feel. In this case, it is assumed that in meaning when they interact with a poem the process of reading, meaning is entitled ‘Fire and Ice’. It was written by negotiated and created by reader Robert Lee Frost, one of America’s contextually (Thomas, 1995). Therefore leading 20th-century poets and a four- it is negotiable in nature. As this time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. It will phenomenon is real, it is then convinced also observe some interpretation that that when people read a piece of literary could probably present within the text, in this case poem, several different readers’ mind when dealing with this meanings and interpretation will come up piece of literary text. The analysis is and be grasped by their minds. executed based on the theory proposed The interpretation of a poem by Yule, namely coherence and deals with the process of meaning background knowledge. 1 This study is primarily aimed at Data collection methods obtaining detail description of how This study used descriptive readers may construct and interpret the qualitative method. It was found to be meaning of a Robert Lee Frost’s poem proper using such method as the problem entitled ‘Fire and Ice’. Besides that, this observed here was closely related to intends to obtain the participants’ inter- social phenomenon regarding to human’s subjective outcomes towards the poem as behavior. Guba and Lincoln (cited in well. Alwasilah, 2009) additionally state that To limit the scope of the study, through benefiting the existence of the research is only focused on observing qualitative approach -- which was the way of how meaning is derived by discovered to be more suitable -- into our readers when they are in the process of research, we could really feel the essence reading the poem. Thus interpretation of the typicality of natural setting that may come up. As the result, this study mostly appeared when employing the would be able to produce a new piece of research, knowledge that could help people to get a To gain the data, three types of much better comprehension when research instrument were applied, namely dealing with literary texts, especially questionnaire, interview and observation. poem. Questionnaire functions to gain data on As it is a good idea to imitate or the distribution of various behavior or at least consider the way of how characteristics appearing in natural successful readers rehearse themselves to setting. Interview was implemented as an understand literary texts, particularly instrument to get in-depth information on poem, this research result is expected to the problems being observed. be able to give enlightenment to other Observation was done to facilitate the readers who feel highly interested in researcher in acquiring tacit developing their skill in interpreting understanding. These three instruments poem. They are then on the right track were carried out to assist the researcher into a success. Therefore this study is obtain detail and complete information really crucial to implement. about the problems being observed. So that it would be valid and reliable. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Data analysis methods Participants The researcher first analyzed the Participants of this research result from the questionnaire that he comprised three people who possessed distributed to his research participants. different background knowledge on the This was aimed to get a general overview topic being observed. They were: of the topic and problem that he was a. A works as an English teacher at interested in observing. Afterwards, he a senior high school in Bandung would be able to formulate questions that b. B works as a linguist were going to be addressed to his c. C works as a poem lover participants on the interview section. As The three of them were chosen the questionnaire was designed in the purposively to get involved as the closed-question format, he then found it participants of the research. They, necessary to have an interview. however, were categorized as the persons Through the interview, the who had, for sure, an ability in getting researcher was able to paraphrase the their logic interpretation on the poem questions that could not be observed and sharing the idea on how comprehensible enough to several they could attain such interpretation. participants. Moreover the researcher 2 would possess an opportunity to raise from the mouth of the speaker follow-up questions. Having finished and towards a theory of with the interview, the researcher tried to pragmatics in which the hearer is prove whether or not the participants told seen as playing at least some part honest answer when being interviewed. in assigning pragmatic value to This could be done by doing an the speaker’s words. observation. The conclusion of the study 4. Preparing the Ground for a came up after the researcher noticed that Speech Act the recurring patterns happened. After all To prepare the ground of speech of the three instruments were carried out, act, speakers often build up the results were then analyzed. particular utterance in particular The interpretation from each situation. participant on the poem was also asked. For example: This was then synthesized and there A: Are you going to be in on would appear the conclusion of what the Monday poem was all about. B: Why? A: I need someone to look at our CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK entry in the UCAS Handbook? The Construction of Meaning B: I’ll be in for a couple of hours When talking about how a person first thing could attain a meaning –not only when A: Will you be able to check it referring to oral language, but also to the for me then? written one—he will go in through the B: O.K process which is extremely complex to 5. Successive utterances in situated define. Thomas (1995) states that there discourse presents seven concepts in line with the Interpretation of utterances is process of meaning construction: influenced by the force the hearer 1. Pragmatic Ambivalence has assigned to earlier utterances. This conception becomes Pragmatic force of successive particularly fundamental in taking utterances can have cumulative forward the view of pragmatics as effect, for example: ‘meaning in interaction’ in which A: So you’re sure you’ll be all both speaker and hearer possess right? their own part to play. By using B: What?? an ambivalent utterance instead A: I said you’re sure you’ll be all of making a direct request, the right? speaker reduces the risk of a B: Will you get me my bed confrontation or of receiving an jacket? embarrasing refusal. 6. Discoursal Ambivalence 2. The Collaborative Nature of It deals with discoursal function. Speech Acts Example: The collaboration of the hearer is A1: Are you going to be in on necessary in order for the speech Monday act to succeed. In fact it is found B1: Why? that almost all speech acts are A2: I need someone to look at our collaborative, at least to a degree. entry in the UCAS Handbook? 3. The Negotiability of Force B2: I’ll be in for a couple of It is a reason for moving away hours first thing from the view that illocutionary A3: Will you be able to check it force comes neatly packaged for me then? 3 B3: O.K Derry, New Hampshire (purchased for 7. Dynamic Pragmatics him by his paternal grandfather), and Meaning is an active procedure. supplemented his income by teaching at Meaning is not given but is Derry's Pinkerton Academy. constructed by the hearer. When hearer cannot ask for more In 1912, at the age of 38, he sold contexts, they will often construct the farm and used the proceeds to take a context and from that derive his family to England, where he could meaning for an ambiguous word devote himself entirely to writing.
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