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S.No. Plant Name Family Local Name Distributio Edible General Description Source n

1 Abroma Sterculiacea Kumal , Seeds edible. Shrubby or small tree, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez augusta Linn.f. e Arunachal up to 2.5 m, with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Pradesh fibrous bark and irritant Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, upto an hairs. Delhi, . altitudes of India Biodiversity Portal: 300-1100 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s m. how/228547 2 Abrus Ericaceae Ratti, Gunchi Throughout are Perennial climber, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez precatorius India upto eaten. twining, woody ; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. an altitude leaves even-pinnate; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of 1050 m. flowers reddish or Delhi, India. white; seeds bright India Biodiversity Portal: scarlet with a black spot https://indiabiodiversity.org/specie/s on the hilum. how/32002 3 Acacia Fabaceae Shikekai, Western The acidulous Climbers, scandent R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez concinna Kochi, Ritha Himalaya in leaves are used , or small trees; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Willd.) DC. Jaunsar and to made leaves compound, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Dehradun; chutney; also a branched twice, leaflets Delhi, India. Eastern substitute for 5-14 pairs on each Flora of china: Himalaya in tarmarind. branch; flowers small, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Bengal, yellow; pod fleshy px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242300199 Assam upto soapy, 6-10 seeds. an altitude of 750 m. 4 Acacia Fabaceae Safed babul, Sub- Tender pods Deciduous tree upto R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez leucophloea Annj Haimalayan and seeds 24m; leaves bipinnate, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) Willd. tract; eaten, pods alternate, stipulate; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Shiwalik pickled; grey stipular spines in pairs; Delhi, India. Hills of bark ground bark yellow to India Biodiversity Portal: Punjab; with flour of yellowish-brown, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s plains of U. Bajra or Pearl leaves compound; how/30997 P. millet and flowers small; pod Upto1000 eaten. ligulate; 8-20 seeded. m; central and South India. 5 Acer Aceraceae Kabashi Nothern W. Tree yields a Deciduous trees, 5–15 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez paillioKing Bengal; sweet m high; monoecious; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the comman in yields sugar. branchlets brown, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Sikkim at glabrous; petioles red, Delhi, India. an altitudes 5–12 cm, glabrous; Flora of Nepal: of 3000- leaves 5-lobed; http://www.floraofnepal.org/onlinefl 3750 m. inflorescence racemose; ora?wildcard_label=Acer+papilio&w flower white, green or ildcard=19822 red. 6 Acitinidia Dilleniaceae Tuksing-rik Sikkim and is edible Shrubby climber with R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez strigosa Northern stiff hairs on branchlets (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f.& W. Bengal and leaves; leaves Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Thoms. at altitudes oblong,beaked; llowers Delhi, India. of 1800- white or light pink; fruit India Biodiversity Portal: 2850m; egg-shaped, 3cm(1.2in.) https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s common in long, mucilaginous. how/281262 Darjeeling. 7 Actinidia Dilleniaceae Khasi-Mei- Himalayas Ripe fruit Shrubby climber; leaves R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez callosaLindl. soh-khan, from eaten. 10-15cm (4-6in.)long, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Mei-jaior Gharwal to elliptic; flowers Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Bhutan, whitish, borne in Delhi, India. futher to clusters; fruit egg India Biodiversity Portal: Assam upto like,upto 3.7cm https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s an altitude (1.5in.)long. how/249370 of 2400 m; Outer hills of Kumaon, Mikir Hills.

8 Agapetes Ericaceae Keembooten Nepal, N. Fruit is edible. Epiphytic shrub R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez serpens Bengal, anchored on trees or on (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Wight) Sikkim, rocks; leaves egg- Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Sleumer Bhutan, shaped; flower Delhi, India. Aka Hills at drooping, tubular; fruit Flora of China: altitudes of , roundish; many http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 900-2400 seeded. px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016226 m. 9 Aglaia edulis Meliaceae Mumai- Sikkim and Fleshy portion Trees 5-9 m tall; bark R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez (Roxb.)A. leteku, Gulli Assam upto around the rufous; young branches (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Gray an altitudes seed is eaten. pale brown, glabrous, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of 900 m. with inconspicuous Delhi, India. lenticels India Biodiversity Portal : https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s how/261678 Flora of china : http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250084141 10 Aglaia Meliaceae Priyangu Garo Hills The pulp of the Tree upto 10 m R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez roxburghiana of Assam, fruit is edible. (35ft.)hieght; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Wight & also in N. with 3-7 leaflets, fruit Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Arn.) Miq Sircars, roundish, one seeded. Delhi, India. Deccan and W. Ghats 11 Albizzia Mimosacea Black siris, Tropical Leaves are said Deciduous trees; to 30 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, odoratissima e Kala siris to be eaten. m high; bark 10-15 mm 'Edible wild plant resources of Benth. Throughout thick, irregularly Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Indian cracked; blaze reddish- of Himachal Pradesh, India', Subtropics pink; branchlets International Journal of Botany upto 600 – blackish to brown, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. 1000 m; terete, 2-6 mm thick; India Biodiversity Portal: Bilaspur, leaves bipinnate, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Chamba alternate, stipulate; how/245365 (Dalhousie), flowers bisexual, white, Hamripur, in globose heads Sirmaur forming terminal (Nahan, panicles; peduncle, Rajgarh), slender, puberulous; Solan fruit a pod 15-20 x 2.5- (Kunihar), 3.7 cm; seeds 6-12, Una. oblong. 12 Alisma Alismatacea Water Bihar, West and Tubers 1-3.5 cm in Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, Plantago- e plantain, Bengal, Rhizome diam.; aerial leaves 'Edible wild plant resources of aquatica Linn. Mad-dog Himalaya edible. with petiole 1.5-30 cm; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts weed from blade broadly of Himachal Pradesh, India', Kashmir to lanceolate; flowers International Journal of Botany Manipur white or purplish white, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Chamba, borne in panicles 15-50 Flora of China: Hamripur, cm, in 3-8 whorls of 3-9 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Kangra , branches; Achenes px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220000430 Kinnaur , elliptic or suboblong. Mandi , Shimla upto altitudes of 500–1500 m. 13 Allium Amaryllidac Dum Himalayas Young leaves A herb, bulb usually R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez blandum Wan. eae from eaten; they are solitary, rarely paired, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir to considered narrowly ovoid, 1.5-2 Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Nepal and very hot. cm in diam.; tunic Delhi, India. W. Tibet at brown, coriaceous, Flora of China: altitudes of usually entire; leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 2550-5100 flat with rounded tip; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=240001011 m. flower pale pink 14 Allium cepa Liliaceae Pyaz Found Edible as Bulb solitary or Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, Linn. throughout vegetable clustered, applanate- 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild India. globose to cylindric- Plants of District Solan , Himachal ovoid; tunic purple-red, Pradesh, India', International Journal brown-red, pale brown- of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- red, or yellow to pale 95. yellow; leaves shorter Flora of China: than scape, 0.5-2 cm http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as wide, terete, fistulose; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027457 scape developed or not; India Biodiersity Portal: umbel globose, many https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s flowered or with how/228645 bulblets and a few flowers; pedicels equal, about 5 × as long as perianth, bracteolate. 15 Allium Amaryllidac W. Tibet at Plant is eaten A herb with a bunch of R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez jacquemontti eae altitudes of cylindrical bulbs; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Regel 3600-4200 keaves 4-6 in. long; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, m; Rakastal flowers purple, in a Delhi, India. and Guge round bunch; fruit is (Kumaon) roundish capsule. at altitudes of 4500- 4950 m.

16 Allium pratti Amaryllidac Nepal, Leaves are A herb with R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez C.H. Wright eae Sikkim, used for underground cylindrical (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Bhutan, seasoning bulb; leaves 2, rarely 3; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, S.E. Tibet, curries. flowers red or pale Delhi, India. frequently pink; fruit heart-shaped. at altitudes of 2400- 4500 m. 17 Allium Amaryllidac Bhutan at Leaves eaten Strong smelling herb R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez rhabdotum eae altitudes of 80-125 cm(2.5-4.1 in.) (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Stearn 3600-4200 high with onion like but Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, m, near long bulb; leaves 2-4 Delhi, India. streams, on tubular; flowers white open grassy with consipicuous dark hillsides, nerves; capsule among containing black seeds. dwarf rhododendr on and junipers. 18 Allium Amaryllidac Barani -piaz, Punjab and The onion like Herb, egg-shaped onion R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez rubellum M. eae Jangli-piaz W. bulb eaten raw like bulb1-2 cm in (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Bieb. Himalayas or cooked diam; leaves tape like, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, from half round or flattish; Delhi, India. Kashmir to flowers rosy-pink, in a Kumaon bunch upto an altitude of 3600 m

19 Allium Amaryllidac Farn Found in The dried Bulb cylindrical to Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, thomsonii Bar. eae Himalayas; leaves are used ovoid, outer coats distribution and utilization pattern of Throughout as coriaceous, dull brown, some food (wild edible) India upto a condiment in inner membranous; from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of altitudes of curries and scapes 15 to 50 cm tall, Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, 2800-3500 pickles base covered with leaf India', International Journal of m. bases; leaves 5-6, Advances in Science broadly linear to and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. lanceolate; Flora of Pakistan: inflorescence umbel, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as many flowered, 1.5-3 px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200027456 cm across; capsules more or less globose; seeds elliptic, about 3.5 mm long. 20 Allium Amaryllidac Oriental W. Eaten locally Foetid herb growing in R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez tuberosum eae Garlic, Himalayas, as leeks, all the clusters, selender (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Rottl. ex Spr. Bunga- Nepal at parts of the underground bulbs; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, ghundeena altitudes of plant eaten raw leaves 4 or 5, ribbon Delhi, India. 2350-3900 including like; flowers star-like, India Biodiversity Portal: m; in Khasi flowers as white or pink; fruit is https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hills at salad. heart shaped capsule. how/228692 altitudes of 1500-1800 m. 21 Allium Amaryllidac Farn Found upto The dried Bulb cylindrical, 4-6 Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, victorialis eae altitudes of leaves are used cm long; coat reticulate distribution and utilization pattern of Linn. 2500-3300 as fibrous; leaves 3-6, some forestry food (wild edible) m. a condiment in petiolate, broadly from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of curries and lanceolate to oval; Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, pickles flowers white or India', International Journal of yellow-white, pedicels Advances in Science Engineering 1-2 cm long; seeds and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. almost spherical. Flora of Pakistan: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200027546 22 Allium Amaryllidac Jimbur, Temperate The dried Herb clustery, garlic R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez wallichii eae Gobka. Himalayas leaves are used smelling, slightly (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kunth from Tehri- as thickened base; leaves Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Garhwal a condiment in strap or sword-shaped; Delhi, India. and curries and flowers star- India Biodiversity Portal: Kumaon to pickles. shaped,purple or deep https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Sikkim and violet; fruit black, top- how/228691 Thakur, SD., 2017, Bhutan at shaped. 'Diversity, distribution and utilization altitudes of pattern of some forestry food (wild 2340-3900 edible) from Tirthan Wildlife m. Sanctury of Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, India', International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. 23 Allophyllus Sapindaceae Arhik- bouna Assam, also Ripe fruit is Shrub, 0.9-4.5 m (3-15 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez radlkoferi in Orissa, S. eaten. in.) high; sometimes (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the . nom . India and climbing; leaves with 3 Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, nov. Andemans. leaflets at the tip of Delhi, India. long stalk; flowerrs white or yellowish; fuit round and shiny. 24 Alphonsea Annonaceae Noga-kola, Assam Hills Aromatic pulp Evergreen tree with a R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez ventricosa Pakna-kala and also in of the ripe short conical crown, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f.& Andemans. fruit is eaten. about 20-30 m tall and Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Thoms. girth of about 1.5-2 m; Delhi, India. bark dark brown, India Biodiversity Portal: fibrous, branchlets, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s tomentose when young, how/268010 brackish and glabrous when mature. 25 Althaea Malvaceae Guj-khairo, Himalayas Tender leaves Perennial downy herb R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez officinalis Khutmi. in Kashmir are used as a 60-90 m high; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. and Punjab. green egg-like, simple, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, vegetable unequally toothed; Delhi, India. flowers rosy, stalked; India Biodersity Portal: capsule roundish. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s how/246460 26 Amaranthus Amaranthac Chaulai, Throughout Tender leaves Annual herb, erect, up Singh, J., Rajasekaran, A., Negi, caudatus Linn. eae Damkhon. India upto are eaten fried to about 1.5 m in AK., Nazir AP., 2014, 'Wild altitudes of as vegetable. height, commonly vegetable plants used by trible 500-900 m. reddish or purplish people of Kinnaur District, throughout; stem rather Himachal Pradesh, India', stout, not or sparingly International journal of forest branched, glabrous; usufructs Management, 15 (2), 47- leaves ovate to 56. Flora of rhomboid-ovate or Pakistan: ovate elliptic; flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as in axillary and terminal px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006980 spikes formed of India Biodiversity Portal: increasingly https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s approximated cymose how/32919?pos= clusters, 27 Amaranthus Amaranthac Sariyara/ upto Seeds are used Annual herbs, about 30- Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, hybridus Linn. eae Sarakh altitudes as a cereal 200 cm tall, erect; distribution and utilization pattern of 2100-2500 substitute and branches many; leaves some forestry food (wild edible) m. is usually ovate or ovate-rhombic; from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of ground into a inflorescences in Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, flour for use in terminal complex India', International Journal of roti; tea is thyrsoid structures, Advances in Science Engineering made from the slender, drooping at and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. leaves. apex and in spikes; India Biodiversity Portal: seeds about 0.1 cm in https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s diam., black, how/259765 subglobose. 28 Amaranthus Amaranthac Chulai-ka- Common Tender shoots An annual herb, 10-20 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez polygamus eae sag weed in and leaves are cm long branches (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. gardens and commonly mostly horizontal on Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, other eaten as green ground; leaves 7-18 Delhi, India. cultivated vegetable mm long; flowers places (sag). minute, green; grain throughout minute, single black India. seed. 29 Amaranthus Amaranthac Kanta-chulai Native of Leaves and Erect glabrous herbs, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez spinosus eae America; tender stems profusely branched; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Willd. found are cooked and branches grooved; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, frequently eaten. Mature spines divaricate, sharp, Delhi, India. in sub- stem peeled to 1.2 cm long. Leaves, India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayan and cut into ovate or elliptic- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s tract and small pieces lanceolate, base how/32937 plains of and cooked as attenuate, apex obtuse India. vegetable or subacute; petiole to 4 especially with cm long. Flowers in small fishes. terminal panicled spikes or in axillary, sessile clusters. Bracts and bracteoles minute, ovate-lanceolate.Ovary 1-celled; ovules solitary; stigmas 2-3. Seeds minute, discoid.

30 Ampelocisssus Vitaceae Pani bel, Sub- are Hollow stemmed R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez latifolia Jungle Himalayan eaten; climber; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) angoor tract from drinkable roundish; flowers smaal Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Planch. Satluj water is reddish brown; fruit Delhi, India. Eastwords; obtained from elipsoid, two seeded India biodiersity Portal: Khasi and the stem. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Mikir Hills how/252034 upto an altitude of 1200 m 31 Ampelocissus Vitaceae Mikrum - rik, Khasi Hills The fruits are Climber, stout hollow R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez barbata (wall.) Jarila -lahara of Assam palatable. branches,sticky hairs on (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Planch and in young parts; leaves Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Sikkim at heart shaped; sessile Delhi, India. altitude of flowers, paniculate India Biodiversity Portal 1200 m. cyme inflorescence , https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s long forked tendril; how/252045 fruits eliptic. 32 Ampelocissus Vitaceae Assoujia, Outer The sub acid A climber often trailing R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez rugosa (Wall.) Chhipari Himalayas ripe fruit is in the ground, up to3m (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Planch. upto an edible. It has a (10 ft.) long, grooved Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, altitude of flavour rusty branches, stout Delhi, India. 2100 m; somewhat tendril on the flower Khasi Hills between a bunches; leaves of Assam black currant roundish. upto an and a grape. altitude of 1200-1800 m. 33 Anemone Ranunculac Narcissus Kashmir at Tender leaves Perennial herb, erect, R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez narcissiflora eae an elevation used as cress, up to 30 cm high, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. of about soured or leaves densly hairs, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, 2100 m. cooked in fats with white flowers. Delhi, India. Flora of china: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=2 34 Angiopteris Marattiacea Pustangabh Throughout Rhizome is Fern, thick but short R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez evecta (Forst.) e India upto ground in flour stemupto 60cm high; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hoffm. an altitude and eaten, pith leaves twice branched, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of 2100 m., edible leaflet ribbon-like; Delhi, India. often spore bearing bag; sori Flora of China: common in marginal to ca. 1 mm http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as ravines. from margin, ca. 2 mm, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242303401 with 8-10 sporangia. India Biodiversity Portal: https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s how/258397 35 Anthocephalus Rubiaceae Wild Sub- Flowers are Deciduous tree upto 25 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, indicus A. cinchona, Himalayan eaten; fruits m high; bark grey, 'Edible wild plant resources of Rich Kadamba tract from also edible. scaly; branchlets Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Nepal, horizontal, young of Himachal Pradesh, India', eastward to quadrangular, glabrous; International Journal of Botany Burma leaves sipmle, elliptic Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. South India or elliptic-oblong; India Biodiversity Portal: to Andhra inflorescence terminal, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Pradesh, globose head; flowers how/16149 Western sessile, yellow; capsule Ghats arranged in globose Bilaspur(De heads, each with 2- oli Lake), folicular cocci; seeds Mandi upto many, angular. an altitude of 1600 m.

36 Antidesma Euphorbiac Pani-heloch Valleys of Ripe fruit A shrub upto 9 m high, R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez acuminatum eae W. Bengal edible. pubescent branchlets; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. and Sikkim leaves are bifarious, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, upto an elliptic-lanceolate, Delhi, India. altitude of caudate- acuminate; India Biodiverstiy Portal: about 900 male & female flowers https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s m. Found in are in panicles but how/282550 Assam in female one is distinctly Khasi and larger; fruit small, red Jantia Hills when ripe, ultimately upto 1200 blackish, ellipsoid- m. acuminate. 37 Antidesma Euphorbiac Himalcheri, Sub- Fruits are juicy R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez bunis (Linn.) eae Bor-heloch Himalayan and are eaten; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Spreng. tract from leaves cooked Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Nepal as vegetable. Trees up to 5 m tall; Delhi, India. outwards young branchlets terete, India Biodiversity Portal: upto 900 m; slightly pubescent; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s lower Hills leaves glossy green, how/7533 of W. variable in shape; Flora of China: Bengal, in flowers green borne on http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as NEFA and floral branches; fruits px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012538 Assam, also stalked, ellipsoid, red found in turning black when Nagpur. fully ripe. 38 Antidesma Euphorbiac Aamari, Outer Leaves and Deciduous shrub upto 6 R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez diandrum eae Soru-heloch ranges of fruit edible. m high; spreading (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) Roth Himalayas branches, young parts Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, from rusty pubescant; leaves Delhi, India. Gharwal oblong to lanceolate, Flora of China: and glabrous, shining above http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Kumaon, and turn deep red px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242303556 eastward to before falling; flowers India Biodersity Portal: Assam and are minute, greenish https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Manipur; yellow Fruit small, how/246041 lower Hills smooth, purple and of W. become purple red Bengal upto when ripe, ovoid, acute an altitude of 900 m. 39 Antidesma Euphorbiac Umtao, Outer sub- Fruits, leaves Deciduous tree or R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez ghaesembilla eae Heloch Himalayan edible. shrub; rusty tomentose (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Gaertn. tract from young shoots; leaves Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Sutlej to ovate, oblong, broadly Delhi, India. Bhutan upto elliptic, rouded, India Biodiversity Portal: an altitude acuminate, generally https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of 900 m.; dark green, entire, how/246040 W. Bengal coriaceous; flowers and in minute in densely Assam.. pubescent terminal and axillary much branched spikes; fruit is drupe, sub-globose, red, purplish black when ripe. 40 Antidesma Euphorbiac Kotia Heloch NEFA and Fruits edible Shrub, greyish-white R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez khasianum eae ,dieng-soh- Assam upto branchlets,sparsely (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f. syllih an altitude pubescent young Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of 1410 m. shoots; leaves 2-6 inch, Delhi, India. long; male raceme India Biodiversity Portal: slender, female stouter; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s fruit sub-globose or how/246042 ellipsoid, seed stone strongly reticulated. 41 Aphania rubra Sapindaceae Bon-gadhi, W. Bengal, Ripe fruit Shrub up to 12ft. in R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez (Roxb.) Radlk. Sirhootungch Sikkim, edible. height, branches (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the ir Bhutan, verrucose, vertical Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Assam upto fissure; leaves Delhi, India. an altitude compound; flowers are India Biodiversity Portal: of 900 m. small, brick red; fruit is https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s less than an inch long, how/282527 lobbed, red while ripening, purple and soft when fully ripe. 42 Aponogeton Aponogetona Ruffled Tirhut and Rootstock Aquatic herb; tuberous R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez crispus Thunb. ceae Sword Plant N. Bengal edible. strachy rootstock, 7-13 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the in ponds; mm thick; leaves Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Distributed submerged; flowers Delhi, India. in plains in white, testa. India Biodiversity Portal: many other https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s pars of how/226613 India. 43 Aponogeton Aponogeton Floating lace N. Bengal Rootstock Aquatic herb; tubers R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez natans aceae Plant, in shallow edible. upto 2 cm across, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.)Engl. & Ghechu, ponds with oblong, sometimes Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Kr. jechu standing globose; leaves usually Delhi, India. water. floating and rarely India Biodiversity Portal: submerged; densely https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s flowered; fruit 3 x 2 how/228763 mm, smooth, beaked. Seeds c. 8, 1.5 -2 mm long, terete; testa double; outer one winged. 44 Aporosa dioica Euphorbiac Bara-heloch. Eastern Fruits edible. Evergreen bushy tree, R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez (Roxb.) Muell. eae lower 9-12 m highTrees to 9 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himalayas m tall, usually shrubby Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, and sub- in secondary forest, 2 m Delhi, India. Himalayan tall; branchlets Flora of China: tract from hirtellous to glabrous; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as W. Bendal Leaves 6.2- 16.2 cm px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242445018 eastwards to long, dark green; Assam upto stipules ovate- an altitude lanceolate, 4-6 mm; of 900 m. petiole 5-12 mm; flower small; fruits egg- shaped with beak; seeds enclosedin a reddish fleshy coat. 45 Arabis Brassicacea Bhaji Found in Tender shoots Suberect or erect Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, amplexicaulis e Himalayan of this plant is biennial or short lived distribution and utilization pattern of Edgew. subtropical used as perennial herbs, slightly some forestry food (wild edible) to temperate vegetable. to densely pubescent from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of forests, about 20-65 cm tall; Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, altitude trichomes stellate about India', International Journal of 1800-3200 1.5 mm long, 2-4 Advances in Science Engineering m; forked; stem simple, and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. Himachal erect; basal leaves in India Biodiversity Portal: Pradesh, rosette, ovate-oblong, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Jammu & oblanceolate; how/259643?pos= Kashmir, inflorescence racemes, Uttar terminal, 15-25 Pradesh, flowered; flowers Uttarakhand bisexual, white, pale . lilac; fruit siliqua, dehiscent, seeds uniseriate, not winged. 46 Ardisia Myrsinacea Thengpi- Central and Ripe fruit Shrub upto 3 m high, R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez floribunda e chorleng, Eastern edible. erect branchlets; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. Bhaujawa Himalayas lanceolate; flowers Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, from pink; fruit fleshy, Delhi, India. Gharwal to roundish with a single Bhutan and seed. Assam upto an altitude of 1500 m.; found in Kumaon, Northern districts of W. Bengal . 47 Ardisia Myrsinacea Dieng-sohpi- Khasi Hills Flowers are Shrub upto 2.4 m R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez griffithii C.B. e kenneng. upto an cooked and high;erect branchlets; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Clarke altitude of eaten. leaves lanceolate; fruit Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, 1350 m. roundish. Delhi, India. 48 Ardisia Myrsinacea Himalayan Nepal, N. Fruits edible. Perennial shrub, 0.3-1.2 R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez macrocarpa e Coralberry, Bengal, m high, single (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. Denyok. Sikkim, stemmed; Leaves 4-5 Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Bhutan at by 1/4 in., acute at both Delhi, India. an altitude ends, glabrous, India Biodiversity Portal: of 900-2400 membranous; calyx- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s m. lobes 1/8-1/6 in.; petals how/228811 exceeding 1/4 in. ; 1/2-1/3 in. wide, globose depressed, bright red, dotted, not vertically striated. 49 Ardisia Myrsinacea N. Kachar, Fruits edible, Shrub with reddish R L. Badhwar, R.R. Fernandez polycephala e Khasi and leaves gum; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. ex DC. Jantia Hills consumed as membranous; flowers Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of Assam; vegetable. pink, waxy; fruit Delhi, India. in Naga roundish. Hills and in Manipur. 50 Arenaria Caryophylla Kakua,candia W. The plant is Annual selender herb R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez holosteoides ceae l,Chiki Himalayas used as a 60-90 cm (2-3 ft.) high, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Edgew. from vegetable in with repeatidly forked Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Ladakh to Chamba and branches; leaves Delhi, India. Kumaon at Ladakh lanceolate; flowers Flora Of Pakistan : altitudes of white; seed 2 mm in http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 2100-3600 diameter px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200007043 m. 51 Argemone Papaveracea Bharband Throughout Leaves are said Erect herbs, to 70 cm, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, mexicana e India upto to be edible. spiny, sap yellow; 'Edible wild plant resources of Linn. an altitude leaves alternate, 12-30 Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts of 1500 m. × 4-10 cm, dissected; of Himachal Pradesh, India', margins spiny, midrib International Journal of Botany thick; flowers terminal, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. solitary, 4.5 cm across, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s yellow; capsule 4 × 2 how/32953 cm, oblong, spiny; seeds rugose. 52 Arundo donax Poaceae Great reed, Lower Leaves and Perennial, with Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, L. Bor Branal Himalayas twigs are creeping woody 'Edible wild plant resources of from edible. rhizomes; culms erect, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Kashmir to up to 5 m high; leaf- of Himachal Pradesh, India', Assam upto blades conspicuously International Journal of Botany an elevation distichous, linear- Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. of 2400 m; lanceolate; Flora of Pakistan: Nilgiris inflorescence in panicle http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Bilaspur, 30.60 cm long and px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200024889 Chamba, 5.8(10) cm wide; Kinnaur, spikelets 10-15 mm Kullu, long; glumes subequal, Mandi , lanceolate to narrowly Shimla. lanceolate, (8-)10-13 mm long. 53 Asparagus Liliaceae Satavari, Tropical Tender shoots Perennial herb, tall, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez filicinus Buch.- Sharanoi and eaten as erect, cladodes 2-5 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Ham. temperate vegetable. falcate flat acuminate Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Himalayas costate, stems Delhi, India. from flexuous, fistular, India Biodiversity Portal: Kashmir to branched, glabrous; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Bhutan upto lower branches how/243919 an altitude spreading; upper of 3000 m; internodes short; in Assam pedicels solitary or 2; and Naga flowers polygamous; Hills. perianth 1/12-1/10 in., subcampanulate; stamens short; anthers minute; berry 1/4-1/3 in. diam. 54 Asparagus Liliaceae Shatawari Himalayas Tuberous Climbing shrub about R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez racemosus from white roots 1- 3 m tall; scandent (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Willd. Kashmir eaten, tender spinous, branched; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, eastwards shoots eaten by roots numerous, Delhi, India. upto an Paharis fusiform, succulent and India Biodiversity Portal: altitude of tuberous with a https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 1200 m in diameter of about 0.5 to how/32039 Sharma, P., Naga Hills. 1.5 cm; stem is woody, Agnihotry, A., Sharma, PP., Sharma, sparsely covered with L., 2013, 'Wild edibles of Murari recurve Devi and surrounding areas in Mandi spines;inflorescence district of Himachal Pradesh, India', raceme; flowers are International Journal of Biodiversity white, fragrant, solitary; and Conservation, 5(9), 580-592. fruits red berries globose; seeds are black in colour and hard testa 55 Asphodelus Liliaceae Piazi , Pyajh Throughout Plant and seeds Annual herb, 15-60 cm R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez tenuifolius India, upto eaten. high; leaves in basal (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Cav. an altitude cluster, tubular; flowers Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of 2100 m white, in raceme; Delhi, India. in Simla; capsule 3-angled , India Biodiversity Portal: also found wrinkled; seeds 3, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in Kashmir. black. how/243961 56 Aspidocarya Menisperma Meiyankhyen Subtropical Fruits rare Evergreen scandent R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez uvifera ceae -rik forests of edible, tasting shrubs about 5-7 m (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f.& Sikkim and rather like long; branchlets Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Thoms. northern green grapes. tomentose,terete, Delhi, India. districts of slender and India Biodiversity Portal: W. Bengal longitudinally ribbed. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s upto an how/250723 altitude of 1800 m and eastwards to NEFA. 57 Astragalus papilionace Kandiara W. Calyx of the Shrub 60 cm tall, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez multiceps ae Hiamalyas flower is branched at base; stems (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. from edible. up to 40 cm, villous; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Kumaon leaves 2.5-4.5 cm, Delhi, India. westwards spreading; leaflets in 4- Flora of China: mainly at 6 pairs, obovate, lower http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitudes of 3000-3600 ones 5-11 × 3-4 mm; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242420630 m; grows in racemes, 1-3-flowered; Lahul and bracts 3-5 mm; Spiti upto bracteoles sometimes 3000 m; in present; calyx 9-15 Ldakh upto mm; petals yellow, 4950 m; in glabrous; 15-26 × 7-10 western outer mm; keel 13-19 mm; Himalayas legumes subsessile, 10- upto 1500 m. 15 mm, 3-5 mm high, compressed laterally, with a beak 2-5 mm, incompletely 2-locular; valves coriaceous. 58 Asystasia Acanthacea Obul-oing. NEFA and Leaves edible Shrub; stems 4-angled, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez neesiana e Assam sulcate, 2-fariously (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Wall.) (Khasi and puberulent to Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Jantia Hills) subglabrous; petioles Delhi, India. upto an 0.5-5 cm, glabrous or Flora of China: altitude of sparsely pubescent; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 900 m. inflorescences terminal, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250096122 spikes or racemes, unbranched or panicle, 6-15 cm; rachis gland- tipped pubescent; capsule 1.8-2.8 cm, gland-tipped pubescent, 4-seeded, basal stalk 1- 1.5 cm ; seeds ovate in outline, upto 4 × 3 mm, compressed. 59 Athyrium Polypodiace Lingura, Himalayas Young Large fern; leaves in R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez asperum ae Kasmor from uncurled tuft; leaflets lobed; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Blume.) Kashmir leaves edible spores borne in Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Milde eastwards inconspicuous bags Delhi, India. upto an altitude of 4100 m; in Lahul and Spiti; also found in NEFA and Khasi Hills. 60 Athyrium Polypodiace Kutherku, Upto an Young leaves Large fern; leaves in R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez esculentum ae Kuthalla altitude of edible. bunch, long; petiole (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Retz.) Copel. 2100 m; angular; leaflet Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, frequent in selender; spore bearing Delhi, India. marshy bodies inconspicuous localities. 61 Avena fatua Poaceae Joa Throughout Oats consumed Annual; culms erect or Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, Linn. temperate as food. geniculate at base, 50- 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild region of 150 cm tall, Plants of District Solan , Himachal India. unbranched, 2-4-noded; Pradesh, India', International Journal leaf sheaths glabrous or of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- basal sheaths 95. puberulous; leaf blades Flora of China: 10-30 cm, 4-12 mm http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as wide; panicle narrowly px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024900 to pyramidal, 10–40 cm; spikelets 1.7-2.5 cm, florets 2 or 3, florets awned; awn 2-4 cm, geniculate, column twisted, blackish brown. 62 Azadirachta Meliaceae Neem tree, Sub-tropical Leaves are Evergreen trees, to 20 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, indica A. Juss. Nim regions; bitter, eaten m; bark greyish-brown, 'Edible wild plant resources of Throughout raw, or fried; vertically striated; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts India fruits are exudation red, sticky; of Himachal Pradesh, India', Kangra edible. leaves imparipinnate, International Journal of Botany (Nurpur), lanceolate or falcate, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Sirmaur estipulate; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: (Nahan, bisexual, 8 mm across, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Rajgarh), white, in axillary how/31068 Solan panicles; fruit a drupe, (Kunihar) 1.5 x 0.5 cm, seed one, upto an surrounded by a sweet altitude of pulp. 2000 m.

63 Azadiracta Meliaceae Neem, Found self- Pulp of ripe Evergreen tree; 20 m R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez indica (Linn.) sown fruit is edible; high; bark greyish- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the A. Juss. throughout flowers edible; brown, vertically Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, the plains of leaves as striated; exudation red, Delhi, India. India upto vegetable sticky; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: an altitude imparipinnate, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of 1500 m alternate, leaflets 7-15; how/31068 in flowers bisexual, 8 mm Himalayas. across, white, in axillary panicles; fruit a drupe, seed one, surrounded by a sweet pulp. 64 Baccaurea Euphorbiac Khattaphal, Sub- Aril edible Evergreen tree, about 5- R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez sapida (Roxb.) eae Himalayabn 10 m high,dioecious; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Muell.-Arg. tract and leaves membranous, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, outer elliptic-oblong in shape; Delhi, India. valleys in flowers in clusters, India Biodiversity Portal: W. Bengal raceme inflorescences; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s and Sikkim fruit capsular , roundish how/225457 eaastwards; to oval, greenish while throughout immature, yellow when Assam and ripe; seeds orbicular, in Tripura; capsular, 3-4 seeds are also found embedded in aril in Andemans.

65 Bambusa Poaceae Thorny Throughout Shoots and Erect green Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, arundinacea bamboo, India seeds are with spines, culms thick 'Edible wild plant resources of Willd. Bans including edible. and erect; culm sheath Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Assam, triangular with spiny of Himachal Pradesh, India', Manipur, hairs; leaf sheath , International Journal of Botany Meghalaya glabrous, ligule short; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. and flowers in compound India Biodiversity Portal: Himachal panicles; fruit oblong or https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Pradesh: linear oblong, furrowed how/32973 Bilaspur, on one side. Chamba, Hamripur, Kangra, Mandi, Kinnaur , Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan, Una 66 Bambusa Poaceae Kanta- bans, Sub- Tender shoots Bamboo with 2-3 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez spinosa Roxb. Bans Himalayan eaten , Grains hooked, spines at joints; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract from eaten as cereal. leaves 7-18 cm long; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Ravi inflorescence large; Delhi, India. eastwards fruit wheat like grain. but indigenous in Haldwani Forest Division; Wild in Garo Hills; throughout the plains and lower Hills of India. 67 Bambusa tulda Poaceae Jati bah, Peka Common in Tender shoot A tufted bamboo, lower R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez Roxb. Assam and eaten pickled, branches leaf less, rigid; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the W. Bengal; Grain edible. stem- sheath pubescent, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, also found blade of stem-sheath is Delhi, India. in triangular, cordate base; India Biodiverstiy Portal: Vishakhapat ligules narrow, obscure; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s nam. flowering rare, if how/243285 flowered it is big in leafless panicles 68 Bauhinia Caesalpinea Amli Sub- Tender shoot, Deciduous trees, 15 m R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez malabarica ceae Himalayan leaves eaten as high, bark 10-15 mm (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. tract from vegetable, thick, brown, rough, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Ravi Seeds edible. shallow with vertical Delhi, India. eastwards and horizontal furrows, India Biodiverstiy Portal: upto an fibrous, exfoliating in https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s altitude of long strips; blaze red, how/228890 300 m in concentrically striated; Kumaon leaves simple, bilobed, and 600 m alternate; stipules small; in W. flowers bisexual Bengal and axillary corymbs; seeds Assam; also 20-30, oblong. found in Shivalik and southwards in most parts of India. 69 Bauhinia Caesalpinea Katmauli, Western Seeds eaten, Deciduous trees to 10 m R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez racemosa ceae Kachnal and Central leaves are high, bark grey to (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Lamk. Himalayas pickled; black, rough, thinly Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, from Ravi flowers are scaly; leaves simple, Delhi, India. eastwards also said to be bilobed, alternate; India Biodiverstiy Portal: upto an edible. stipules small; flowers https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s altitude of bisexual, 10-12 mm how/31078 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 1500 m; across, yellowish-white; 2017, 'Edible wild plant resources of Bilaspur, fruit a pod; seeds 10-20, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Hamirpur, of Himachal Pradesh, India', Kangra International Journal of Botany (Nurpur), Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Kinnaur, Mandi (Nachan), Sirmaur (Nahan), Solan, Una 70 Bauhinia Caesalpinea Malu, Jallaur Himalayas Tender pods Gigantic climber; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez vahlii Wight & ceae from eaten, Seeds branchlet ending in a (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Arn. Jammu and edible. pair; leaves notched; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to flowers white; pod strap Delhi, India. Assam upto like; seeds roundish, India Biodiverstiy Portal: an altitude dark brown. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of 1500 m; how/264731 distributed in many patrs of India. 71 Begonia Begoniacea Dieng Jajew From Nepal Leaves as Succulent herbs, up to R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez roxburghii e to Assam potherb. 80 cm tall; rootstock (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Miq.) dC. upto an rhizomatous; stems Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, altitude of erect with red streaks; Delhi, India. 1200 m. leaves simple, opposite; India Biodiverstiy Portal: inflorescences https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s peduncled, glabrous, how/228905 red or pink; capsules upto 1.2 cm in diam., 4- lobed, turgid, pendant; seeds ellipsoid. 72 Begonia Begoniacea Sikkim, Petiole edible Herb 20-40 cm high, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez rubro-veina e Bhutan, thick rootstack; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook. NEFA and lanceolate; flowers Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Khasi Hills unisexual, white; fruit Delhi, India. at altitudes triangular, many of 900-1800 seeded. m. 73 Benthamidia Cornaceae Dieng -soh- Himalayas Fruit edible Tree 10-24m high; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez capitat var. japhon from leaves opposite, oblong (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the khasiana (C.B. Kashmir to to elliptic; flowers 3.8 Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Clarke) Fern. Bhutan at mm across; fruit Delhi, India. comb. nov. altitudes of composite. 1050-2400 m; Common in Kumaon and Shimla

74 Berberis Berberidace Kilmoru, Outer Ripe fruits Spiny evergreen shrub, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez asiatica Roxb. ae Rasaunt Himalayas edible about 2-4 m tall. Stem (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the ex DC. from subterete or subangled, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Jammu to pale yellow, glabrous; Delhi, India. Garhwal leaves broadly obovate, India Biodiversity Portal: and oblanceolate-elliptic; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s eastwards to inflorescence racemose how/251589 Sharma, IP., Kanta, C., Bhutan at or umbellate-racemose; Semwal, SC., Goswami, N.,2017, altitudes of flowers bisexual, 'Wild Fruits of Uttarakhand (India): 600-2550 yellow; Fruits are Ethnobotanical and Medicinal Uses', m. several seeded berries. International Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 8(3), 1-8. 75 Berberis Berberidace Chochoor Throughout Sweet and sour Spiny deciduous shrub, Chauhan, PP., Nigam, A., Santvan chitria Edward ae Himalayas fruits are about 2-4 m tall; stem K, V., 2016, 'Ethnobotanical study of upto eaten. terete, dark red when wild fruits in Pabbar Valley, District altitudes of young; internodes short, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh', Journal 1500-3000 about 3-5 cm long, of Medicinal Plants Studies; 4(2): m; spines short, 1-3 fid, 216-220. Himachal about 1-1.9 cm long; India Biodiversity Portal: Pradesh, leaves obovate, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Jammu & oblanceolate-elliptic; how/251587 Chauhan, J., Kashmir, inflorescence Negi, AK., Rajasekaran, A., & Nazir, Uttar subracemose or AP., 2013, 'Wild edible plants as Pradesh, paniculate corymbs, emerging ethnomedicines from the Uttarakhand drooping, 10-20 Kinnaur District of Himachal Prades, , West flowered, flowers India', Journal of Non-Timber Forest Bengal. greenish yellow, about Products, 20(4), 273-280. 15-20 mm across; Fruits are several seeded berries, obovoid or ellipsoid.

76 Berberis Berberidace Kashmal W. Fruit edible, Semi-evergreen shrub, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez petiolaris ae Himalayas unripe fruits about 3-6 m tall. Stem (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. ex G. from pickled. terete or angled, pale Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Don Kashmir grayish yellow and Delhi, India. eastwards to deep red to reddish India Biodiversity Portal: Nepal at brown when mature, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s altitudes of glabrous; leaves how/275915 1800-3600 variable in size in a m. single node; inflorescence racemose or umbellate; flowers bisexual, yellow; fruits are several seeded berries. 77 Betula Betulaceae Bhujpattra Himalayas Inner soft Trees, 25-30 m tall. R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez alnoides from Ravi portion of bark Bark grey, peeling off (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Buch.-Ham. eastwards at is edible. horizontally in narrow Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, altitudes of rolls; branchlets densely Delhi, India. 1500-3000 white villous and India Biodiversity Portal: m; in resinous glandular; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s NEFA, leaves simple; flowers how/266631 Assam, unisexual; flattish, Manipur 1-seeded. upto 1500 m.

78 Betula utilis D. Betulaceae Bhojpatr, Found in Bark is Trees to 35 m tall; bark Chauhan, J., Negi, AK., Rajasekaran, Don Shak temperate grounded and dark red-brown, A., Nazir, Ap., 2013, 'Wild edible Himalayas is used for exfoliating in thin plants as emerging ethanomedicines fron preparing flakes; branches red- from the Kinnaur Distsict of Kashmir to Namkeen Tea. brown, glabrous; Himachal Pradesh, India', Journal of Bhutan upto branchlets brown, Non-Timber Forest Products, 20(4), altitudes of densely resinous 273-280. Flora of 3000-4500 glandular and China: m. pubescent; leaves ovate, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as ovate-elliptic or oblong; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006168 inflorescence in Flora of Pakistan: raceme, pendulous; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as nutlets obovate, 2-3 × px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006168 1.5-2 mm. 79 Borreria Rubiaceae Madanaghant Himalayas Leaves edible Herb, 4-angled R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez hispida (Linn.) i from Simla in scarcity; branches; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the K. Schum. eastwards seeds oblong; flowers pale Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, upto an substituted for blue or whtie; fruits 5 Delhi, India. altitude of coffee mm long; seeds 3-5 mm 1200 m; long. also recorded from Assam. 80 Bosea Amaranthac Bhengoi, Western Young shoots Climbing, erect shrub, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez amherstiana eae Kotibilga. abd Central and ripe fruit 3-6 m high, drooping (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Moq.) Hook. Himalayas edible. branches; leaves dull Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, f. from green; flowers green Delhi, India. Kashmir to with white edges; fruit Nepal at round, red; 1-seeded. altitudes of 1200-2100 m. 81 Botrychium Ophioglossa Rattlesnake Himalayas Eaten boiled. Fleshy fern; Rhizomes R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez virginianum ceae fern from erect, short, cylindrical, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Sw. Kashmir to 25-70 cm tall; sterile Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Bhutan and lamina: stalk 15-35 cm, Delhi, India. Khasi Hills; subglabrous; Flora of China: at altitudes sporophore arising at http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as of 1500- top of common stipe; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=233500296 2400 m. spore surface coarse. Flora of Pakistan: https://www.tropicos.org/Name/2660 2189?projectid=32 82 Brachiaria Poaceae Makraghas Throughout Seeds are Annuals. Culms 20-70 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, ramosa (L.) the plains of edible. cm long, decumbent; 'Edible wild plant resources of Stapf. India nodes glabrous or softly Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Bilaspur, villous; leaves 3-14 x of Himachal Pradesh, India', Hamripur, 0.5-2.3 cm, linear- International Journal of Botany Kinnaur , lanceolate; racemes 5- Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Una 14 in number, India Biodiversity Portal: pseudopaniculate, each https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 2-6 cm long; spikelets how/226719 2.5-3 mm, broadly elliptic or ovate-elliptic, Spikelets 2.5-3 mm, broadly elliptic or ovate-elliptic. 83 Brachiaria Poaceae Shani pillu Tamilnadu, Seeds are Annuals. Culms 12-35 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, reptans (L.) Jammu & edible. cm long, creeping, 'Edible wild plant resources of Gard. Kashmir, rooting at the nodes; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Uttar nodes sparsely bearded; of Himachal Pradesh, India', Pradesh, leaves 1.5-6.5 x 0.3-0.8 International Journal of Botany Bihar, cm, lanceolate; flowers Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Delhi, W. borne in panicles 2.5- India Biodiversity Portal: Bengal, 5.5 cm long, terminal; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Orissa, racemes 3-6 in number, how/263802 Assam, alternate, 1-3.5 cm Meghalaya, long. Maharashtra , , Gujrat Una 84 Brasenia Nymphaeac Purple wan- Bhutan near Young leaves Selender aquatic plant, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez schreberi J.F. eae dock Punaka at edible, tubrous stems 1-2 m, glabrous, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Gmel. an altitude rootstock base rhizomatous; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of about eaten. leaves 5-10 cm long, Delhi, India. 1800 m; in petiole 25-40 cm, Flora of China: Khasi Hills floating; flower 2.5 cm http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as near across; fruit 6--10 mm; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200007077 Nongkrem seeds 1-2, 2.5-4 × 2-3 Flora of Pakistan: at an mm. https://www.tropicos.org/Name/2260 altitude of 0001?projectid=32 about 1350 m. 85 Bridelia retusa Euphorbiac Suviraka, Kaj Outer Ripe fruit Deciduous trees, to 20 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez (Linn.) Spreng. eae Himalayas eaten. m high, bark greyish- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the from brown, blaze red; young Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to trees armed with sharp Delhi, India. Mashmi thorns; leaves simple, India Biodiversity Portal: Hills and in alternate; flowers https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam upto unisexual; greenish- how/264257 an altitude yellow, sessile or of 1050 m. shortly pedicellate; fruit a drupe, 7-8 mm across, purplish-black; pyrenes 2, seed one in each pyrene. 86 Bridelia Euphorbiac Mouhilika Sub- Fruit edible Climbing shrub or R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez stipularis eae Himalayan small tree; leaves small, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Blume tract from elliptic oblong; flowers Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Ganges to small, monoecious and Delhi, India. Bhutan and greenish in numerous India Biodiversity Portal: in Assam axillary clusters; fruit is https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s upto an drupe, small, reddish how/266481 altitude of and turn in to blue 600 m. black when ripe, generally with the enlarged calyx. 87 Bryonia Cucurbitace The bryony Throughout Fruits and Thin stemmed climber Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, laciniosa Linn. ae Himalaya; leaves are said that grows as a weed. 'Edible wild plant resources of Himachal to be edible. Matured fruit turn red Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Pradesh. of Himachal Pradesh, India', International Journal of Botany Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. 88 Bryophyllum Crassulacea Zokhm- Througout Leaves eaten Herbs, upto 150 cm, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, calycinum e Haiyat tropical as vegetable. smooth; stems 'Medicinal plant resources of Salisb. regions; branched; leaf blade Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Throughout pinnately compound, of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- India; elliptic to oblong, 10– botanical enumeration', Journal of Chamba 30 cm, with 3–5 Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- (Dalhousie), leaflets; inflorescences 110. Bilaspur, are paniculate, termical, India Biodiversity Portal: Hamripur, many flowered, 10–40 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kangra, cm in size; follicles how/264859 Kinnaur, included in corolla and Mandi calyx tube; seeds are (Nachan, striate. Suket), Shimla, Solan (Kunihar) upto 1000 m. 89 Buchanania Anacardiace Chiraunji, Himalayas Ripe fruit is Subdeciduous trees, to R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez lanzan Spreng. ae Charoli from Sutlej edible, seeds 18 m high, bark 10-12 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the to Nepal are used as mm thick, surface black Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, upto an substitute for or dark brown, rough, Delhi, India. altitude pistachio nd tessellate the cracks India Biodiversity Portal: of900 m. almond being deep and narrow; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s leaves simple, alternate, how/229000 estipulate; flowers bisexual, greenish- white, sessile; fruit a drupe; seed one. 90 Buddleja Loganiacea Karukattaan, Sub- Flowers edible. Evergreen shrub, 0.9- R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez asiatica Lour. e Bana Himalayan 4.5 m high; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract from narrow lanceolate, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Indus acute, acuminate, Delhi, India. eastwards; glabrous, dark India Biodiversity Portal: NEFA, greenadaxially, white https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam upto tomentose abaxially; how/228989 an altitude flowers small, white, of 2040m. odorous, in cymose clusters in panicles; fruit is a capsule, small, ellipsoid.

91 Bupleurum Apiaceae Kali-zewar, North India Roots edible. Soft wooded plant, 30- R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez falcatum Linn. Sipil. from 120 cm high; stem (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the var. marginata Kashmir to bluish-green; leaves Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, C.B.Clarke Khasi Hills ligulate; flowers Delhi, India. at altitudes yellow; fruit brown, 1- of 900-3600 seede. m. 92 Butea Fabaceae Plah, Polash, Himalaya to Leaves are said Deciduous trees, to10 m Sharma ,A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, monosperma Dhak. Ceylon, to be eaten; high, bole crooked, P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on (Lam.) Kuntze Burma, roots also irregular; bark 5-6 mm Traditional Knowledge of Myanmar edible. thick, grey to greyish- Ethnomedicinal Plants in Sub-tropical brown; exudation red; Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, regions of branchlets densely India', International Research Journal India tomentose; leaves of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. Bilaspur, trifoliate, alternate; India Biodiversity Portal: Kangra stipules small, lateral, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s (Nurpur), cauducous; flowers how/31135 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Sirmaur bisexual, 5 cm long, MK., 2017, 'Edible wild plant (Nahan), bright red, in terminal resources of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Solan or axillary; fruit a pod, Una districts of Himachal Pradesh, (Kunihar), 12.5-28 cm long; seed India', International Journal of Una obovate, compressed. Botany Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. 93 Nagagola- North-East Young shoot Spiny cane or Rattan; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez flagellum bet India; eaten; Fruits stems are clustered or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Griff. Bengal; edible. climbing, upto 30m in Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Sikkim and length and 4.5–5 cm in Delhi, India. Assam upto diameter; greenish India Biodiversity Portal: an altitude yellow leaf sheaths, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of 900 m. brownish/yellowish/bla how/258789 Flora of ck spines , 5.5–10 cm in China: length; ochreas fibrous; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as knees are px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027025 inconspicuous; flagella grows upto 7cm and rachis upto 3cm with 27–35 linear-lanceolate pinnae per side; inflorescens grows upto 7 cm, flagellate; fruits are brownish to yellowish. 94 Calamus Arecaceae Jatee-bhet, Tropical Fruit edible. Selender cane or R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez tenius Roxb. Phal-bed Himalayas Rattan; climbing shrub (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the fromKumao with spines all over the Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, n eastwards plant; leaves alternate, Delhi, India. in W. shiny, pale green; rachis India Biodiversity Portal: Bengal and with one row of short; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam; inflorescence axillary, how/258766 usually flowers small; fruit found in drupe, globose or marshy ellipsoid. jungles. 95 Calonyction Convolvula Michai Himalayas Pedicle edible. Climbers, annual, the R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez muricatum ceae from herbaceous stems (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) G. Kangra to twining, glabrous; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Don. Sikkim upto leaves broadly ovate to Delhi, India. an altitude orbicular; flowers Flora of Pakistan: of 1500 m solitary to few-flowered https://www.tropicos.org/Name/8500 and in cymes, the peduncles 756?projectid=32 Manipur. usually muricate; fruit capsular, ovoid, 1.8-2 cm long; seeds ovoid, black, glabrous. 96 Caltha Ranunculac Mamris, Temperate Flower bud Perennial, stem stout, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez palustris Linn. eae Water W. pickled, Roots 15-60 cm high, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Buttercup Himalayas edible. ascending, rarely Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, from documbent, densely Delhi, India. Kashmir to fibrous -stock; basal Flora of Pakistan: Nepal at leaves long petioled, 7- https://www.tropicos.org/Name/2710 altitudes of 12 cm wide; flowers 0074?projectid=32 Flora of 2250-3000 yellow rarely white, China: m. 2.5-5 cm in diameter; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as sepals 5-6, petaloid, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200007551 obovate-oblong or lanceolate; follicles variable in number with variable length of style; seeds oblong, black, shining. 97 Camellia kissi Theaceae Dieng- Nepal; N. Leaves as a Shrubs, upto1.5-5 m R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez Wall. tyrnem-bhoi Bengal; in substitute for high; bark grey or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the E. tea. reddish-brown; stem Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Himalayas pubescent when young; Delhi, India. especially leaves simple, alternate; India Biodiversity Portal: Bhutan; flowers axillary, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Bomdila(N solitary or 2 together, how/248915 EFA), white; capsules upto Khasi, 1.5-2.5 x 1.5-2 cm, Kachar and subglobose or globose- Naga Hills pyriform, pubescent, and in ultimately depressed Manipur at globose and glabrous; altitudes of seeds 1, upto 1cm in 900-2400 diam., brown, m; also exalbuminous. found in Andemans. 98 Campanumoea Campanulac Ja-tyndong Sikkim, Young leaves Perennial herb, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez parviflora eae Bhutan and are edible. spreadind branches; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Wall. ex. DC.) Khasi Hills leaves opposite, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Benth. at altitudes lanceolate; flowers bell- Delhi, India. of 300-1500 shaped; fruit numerous m; seeded. common. 99 Canarium Burseraceae Gogul-dhup, Eastern Fruit edible. Buttressed trees, up to R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez bengalense dhuna Himalayas 20 m tall; branchlets (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. and the lenticellate, pubescent Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, evergreen when young; leaves Delhi, India. forests of compound, India Biodiversity Portal: Assam upto imparipinnate; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s an altitude inflorescences in how/280052 of 900 m in narrow axillary or Khasi Hills. supra-axillary raceme- like panicles up to 38 cm long; drupes 1-3, ca. 4-5 x 1.5-2 cm, dark purple, spindle-shaped, pruinose; mesocarp fleshy, aromatic. 100 Capparis Capparacea Ardanda, Sub- Fruits pickled, Climbing shrub; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez zeylanica Linn. e Gobindaphal Himalayan Seeds eaten branchlets adpressed (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract upto an roasted. tomentose; leaves 2.5- Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, altitude of 7.5 cm long, 1.8-5 cm Delhi, India. 750 m and broad, ovate, elliptic- India Biodiversity Portal: in Garo oblong; flowers in https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hills of supra axillary rows, how/32086 Assam. white; fruit roundish,many seeded. 101 Capsella Brassicacea Shepherd's Native of Tender leaves Annual herbs, sparsely R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez bursa-pastoris e purse, Europe; are edible as branched, erect, to 30 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Medik. Cocowort very vegetable. cm high, glabrous; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, common in basal leaves 6-14 x 2- Delhi, India. N. W. 3.5 cm, short-stalked, India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayas rosulate; racemes https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s upto an congested at anthesis, how/229088 altitude of much elongate at Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, 3000 m. maturity; fruits 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild obcordate to 3-angled, Plants of District Solan , Himachal seeds numerous, Pradesh, India', International Journal of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 95. 102 Cardamine Brassicacea Bittercress, Temperate Leaves , Herbs, to 30 cm high; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez hirsuta Linn. e Pepperweed region of Flowers edible. stems erect or creeping (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the var. Sylvatica India, such at base, glabrous or Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, (Link) Hook. f. as in Simla, sparsely hairy; leaves Delhi, India. & T. Anders. common alternate, variable; India Biodiversity Portal: cold-season basal leaves in a rosette, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s weed in imparipinnate, petioled; how/229070 Bengal. inflorescences racemose or subcorymbose, 10-20 flowered; flowers 3-5 mm across; fruits cylindric; seeds 6-12 on either side of septum, upto1 mm long. 103 Cardamine Brassicacea Found in Leaves and Annual or biennial Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, impatiens e Himalayas young shoots, herb, 10-60 cm tall, distribution and utilization pattern of Linn. upto raw or cooked erect or suberect, some forestry food (wild edible) altitudes of used as glabrous or sparsely from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of 2200-2900 vegetable. hairy with simple hairs; Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, m; leaves very variable in India', International Journal of Himachal size, pinnate; racemes Advances in Science Engineering Pradesh, 20-30-flowered, up to and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. Jammu & 15 cm long in fruit; Flora of Pakistan: Kashmir, flowers 3-4 mm across, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Sikkim, white; seeds many, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200009318 Uttarakhand about 1 mm long, India Biodiversity Portal: , Uttar oblong. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Pradesh. how/229069?pos= 104 Cardamine Brassicacea Cuckoo- Kashmir Leaves used as Perennial herb, 30 cm R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez pratensis Linn. e flower, and W. cress and high; rootstock bear (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Meadew Tibet. potherb. small fleshy tubers; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Cress leaves pinnately lobed; Delhi, India. flowers white; fruit a narrow pod. 105 Careya Lecythidace Kumbh, Sub- Root bark Deciduous trees, to 12 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez arborea Roxb. ae Kumbi Himalayan edible; ripe m high, bark 10-12 mm (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract from fruits eaten thick, brownish, rough, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Kangra seeds eaten exfoliations small; Delhi, India. (Punjab) roasted; leaves branchlets pubescent; India Biodiversity Portal: eastwards, edible. leaves simple, alternate, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in N. estipulate; flowers how/229071 Bengal and bisexual, greenish- Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, in Assam white,, 5-10 mm across, 'Edible wild plant resources of upto an in terminal spikes; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts altitude of peduncle woody; fruit a of Himachal Pradesh, India', 1200 m. berry, 5-7.5 cm across, International Journal of Botany globose, green, pericarp Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. fibrous, crowned with sepals and style. 106 Carica papaya Caricaceae Papaya, Native of The large, Small herbaceous tree Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, Linn. Papeta Tropical succulent, with white milky juice. 'Edible wild plant resources of Central delicious fruits trunk with scars of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts America (papaya) are fallen leaves; leaf blade of Himachal Pradesh, India', Commonly eaten; leaves 30-60 cm long; mostly International Journal of Botany in India are also edible. dioecious rarely Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Bilaspur, monoecious with Flora of Pakistan: Kangra fragrant and nocturnal http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as (Nurpur), flowers; flower in px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200014477 Sirmaur clusters, sessile. 1.5-2 (Nahan, cm across and 3-6 cm Rajgarh), long; fruit large Solan spherical or pyriform; (Kunihar), seeds black, wrinkled. Una

107 Carissa opaca Apocynacea Karaunda, Drier parts Unripe fruits Shrub, up to 3.5 meter, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, Stapf. ex eee Gan of India are pickled and evergreen, branches 'Edible wild plant resources of Haines. Kangra, the ripe fruits glabrous, or puberulous, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Mandi, Una are eaten raw spines arising between of Himachal Pradesh, India', or made into the petiole, straight or International Journal of Botany jams and bifurcate, sharp, hard, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. jellies. 2.5-3.5 cm long, young Flora of Pakistan: shoots with milky juice; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as leaves glabrous, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250077072 opposite, elliptic, ovate or rounded; flowers white or light rose, sweet scented; fruits a berry, ellipsoid or subglobose, 6-8 mm long. 108 Carrisa opaca Apocynacea Karaunda, Himalayas Ripe fruit Shrub, up to 4.5 meter, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez Stapf ex R.N. ee Garanua upto an edible, unripe evergreen, branches (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Parker altitude of fruits pickled. glabrous, or Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, 1800 m; puberulous; leaves Delhi, India. common. glabrous, opposite, Flora of pakistan: elliptic; flowers white https://www.tropicos.org/Name/5032 or light rose, sweet 6113?projectid=32 scented; berry somewhat ellipsoid or subglobose, 6-8 mm long, dark purple when ripe, with milky juice, edible.

109 Caryota urens Arecaceae Dhvaj- Sub- Pith yields Palm 12-18 m high, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez Linn. vriksha, Himalayan edible sago, trunk solitary, annulate, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract from white leaf buds erect, 60-90 cm Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Nepal edible. thick,twice branched; Delhi, India. eastwards, leaves up to 3.5 m or Flora of pakistan: in Assam more long and up to 3 https://www.tropicos.org/Name/2401 and m wide; inflorescence 122?projectid=32 Manipur axillary, very large, 3 m upto an long; pendulous, altitude of flower unisexual green; 1500 m; Fruit small, 2 cm in found in diameter, juicy, juice many irritant due to oxalate evergreen crystals; seeds 1-2. forets of India. 110 Casearia Flacourtiace Saptrangi Khasi, Garo Tender leaves Small tree up to 6 mts R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez esculenta ae and Kachar and shoot high; leaves shining and (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. Hills of eaten; Fruit glabrous; flowers Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Assam upto edible. axillary, yellow; fruit is Delhi, India. an altitude a capsule, red aril; India Biodiversity Portal: of 1050 m many seeded. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s and in how/225524 South West India. 111 Casearia Flacourtiace Kunnan Himalayas Tender shoots Shrubs or trees, about R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez glomerata ae from Nepal and young 5-12 m tall. Bark (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. eastwards, leaves edible. grayish brown, young Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, in Sikkim, shoots, branchlets and Delhi, India. N. Bengal terminal buds densely India Biodiversity Portal: and Bhutan pubescent; leaves https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s at altitudes simple, alternate, how/261753 of 900-2100 variable; inflorescence m; clustered in shortly Common in pedunculate axillary Brahmaputr fascicles; flowers a valley bisexual, yellowish; except in fruit capsule, 2-3 Lakhimpur valved, many seeded and NEFA; also found in Garo, Khasi and Mikir Hills. 112 Cassia fistula Fabaceae Golden Throughout Flowers and A medium-large sized Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, Linn. shower, India; flower buds deciduous tree; leaves 'Edible wild plant resources of Amaltas Himachal are eaten compound, oblong- Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Pradesh: cooked; pulp broadly ovate; flowers of Himachal Pradesh, India', Bilaspur, of the ripe pod yellow, borne in International Journal of Botany Chamba, is eaten fresh. terminal racemes; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Hamripur, oblong pod, cylindrical, India Biodiversity Portal: Kangra, seeds many. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kinnaur, how/31155 Mandi. 113 Cassia Caesalpinia Panevar Introduced Young leaves Annual subglabrous R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez obtusifolia ceae from eaten as herb or undershrub, 0.5- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. America, potherb; Seeds 2 m tall; leaf stipulate, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, become edible stipule 5-10 mm long; Delhi, India. more or less racemes short, peduncle Flora of Pakistan: nutrilized in c. 2 mm long, bearing https://www.tropicos.org/Name/1302 most parts 1-2 flowers; pods 8283?projectid=32 of India subterete, glabrous to ascending subglabrous, 20-50 to an seeded, seeds altitude rhomboidal. of1200 m in W. Himalayas. 114 Cassia Caesalpinia Kasaunda Throughout Young leaves Shruby plant2.4-3 m R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez sophera Linn. ceae the India edible high; stem glabrous, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the upto an greenish, round foetid Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, altitude of when bruised; leaves Delhi, India. 1200 m in glabrous, pinnately India Biodiversity portal: Himalayas, compound; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s N. Bengal Inflorescence short how/32528 and Assam axillary cyme; flower especially bracteate, bract ovate- in lanceolate, 4-5mm wastelands. long; fruit pods swallon, slightly curved, glabrous, 4-5 cm long; seeds numerous, ovoid. 115 Cassia tora Caesalpinia Chakunda Widely Young leaves, Annual herb, 30-120 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez Linn. ceae distributed Pods edible; cm high, foetid when (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the in hotter Seeds eaten, bruised; leaves Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, parts of sustituted for compound; leaflets 3-5 Delhi, India. India and coffee pairs, coriaceous; India Biodiversity portal: Sub- flowers in terminal https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Himalayan racemes, yellow; pod how/32538 tract, short, compressed; ascending seeds many. in N. Bengal upto an altitde of 1200 m and in Assam upto 750 m. 116 Cassiope Ericaeae Tolo, Ucho Found upto Dried flowers Shrubs 8–20 cm tall; Chauhan, J., Negi, AK., Rajasekaran, fastigiata altitudes of are used as stems initially A., Nazir, Ap., 2013, 'Wild edible (Wall.) D. Don 300-4500 substitute for decumbent, ultimately plants as emerging ethanomedicines m. tea. much branched, from the Kinnaur Distsict of fastigiate, stiff white Himachal Pradesh, India', Journal of pubescent; leaves Non-Timber Forest Products, 20(4), ovate-triangular, 4–6 × 273-280. Flora of 1.5–2 mm; flower China: nutant; pedicel 3–7 mm, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as densely crisped- px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016237 tomentose; capsule 2–3 mm in diam. 117 Castanopsis Fagaceae Katus W. Bengal, Fruit is edible Evergreen tree, 30-36 m R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez hystrix DC. Sikkim, high; young shoots (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Bhutan at purple-brown, slender, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, altitudes of sparsely to densely Delhi, India. 1500-2400 puberulent, yellowish Flora of China: m; in NEFA brown small lamellate http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as and Assam. waxy scalelike px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006242 trichomes; leaves lanceolate, dark; flowers in clusters; nut conical, glabrous. 118 Castanopsis Fagaceae Hinguri, Himalayas Fruit edible Evergreen tree, 6-18 m R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez indica (Roxb.) Serang from Nepal high; leaves lanceolate, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the DC. eastwards rusty- velvety abaxially; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, and through flowers in clusters; fruit Delhi, India. out Assam ovate, nut seated in a Flora of China: at altitudes cupule. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as of 300-1800 px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006243 m. 119 Castanopsis Fagaceae Phul-singori Sub-tropical Fruit edible Evergreen tree 12-14 m R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez tribuloides Himalayas high, corky bark; young (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the DC. from branchlets and young Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Kumaon leaf blades abaxially Delhi, India. eastwards at pubescent and with Flora of China: altitudes of glabrescent, rusty http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 900-2400 brown, waxy scalelike px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006252 m; in trichomes; flowers Assam and clusters; nut corn like, Manipur enclosed in cupule. 120 Cayratia Vitaceae Amal-bel Himalayas Young Leaves, Climber with tendrils; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez carnosa from Indus Stem edible, stem fleshy, more or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Lamk.) eastwards Fruit eaten. less succulent, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Gagnep. upto an compressed, densely Delhi, India. altitude of and shortly pubescent; Flora of Pakistan: 1800 m; in tendril leaf opposed http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as northern W. much branched; leaves px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242313197 Bengal upto pinnately trifoliate, 600 m and petiole 2-5 cm long; in upper inflorescence axillary or Assam. terminal; Flower green; berry black; seeds triangular

121 Celastrus Celastracea Malkagni Sub- Unripe fruit Deciduous climber, sap R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez paniculata e Himalayan eaten as turning blue on cutting; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Willd. tract from vegetable. leaves variable, elliptic- Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Jhelum ovate; flowers pale Delhi, India. eastwards green; capsule upto an roundish; 3-6 seeded. altitude of 1800 m and in Assam ascending to 750 m in Khasi Hills. 122 Celastrus Celastracea Sankhiran, Sub tropical Flowers and Large deciduous Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, paniculatus e Malkangani parts of fruits are said twining shrubs, stem up P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Willd. Himalayas to be edible. to 23 cm in diam.; bark Traditional Knowledge of Bombay, pale brown, rough and Ethnomedicinal Plants in Gujarat, cracked, exfoliating in Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, M.P., South small scales; branchlets India', International Research Journal India pubescent or glabrous; of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. Kangra leaves obovate- India Biodiversity Portal: (Nurpur), orbicular, elliptic to https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Mandi ovate-oblong; how/229138 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, (Joginderna Inflorescences in MK., 2017, 'Edible wild plant gar, terminal drooping resources of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Nachan), panicles, flowers about Una districts of Himachal Pradesh, Sirmaur 3-4 mm across, pale India', International Journal of (Nahan), greenish; capsule about Botany Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Una 1-1.3 cm in diam., seeds 3-6

123 Centella Apiaceae Brahmi, Bora Throughout Leaves and Herbs, rooting at nodes; Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, asiatica Linn. Thulkari India: young shoots leaves orbicular- P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Assam, are eaten as reniform, 3-5 cm Traditional Knowledge of Bihar, vegetable across; flowers sessile, Ethnomedicinal Plants in Kerala, pink, in 2-5 flowered Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya umbels; fruit ovoid, 3-4 India', International Research Journal Pradesh, mm long. of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. Manipur, India Biodiversity Portal: Odisha, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Rajasthan, how/229119 tamil Nadu. 124 Cephalostachy Poaceae Sillea N. Bengal, Grains eaten Selender bamboo, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez um capitatum Sikkim, like rice. hanging over the (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Munro. Bhutan, branches of supporting Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Khasi and trees, yellow, 2.4-3 cm Delhi, India. Jantia Hills, diam.; leaves whitish; Naga Hills inflorescence a round and Aka brownish head; grain Hills at chestnut-brown, shiny. altitudes of 602400 m. 125 Cephalostachy Poaceae Palom N. Bengal Grains eaten Bamboo, somewhat R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez um fuchsianum near Labha, like cereal. climbing; soft stem, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Gamble Eastern clustres of branchlets; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Himalaya in sheaths bristle-frilled; Delhi, India. Sikkim and leaves translucent- Bhutan at dotted, lanceolate; altitudes of inflorescence round 1800-2400 head; grain chestnut- m ; Duftla brown. and Naga Hills near Birema. 126 Cerastium Caryophylla Found upto Leaves and Herbs short-lived Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, fontanum ceae altitudes of young stems perennial or annual, 15- distribution and utilization pattern of Baumg. 2500-3400 are cooked. 40 cm tall; stems some forestry food (wild edible) m. caespitose or simple, from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of suberect; sterile stems Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, decumbent; leaves India', International Journal of ovate, obovate- Advances in Science Engineering lanceolate, ovate- and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. spatulate; cyme Flora of China: terminal, spreading, lax, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as up to 40-flowered; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242000274 capsule cylindric, 8-10 mm, seeds brown, usually 0.4-0.8 mm in diam. 127 Ceratopteris Adiantaceae Water Throughout Young frond Aquatic fern rooted in R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez thalictroides Hornfern India upto edible. soil, erect rhizome, 4 × (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) an altitude 2-3 cm, with thick long, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Brongn. of 1200 m fibrous, fleshy roots, Delhi, India. in the Scales 5-7 x 4-5 mm, India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayas, pale brown, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s NEFA, membranous, ovate or how/226820 Assam and elliptic, acute, entire; Manipur. Fronds 30-50 x 3-15 cm; 128 Chaerophyllu Apiaceae Ghodejeera Found Tender young Plants up to 1 m tall; Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, m reflexum commonly leaves and stem glabrous to distribution and utilization pattern of Lindl. in shoots are sparsely hairy; hairs some forestry food (wild edible) Himalayas cooked. deflexed, white; root from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of upto elongated; leaves Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, altitudes of bipinnate, glabrous to India', International Journal of 2200-2900 pubescent; involucral Advances in Science Engineering m. bracts lacking, rays 6- and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. 12. Involucel of 5-8 Flora of Pakistan: lanceolate bractlets; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as fruit 1-(3) in an px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242421280 umbellet; central fruit subsessile; fruit cylindric to ellipsoid. 129 Chassalia Rubiaceae Yamari N. Bengal Leaves edible Shrubs, to 1.5 m tall; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez curviflora and Sikkim leaves to 22 x 8 cm, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Wall.) Thw. at altitude oblanceolate, abruptly Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of 600- acuminate; flowers 15 Delhi, India. 1800 m; mm long, subsessile; India Biodiversity Portal: Assam upto fruit 6 mm across, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 1500 m; globose, glabrous, 2- how/263948 also found seeded. in Orissa , E. And W. Ghats and in Andemans 130 Chenopodium Chenopodia Sokana Found in Leaves are Aromatic annual, 5-40 Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, botrys Linn. ceae North West cooked and are cm, densely hairy, most distribution and utilization pattern of India upto a very popular hairs stalked, glandular; some forestry food (wild edible) altitudes of vegetable. stems erect, main axis from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of 2100-2500 sometimes shorter than Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, m. some of the branches; India', International Journal of leaves dull green, blade Advances in Science Engineering 1-7 cm, elliptic to and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. ovate; inflorescence Flora of Pakistan: elongate, main axis to 5 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as cm wide, terminal, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006812 composed of mostly leafless dense dichasial cymes, or axillary with smaller cymes; seeds horizontal, black, 0.6- 0.8 mm, orbicular. 131 Chenopodium Chenopodia Batu Plains of Leaves eaten Annual herb, 15-33 cm R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez murale Linn. ceae Punjab and as potherb high, stem yellowish to (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the U. P. Upto green-striped; Leaves Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, an altitude usually olive green; Delhi, India. of 300 m in Inflorescence terminal Flora of Pakistan: Kumaon and axillary, mostly https://www.tropicos.org/Name/7200 and leafy; flowers 1.6 mm 166?projectid=32 eastwards in long; seeds horizontal, Nepal; black, 1.1-1.4 mm in found as diameter. weed in S. India. 132 Chenopodium Chenopodia Kupald North W. Leaves eaten Herb, 30-90 cm high, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez virgatum ceae India as potherb whitish stem; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Kashmir at spear-shaped to cordate; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Aschers. altitude of flowers small; fruit one- Delhi, India. 2550 m and seeded. W. Tibet at 3600-4200 . 133 Chimonobamb Poaceae Pagjiok-pao, Eastern Grain edible Bamboo 5-6 m high, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez usa Prong Himalayas stem bluish or velvety (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the hookeriana and in Piri green, dark bluish rings Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, (Munro) Nakai at altitudes below the joints, yellow Delhi, India. of 600-2400 striations, white scruf m. when young; leaves ribbon to lanceolate; inflorescence loose, branched; grain elliptic. 134 Chlorophytum Liliaceae Safed-musli E. Flowers edible Scapigerous herbs; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez arundinaceum Himalayas, roots tuberous; leaves (2011). Edible wild plants of the Baker Assam, ligulate; flowers white Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Bihar. wirth green and yellow Delhi, India. anther; capsule 3-lobed. India Biodiversity Portal: https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s how/243957 135 Cicer Ericaceae Jawane, Temperete Young Shoots Annual herb, young R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez soongaricum Tizhu and alpine eaten as shoots covered by (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Steph. W. potherb and aromatic exudation; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Himalayas pickled, Seeds leaves compound; Delhi, India. at altitudes edible. flowers pink blue or of 2550- white; pod narrow; 4500 m; seeds roundish. Ladakh, Lahul and Spiti, Kumaon Tibet. 136 Cichorium Asteraceae Chicory, North- Leaves and Herbs 40-110 cm tall, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, intybus L. Kasni Western shoot eaten. perennial, with a strong 'Edible wild plant resources of Hook. India, taproot. Stem usually Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts grown in solitary, erect; branches of Himachal Pradesh, India', Bombay, spreading-ascending; International Journal of Botany Punjab; Basal leaves rosulate, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Chamba , obovate to Flora of China: Una. oblanceolate; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as synflorescence of main px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023652 axis and larger branches spiciform-paniculiform, capitula axillary and terminal, solitary or in clusters of a few; fruit a achene, brown. 137 Cirsium lipskyi Asteraceae Soh-chiia Khasi Hills Tender Shoot, Thistle-like herb, stem R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez Petrak upto an Fruits eaten cottony; leaves 6.3- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the altitude of 15cm long,; flowers in Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, 1800 m, crowded heads; seeds Delhi, India. mishmi ovate, 4-angled. Hills and Upper Assam. 138 Cirsium Asteraceae Bhruce Throughout Peeled stem Erect thistle; branchlets Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, wallichii DC India, Nepal and roots eaten ribbed, cottony. Leaves 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild and Bhutan raw. alternate, sessile, Plants of District Solan , Himachal clasping, to 15 x 5 cm; Pradesh, India', International Journal corymbs terminal or in of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- upper axils; corymbs 95. terminal or in upper India Biodiversity Portal: axils, capitula many- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s flowered, separate, how/262924 homogamous; fruit achenes ovoid, obtusely 4-angled. Pappus of 15- 40 whitish hairs to 1 cm, copious, feathery.

139 Cissus adnata Vitaceae Pani-lara W. Leaves edible Climbing shrubs, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez Roxb. Himalayas slender; branches deep- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the in U. P. To striate, scarcely woody, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Assam upto tomentose; leaves Delhi, India. an altitude compound, 3-5- India Biodiversity Portal: of 900 m. foliolate; flowers https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s greenish yellow; Fruit how/264490 ovate to orbicular; 1 or 2-seeded. 140 Cissus Vitaceae Hadjora W. Young Leaves Rambling, succulent, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez quadrangulari Himalayas and Stem eaten glabrous, deciduous, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the s Linn in Kumaon. climber, tendrilar Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, shrubs; stem 4-angular, Delhi, India. winged or ridged at India Biodiversity Portal: angles, constricted at https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s nodes; tendril simple; how/32116 leaves simple, entire or 3-lobed; flowers in leaf- opposed, peduncled; flowers are in cymose inflorescence, whitish; fruit globose, red when ripe. 141 Cissus repens Vitaceae Soru Harjora E. Leaves, Tender Creepers; stem R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez Lamk. Himalayas, Shoots edible. glaucous, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the N. Bengal, terete,glabrous plant, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Khasi and young shoots are Delhi, India. Kachar succulent, red, covered India Biodiversity Portal: Hills of with a white bloom; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam and leaves are pale green how/225569 Naga Hills and simple; Cymes 5-7 upto an cm across, glabrous; altitude of peduncle 6 cm long; 1500 m; flowers many; drupe 4 also found x 3 mm, oblique- in S. India. obovoid, smooth 142 Citrullus Cucurbitace Tarbuj Throughout Fruit are Plants annual; stem and Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, lanatus ae India. important branches robust, 'Medicinal plant resources of (Thunb.) "water fruit" in sulcate-angular, villous; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Matsum. & summer; seeds tendrils puberulent, 2- of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Nakai. contain edible fid; leaves white-green, botanical enumeration', Journal of oil. triangulate-ovate, 8-20 Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- × 5-15 cm; flowers 110. solitary; fruit globose or Flora of China: oblong, smooth; seeds http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as numerous. px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200022609 143 Clausena Rutaceae Sidemyok W. Bangal Fruit edible Small tree, black bark; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez dentata at altitudes with the leaves anisescented; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Willd.) M. of 900-1800 flavour of flowers fragrant, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Roem. m and in black currant. whitish; fruit orbicular, Delhi, India. Sikkim at whitish green; 1 to 2- 300-600 m; seeded. distributed in S. India 144 Cleome Capparacea Ujla Hulhul Throughout Plant eaten as Annual herbs, foetid, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez viscosa Linn. e India and is vegetable, about 40-120 cm tall; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the common seeds edible stem woody in the base, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, weed upto erect, branched, Delhi, India. an altitude grandular or non India Biodiversity Portal: of 1500 m grandular tomentose, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in Westren striated, branches how/33047 Himalaya; slender, usually in Assam branched from the base; Hills upto leaves variable, 3-5-7 an altitude foliate; leaflets of 600 m. subsessile; inflorescence raceme corymbs; Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, ephemeral, yellow; fruit capsule, erect or slightly curved, dehiscent; seeds many, orbicular or reniform. 145 Clerodendrum Verbenacea Kaombi W. Bengal, Young leaves Evergreen ornamental R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez colebrookianu e Sikkim, and eaten. shrub 1.2-6 m high; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the m Walp. Assam upto branchlets robust, 4- Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, an altitude angled, densely yellow- Delhi, India. of 1800 m. brown puberulent when Flora of China: young, glabrescent; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as leaves cordate, 9-25 cm px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019322 long; Inflorescences terminal corymbose cymes; flowers white or rose-purple; Drupes blue-green, 1-seeded. 146 Clerodendrum Verbenacea Bharangi Himalayas Leaves eaten Erect subshrubs to 2 m R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez indicum e from as vegetable tall, stoloniferous; stem (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) O. Kumaon to mostly unbranched, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Ktze. Sikkim and obtusely tetragonous, Delhi, India. an Assam hollow; leaves in India Biodiversity Portal: ypto an whorls of 3-4; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s altitude of inflorescence cymes how/229224 1200 m. axillary, flowers in terminal panicles; Fruit 4-lobed, blue-black; pyrenes 1-4, 1-seeded. 147 Clerodendrum Verbenacea Bhargi Himalayas Tender Shoots, Shrub or an undershrub; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez serratum e from Sutlej Leaves, woody root stock, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Spreng eastwards Flowers eaten young branches Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, upto an as vegetable; quadrangular; leaves Delhi, India. altitude of seeds also said with foetid smell, Dr. N. S. Chauhan (1999). Medicinal 1500 m and to be edible. oblong-ovate or elliptic and Aromatic Plants of Himachal throughout oblong, deep green; Pradesh, Indus Publishing Company, Assam. flowers light red with New Dehli, India. tinge of violate in cyme India Biodiversity Portal: inflorescence; bracts https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s persistant; fruit is drupe how/266143 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, and become black when MK., 2017, 'Edible wild plant ripe. resources of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts of Himachal Pradesh, India', International Journal of Botany Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. 148 Clinopodium Lamiaceae Found upto Leaves are Perennial herb with a Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, vulgare Linn. altitudes of edible and slender woody distribution and utilization pattern of 2500-3500 ussed fresh or rootstock; stems 30-60 some forestry food (wild edible) m. dried. cm, erect or ascending, from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of simple or with few Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, branches, with a India', International Journal of retrorse white Advances in Science Engineering eglandular indumentum and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. of varying density; Flora of Pakistan: leaves rather thin- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as textured, ovate, 2-3.5 x px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=220003040 1.2-2 cm; verticillasters in axils of upper leaves, densely globose, up to 30-flowered, remote, terminal and axillary; nutlets pale brown, smooth, subglobose, about 1 x 0.8 mm, with a white attachment scar. 149 Coccinia Cucurbitace Bhimb Throughout Unripe fruit Herbaceous climber R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez cordifolia ae India upto eaten, candied with branchlets apically (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Cogn. an altitude or pickled; pubescent, glabrous at Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of 900 m in Tender shoots base; leaves simple, 5- Delhi, India. the eaten as lobed, glabrous; flower India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayas. potherb. white, solitary, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s dioecious; fruit ovoid- how/244548 oblong, striped, seeds compressed. 150 Coccinia Cucurbitace Kunduri India: Ripe fruits are Herbaceous climber Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, grandis (L.) ae Assam, either eaten with branchlets apically 'Edible wild plant resources of Voigt. Bihar, raw or cooked; pubescent, glabrous at Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Maharastra, leaves are base; leaves simple, 5- of Himachal Pradesh, India', Rajasthan, eaten as lobed, glabrous; flower International Journal of Botany Tamil vegetable. solitary, dioecious, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Nadu, Uttar white; fruit ovoid- India Biodiversity Portal: Pradesh. oblong, striped, seeds https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s compressed. how/244548 151 Cocculus Menisperma Jamti-bel, Tropical Leaves edible. Thin-stemmed shrub, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez hirsutus ceae Chireta and climber; leaves 5-7 x 3- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Diels subtropical 4 cm, ovate; flowers Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, India from greyish green, Delhi, India. the foot of unisexual, 2-3 mm V. S. Agarwal (2003). Directory of the across; drupes, 8 mm, Indian Economic Plants, Bishen Himalayas globose, purple. Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, 23-A, southwards. New Connaught Place, Dehradun, India. India Biodiversity Portal: https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s how/229234 152 Codonopsis Companula Ludut Himalayas Roots ground Perrenial plant, 15-30 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez ovata Benth. ceae from into a flour and cm high with a large (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir to eaten. spindle-shaped root; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Garhwal at leaves ovate; flowers Delhi, India. altitudes of showy, skyblue; fruit 2400-3600 conical; many seeded. m. 153 Coffea Rubiaceae Kathjahi TropicalHi seeds are used Shrub with horizontal R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez bengalensis malayas as substitute branches; leaves elliptic (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. ex Heyn from for coffee. to broadly ovate; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, &Willd. Yamuna flowers showy and Delhi, India. eastwards to white; fruit orbicular; Sikkim and seeds 2. N. Bengal; in Assam at an altitude upto 750 m; distributed southwards to Central and Suthern India. 154 Coleus Labiatae Pashanabhedi Himalayas Roots edible Aromatic herb, 30-60 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez forskohli from and are cm high, thick fleshy (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Poir.) Briq. Kumaon to pickled. rootstock; leaves ovate, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Nepal upto margins crenate; Delhi, India. an altitude flowers blue; fruit of 2400 m; orbicular, brown or also found nearly black; 1-seeded. in Bihar and South India. 155 Colocasia Araceae Arvi, Throughout Young leaves Herbs, rhizome R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez esculenta Kachalu India upto and leafstalk stoloniferous; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Schott an altitude are edible; few to many, peltate; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of 2400 m corms eaten as flowers monoecious; Delhi, India. in the oute starchy spathe yellow, on a India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayan vegetable; stout axillary peduncle; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s ranges and leaves with fruit an aggregate of how/229293 Flora of China: NEFA. rice and gram berries, globose; seeds http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as flour are made few; synandria. px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027262 into special preparation called Patrade or Pataur.

156 Commelina Commelina Kanchara Throughout Tender shoot Herb, 60-90 cm high; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez benghalensis ceae India at amn eaten as branches often lying (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. altitude of potherb, flat and rooting at Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, 1800 m in Young leaves joints; leaves ovate or Delhi, India. the eaten fried oblong; flowers blue or India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayas, with spiced bluish violet; capsule https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in NEFA gram flour in pyriform; mostly 5- how/33057 and in Pakoda. seeded. Assam. 157 Commelina Commelina Kan-juna Throughout Tender shoots Herb 60-90 cm high; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez paludosa ceae India upto are eaten as leaves lanceolate; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Blume an altitude potherb. spathes to 2 x 1.5 cm, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, of 1800 m flowers blue; capsule 3- Delhi, India. in the angled; 3-seeded. India Biodiversity Portal: Himlayas. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s how/229266 158 Conocephalus Moraceae Khung-khai W. Bengal, Leaves eaten Large climber; leaves R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez suaveolens Sikkim cooked; stem elliptic to ovate; flower (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Blume eastwards, yields a scented, male ead 6 mm Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, in NEFA, quantity of across, female heads Delhi, India. Assam and potable water. 2.5 cm across. Naga Hills upto an altitude of 1200 m. 159 Corchorus Tiliaceae Pata Found in Young Annual or biennial R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez olitorius Linn. the Punjab, mucilaginous herb, erect, stout, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himachal leaves eaten as branched, to 1.5 m Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Pradesh and a vegetable high; rootstock woody; Delhi, India. Kumaon and are largely leaves lanceolate to India Biodiversity Portal: upto an grown as a ovate-lanceolate; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s altiutde of potherb. flowers in 1 or 2 how/229280 1200 m; flowered leaf opposed predominan cymes; capsules solitary t species of or paired, subcylindric; grown seeds 3-gonous. in some parts of W. Bengal. 160 Cordia Cordiaceae Lasura India: Young leaves A middle sized Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, dichotoma Andaman & are used as deciduous tree with P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Forst. f. Nicobar vegetable; drooping branches; Traditional Knowledge of Island, fruits are leaves are variable in Ethnomedicinal Plants in Assam, eaten, pickles shape, broad-ovate or Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal are prepared elliptic-oblong, acute or India', International Research Journal Pradesh, from unripe acuminate, coriaceous, of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. Bihar, fruits. base rounded or India Biodiversity Portal: Gujarat, cuneate; flowers white, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Madhya small; fruit conical how/279663 Pradesh, when young, fragrant, Rajasthan, yellow and glossy when Tamil ripe. Nadu. 161 Cordia vestita Boraginacea Ajanta Kashmir, Fruit is edible. Tree upto 10 m high R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez Hook. f. & e Punjab and with hairy twigs, leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Thoms. U. P. Upto and inflorescence; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, an altitude leveas ovate; flowers Delhi, India. of 1200 m. yellowish white; fruit elliptic to orbicular, seated on the calyx. 162 Cornus Cornaceae Krimbal Found in Fruit are edible Tree, branches with Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, capitata Wall. the prominent petiole scars. distribution and utilization pattern of ex Roxb. Himalayan Stems and branches some forestry food (wild edible) region, from sparsely puberulous; from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Kulu to leaves elliptic to Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, Bhutan, oblong-elliptic; heads India', International Journal of Khasi and 1-1.5 cm in diameter, Advances in Science Engineering Naga Hills subtended by 4 obovate and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. upto bracts; fruit a head of Flora of Pakistan: altitudes of coalesed drupes, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 2100-2500 succulent when ripe. px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242314424 m. 163 Cornus Cornaceae Kaksh, Himalayas Fruit is edible. Deciduous tree, 12-30 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez macrophylla Kagsha. from m high with ill smelling (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. Kashmir to wood; leaves ovate, Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Bhutan beaked; flowers Delhi, India. eastwards to freenish white or white; Bomdila fruit a droop, black (NEFA), when ripe. Khasi Hills (Assam) and Manipur at altitudes of 900-2400 m. 164 Corylopsis Crassulacea Dieng-piur Bhutan, Flowers eaten Deciduous shrub or tree R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez himalayana e Jabrang(NE as vegetable. 1.8 m high; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Griff. FA) and broadly ovate to Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Khasi Hills roundish; flowers 8 mm Delhi, India. (Assam) at across, pale yellow; altitudes of fruit woody, 2-seeded. 1200-2400 m. 165 Corylus ferox Betulaceae Langura Nepal, Kernel of the Trees, 20 m tall; bark R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez Wall. Sikkim and fruit is edible. dark gray or gray, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the W. Bengal fissured; branchlets Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, at altitudes purplish brown, Delhi, India. of 2400- pubescent; leaves Flora of China: 3000 m. ovate-oblong; petiole 1- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 3.5 cm, densely pilose px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006211 when young, glabrescent; Male inflorescence ca. 2 cm, Female flowers 4-6 in a cluster; Nut ovoid- globose. 166 Corylus Cornaceae Shraul Found in Edible oil is Deciduous tree up to 15 Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, jacquemontii outer obtained from m tall; young shoots distribution and utilization pattern of Decne. Himalayas the seed. tomentose-glandular; some forestry food (wild edible) upto leaf buds solitary from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of altitudes of axillary, ovoid; stipules Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, 2300-2800 lanceolate; leaves ovate India', International Journal of m. to sub-ovate; male Advances in Science Engineering catkins 2-4 cm long, and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. axillary solitary or 2-3; Flora of Pakistan: female flowers small, in http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as short spikes, in pairs in px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242314992 axil of upper bracts; nuts in clusters of 2-3, each about 1.5 cm broad.

167 Cotoneaster Rosaceae Riunsh Throughout Fruits edible. Shrubs evergreen, to 4 Chauhan, PP., Nigam, A., Santvan rotundifolius India upto m tall; branchlets K, V., 2016, 'Ethnobotanical study of Wall. ex Lindl. altitudes of spreading, grayish wild fruits in Pabbar Valley, District 1200-4000 brown to blackish Shimla, Himachal Pradesh', Journal m. brown, initially of Medicinal Plants Studies; 4(2): appressed villous, 216-220. glabrous when old; Flora of China: leaves suborbicular or http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as broadly ovate; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010774 inflorescences 1–3- flowered, flowers about 1 cm in diam.; fruit red, obovoid, 7–9 mm in diam., pyrenes 2 or 3. 168 Crambe Brassicacea Found in Yound leaves Perennial harb, stout R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez cordifolia e Kashmir eaten as with vertical lines on (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Stev. and potherb; roots the stem, thick Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, frequently also edible. rootstock; leaves Delhi, India. in the N. W. serrate; flowers white; Himalayas fruit orbicular, 1- at altitudes seeded. of 2400- 4200 m. 169 Crataegus Rosaceae Ban-sanjli N. W. Fruit is edible; Tree 6-9 m high, thorny R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez oxyacantha Himalayas in Europe branches; leaves 2.5-5 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. from Indus seeds are said cm long; flowers white Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, (Hawthorn) to Ravi at to be used as a or pink, scented; fruit Delhi, India. altitudes of substitute for scarlet or yellow, 1- 1500-2700 coffee and seeded. m; young leaves cultivated in for tea. villages. 170 Crateva Capparacea Barna Found in Young leaves Trees, up to 16 m. in R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez nurvala Buch. e the lower eaten cooked, height and 1.5 m. in (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the -Ham. hills of fruits edible. girth. Bark upto 1.8 cm Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Jammu and thick, granular inside; Delhi, India. the sub- leaves palmately India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayan trifoliate, leaflets https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s tract from lanceolate; racemes how/251028 Ravi terminal, laxly eastwards flowered; sepals are not upto an keeled and less altitude of persistent; fruit ovoid, 600 m; also oblong, 2-celled; seeds found in N. flat and angular. Bengal, NEFA, Nowgong, N. Lakhimpur and N. Kachar Hills. 171 Cucruma Zinzerberac Kali-haladi Found in Tubers edible. Turmeric like plant, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez zerumbet eae open grassy rhizome with finger like (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. places in the lobes, leaves 4-6, green; Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Tarai and flowers yellow; fruit a Delhi, India. Duars and 3-angled capsule, many in E. seeded. Himalayas; cultivated in S. India. 172 Cudrania Moraceae Kangu, Tropical Ripe fruit is Thorny climbing shrub R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez cochinchinensi Manda Himalayas edible; Leaves or a small tree with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the s (Lour.) Kudo from sutlej are inhabited miklky juice; leaves Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, & Masam. ex to Sikkim by a fugus elliptic, pin-tipped; Delhi, India. Sauer. and which converts flowers unisexual, throughout it into a white greenish or yellowish; Assam upto brittle mass, fruit orbicular or an altitude called as a irregular, pinkish of 1500 m mande-ki-roti orange and velvety in W. and is locally when ripe, 1-seeded Bengal; also eaten. fruitlets. found in Orissa. 173 Curculigo Hypoxidace Koritong, Tropical Fruit is edible. Herb 1 m tall, stout, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez capitulata ae Togojuni Himalayas tuberous rootstock, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Lour.) O. ktze from Nepal creeping, slender Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, eastwards. stolons; leaves Delhi, India. lanceolate, plaited; Flora of China: flowers yellow, star http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as shaped; fruit a berry, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028039 orbicular, seeds black. 174 Curculigo Hypoxidace Kalimusli Outer Roots eaten Herb, Rhizomes erect, R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez orchioides ae Himalayas boiled. subcylindric upto 30 cm (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Gaertn. from deep, somewhat fleshy Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Kumaon roots; leaves sessile or Delhi, India. eastwards in shortly petiolate; Flora of China: Assam and inflorescences umbel- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Manipur like racemes, 4--6- px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028043 upto an flowered; flower yellow altitude of with green or yellow 1800 m in anthers; berry Almora. subfusiform, 1-4 seeded. 175 Curcuma Zinzerberac Tavakhira, Tropical Arrowroot is Stemless herb. 30-45 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez angustifolia eae Tikari Himalayas prepared from cm high, small (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. from Simla tubers, used in rootstock, bunch or root Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, to Nepal preparation of fibres, swollen, oblong, Delhi, India. upto an puddlings. tragrant tuber; leaves Flora of Pakistan: altitude of lanceolate; flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 1200 m, yellow with pink bracts; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242421709 abundantin capsule ovoid, many U. P. , seeded. found in Bihar, W. Bengal extending to S. India. 176 Cyathea Cyatheacea Pashein E. Nepal, Tender part of Evergreen fern of 6-12 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez brunoniana e Sikkim, the stem m height and upto 0 cm (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Hook.) C. B. Bhutn, edible. girth; leaves branched Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Clarke & Bak. Khasi Hills in the manner of Delhi, India. at altitudes feather; leafstalk often of 1200- minutely spiny or 2250 m; pubescent. comman in Darjeeling. 177 Cyathocalyx Annonaceae Bolong, Found in Aromatic pulp Evergreen tree with a R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez martabanicus Hrieroth the Lushai of the ripe fruit narrow crown, about (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook. f & Hills, N. is eaten. 10-20 m tall; bark Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Thoms. Kachar and grayish brown, Delhi, India. Garo Hills branchlets fulvous India Biodiversity Portal: of Assam tomentose; leaves https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s uptoan simple, alternate; how/268030 elevation of flowers bisexual, extra- upto 900 m. axillary; fruit ellipsoid or ovoid; Seeds 8-10 in 2 rows. 178 Cycas Cyacadacea Thaljimura Nepal, W. Leaf buds used Palm like tree, 2.4-4.5 R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez pectinata e Bengal, as vegetable; m high; trunk cylindric, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Griff. Sikkim, Tree yields a dichotomously Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, NEFA coarse sago branched toward apex; Delhi, India. (Bomdila), and seeds Leaves 40-80, 1- Flora of China: Assam, and edible in pinnate; Pollen cones http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Manipur Sikkim. fusiform, 30-45 × 10-15 px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005229 upto an cm; microsporophylls altitude of cuneate, seeds 2(-4), 600 m. orange, becoming dark brown, often obovoid, compressed 179 Cyperus Cyperaceae Chichada, Dehradun Nutty- Perennial, 30-80 cm; R L. Badhwar,R.R. Fernandez esculentus Dim and found flavoured base of stem slightly (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. scattered in tubers eaten swollen, stolons to upto Himalayas, Daya Publishing House, Punjab; cooked as 20 cm, tuber up to 15 Delhi, India. Gangetic vegetable; also mm diam., round or Flora of Pakistan: plains yield an yellow elongate, rooting, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as southwards edible oil of greyish-brown scales; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=220003732 to Nilgiri pleasant stem 2-3 mm diam., Hills. flavour. trigonous, smooth; leaves shorter than stem; sheaths 50(-100) mm, yellowish or greyish brown; Inflorescence an anthelodium, fruit 3- angled. 180 Cyperus Cyperaceae Motha, Dehradun, Young tender Perennial, 20-60 cm; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. rotundus Linn. Mutha Almora, tubers are rhizome dark brown, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Simla and edible. woody; stolons Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, throughout numerous, long- New Delhi, India. India upto creeping, strong, 1-1.5 Flora of Pakistan: an altitude mm diam., producing http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as of 1800 m; tubers, upto 20 x 9 mm, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200026713 most dark brown. Stem 1-2.5 persisting mm diam., trigonous, common green, smooth; leaves weed in ligulate; inflorescence a gardens. simple or compound anthela; nutlet obovoid- oblong. 181 Dactylocteniu Poaceae Makra, Makri Throughout Seeds are said Annuals. Culms 30-60 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, m aegyptium tropical to be eaten. cm long, creeping or 'Edible wild plant resources of (L.) P. Beauv. regions of geniculately ascending, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts India rooting at the nodes; of Himachal Pradesh, India', Bilaspur, nodes glabrous; leaves International Journal of Botany Hamripur, 5-20 x 0.3-0.6 cm; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Kinnaur, spikes 2-6, digitate, India Biodiversity Portal: Mandi ,Una each 2-5 cm long, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s oblong, spikelets how/243314 sessile, 2-3.5 mm long; grain about 1 mm long, obovate or triangular, transversely rugose. 182 Dactylorhiza Orchidaceae Salampanja, Himalaya, Tubers are Plants up to 60 cm tall; Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, hatagirea (D. Hathpanja region from edible stem stout, more or less distribution and utilization pattern of Don) Soo Chitral to fistular, leafy; leaves 3- some forestry food (wild edible) Nepal, 6, lanceolate to broadly from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Bhutan, S. lanceolate and elliptic; Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, E. Tibet; inflorescence broadly India', International Journal of upto cylindric, rather short, Advances in Science Engineering altitudes of 5-10 cm, densely many- and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. 2500-3500 flowered; flowers Flora of Pakistan: m. vividly colored, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as purplish-lilac or rose, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242421813 rarely white; spur cylindric, more or less obtuse; ovary slightly twisted, glabrous. 183 Debregeasia Urticaceae Tashiari, Subtropical Ripe fruit is Evergreen shrubs; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. longifolia Tusara Himalayas eaten; branchlets slender, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Burm. F.) from resembles a densely shaggy- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Wedd. Garhwal to small pubescent; leaves to 16 New Delhi, India. Sikkim at raspberry. x 5 cm, ovate to India Biodiersity Portal: altitudes of oblong-lanceolate; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 600-2100 flowers capitate in how/10016 m; in NEFA forking cymes, axillary; and Assam peduncle up to 0.5 cm upto 1650 long, pubescent; fruit m; also achenes, orange-yellow found in when ripe. South India. 184 Debregeasia Urticaceae Puruni W. Bengal, Fruit is edible. Tree 6-9 m high, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. wallichiana Sikkim and umbrella like spreading (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wedd. Assam crown, epiphytic; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, (Garo, branchlets stout; leaves New Delhi, India. Khasi and to 25 cm across, India Biodiersity Portal: Jantia Hills) subentire; spike 6 mm https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s at altitudes across, globose; how/252372 of 1200- peduncled; achenes 0.5 2100 m. mm long, ellipsoid. 185 Decaisenea Berberidace Looduma, Humid Ripe fruit is Shrub or small tree Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. insignis Hook. ae Nomorchi forest of edible and about 3 m high; erect, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the f. & Thoms. inner quite palatable. simple or forked stem, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Himalayan bearing a tuft of 60-90 New Delhi, India. ranges of cm long compound Sikkim and leaves; flowers Bhutan at yellowish-gree, altitudes of unisexual; fruit 2100-2700 cylindric, recurved, m. many seeded. 186 Delima Dilleniaceae Panilewa Tropical Stem yields Woody climber, harsh, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. sarmentosa eastern potable water. reddish brown (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. India from branches; leaves rough Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Darjeeling parallel-veined; flowers New Delhi, India. to Assam white fragrant; fruit and Tripura; ovate, many seeded. in Assam it is common in evergreen forests; also found in Andemans. 187 Dendrocalamu Bambusace Pecha, Eastern Shoots edible. Culms 12–18 m, 9–13 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, s hamiltonii ae Pashing, Himalaya cm in diam., often very 'Edible wild plant resources of Nees & Arn. Kaghsiban Kumaon, pendulous; branches Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Assam several, dominant of Himachal Pradesh, India', Hamripur, central branch very well International Journal of Botany Kangra developed; culm Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. sheaths deciduous; leaf Flora of China: sheaths yellow setose; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as ligule 1.5–2 mm; blade px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200025135 variable; pseudospikelets 10–25 per node, clusters 1–4 cm in diam.; caryopsis brown, more or less spherical. 188 Dendrocalamu Poaceae Narbans, All over Grain is eaten Deciduous, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. s strictus Banskaban India upto as cereal; monocarpic, clustry, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) Nees an altitude young shoots stem 2.5-7.5 cm in Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 750 m in are also edible. diam., culms to 15 m New Delhi, India. sub- high, unarmed; leaves India Biodiersity Portal: Himalayan to 16 x 1.5 cm, ovate- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s tract and lanceolate; flowers in how/33101 Siwaliks compound panicles from Ravi with spikelets, to 2.5 to Nepal. cm across; grain ovoid, brownish, beaked. 189 Desmodium Ericaceae Khet-sunsuni Outer Young leaves Prostrate herb, wiry Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. microphyllum Himalayas eaten as stems; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Thunb.) D. C. ascending vegetable. compound, 1-3 leaflets; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, to 2100 m flowers blue, purple or New Delhi, India. in Kumaon, pale violet, 6 mm long; in Khasi pod 7-13 mm long, 1- Hills seeded joints. between 1200-1650 m and throughout the plains of India. 190 Desmodium Ericaceae Ulucha, Central and Dried leaves Erect subshrub upto 1 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. triquetrum Ettang Eastern are used as m tall; branches (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) D. C. Himalayas substitute of trigonous, ciliate with Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, upto an tea. stiff hairs on angles; New Delhi, India. altitude of leaves 1-foliolate; India Biodiversity Portal: 1200 m in flower purple or https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kumaon purplish pink, in how/225688 and Sikkim racemes; pod thin, 1- and in Garo, seeded joints. Khasi, Mikir Hills; wildley distributed in plains of India. 191 Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae Chalta Found in Ripe fruit is Evergreen tree upto 20 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Linn. damp edible and m in height; branches (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the evergreen tastes like an generally ascending; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, forest at apple, pickles, leaves 14 - 30 cm by 7 - New Delhi, India. foot of the Jam etc. are 12 cm; flowers are India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayas also prepared. generally white, sepals https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s from Nepal broadly ovate, concave how/229573 eastwards, & pale green; fruits occur in green, round, 5 seeded, Northern seeds reniform. W. Bengal; often gregarious in damp places in Assam. 192 Dillenia Dilleniaceae Karmal Sub- Ripe fruit have Deciduous tree about Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. pentagyna Himalayan a agreeable 15 - 18 m height, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. forests from acid flavour branches ascending; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Oudh and are eaten; leaves are large, 30- 50 New Delhi, India. eastwards, Flower buds cm by 9 - 20 cm, India Biodiversity Portal: in the and young oblanceolate, narrow at https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s northern fruits are also the base, margin how/10097 district of eaten raw or serrated; flowers light W. Bengal cooked. greenish yellow in upto an fascicles of 5-8 from altitude of short branch 900 m; protuberance; fruit along the orbicular, drooping. foot of Mikir Hills of Assam.

193 Dillenia Dilleniaceae Banji-oi, At the foot Fruits are Deciduous tree upto 19 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. scabrella Akachi of Mikir edible. m in height, fluted (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. Hills; also trunk; branches more or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, in Sibsagar less horizontal; leaves New Delhi, India. and simple, spirally India Biodiversity Portal: Nowgong in arranged; flowers https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam. yellow, solitary or 2-7 how/223808 flowered clusters, fruits pseudocarps indehiscent, 1-2 seeded, seeds ovoid. 194 Dinochloa Poaceae Daral Assam Seed is mealy Evergreen bamboo, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. compactiflora (Kachar). and edible; greyish-green rough (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Kurz) resembling stem, often climbing Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, McClure chestnuts. over tall trees; sheaths New Delhi, India. brittle, persistent, white-hairy; leaves lanceolate; inflorescence gigantic; fruit depresed-orbicular. 195 Dioscorea Dioscoreace Zamin-kand Sub-tropical Tubers eaten. Tubers small, sub- Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, belophyla ae Himalaya fusiform; stems 'Edible wild plant resources of Voigt ex Bihar, J & glabrous, twining Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Hains. K, Punjab, anticlockwise; leaves of Himachal Pradesh, India', Uttar usually opposite, International Journal of Botany Pradesh, simple, 7.5-13 cm long; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Bengal, male spikes 2.5-4 cm India Biodiversity Portal: Sikkim, long, female spikes 5.5- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam, 12 cm long; Capsule 2 how/243752 Orissa, cm long, 3 cm broad, South India obovate with a retuse Bilaspur, apex or obcordate. Chamba, Mandi, Shimla 196 Dioscorea Dioscoreace Moodavenni, Nepal, Tubers edible. Climber, stem angled, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. hamiltonii ae Sandikilangu Sikkim and glabrous; leaves ovate (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook. f. Assam; also or lanceolate, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, found in acuminate, flowers in New Delhi, India. Bengal, verticils; Fruit India Biodiversity Portal: Orissa, W. orbicular. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Ghat and how/243756 Andemans. 197 Dioscorea Dioscoreace Karukandu Throughout Tubers are Climber, prickly stem Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. hispida ae India upto acrid and twining to left, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Dennst. an altitude edible with glabrous; leaflets Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 750 m in frquent subequal, obovate; New Delhi, India. U. P. And washings; racemes fascicled, India Biodiversity Portal: 1200 m in tubers are used shortly peduncled, to 1 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Sikkim and for the cm long; fruit capsular, how/243782 Khasi Hills. production of seed with papery basal industrial wing. starch and edible flour.

198 Dioscorea Dioscoreace Himalayas Tubers edible. Climber twining to left, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. melanophyma ae from stem glabrous; tubers (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Prain & Burk. Kashmir to ovoid or pear-shaped; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim and roots slender, fibrous; New Delhi, India. in Assam at bulblets present, black Flora of Pakistan: altitudes of at maturity, 5-7 mm in http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 600-3000 diam., smooth; leaves px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200028121 m. alternate, palmately 3- or 5; male racemes pubescent, 2.5-5 cm long; Capsule upto 1.5 cm long; seeds winged at the top. 199 Dioscorea Dioscoreace Kasa-alu Wet regions Tubers are Climber twining to Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. puber Blume ae of eaten; bulbil right, terete, 1 or 2 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himalayas (tuber at leaf- underground, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, at altitudes axils) is also yellowish-fleshed New Delhi, India. of 900-1500 edible. cylindrical, 45-60 cm India Biodiversity Portal: m, from long tubers, short https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s central rootlets; leaves very how/243768 Nepal to rarely alternate, Bhutan and cordate; flowers closely in Assam. packed; seeds winged all round. 200 Dioscorea Dioscoreace Himlayas in Tubers are Climber prickly below, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. siamensis ae U. P., edible, but are twining to the right; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kunth Nepal, too sticky long root fibres; white- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Darjeeling when boiled. fleshed cylindric or New Delhi, India. and in curvrd tubers, 5-75 cm NEFA long; leaves opposite or (Abor lower few alternate; Hills), male flowers 1.5 mm Assam; also long; capsule 3-winged, found in W. seeds winged all round. Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Andemans. 201 Dioscorea Dioscoreace Han-alu Found in Tubers edible Climber twining to the Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. walliahii ae Assam and after right; stalkless tubers, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook. f. Manipur, successive 60-90 cm deep in the Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, distributed boilings to soil; leaves cordate; New Delhi, India. in many remove the flowers 2 mm across; region in acrid principle fruit a capsule brooder; India below seeds flattish. Himalayas. 202 Diospyros Ebenaceae Bistendu, Sub- Fruits and Dioecious trees, to 10 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, cordifolia timru Himalayan leaves are said m high; bark greyish- 'Edible wild plant resources of Roxb. Parker. tract to be edible. brown; blaze sulphur Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Throughout yellow; branchlets of Himachal Pradesh, India', India tomentose; leaves International Journal of Botany Hamirpur, simple, oblong- Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Una lanceolate or elliptic- India Biodiversity Portal: oblong; flowers https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s unisexual, white, male how/252187 flowers: 3-flowered axillary racemes, female flowers: solitary, pedicellate; fruit a berry about 2 cm across, yellow.

203 Diospyros Ebenaceae Kalatendu Ceylon, Fruits are Evergreen tree with Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, embryopteris Siam, edible. short trunk and 'Edible wild plant resources of Pers Malayan spreading crown; leaves Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Peninsula generally glossy green, of Himachal Pradesh, India', Bengal distichous, oblong or International Journal of Botany Kangra narrowly oblong; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. (Nurpur), flowers are tetramerous India Biodiversity Portal: Sirmaur and white or green https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s (Nahan), coloured; male flowers how/265567 Solan in clusters while female (Kunihar), ones solitary; fruit Una globose, about 2 inches across, yellowish when ripe. 204 Diospyros kaki Ebenaceae Halwa-tendu Khasi arid Fruit is edible. Small tree, up to 15 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Linn. F. Naga Hills; tall; leaves elliptic or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the also elliptic-ovate; flowers Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, cultivated. small, shortly New Delhi, India. pedicillate in small India Biodiversity Portal: cymose clusters, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s pedicel 10-15 mm long; how/225699 fruit shining globose, Flora of Pakistan: orange red or yellow http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as when ripe, about 2-3 px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200017585 inch across. 205 Diospyros Ebenaceae Kendu, Sub- The soft flesh Tree upto 13.5 hieght, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. melanoxylon Tendu Himalayan of ripe fruit is dark bark aand black (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. tract and eaten, it is heartwood; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Siwaliks yellow, ovate, elliptic; flowers New Delhi, India. from Ravi sweetish, in clusters or solitary; to Nepal astringent and fruit orbicular or ovoid; upto an aromatic. seeds 4-8. altitude of 900m. 206 Diospyros Ebenaceae Toposi Assam Fruit is eaten. Evergreen tree, 12 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. toposia Buch.- (Kalmrup, high, dark horizontally (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Ham. Garo Hills, wrinkled bark; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Khasi and elliptic to nearly New Delhi, India. Jantia Hills, oblong; flowers white Kachar, N. 6mm long; fruit Kachar orbicular to elliptic; Hills and seeds 1-4. Lushai Hills). 207 Diospyrose Ebenaceae Kalatendu Sub- Fruit is eaten, Dioecious trees, bark Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. peregrina Himalayan sweet but black, greenish tinge (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Gaertn.) tract from astringent and flaking off in thick Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Guerke Yamuna to not very scales; branchlets New Delhi, India. Tista W. palatable; glabrous; leaves simple, India Biodiversity Portal: Bengal, leaves also alternate, distichous; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kamrup, eaten as flowers unisexual, pale how/10707 Nowgong vegetable. yellow; fruit a berry, 5- (Assam) 6 cm across; seeds 4-8, upto an flattened, altitude of 600 m. 208 Diplocyclos Cucurbitace Shivalingi Thruoghout Young leaves Slender foetid climber, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. palmatus ae India upto are cooked and 2-pronged coiled (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) C. an altitude eaten as a threads about leaf axils; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Jeffrey of 600 m in green leaves palmately 5- New Delhi, India. the vegetable. lobed; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayas. unisexual, pale yellow; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s berry orbicular, many how/229562 seeded. 209 Diploknema Sapotaceae Phulwara Sub- Fruit pulp is Tree 12-15 m high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. butyracea Himalayan edible; seeds leaves ovate to elliptic; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) H. J. tract from yield white flowers white or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Lamb. Dehradun to edible fat creamy, sickly smell; New Delhi, India Bhutan at frequently berry elliptic, green; altitude of used as seeds 1-3, flattish. 300-1500 adulterant in m. ghee; seedcakes also edible. 210 Dipsacus Dipsacaceae Upplehak Temperate Tender shoots Bristly-prickly herb, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. inermis Wall. Himalayas and young 0.3- 3 m high; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the from leaves are opposit, ovate to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to eaten in lanceolate; flowers New Delhi, India. Bhutan at Kashmir; also funnel-shaped, white or Flora of China: altitudes of dried and yellowish; fruits one http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 1500-3600 preserved for seeded. px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200022575 m, and in winters. Assam. 211 Docynia Rosaceae Dieng-soh- Assam at an Fruit is edible. Tree, young parts Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. hookeriana pho altitude of woolly; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Decne. 1500 m at lanceolate, serrate Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Mayrong margins; flowers 2.5 cm New Delhi, India. (Khasi across; berry spindle to Hills) pear-shaped.

212 Docynia indica Rosaceae Sopho Central and Acidulous fruit Deciduous tree, 9-12 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. (Wall.) Dacne. Eastern is eaten raw or high; young patrs (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himalayas cooked. woolly; leaes nearlly Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, in Nepal, lanceolate; flowers New Delhi, India. Sikkim, N. white, 2.5 cm across; Bengal and berry ovoidb or pear- Bhutan; in shaped; upto 15 seeded. Assam (Khasi Hills) and Manipur at altitudes of 900-1800 m. 213 Dodonaea Sapindaceae Sanatha, Throughout Seeds edible. Shrubs to small sized Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, viscosa (L.) Mehndi India, trees, up to 4 m tall; 'Edible wild plant resources of Jacq. Bilaspur, branches terete, often Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Chamba angled; young parts of Himachal Pradesh, India', (Dalhousie), scurfy puberulous; International Journal of Botany Hamirpur, leaves alternate, 1-8 x Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Kangra 0.2-1.5 cm, India Biodiversity Portal: (Nurpur), oblanceolate-obovate or https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kinnaur, broadly elliptic; how/10948 Mandi inflorescence panicled (Nachan, cymes, up to 7 cm long, Suket), lateral nerves up to 35, Shimla, looping, flowers Sirmaur greenish yellow; (Nahan), capsules membranous, Solan , Una compressed, up to 1.5 cm long, 1-2-seeded; seeds black

214 Drymaria Caryophylla Lai Jabori, Tropical Leaves eaten Prostrate annual herbs; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. cordata (Linn.) ceae Jabshri and as salad. stem glabrous to (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Willd. Ex subtropical glandular-papillate; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Roem. & parts of branches arising from New Delhi, India. Schult India base, rooting at nodes, India Biodiversity Portal: extending slender, elongate; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s weatwards leaves simple, opposite; how/281467 to the flowers in dichasial Punjab and cyme, terminal; ascending capsules 2-3 valved; to seeds one, upto 1-2 mm Himalayas in diam upto an altitude of 2000 m in Sikkim and near Bomdila (NEFA) at an altitude of 2550 m. 215 Drypetes Euphorbiac Ban-bokul, Sub- Fruit is edible. Evergreen tree, 6-13.5 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. assamica eae chipla Himlayan m high, ashy, thin bark; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Hook. f.) Pax tract from leaves elliptic or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, & Hoffm. Dehradun to oblong; flowers yellow, New Delhi, India. Darjeeling auxillary clusters; fruit Terai and in orbicular to elliptic, 2- Assam upto seeded. an altitude of 750 m n Kumaon; Bihar, Orissa, N. Circars and in Andemans. 216 Duranta Verbenacea Daranta Found Flowers eaten Shrub erect or scandent Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, repens Linn. e throughout by children. 1.5-4.5 m; bark dark 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild India: brown; branchlets Plants of District Solan , Himachal Assam, obtusely 4 angular, Pradesh, India', International Journal Bihar, lenticellate, usually of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- Gujarat, armed with spines; 95. Karnataka, leaves ovate-elliptic, India Biodiversity Portal: Mahrastra, lanceolate or ovate, 2-6 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Manipur, x 1.5-3 cm across; how/266148 Madhya inflorescence racemose Pradesh, panicles, axillary, Uttar terminal and on Pradesh. branchlets 5-25 cm long; flowers zygomorphic, slender, pedicellate about 1-4 mm long; fruit drupe globose about 0.75-1 cm in diameter, shining yellow.

217 Eclipta alba Asteraceae Bhringraj Odisha; Tender leaves Herbs, caespitose, up to Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, (Linn.) Hassk Kamrup, are used as 25 cm high; stems P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Goalpara, vegetable. terete, appressed Traditional Knowledge of Sivasagar in strigose; leaves simple, Ethnomedicinal Plants in Assam upto opposite, 1-3 x 0.2-0.5 Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, an altitude cm, oblong; flowers in India', International Research Journal of 750 m. axillary or terminal 1-3 of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. capitula; white; fruit an India Biodiversity Portal: oblong achene, 3- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s quetrous, hairy. how/229618 218 Ehretia laevis Boraginacea Chamror, Himalayas Fruit and inner Tree 9-12 m high; bark Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Roxb. e Darar upto an bark is edible. greyish, 1.3 cm thick, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the altitude of soft and yellow, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, 1050 m and scabrous, with elliptic New Delhi, India. in Assam; lenticels; branchlets Flora of China: common in brown, densely http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as U. P.; pubescent.; leaves px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018976 distributed elliptic, petiole 1-2 cm; throughout flowers white, faintly India. scented; drupe orbicular, yellow or orange; 4 1-seeded pyrenes. 219 Elaeagnus Elaeagnacea Ghaiyeen Found upto Fruits are Shrubs, straggling; Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, conferta Roxb. e altitudes of edible. axillary branches distribution and utilization pattern of 2000-2500 sometimes spine- some forestry food (wild edible) m. tipped; leaf blade from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of elliptic to elliptic- Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, oblong, petiole 5-11 India', International Journal of mm; inflorescence to 8- Advances in Science Engineering flowered, pedicel 1-3 and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. mm; fruiting pedicel Flora of China: about 9 mm, flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as silvery brown, scaly; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014550 fruit a drupe, more or less ellipsoid, 1.3-1.8 × 0.7-1 cm. 220 Elaeagnus Elaeagnacea Loharu, Swampy Ripe fruit is Evergreen shrub, rusty- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. latifolia Linn. e Chhokhua parts of eaten and is shiny scales, often (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Sub- pleasantly thorny; leaves broadly Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Himalayan acidulous and elliptic, 3.8-15 cm long; New Delhi, India. tract from refreshing. flowers straw coloured, Yamuna scented; fruit ovoid, eastwards one-seeded. to NEFA upto an altitude of 2400 and in Assam. 221 Elaeagnus Elaeagnacea Doukhiguti W. Bengal, Ripe fruit is Woody climbing shrub, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. pyriformis e Assam edible. brown scales; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook. F. (Lakhimpur elliptic, beaked, flowers Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, , Kamrup, in axillary clusters; fruit New Delhi, India. Goalpara, pear-shaped, yellowish Khasi and when ripe, 1-seeded. Jantia Hills) and NEFA upto an altitude of 1500m 222 Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpac Jalpai Northern Pleasantly Trees 15-25 m tall with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. floribundus eae W. Bengal acidulous fruit buttresses; crown ovoid (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Blume. upto an is eaten cooked or oblong; bark grey- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of and also brown, vertically New Delhi, India. 900 m; pickled. fissured; leaves simple, India Biodiversity Portal: Makum alternate, spiral; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Range, inflorescences in how/229590 Lakhimpur axillary racemes, n Assam flowers ca. 7 mm and in across, white; drupes Tripura; upto 2.5-4 cm long, Khasi Hills light green, pyrenes upto an spindle shaped. altitufe of 1650 m 223 Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpac Bhadras E. Fruit is eaten. Evergreen tree, 18-30 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. lanceaefolius eae Himalayas high; leaves lanceolate; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. in northern flowers white, borne in Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, W. Bengal, racemes; fruit ovoid, New Delhi, India. Sikkim and green with pale yellow Bhutan at specks. altitudes of1500- 2400 m; Khasi and Garo Hills of Assam, Manipur at altitudes of 1200-1800 m; also in S. India.

224 Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpac Dieng-ruin Northern Fruit is said to Evergreen tree 9-12 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. prunifolius eae W. Bengal, be edible. high; leaves lanceolate; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. Khasi and flowers white, 10-13 Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Jantia Hills mm across; fruit ovoid, New Delhi, India. of Assam; stone slightly wrinkled. in Manipur upto an altitude of 1350 m. 225 Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpac Seleng Northern Fruit is edible. Trees, 10-20 m tall; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. sikkimensis eae W. Bengal, branchlets striate, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Mast. Sikkim and pilose; leaves simple, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bhutan upto alternate, spiral; petiole New Delhi, India. an altitude upto 2-4.5 cm; racemes India Biodiversity Portal: of 1500 m; axillary, upto 6-10 cm https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s throughout long, pilose; flowers how/251842 upper assam upto 5-7 mm across, in white; drupes upto 4- submontane 4.5 cm long, stones tract. tubercled. 226 Elaeocarpus Elaeocarpac Bhadraik, Sub- Fruit is edible,. Evergreen tree upto 18 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. varunna eae Bhadrase. himalayan m high, often supported (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Buch.-Ham. ex tract from by shafts of aerial roots Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Mast. Nepal at the base; leaves New Delhi, India. eastwards elliptic to lanceolate and in margins serrate; flowers Assam upto white, 1.3 cm across; an altitude fruit oblong, orbicular of 1200 m ; at the ends; stone 3- common in channeled. northern W. Bengal and in mixed forests of upper Assam. 227 Elsholtzia Lamiaceae Found upto Flowers of the Subshrubs erect, 0.6-2.6 Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, flava Benth. alitutdes of plant are m tall; branches densely distribution and utilization pattern of 2100-2600 edible. gray pubescent; petiole some forestry food (wild edible) m. 3-6 cm; leaf blade from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of broadly ovate to sub- Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, circular, 8-15 × 5.2-8.2 India', International Journal of cm; spikes terminal and Advances in Science Engineering axillary, robust, 6-12 and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. cm, pedunculate; Flora of China: nutlets dark brown, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as oblong, about 1 mm. px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019636 228 Embelia Myrsinacea Amili, N. Bengal Leaves are Shrubs scandent, rusty Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. gamblei Kurz e Amilpate and Sikkim eaten. stellate tomentose on (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the ex C. B. at altitudes branchlets and leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Clarke of 1800- abaxially; branchlets New Delhi, India. 2700 m. angled, 5-7 mm in Flora of China: diam., glabrescent; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as leaves ovate or elliptic, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016822 petiole deeply canaliculate; inflorescences racemose; flowers dull yellowish green, (4 or)5-merous; fruit red, globose. 229 Embelia Myrsinacea Poimuri NEFA and Leaves are Extensive climber; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. subcoriacea e Tenga Assam eaten. leaves small, usually (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Mez (Lakhimpur acute with translucent Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, , Sibsagar, bars & dots; flowers in New Delhi, India. Khasi and receme, erose from old Jantia Hills) stem; fruits red. upto an altitude of 1800 m. 230 Embelia Myrsinacea Bon-pui, Nepal and Leaves are Climbing shrub at times Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. undulata (DC.) e Amilpati Sikkim at eaten cooked an upright tree, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Mez altitude of with fish; Fruit scandent, glabrous; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, 900-3000 is edible. branchlets straight, New Delhi, India. m; in often twisted, terete, 2- Flora of China: Assam 4.5 cm in diam., http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as (Darrang, lenticellate; leaves px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016840 Kamrup, elliptic or ovate; petiole Khasi and 1-1.5 cm, deeply Jantia Hills) canaliculate; flowers upto 1500 yellowish or greenish, m. 4-merous; fruit globose or subglobose.

231 Emblica Euphorbiac Amla Throughout Fruits are Trees, upto 12 m high, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, officinalis eae tropical and consumed raw deciduous, monoecious, 'Edible wild plant resources of Gaertn subtropical or dried, also unisexual, bark Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts India pickled. brownish; main stem of Himachal Pradesh, India', Bilaspur, terete; leaves pinnately International Journal of Botany Chamba compound, leaflet Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. (Dalhousie), alternate, margin entire; India Biodiversity Portal: Hamirpur, flowers yellowish in https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kangra, axillary clusters , how/31625 Sirmaur monoecious; fruit (Nahan, drupe, globose, Rajgarh), yellowish when ripen. Solan (Kunihar), Una 232 Enhydra Asteraceae Hilamochika, Both Tender shoots Prostrate, aquatic herb, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. flactuans Lour. Heloncha vallleys of and young glabrous, rooting at the (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Assam and leaves though nodes, fleshy stem; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, rich damp aomewhat leaves opposite & New Delhi, India. soil; also bitter but eaten sessile, lanceolate, India Biodiversity Portal: found in as salador entire; flower heads https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Ranchi vegetable; terminal, small; seeds how/282541 (Bihar) upto leaves are oblong. an altitude offered for slae of 600 m. in Assam. 233 Ensete Musaceae Bankela Assam; also Root, Erect shrubs with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. superbum found in W. sprouting unbranched globose (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) Ghats. shoot, young leafsheaths formed into Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Cheesm. Bower-heads a pseudostem of 50-100 New Delhi, India. and the scape cm diam.; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: at the core of spirally https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s the fruiting arranged,sessile; how/229603 shoot, all are flowers many on each cooked with bracts; unisexual; fruit and are oblong; seeds few, eaten as subglobose, black. vegetable or in curries; young fruits pickled. 234 Ephedra Gnetaceae Tutgantha Himalayas Fruit is sweet Shrubs small, to 15 cm; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. gerardiana from W. and eaten. woody stems buried in (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. ex Royle Tibet and soil, parts above ground Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to scabrous, rarely almost New Delhi, India. Sikkim at smooth; branchlets Flora of China: altitudes of directed upward, dark http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 1950- green, later brown; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005507 4800m; leaves opposite, 2-3 Chauhan, J., Negi, AK., Rajasekaran, common in mm, connate; flowers A., & Nazir, AP., 2013, 'Wild edible dry ranges. 4-8; berry upto 7-8 mm plants as emerging ethnomedicines long, from the Kinnaur District of Himachal Prades, India', Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products, 20(4), 273-280. 235 Ephidra Gnetaceae khanna W. Fruit is eaten. Subshrubs or shrubs to Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. intermedia Himalayas 1 m, branched, creeping (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Schrenk. & in drier stem producing single, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Meyer regions and erect, green primary New Delhi, India. W. Tibet branches; branchlets Flora of China: from yellowish or bluish http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Garhwal green, often pruinose, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005509 weatwards internodes 2-6 cm × at altitudes 1.5-3.5 mm; leaves in of 2100- whorls of 3 or opposite, 4650 m. connate; pollen cones usually clustered at nodes, often sessile; Fruit ovoid, red. 236 Equisetum Equisetacea Matti, Himalayas Strobili (spore- Rush-like herb, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. arvense Linn. e Ashvavar at altitudes bearing cones) perennial branched; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the of 3300- are eaten after rhizome ascending, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, 4050 m. being boiled, erect, or creeping, New Delhi, India. also eaten blackish brown, nodes Flora of China: salted; base of and roots with sparse http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as the plant also long yellowish brown px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=233500616 used as food. trichomes or glabrous; green stem bearing minute leaves at each joint; sheath castaneous or pale yellow, upto 0.8 cm; fructification is oblong cone; spore tailed with 4-ribbons. 237 Erioglossum Sapindaceae Ritha, Northern Ripe fruit is Evergreen shrub or tree, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. rubiginosum Abigran W. Bengal eaten; tender 4.5-10.5 m high; young (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) Blume upto an leaves and parts rusty; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of shoots used as compound, leafltes 5- New Delhi, India. 900 m; vegetable. 15; flowers fragrant, Sikkim brownish-white; fruit 3- Himalayas, lobed, dark purple or Assam black when ripe. valley; also found in Orissa, N. Oudh, E. Ghats, Andemans. 238 Eriosema Ericaceae Soh-pen Himalayas Tuberous Herbs, perennial, erect, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. chinenseVog. from rootstock is 12-50 cm tall; root (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Garhwal eaten raw or tuber fusiform to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, eastwards cooked. globose, succulent; New Delhi, India. upto an stems densely villous; Flora of China: altltude of leaves 1-foliolate; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 1800m; stipules linear to linear- px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012126 Khasi Hills lanceolate; raceme of Assam at axillary, extremely 1200-1500 short, 1- or 2-flowered; m; also in seeds 2, black, small, Chhotta reniform; Nagpur 239 Erycibe Convolvula Nigoni boal Sub- Fruit is eaten. Woody climbers, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. paniculata ceae lota Himalayan reddish twigs; young (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. tract from branches, leaves and Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Pilibhit inflorescence densely New Delhi, India. eastwards rusty tomentose; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: upto an 4-8 x 2-5 cm, broadly https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s altitude of elliptic or elliptic- how/249589 1200m and obovate; inflorescence Assam; axillary and terminal distributed panicled cymes; flowers in many 6-8 mm across, parts of fragrant; berry 6-8 x 3- India and in 3.5 mm, ovoid or Andemans.l ellipsoid; seed 1. 240 Erysimum Brassicacea Found upto Tender shoots Biennial to perennating Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, hieraciifolium e altitudes of and leaves are herbs, 30-60 cm tall, distribution and utilization pattern of Linn. 2200-3400 cooked as erect, appressedly hairy some forestry food (wild edible) m. vegetable. with 2-4-parted hairs; from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of stem often simple, Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, subangular, rarely India', International Journal of branched; basal leaves Advances in Science Engineering rosulate, very variable, and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. elliptic-oblong to Flora of Pakistan: oblanceolate; cauline http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as leaves more or less px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=241000203 similar to basal leaves or linear, subsessile or sessile. racemes 20-60- flowered, up to 40 cm long in fruit; flowers about 10 mm across, yellow; seeds about 1 mm long, oblong.

241 Erythrina Ericaceae Pangara, Coastal Tender leaves Deciduous tree; bark Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. variegata Dadap regions of and shoots are yellowish or greenish- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. var. India and in eaten as grey, smooth, peeling Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, orientalis Andemans; potherb. off in papery flakes; New Delhi, India. (Linn.) Merr. grown as an blaze yellow; prickles India Biodiversity Portal: ornamental black on branches; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s or a hedge leaves trifoliate, how/229667 tree as a alternate; flowers support to bisexual, bright red, in peper of dense racemes; fruit a ; all pod 15-30.5 cm long; over upto an seeds 6-8. altitude of 1200 m in Himalayas. 242 Euphorbia Euphorbiac Dudhi, Choti Throughout Tender leaves Decumbent herb, upto Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. hirta Linn. eae dudhli the hotter and shoots 55 cm high; root white, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the parts of serves as a upto 13 cm long, upto Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, India from femine food; 0.2 cm diameter, less New Delhi, India. Punjab eaten cooked branched; stem India Biodiversity Portal: eastwards in very small pubescent, reddish, 0.2 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s and quantity. cm diameter, distinct how/33117 Sharma ,A., southwards node and internode; Santvan,VK., Sharma, P. & Chandel, upto an leaves opposite, arising S. (2014), 'Studies on Traditional altitude of from node; cyathia in Knowledge of Ethnomedicinal Plants 1200 m, in dense, terminal, in Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, Simla headlike, pedunculate India', International Research Journal cymes, flower naked; of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. capsule 0.1 x 0.1 cm, green; seeds 3 in each capsule. 243 Euphoria Sapindaceae Kath litchi Common in Fruit is eaten Evergreen tree, 9-15 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. longana Lamk. Assam upto like litchi; high; leaves pinnate (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the an altitude Chinese dry compound, shining Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 1050 m the edible flesh when young; flowers New Delhi, India. in Garo and (aril) and use it pale yellow, in terminal India Biodiversity Portal: Khasi Hills; for making tea cymose panicles; fruit https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s also found as tonic. is sub-globose, rough, how/281926 in S. India purplish red when ripe; and is often Aril is like Litchi but in cultivated. small size, taste like litchi. 244 Euryale ferox Nymphaeac Makhana, Abundant in The seeds are Densely prickly aquatic Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Salisb. eae Phul- Dal Lake at eaten raw, herb; leaves simple; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the makhana Srinagar; roasted or stipulate; petioles long Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kachar and boiled. It can and prickly; flowers New Delhi, India. Khasi Hills be added in epigynous, pinkish on India Biodiversity Portal: in Assam, sweets, meat long peduncles; fruits https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Manipur, and makes spongy with accrescent how/229720 Tripura. light food with Sepals; seed upto 7-12 milk also. mm across, with thick and hard testa. 245 Evodia Rutaceae Kanukpa Himalayas Fruit is eaten. Trees, 5-16 m high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. fraxinifolia (D. from Nepal branchlets woody, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Don) Hook.f to Sikkim terete, glabrous; bark Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, and in W. greyish-brown, New Delhi, India. Bengal upto lenticellate; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: altitudes of compound, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 1200-2400 imparipinnate; how/281871 m; also in inflorescences in Assam, in compressed rachis, ca. Khasi and 7-16 cm long, Jantia Hills puberulent to at altitudes pubescent; flower of 900-1500 unisexual, white or m. greenish-white; follicles ca. 10-15 mm across, seeds ca. 3-5 mm long, reddish brown, arillate. 246 Fagara Rutaceae Badrang, W. Bengal Leaves are said Evergreen tree upto 15 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. budrunga Bajna upto an to be edible; m high; prickles on the (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. altitude of Fruits and stem, branches and Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, 900 m and seeds used as sometimes on petiole; New Delhi, India. throughtout condiments; branches crowded on Assam ripe seeds taste the top of the tree; extending to like black leaves 30-75 cm long; low pepper. flowers minute, foothils; greenish white; Fruit also found oblong to orbicular; in S. India. seeds brownish black. 247 Fagara Rutaceae Tejmoi, W. Bengal Fruit is edible. Prickly evergreen Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. hamiltoniana Tezmuri at altitudes climbing shrub; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Wall. ex 900-2400 m 15-37 cm long; flowers Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Hook.f.) Engl. and in green or dull white; New Delhi, India. Sikkim; fruit oblong to common orbicular; seeds throughout brownish black. Assam in low level forests; except in Khasi and Jantia Hills. 248 Fagara Rutaceae Pepuli Assam upto Tender leaves Deciduous tree upto 22 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. limonella an altitude are eaten m high; prickles on the (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Dennst. of 600 m; cooked; unripe stem, branches and on Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, distributed fruit and seeds leaves; leaves 30-60 cm New Delhi, India. in S. India. used as long, 16-25 ovate; condiments; flowers light green or fruit is yellow, 5 mm across; aromatic; fruit solitary; seeds seeds taste like single, blue-black. . 249 Fagara Rutaceae Mezenga Found in U. Tender shoots Prickly evergreen, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. oxyphylla P., Bengal, are eaten aromatic shrub, often (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Edgew.) Sikkim and cooked as climbing; leaves 15-40 Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Reeder & S. Y. Bhutan vegetable. cm long; flowers lilac New Delhi, India. Cheo Himalaya at or dark purplish-red; altitudes of fruit consisting 1-5 1800-2700 orbicular, 1-seeded m; parts. eastwards in Bomdila and Khasi Hills at 1200-1800 m.

250 Fagopyrum Polygonace Phaphru Himalayas Young leaves Perennial herb, 30-90 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. acutatum ae from are eaten cm high; leaves cordate (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Lehm.) Fern. Kashmir to cooked. or spear-shaped to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim at triangular; flowers New Delhi, India. altitudes of white or pink; nut 6-8 1500-3450 mm long, 1-seeded. m and as a common weed in Khasi Hills at 1200- 1500 m. 251 Fagopyrum Polygonace Ban fafra Found upto Leaves boiled A tall, perennial, Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, dibotrys ae altitudes of or steamed are sparsely pubescent, distribution and utilization pattern of (D.Don) Hara 2100-3000 used like branced herb; leaves some forestry food (wild edible) spinach. petioled, petiole 1.5-7 from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of cm long, upper ones Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, with short and lower India', International Journal of with long petioles; Advances in Science Engineering ochreae 8-12 mm long; and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. flowers secund on the Flora of Pakistan: long recurved branches http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as of the inflorescence, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242100052 pedicellate, white; nuts 3-angled, angles acute, ovate. 252 Fagopyrum Polygonace Fafrol Found upto Leaves are Annual, glabrous, Singh, J., Rajasekaran, A., Negi, tataricum ae an altitude edible as commonly green herb, AK., Nazir AP., 2014, 'Wild (Linn.) Garten. 4500 m. vegetables. up to 1 m tall, stem vegetable plants used by trible glabrous or slightly people of Kinnaur District, pubescent; leaves Himachal Pradesh, India', triangular-cordate; International journal of forest ochrea hyaline; usufructs Management, 15 (2), 47- inflorescence axillary 56. Flora of and terminal, Pakistan: corymbose cyme, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as flowers white or pink; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006710 nut 3-anguled, blackish brown. 253 Feronia Rutaceae Kaith, Bilin Siwalik Fleshy Tree 6-12 m high, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. limonia (Linn.) range and at aromatic pulp thorns in the axils of (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Swingle the foot of of the fruit is leaves; leaves 12 cm Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, the eaten raw; also long; leaflets 5-7, 25-35 New Delhi, India. Himalayas made into x 10-20 mm; flowers Flora of Pakistan: in Jellies; dull red, fragrant; petals http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Rohilkhand Chutney can elliptic; berry 5-9 cm in px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=220007634 and N. be made from diameter; seeds brown. Oudh; the pulp of the distributed fruit. in S. and C. India. 254 Ferula Apiaceae Cheyarn, Found upto Tender leaves Plants 1–2 m, Chauhan, J., Negi, AK., Rajasekaran, jaeschkeana Kaidmo an altitude and shoots are monocarpic, not A., Nazir, Ap., 2013, 'Wild edible Vatke of 3600 m. eaten as strongly scented; stem plants as emerging ethanomedicines vegetable. solitary, thick, robust, from the Kinnaur Distsict of reddish brown, Himachal Pradesh, India', Journal of paniculate-branched, Non-Timber Forest Products, 20(4), lower branches 273-280. Flora of alternate, upper China: branches verticillate; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as leaves triangular, ovate- px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015539 lanceolate; inflorescence umbel, 3– 10 cm across; terminal umbels sessile or subsessile; fruit ellipsoid, 14–20 × 8–12 mm. 255 Fessistigma Annonaceae Jyrmi-soh- Found in Aromatic pulp Large woody climber, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. verrucosum ram-khlow Mikir Hills, of the ripe fruit rusty hair branchlets; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Hook.f. & Sibsagar is eaten with leaves 7.5-15 cm long, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Thoms.) Merr. district, much relish. lanceolate or oblong; New Delhi, India. North flowers leaf-opposed, Lakhimpur, pale yellow; berries, foot of borne in bunches. Khasi Hills; also in evergreen forests of Assam. 256 Ficus Moraceae Phrap-agar Tropical Acidulous bud Large tree. Bark Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. geniculata Himalayas scales eaten brownish grey, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kurz in W. cooked. stipulately pubescent; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bengal and branchlets lenticellate; New Delhi, India. Sikkim upto leaves clustered, India Biodiversity Portal: an altitude alternate, glabrous; both https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of 900 m; male flowers and how/250197 Assam female flowers are (Khasi, separate; receptacle Garo and axillary in pendulous Jantia Hills, cluster on the stem; Noegong fruit small, yellow and N. when ripe. Kachar Hills )

257 Ficus Moraceae Gular, Umar Outer Fruit edible Tree about 20 m tall Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, glomerata Himalaya, after ripening. rarely with aerial roots, 'Edible wild plant resources of Roxb. Ceylon, bark whitish-brown, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Burma Rare smooth, Leaves of Himachal Pradesh, India', in Punjab grooved minutely hairy, International Journal of Botany plains, lamina ovate-lanceolate Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. occasionally to elliptic-lanceolate; India Biodiversity Portal: wild in flowers unisexual; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s eastern inflorescence a syconia; how/31344 parts of male flowers sessile, Punjab, ostiolar in 2-3 whorls; Siwalik female flowers sessile tract, Salt or subsessile, figs Range depressed subglobose Kangra or pyriform, seeds (Nurpur), lenticular 1 mm, Sirmaur syconus fruit. (Nahan), Solan (Kunihar), Una 258 Ficus hirta Moraceae Mhow, Found in Young leaves Shrub or small tree with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Vahl Indew-ching Nepal, eaten as a spreading crown; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Sikkim and vegetable; ripe alternate, variable, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Assam upto fruit is edibe. broadly ovate; figs New Delhi, India. an altitude axillary on normal leafy India Biodiversity Portal: of 1500 m. branchlets, paired; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s achenes minutely how/250185 tuberculate; syconus fruit; seeds granulate, elliptic. 259 Ficus oligodon Moraceae Tchongtay, Eastern Young leaves Evergreen tree, 6-18 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Miq. Timil Himalaya, are consumed high, bark gray, (2011). Edible wild plants of the Sikkim, as vegetable smooth; twigs sparsely Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, West and ripe fruits pubescent. Stipules New Delhi, India. Bengal, and edible caducous, ovate- India Biodiversity Portal: Assam upto lanceolate, glabrous or https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s an altitude puberulent. Fruit how/261302 of 1260 m. reddish brown. Flora of China: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242322373 260 Ficus palmata Moraceae Anjiri, Bedu, Himalayas Fruits are eaten Small tree up to 10m Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, Ferrk. Feru from cooked as tall without aerial roots, 'Edible wild plant resources of Kashmir to vegetable; bark smooth, brownish- Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Nepal; shoots are also grey, young twigs of Himachal Pradesh, India', North-West said to be hairy; leaves broadly International Journal of Botany India, U.P., eaten. suborbicular, orbicular Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Mount Abu to ovate; inflorescence India Biodiversity Portal: Bilaspur, hypanthodia solitary or https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Chamba sometimes paired, how/266612 Chauhan, PP., (Dalhousie), axillary, tomentose Nigam, A., Santvan K, V., 2016, Kangra peduncles; figs 'Ethnobotanical study of wild fruits (Nurpur), gradually narrowed at in Pabbar Valley, District Shimla, Kinnaur, the base, 2 cm long, Himachal Pradesh', Journal of Mandi yellow or purple in Medicinal Plants Studies; 4(2): 216- (Nachan, color, syconus fruit. 220. Suket), Sirmaur (Nahan), Solan (Kunihar), Una

261 Ficus Moraceae Dimere, Distributed Ripe fruits Deciduous trees, up to Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. racemosa Paroa throughout eaten as such 30 m high, trunk (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. the India. and unripe buttressed. Bark Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Outer fruits are smooth, 8-10 mm thick, New Delhi, India. Himalayas consumed as reddish-brown. Young India Biodiversity Portal: and sub- vegetable. branches puberulous. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Himalayan how/31344 tract from North-West to eastern side. Assam upto an elevation of 1200 m. 262 Ficus Moraceae Sikkim Fruit is edible Shrub or small tree; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. racemosa var Himalayas; and is very leaves lanceolate; fruit (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the elongata Khasi and palatable. fig like, purplish when Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, (King) Barrett Jantia Hills ripe; seeds oblique, New Delhi, India. upyo an tubercled. altitude of 1200 m. 263 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Peepul tree, Eastern Fruits edible. Deciduous trees, to 25 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, Linn. Peepal parts of m high; aerial roots 'Edible wild plant resources of Siwalik absent; bark grey, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts tract smooth; exudation of Himachal Pradesh, India', Bilaspur, milky; leaves simple, International Journal of Botany Chamba alternate, spiral; new Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. (Dalhousie), leaves pink; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: Hamirpur, unisexual; inflorescence https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kangra a syconia, sessile, how/31353 (Nurpur), axillary, in pairs, Kinnaur, obovoid or globose; Mandi syconium 4-8 mm (Nachan, across, ripening pink, Suket), purple or black; Shimla achenes smooth. 264 Ficus virens Moraceae Kahimal, Throughout Young shoots Trees, epiphytic when Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Ait. Kaim, India are eaten in young, with buttress or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Pakhad extending to curries. prop roots, deciduous or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, outer semideciduous; stipules New Delhi, India. Himalayas lanceolate-ovate; leaves Flora of China: and in ovate, beaked; figs http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Assam upto axillary on leafy px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242322548 an altitude branchlets, paired or of 1950 m. solitary or in clusters on leafless older branchlets; achenes wrinkled, orbicular. 265 Filipendula Rosaceae Himalayas Fruits are Plants 0.7–1.5 m tall; Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, vestita upto edible. stems sulcate, distribution and utilization pattern of (Wall.ex altitudes of ferrugineous pubescent; some forestry food (wild edible) G.Don) 2400-3200 radical leaves, stipules from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Maxim. m. semicordate, large, Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, herbaceous; leaves India', International Journal of lyrately pinnate, with Advances in Science Engineering 3–5 pairs of leaflets and and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. intercalary segments; Flora of China: inflorescence terminal, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as paniculate, flowers px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010853 bisexual, 5–6 mm in diam.; fruit achenes, sessile, strigose-ciliate. 266 Firmiana Sterculiacea Khardala, Lower Roots of young Decuiduous tree upto Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. pallens (Wall. e Bodala Himalayas tree bear 15 m high; smooth (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the ex King) K. from tubers, are bark; rusty hairs on Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Schum Yamuna to eaten; seeds leaves and New Delhi, India. Sikkim and also edible. inflorescence; leaves Flora of Pakistan: Bhutan upto crowded, cordate to http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as an altitude roundish; flowers pale px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250065542 of 1500 m; yellow, borne in erect Garhwal panicles; pod and membranous; seeds 2, Kumaon oval. and 900 m in E. Himalayas; found in Siwalik Hills. 267 Flacourtia Flacourtiace Paniamalak Sub- Acidulous Deciduous shrubs or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. jangomas ae Himalayan plum-like small trees, about 6-12 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Lour.) tract from fruits are eaten m tall. Bark reddish Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Raeusch Dehradun when ripe. brown to light brown, New Delhi, India. eastwards, flaky; branches with India Biodiversity Portal: N. Bengal, sympodial growth; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Khasi Hills leaves simple, alternate, how/259173 and Tripura. variable, lanceolate- ovate; flowers unisexual (dioecious), hypogynous, greenish white; fruit indehiscent berry, sub-globose; seeds 4-6, ovoid- obovoid. 268 Flacourtia Flacourtiace Kandai, Dry Hills Fruit plum like Trees, to 20 m tall; bark Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. ramontchi ae Bilangoa throughout and is eaten gray-brown; flowering (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the L'Herit. India; Sub- raw or cooked; and fruiting branches Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Himlayas leaves also usually not spiny; New Delhi, India. from the eaten. branchlets puberulous Flora of China: Indus or subglabrous: leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as eastwards variable in shape, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220005300 upto an margin serrate; altitude of inflorescences terminal 1650 m; or axillary, racemose; Common in flowers greenish Karnah, yellow; fruit orbicular, Drawa and 8-16 celled core, each Jammu; in cell with a seed. Punjab and scrub forests of U. P.

269 Flacourtia Flacourtiace Madagascar Suliman Fruits are Deciduous shrubs or Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, rhamontchii ae Plum range Delhi, edible; leaves small trees, about 3-7 m 'Edible wild plant resources of to the west, also eaten. tall, usually armed with Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts in the Salt simple and branched of Himachal Pradesh, India', range spines; leaves variable, International Journal of Botany Bilaspur, obovate-ovate, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Chamba suborbicular-oblong; India Biodiversity Portal: (Dalhousie), inflorescence in shortly https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hamirpur, pedunculate axillary how/229763 Kangra and terminal raceme (Nurpur), fascicles or panicles; Sirmaur flowers unisexual (Nahan), (dioecious), Solan hypogynous, greenish (Kunihar), yellow; fruit Una indehiscent berry, seeds 5-6, ovoid-obovoid 270 Flemingia Fabaceae Bara-salpan, North- Flowers are Erect shrub 90-180 cm Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, congesta Bhalia western, said to be tall, young branches 'Edible wild plant resources of Central edible. appressly pubescent; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Himalaya leaf trifoliolate, petiole of Himachal Pradesh, India', Warmer 4.0-7.5 cm long; International Journal of Botany parts of leaflets 10-17.5 cm Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. India long; inflorescence a Flora of Pakistan: Bilaspur, dense axillary raceme, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Hamirpur, shorter than petiole; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242322674 Kangra fruit 3.5-12.5 mm long, (Nurpur), finely pubescent, Sirmaur eglandular, 2-seeded. (Nahan), Solan (Kunihar) 271 Fragaria Rosaceae Aakhe Throughout Ripe fruits are Perennial herbs, Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, indica Andr. India. eaten raw. spreading, villous, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild stolons 25-90 cm long; Plants of District Solan , Himachal leaves trifoliolate, Pradesh, India', International Journal leaflets obovate to of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- rhombic-oblong; 95. flowers 1.2-2 cm in Flora of Pakistan: diam., on pedicels up to https://www.tropicos.org/Name/2780 10 cm long; fruit 0853?projectid=32 multiple, drupetum, fleshy, red, 0.7-1.5 cm in diam., achenes red, prominent. 272 Fragaria Rosaceae Kanzars Aka Hills Sub-acid fruit Herbs perennial, robust, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. nilgerrensis (NEFA) and is eaten and 5–25 cm tall; stems (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Schlecht.ex. Khasi Hills has a pleasant densely tufted; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Gay Assam at taste. compound, petiolate; New Delhi, India. altitudes of inflorescence cymose, Flora of China: 1500-1950 2–5-flowered; flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as m; also bisexual, white; fruit px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010858 found in S. -like; India. aachenes ovoid, glabrous. 273 Fragaria Rosaceae Bumbra Found in Fruits are Plants stoloniferous, 4– Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, nubicola Lindl. Himalayas; edible. 25 cm tall; leaves 3- distribution and utilization pattern of ex Lacaita Bhutan, foliolate, lateral leaflets some forestry food (wild edible) China, often distinctly from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Myanmar, petiolulate, elliptic or Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, Nepal, obovate; Stems and India', International Journal of Sikkim upto petioles appressed to Advances in Science Engineering altitudes of spreading. and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. 2100-3800 Inflorescence 1- to Flora of Pakistan: m. several flowered, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as pedicels appressed px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200010860 white sericeous, flowers large, sometimes more than 2.5 cm diam.; achenes ovoid, smooth to rugose. 274 Galium Rubiaceae Temperate Seeds edible Annual climbing herb, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. aparine Linn. Himalayas and used as a stem with reflexed hairs (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the from substitue for or prickles; leaves 6-8 Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to coffee. in a whorl, obovate, New Delhi, India. Sikkim and oblong, ; inflorescence Flora of Pakistan: in W. Tibet axillary, 3-flowered; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as at altitudes Fruit 2-5 mm in diam., px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200022084 of 2400- seeds 2, plano-convex. 3600 m. 275 Garcinia Guttiferae Kokam Found in Fruit is edible; Evergreen tree upto 15 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. artoviridis NEFA used for m high, yellow greenish (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Griff.ex T. seasoning for gum-; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Anders. curries. oblong to lanceolate; New Delhi, India. flowers deep red, 1.5- 3.7 cm across; fruit orbicular, dull yellow or yellowish green.

276 Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Cowa, N. Bengal Acid fruit is Evergreen trees, to 15 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Roxb. Kattaphal, Assam upto eaten; leaves m high, bark smooth, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kau-gach an altitude used as surface greyish-brown; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 900 m. vegetable. blaze creamy-yellow; New Delhi, India. branches horizontal; India Biodiversity Portal: branchlets https://indiabiodiversity.org/search/s quadrangular, drooping; elect?query=Garcinia+artoviridis leaves simple, opposite, decussate, estipulate; flowers dioecious, small, yellow; Fruit a berry, 2-4 cm across; seeds 4-8, oblong with a soft aril. 277 Garcinia Guttiferae Rupohi Common in Ripe fruit Glabrous shrub up to Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. lanceaefilia thekera Lakhimpur, eaten; leaves 3.6 m height, grown (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. Sibsagar, used as under dense shade; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kachar, vegetable. leaves are lanceolete, New Delhi, India. Nowgong, shinning; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: Khasi, Garo solitary terminal and https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s and Naga red in colour; fruit is 6- how/249801 Hills of 8 seeded, smooth Assam upto obovoid and red in an altitude colour. of 900 m. 278 Garcinia Guttiferae Tamal Found in Seeds yields a Evergreen trees, to 18 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. morella Desv. Lakhimpur, semi-solid fat m high, bark 3-10 mm (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Darrang, of a yellow thick, brownish-grey or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kachar, colour used as brown to dark brown; New Delhi, India. Khasi and a substitute for leaves simple, opposite, India Biodiversity Portal: Jantia Hills ghi. decussate, estipulate; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s and flowers how/12281 probably polygamodioecious, near Mikir reddish, sessile; fruit a Hills of berry, 1.5-2.5 cm long; Assam; also seeds 2-4, reniform. in W. Ghats. 279 Garcinia Guttiferae Sochopa- Bhutan and The ripe fruit Evergreen deciduous Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. paniculata tenga, Assam Hills is eaten with tree, oval crown and (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. Bombathing upto an much relish. decussate branches; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of Unripe fruits leaves shining, beaked; New Delhi, India. 900 m. can be used to male flowers are dull India Biodiversity Portal: prepare white, very sweet https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s pickles. scented; female flowers how/282524 are large but not scented; fruits globose, about 3cm in diam. 280 Garcinia Guttiferae Bor-thekera Found Acid fruit is Large evergreen tree; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. pedunculata sporadically eaten raw or fluted trunk; short (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. throughout cooked. spreading branches; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, upper branchlets slightly four New Delhi, India. Assam upto angled; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: an altitude lanceolate, midrib stout; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of 900 m; male flowers pale green how/249792 often in few flowered panicle cultivated. ; female flowers solitary; fruit is globose, 8 - 12 cm in dia., with fleshy aril.

281 Garcinia Guttiferae dingso- Found in Fruit is eaten Evergreen trees; to 25 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. spicata kwang Assam and m high, bark 10-12 mm, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f. is Leaves simple, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, distributed opposite, decussate, New Delhi, India. in S. India estipulate; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: polygamodioecious, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s white; fruit a berry, how/263059 broadly oblong, yellowish, smooth; seeds 1-3, up to 2.5 cm long. 282 Garcinia Guttiferae Sanakadan Sub- Fruit is edible. Trees, up to 20 m tall, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. stipulata T. Himalayan wood moderately hard, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Anders. tract in yellowish orange, bark Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim, dark brown; leaves New Delhi, India. Bhutan and simple, opposite, India Biodiversity Portal: N. Bengal lanceolate to elliptic- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s upto an oblong; inflorescence how/249787 altitude of axillary solitary, cymes 1500 m; or fascicles; flowers very heterochlamydeous, common in dioecious, the valleys pseudobisexual; fruit of the Tista fleshy berry, globose- and its oblong; seeds oblong tributaries. ovoid, about 22 x 8 mm across,

283 Garcinia Guttiferae Chalata, Ota E. Fruit is eaten Evergreen trees, to 20 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. xanthochymus Himalayas raw or cooked; m; bark 6 mm thick, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f. in Sikkim also used for blackish or dark grey; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, and making blaze creamy-yellow; New Delhi, India. northern W. sherbets branches horizontal, India Biodiversity Portal: Bengal upto tips drooping; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s an altitude branchlets 4-angular; how/229776 of 1500 m; leaves simple, opposite, evergeen estipulate; flowers forests of polygamodioecious, Assam; white; fruit a berry, distributed yellow, when ripe; in S. India seeds 1-2, reniform. and the Andemans. 284 Gardenia Rubiaceae Dikawali, Sikkim Leaves eaten Shrub or small tree, 4.5- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. campanulata Dhubiu-khola terai, NEFA cooked. 6 m high; thorny (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. and Assam abortive branches; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, upto an leaves opposite, ovate; New Delhi, India. altitude of flowers greenish-white, 360 m. bell shaped; fruit elliptic or orbicular, many seeded. 285 Gardenia Rubiaceae Ghurga, Himalayas Unripe fruit is Deciduous tree, upto Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. turgida Roxb. Khuriari and eaten cooked; 7.5 m high, axillary (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Siwaliks ripe fruit is thornes; leaves ovate; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, from Punjab rather flowers white, fragrant; New Delhi, India. to Nepal poisonous. fruit orbicular to upto an elliptic; seeds many, altitude of angular. 1200 m. 286 Garuga Burseraceae Kharpat, Ambala Fruit is eaten Deciduous trees, to 25 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. pinnata Roxb. Aranelli Siwaliks of raw, cooked as m high, bark grey or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Punjab, vegetable or brown, shallowly Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Himalayan pickled. longitudinally New Delhi, India. foothills furrowed; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: and imparipinnate, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s eastwards in alternate, crowded at how/251659 Assam upto the tips of branchlets; asn altitude flowers polygamous, of 1050 m; yellow, 4 mm across, in distributed axillary panicles to 15 throughout cm; fruit a drupe, India and in greenish-yellow; seed Andemans. one. 287 Gaultheria Ericaceae Gandhpuro, E. The fleshy Shrubs, rarely small Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. fragrantissima machino Himalayas pulp trees, 1–3 m tall, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. from Nepal surroundinh=g glabrous except on Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, to Bhutan, the fruit is racemes. Twigs terete; New Delhi, India. N. Bangal eaten. leaves scattered; petiole Flora of China: and Khasi 3–5 mm; inflorescences http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Hills at axillary, racemose, 3–9 px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016273 altitudes of cm, strict, many 1500-2400 flowered; fruit m; also orbicular, 5-celled. found in S. India.

288 Gaultheria Ericaceae Bhutan, NE Fruits are Shrubs dwarf, prostrate, Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, trichophylla India: edible. much branched below; distribution and utilization pattern of Royle Assam, twigs terete, wiry, some forestry food (wild edible) Darjiling; brown hirsute; leaves from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Kashmir, dense, elliptic or Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, Myanmar, elliptic-oblong, 5–13 × India', International Journal of Nepal, 2–5 mm; flowers Advances in Science Engineering Sikkim; solitary, axillary, and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. upto pedicel 1–2 mm or Flora of China: altitudes of flower subsessile; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 2600-4200 capsule 6–10 mm in px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016297 m. diam., glabrous. 289 Gelonium Euphorbiac Ban-naringa Sikkim Fruit is eaten. Evergreen tree, 13.5 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. multiflorum A. eae terai, Assam high, greyish-white (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Juss. (Nowgong, bark; leaves oblong to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, N. Kachar lanceolate; flowers New Delhi, India. Hills). Also yellowish, scented; fruit found in W. orbicular, blackish Bengal, when ripe. Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. 290 Girardinia Urticaeae Bichua, Sub-tropical Leaves and Perennial herb, basally Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. palmata Kandali and young shoot woody, up to 2.5 m tall (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Forsk.) temperate are eaten as shrublet, covered with Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Gaudich . Himalaya vegetable. bristly, 4-6 mm long New Delhi, India. from stout stinging hairs; Flora of Pakistan: Kashmir to stem and shoots ridged; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Sikkim leaves with 2-3 cm long px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006406 eastwards in petiole; Flowers very NEFA and small, upto 2 mm Assan=m across; achene broadly upto an ovate, upto 3 mm long, altitude of 2400 m. 291 Gironneriera Ulmaceae Sukar, Shee- W. Bengal Fruit is eaten. Evergreen tree, 18-27 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. cuspidata kung and Sikkim high; leaves ovate; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Blume) Kurz. at altitudes flowers in clusters or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 1800- solitary; drupe ovoid, 1- New Delhi, India. 2400 m; seeded core. NEFA(Pasi ghat) and Assam upto an altitude of 1200 m. 292 Gleichenia Gleicheniac Sarpishif Kumaon, Edible starch is , spreading with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. linearis eae Nepal, odtained from repeatedly 2-pronged (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Burm.f.) C. B. Sikkim, roots branches; leaves 2- or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Clarke Bhutan, 3-pronged manner; New Delhi, India. NEFA and spore bearing bags in Khasin upto groups. an altitude of 1800 m; distributed in S. India.

293 Glycosmis Rutaceae Bannimbu, Sub- Ripe fruits are Evergreen shrubs or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. pentaphylla Ashshoura himalayan eaten. trees to 5 m tall; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Retz.) Corr. tract from 5-foliolate; petiolules 2- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sutlej 10 mm; inflorescences New Delhi, India. eastwards axillary or terminal, Flora of China: upto an paniculate; flowers, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitude of scented, globose in bud; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242323641 1200; fruit reddish, W.Bengal subglobose, 8-10 mm in and Sikkim, diam. Assam upto 600 m. 294 Gmelina Verbenacea Gamari, Himalayas Fruit is eaten Tree, up to 20 m tall, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. arborea Roxb. e Gambhar from by hill tribe. with yellowish- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir tomentose young Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, eastwards shoots; leaves broadly New Delhi, India. upto an ovate, long acuminate; Flora of Pakistan: altitude of cymes terminal, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 1200 m and paniculately arranged in px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200019362 in Assam; the axlis of linear- distributed lanceolate bracts; throughout flowers large, India. brownish-yellow; drupe obovoid, 2-2.5 cm long, orange-yellow, glabrous. 295 Gnetum Gnetaceae Kodkamballi, Assam and Ripe fruit is Shrubs or small trees; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. gnemon linn. Mejherguti Manipur. eaten raw and 3-4.5 m high, bark (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the cooked; grayish; crown narrow; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, roasted and branches becoming New Delhi, India. used in cakes; vinelike, green or Flora of China: Leaves, yellowish green; leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as flowers and elliptic, beaked; flowers px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210000665 fruits also in slender clusters; fruit eaten cooked oblond, reddish when as vegetable. ripe. 296 Gnetum Gnetaceae Kodkarobolli Himlayas Fruit is eaten. Unisexual climber, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. montana from W. forked branches; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Markf. Bengal and opposite, elliptic; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim flowers aggregated in New Delhi, India. eastwards circles; fruit fleshy, upto an elliptic, 1-seeded. altitude of 1800 m; throughout Assam and Manipur. 297 Gounia Rhamnacea Chetia- Sub- Younger Climbing shrubs, up to Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. napalensis e bola,Jwarpat Himalayan leaves are 8 m tall; tendrils (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. tract in eaten in W. axillary or supra- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, punjab and Bengal. axillary; branches New Delhi, India. U. P. at glabrous with India Biodiversity Portal: altitudes of continuous brown, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 300-900 m; vertical lines; leaves how/281903 W. Bengal simple, alternate, spiral; upto an Racemes in clusters altitude of with 3-7-flowers; 1800 m; in flowers upto 5-6 mm Assam, across, white; capsule ascending upto 0.9-1.3 x 1-1.8 cm to 600 m in in diam., 3 single Garo, Khasi seeded parts. and N. Kachar Hills. 298 Grewia Tiliaceae Dhamin, W. Pleasantly Medium sized trees, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. asiatica Linn. Phulsa Himalayas acidulous fruit upto 8 m tall; stem (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the upto an is eaten; also greyish-white to brown Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of used in making bark, young shoots New Delhi, India. 900 m; jams, pies, stellate tomentose; India Biodiversity Portal: distributed squashes and leaves simple, alternate, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in many chutneys. spiral; flowers in how/264319 parts of axillary, umbellate India. cymes; drupes upto 7- 12 mm across, red or purple. 299 Grewia Tiliaceae Bather, Found in Subacid fruits Shrubs, branchlets dark Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. damine Gargas N.-W. are eaten. gray, young ones (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Gaertn.f. Himalayas pubescent; leaves 4.5 x Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, from 2 cm, ovate, elliptic; New Delhi, India. Jhelum to flowers many, India Biodiversity Portal: Nepal; also peduncles 3-5, axillary; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in Punjab, fruit generally 2-lobed, how/229866 C. and S. 6mm long. India. 300 Grewia hirsuta Tiliaceae Kakarundah Found in Fruit is eaten. Shrub 0.3-2.7 m high, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Vahl var. Sub- branchlets tawny (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the helicterifolia Himalayan pubescent; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Wall. tract from lanceolate or oblong; New Delhi, India. Punjab to flowers white, turning India Biodiversity Portal: Nepal upto yellow later; fruit https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s an altitude fleshy, reddish brown how/32625 of 1350 m; when ripe. in assam; also found in Siwalik range, Bihar and Orissa. 301 Grewia optiva Tiliaceae Biul, Biung, North- Frutis are said A small tree, sometimes Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, Drummond ex Bhimal Western to be edible. reaching up to 15 m in 'Edible wild plant resources of Burret. Himalaya height, trunk with ashy- Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts from Indus white bark; branches of Himachal Pradesh, India', to Nepal spreading; leaves with International Journal of Botany Punjab to 4-10 mm long, scabrous Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Bengal petiole; cyme 2-8- Flora of Pakistan: Chamba, flowered, antiphyllous, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Hamirpur , very rarely axillary, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242422703 Kangra , peduncle solitary, 2-3.5 Kinnaur, cm long, flowers Shimla, yellowish-red, about 3.5 Solan, Una cm across; fruit a drupe usually 2-4-lobed, lobes globose, each 4-6 mm in diam., fleshy, purple, stellate hairy to glabrous. 302 Grewia sapida Tiliaceae Chuhura,Phu Sub- The fruit Shrubs, upto 1-1.5 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Roxb. hura Himalayan containing tall, perennating by (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract from sweet pulp is woody underground Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, punjab to edible stem, stellate pubescent New Delhi, India. Bhutan upto when young; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: an 1350 m; simple, alternate, spiral; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam upto inflorescences in how/253940 750 m; axillary, clustered Siwalik cymes; flowers yellow; range to drupes upto 5 mm Gorakhpur; across, globose, outer Hills tomentose, edible. of Kumaon, Bihar, Orissa and S. India. 303 Grewia Tiliaceae Gurbheli Sub- Ripe fruit is Shrub 60-150 cm high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. sclerophylla Himalayan eaten. leaves elliptical to (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. ex G. tract from roundish; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Don Yamuna inflorescences in New Delhi, India. eastwards; axillary cymes; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: outer Hills white, 2-3 together; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of Kumaon drupes upto 1.2-1.8 cm how/253939 upto 1050 across, globose, m; N. stellate-tomentose. Bengal,Sikk im and Assam. 304 Grewia Tiliaceae Dhamin, Found in Fruit have an Tree upto 6-12 m high Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. tiliaefolia Pharsia sub- agreeable acid with densely hairy (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Vahl. Himalayan flavour and are young parts; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, region from eaten. ovate, beaked; flowers New Delhi, India. Yamuna to yellow tp brick-red; Nepal upto fruit orbicular, black. an altitude of 1200 m; distributed in C. and S. India 305 Gynocardia Flacourtiace Chaulmoogra Evergreen Fruit pulp Evergreen dioecious Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. odoratac R. ae , Surantael forests of eaten after trees, ca. 10-30 m tall, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Br. Sikkim and boiling. glabrous; leaves simple, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, N. Bengal alternate; stipules New Delhi, India. upto an caducous; flowers pale India Biodiversity Portal: altitude of yellow, sweet scented, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 1200 m; unisexual; fruit orange- how/278459 Assam. shaped, ash coloured; seeds many. 306 Helicteres Sterculiacea Marorphali Siwalik Fruits edible. Large shrubs or small Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, isora Linn. e tract, trees; bark pale greyish, 'Edible wild plant resources of Ceylon finely wrinkled; young Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Punjab, shoots stellate- of Himachal Pradesh, India', throughout tomentose; leaves 5-12 International Journal of Botany central and x 3-8 cm, obovate to Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. western suborbicular; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: India, axillary, solitary or in https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Jammu,Him few-flowered cymes; how/32642 achal crimson, fading to pale Pradesh: blue; follicles 5, 4-6 cm Bilaspur, long; seeds 2-3 mm Kangra long, angular. (Nurpur), Sirmaur, Solan, Una

307 Helida Proteaceae Bandre, W. Bengal, Fruit is edible. Trees 7 m high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. nilagirica dieng-soh- Sikkim, branchlets stout; young (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Bedd. tyrteit. Bhutan, buds pubescent; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Abor Hills simple, alternate, New Delhi, India. and Assam estipulate; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: upto an bisexual, white with https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s altitude of purple tinge in raceme; how/12984 1800 m; fruit a drupe, globose, Naga Hills 10-15 mm across, and green; seeds 1 or 2, Manipur; rugose. also found in S. India. 308 Hippophae Elaeagnacea Churma, Found upto Ripe fruits are Shrubs, small, Chauhan, J., Negi, AK., Rajasekaran, tibetana e Surch altitudes of sweet and sour sometimes rhizomatous, A., Nazir, Ap., 2013, 'Wild edible Schltdl. 3600-4700 and eaten raw 10-80 cm tall; older plants as emerging ethanomedicines m. by children. stems dark gray, thick, from the Kinnaur Distsict of with regularly spaced Himachal Pradesh, India', Journal of scars of deciduous leafy Non-Timber Forest Products, 20(4), branches; leafy stems 273-280. Flora of slender, unbranched, China: spine tipped; leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as linear-oblong, mostly in px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242422906 whorls of 3; 309 Hodgsonia Cucurbitace Tapouguti Sikkim, Seed kernel is Woody climber, 2- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. heteroclita ae Assam upto eaten roasted. pronged coiled threads (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) an altitude about leaf axils; stem Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Hook.f. & of 1200 m. and branches glabrous; New Delhi, India. Thoms. leaves 15- 24 cm Flora of China: across; flowers brown- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as hairy; berry orbicular, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220006432 10-15 cm across, reddish brown; seeds 6. 310 Holarrhena Apocynacea Karchi, Karra Sub Flowers are Shrub or tree; bark Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, antidysenterica eee Himalayan eaten; Seeds smooth, pale purplish, 'Edible wild plant resources of Wall. tract also edible. branches drooping, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Throughout pubescent or glabrous; of Himachal Pradesh, India', India leaves ovate, elliptic International Journal of Botany Bilaspur, oblong or elliptic; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Chamba inflorescence a Flora of Pakistan: (Dalhousie), terminal, corymbose, https://www.tropicos.org/Name/1805 Hamripur, many flowered cymes, 623?projectid=32 Kangra 7-15 cm across, flower (Nurpur), white or creamy 2.5-5 Mandi cm across; follicle, 20- (Sarkaghat), 40 x 0.5-1 cm, Sirmaur pendulous; seeds about (Nahan), 1.25 cm long. Solan (Kunihar), Una 311 Holboellia Berberidace Gophal, Himalayas Yellow pulp of Evergreen climber, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. latifolia Wall. ae Jangli-sharifa from the fruit is stems and branches (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir edible. conspicuously striate; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, eastwards at leaves compound, New Delhi, India. altitudes of composed 3-9 leaflets; Flora of China: 1200-3000 flowers sweet scented, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as m; occur in greenish-purple; fruit px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220006448 Kihar, red or purple, seed Kilor, black. Gothan, Bakloh and Dalhousie in the Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. 312 Holoptelea Ulmaceae Chilbil, Outer Seed ia eaten. Large deciduous trees, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. integrifolia Kanju Himalayan to 25 m high, bark 6-8 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) ranges from mm thick, whitish-grey, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Planch. Jammu smooth; blaze New Delhi, India. eastwards yellowish-grey, India Biodiversity Portal: extending to streaked with light https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam upto brown; branchlets how/31452 altitude of pubescent; leaves 600 m. simple, alternate; stipules lateral, scarious; flowers polygamous, appear before leaves, 5-8 mm across; fruit a samara, 3 cm across, orbicular. 313 Holoptelia Ulmaceae Kanju, Papri Throughout Leaves and Large deciduous trees, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, intergifolia India fruti are eaten. to 25 m high, bark 6-8 'Edible wild plant resources of Planch. Kangra mm thick, whitish-grey, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts (Nurpur), smooth; blaze of Himachal Pradesh, India', Sirmaur yellowish-grey, International Journal of Botany (Nahan, streaked with light Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Rajgarh), brown; branchlets India Biodiversity Portal: Solan, Una pubescent; leaves ovate https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s or elliptic-ovate; how/31452 flowers polygamous, appear before leaves, 5- 8 mm across; fruit a samara, 3 cm across, seed one. 314 Holostemma Asclepidace Chhirvel, Himalayas Leaves and Extensive climber; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. annularis ae Khiravel from flowers eaten leaves opposite, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) k. Kashmir to as vegetable. cordate; flowers Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Schum. Sikkim upto scented, purplish New Delhi, India. an altitude crimson inside, white or of 1500 m; pale pink outside; fruit Siwaliks consisting pair of and in cylindrical pod Assam (Khasi and Jantia Hills and Goalpara); also found in S. India. 315 Horsfieldia Myristicace Dettak, Found in Thin flesh Tree 19 m hifh, bark Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. amygdalina ae Pakhona kala Assam- around seed reddish brown inside, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Wall.) Warb. Sibsagar, (aril) is eaten; exuding reddish juice; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kachar, N. seed is also leaves are moderate New Delhi, India. Kachar edible. sized, aromatic, Flora of China: Hills, lanceolate; flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Goalpara, yellowish within, 2 mm px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242325519 Garo Hills, across; fruit ovoid; seed foot of 1, cylindrical. Khasi Hills and Lushai Hills; also in Andemans.

316 Houttuynia Saururaceae Mochondori Himalayas Leaves are Perennial herbs, ca. 20- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. cordata from Simla eaten raw or 60 cm high, rhizomes (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Thunb. to Sikkim, cooked as creeping, thin, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Assam, vegetable. copiously branching, New Delhi, India. Naga Hills Roots are also rooted in whorls at India Biodiversity Portal: and edible, eaten as nodes, apical part erect, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Manipur chutney. glabrous or pubescent how/230009 upto an on nodes, sometimes altitude of purplish red; leaves 1800 m. simple, alternate; stipular sheath ca. 0.5 - 2.5 cm long; inflorescences in dense spikes;flowers minute; fruit upto 2-3 mm. subglobose. 317 Hovenia dulcis Rhamnacea Chetia bola, Himalayas Peduncle is Trees, rarely shrubs, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Thunb. e Sikka from sweet and deciduous, to 10 m tall. (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Chamba aromatic, is Branchlets brown or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, eastwards to eaten; taste black-purple, glabrous, New Delhi, India. Bhutan at like pear; Fruit with inconspicuous India Biodiversity Portal: altitudes of is also eaten lenticels: leaves ovate https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 900-1950 to elliptic; flowers how/281904 m; W. yellow-green, 6-8 mm Flora of China: Bengal, in diam., in terminal; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Assam upto seeds deep brown or px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013347 1650 m. black-purple.

318 Humulus Cannabacea Hops Found in Flowers are Plants perennial; Chauhan, J., Negi, AK., Rajasekaran, lipulus Linn. e North West dried and are clockwise twining A., Nazir, Ap., 2013, 'Wild edible Himalayas used to prepare climber with stout root plants as emerging ethanomedicines and local wines. stock; stem 3-6 m. tall, from the Kinnaur Distsict of Kashmir. scabrid or prickly; Himachal Pradesh, India', Journal of leaves broadly ovate, Non-Timber Forest Products, 20(4), more or less cordate at 273-280. Flora base, petiole shorter or of China: equal to blade; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006377 Flora of Pakistan: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006377 319 Hypericum Hypericacea Pinli Found in Seeds used for Shrub 1-2 m tall, much Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, cernuum Roxb. e Western flavoring branched; stems arching 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Himalayas curries. to procumbent or Plants of District Solan , Himachal upto ascending; branches 4- Pradesh, India', International Journal altitudes of lined at first, soon of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 600-2100 terete; leaves sessile, 95. m. 30-90 mm long, 10-32 Flora of Pakistan: mm broad, oblong or http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as ovate-oblong to elliptic; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242422969 inflorescence of 1-3- flowered cymes; flowers 3.5-7.5 cm in diam.; capsule 9-17 mm long, ovoid to ovoid- conic, without vittae or vesicles. seeds about 1 mm long, apiculate.

320 Impatiens Balsaminac Neeru Ghaas Found in Seeds are Plants annual, 20-40 cm Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, amplexicaulis eae North West edible. tall; stem tetragonous distribution and utilization pattern of Edgew India upto with glands at nodes, some forestry food (wild edible) altitudes of glabrous, simple or few from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of 2200-3000 branched; leaves oblong Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, m. or oblong-lanceolate, 5- India', International Journal of 15 × 2.5-5 cm; Advances in Science Engineering inflorescences axillary, and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. umbellate or racemose, Flora of China: 6-12-flowered, flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as pink or pink-purple; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242423055 capsule subcylindric; seeds black-brown, obovoid. 321 Impatiens Balsaminac Neeru Ghaas Found in Seeds are Plants perennial, to 70 Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, arguta Hk.f. eae Himalayas; edible. cm tall; stem erect, distribution and utilization pattern of Bhutan, NE rigid, branched; leaves some forestry food (wild edible) India, alternate, ovate or from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Myanmar, ovate-lanceolate; Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, Nepal; upto inflorescences axillary, India', International Journal of altitudes of 1- or 2-flowered; Advances in Science Engineering 2100-2900 peduncles very short.; and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. m. flowers pink or purple- Flora of China: red, large or medium- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as sized; capsule fusiform. px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013287 Seeds few, globose.

322 Impatiens Balsaminac Balsam, Native of Leaves are Erect annual herbs up to Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, balsamina eae gulmendhi South-East eaten; seeds 60 cm tall; stems simple 'Edible wild plant resources of Linn. Asia, China, are also edible. or branched; leaves Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Malaya, alternate, 2.5-9 x 0.8- of Himachal Pradesh, India', Nepal 2.2 cm, lanceolate- International Journal of Botany Throughout elliptic; flowers solitary Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. India or 2-3 in axillary India Biodiversity Portal: Shimla , fascicles, rose or white; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Una capsules 1-1.5 cm long, how/229991?pos= ellipsoid; seeds globose, tubercled. 323 Impatiens Balsaminac Neeru Ghaas Himalayas; Seeds are Plants annual, 30-80 cm Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, cristata Wall. eae Bhutan, edible. tall, sparsely or densely distribution and utilization pattern of Nepal and pubescent; stem erect, some forestry food (wild edible) North West robust, branched; leaves from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of India upto lanceolate or Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, altitudes of lanceolate-ovate; India', International Journal of 2100-2500 inflorescences short, (1 Advances in Science Engineering m. or)2-5-flowered; and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. peduncles 5-15 mm, Flora of China: flowers golden-yellow, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as to 2.5 cm deep; capsule px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242423067 linear, 2.5-3 cm, pilose. 324 Impatiens Balsaminac Neeru Ghaas Temperate Seeds are Robust succulent Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, glandulifera eae W. edible. plants, usually more distribution and utilization pattern of Royle. Himalaya than 100 cm tall, some forestry food (wild edible) from glabrous; leaves from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Kashmir to opposite-verticillate, Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, Kumaon; 60-150 x 18-65 mm, India', International Journal of upto elliptic-ovate; Advances in Science Engineering altitude of inflorescence short, and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. 2500-3800 compact; peduncles up Flora of Pakistan: m. to 90 mm long; flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as pink-red or red-purple; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242423079 capsule broadly clavate, 14-18 mm long, nodding; seeds sub globose. 325 Impatiens Balsaminac Neeru Ghaas Found in Seeds are Annual herbs, about 20- Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, laxiflora eae Himalayas; edible. 50 cm tall; stems erect, distribution and utilization pattern of Edgew. Himachal slender, branched, some forestry food (wild edible) Pradesh, glabrous; leaves from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Jammu & alternate, oblong- Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir, elliptic, about 7-12.5 x India', International Journal of Meghalaya, 2-4.5 cm across; Advances in Science Engineering Sikkim, inflorescence and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. Uttar resupinate, axillary or India Biodiversity Portal: Pradesh, subterminal racemes, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s West about 6-12 flowered, how/281336?pos= Bengal; flowers bisexual, upto zygomorphic, white, altitudes of pale pink, or rose, fruit 2100-3000 indehiscent, capsule, m. narrow fusiform or clavate, about 5-25 mm long, glabrous.

326 Impatiens Balsaminac Common in Seeds yields an Plants annual, (3-)20-60 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. racemosa DC. eae Himalayas oil said to be cm tall; stem erect, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the from Simla edible. branched, glabrous; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, to Sikkim at leaves lanceolate; New Delhi, India. altitudes of inflorescences axillary Flora of China: 1440-2400 or subterminal, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as m ; racemose; flowers px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242423115 ascending yellow; capsule linear in Sikkim to or narrowly clavate, to 3600 m. 2.5 cm; seeds many. 327 Impatiens Balsaminac Common in Seeds yield an Robust herb 0.9-3 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. roylei Walp. eae the oil used for high, often gigantic, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himalayas edible fleshy stem as thick as Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, from purposes; raw thumb; leaves New Delhi, India. Kashmir seed is also lanceolate; flowers pale eastwards edible. pink or dark crimson; to Nepal at capsule clavate; seed altitudes of ovoid. 1800-3600 m. 328 Impatiens Balsaminac Rindlya,Tilur Himalayas Seeds are Annual herbs, about 30- Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, scabrida eae a upto edible. 120 cm tall; stems distribution and utilization pattern of altitudes of erect, purplish tinged some forestry food (wild edible) 2100-3300 near the base, usually from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of m; branched, glabrous or Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal sparsely hairy; leaves India', International Journal of Pradesh, alternate, ovate- Advances in Science Engineering Himachal lanceolate to ovate and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. Pradesh, oblong; inflorescence India Biodiversity Portal: Jammu & resupinate, axillary, in https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kashmir, the leaf axils about 1-3 how/230020?pos= Sikkim, flowered fascicles, Uttar peduncles short, Pradesh, pubescent, flowers West yellow; fruit Bengal. indehiscent, capsule, narrow fusiform or linear; seeds many. 329 Impatiens Balsaminac NeeruGhaas Throughout Seeds are Plants annual, 15-30 cm Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, thomsonii Hk. eae India, edible. tall; stem erect, simple distribution and utilization pattern of f. Kashmir, or branched, in upper some forestry food (wild edible) Myanmar; part subtetragonous, from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of upto glabrous; leaves ovate- Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, altitudes of lanceolate, (3-)6-12 cm; India', International Journal of 2100-3400 inflorescences in upper Advances in Science Engineering m. leaf axils, racemose- and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. subcorymbose, few Flora of China: flowered, flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as pinkish; capsule px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242445590 pendulous, narrowly clavate, 1.5-2 cm; seeds many, oblong. 330 Imperata Poaceae Dabh, Siru Throughout Inflorescence Perennials; culms 40- Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, cylindrica (L.) India: are said to be 120 cm high, 'Edible wild plant resources of P. Beauv. Bengal, edible; rhizomatous; nodes Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Punjab and Rhizome also bearded; leaves 12-50 x of Himachal Pradesh, India', Sind, Uttar eaten. 0.5-1.2 cm, lanceolate International Journal of Botany Pradesh, or linear-lanceolate; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Madhya inflorescnce in panicles India Biodiversity Portal: Pradesh, 4-18 cm long, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s West spiciform, cylindrical, how/230059 Bengal, white silky hairy; N.E. India, spikelets 2.5-4 mm Tamil long; lower floret Nadu, empty, upper floret Karnataka bisexual. Hamripur, Kullu , Shimla , Una 331 Indigofera Ericaceae Neel, Sakina, Jammu & Flowers are Erect shrubs, to 1.5 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. cassioides Hikpi. Kashmir eaten as tall; leaves to 13 cm (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Rottl.ex DC Himalayas vegetable. long; leaflets to 10 Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, eastwards pairs; Racemes 5-15 cm New Delhi, India. upto an long, axillary; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: altitude of 13 mm long, pink; pods https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 1950 m; 30 x 5 mm, oblong; how/230043 Sharma, M., Sood, Kumaon, many-seeded. S.K. 2013, 'Ethnobotanical Survey W. Bengal for wild Plants of District Solan , upto 900 m; Himachal Pradesh, India', Khasi and International Journal of Garo Hills Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87-95. of Assam upto 1500 m.

332 Indigofera Fabaceae Hakna, Throughout Leaves are Erect shrubs, to 1.5 m Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, pulchella Sakena the eaten; Flowers tal; leaves to 13 cm 'Edible wild plant resources of Roxb. Himalayan edible. long; leaflets, obovate, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts tract, emarginate, cuspidate; of Himachal Pradesh, India', Chamba, stipule lanceolate; International Journal of Botany Hamripur, racemes 5-15 cm long, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Kangra, axillary, many- India Biodiversity Portal: Kinnaur, flowered; flowers 13 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kullu, mm long, pink; pods 30 how/230043 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mandi, x 5 mm, oblong, Mk., 2017, 'Medicinal plant Shimla,Sir compressed, glabrous, resources of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and maur, cuspidate, many- Una districts of Himachal Pradesh: Solan, Una seeded. An ethno-botanical enumeration', upto Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, altitudes of 5(5), 99-110. 1600 – 2800 m 333 Ipomoea Convolvula Pahariak Native of Leaves edible. Erect to subscandent Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, carnea Jacq. ceae tropical shrubs; stems fistulose 'Edible wild plant resources of ssp. fistulosa America, at maturity, tomentose; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts (Mart. ex Nepal, leaves ovate-lanceate, of Himachal Pradesh, India', Choisy) D. Mexico, 4-14 by 2.5-9 cm, base International Journal of Botany Don. West Indies, cordate, apex Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Brazil; acuminate; India Biodiversity Portal: India: inflorescence cymes, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Jammu, many-flowered, axillary how/263090 Una or subterminal; 400 – 1500 peduncle about 10 cm m. long; calyx lobes subequal; corolla pale pink, about 9 cm long; capsule ovoid, seeds pubescent. 334 Ischaemum Poaceae Bar, Bardi, Himalaya, Seeds are Straggling annual; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, rugosum Bher China, eaten. culms 10-100 cm high; 'Edible wild plant resources of Salisb. Malaya leaf-blades 5-30 cm Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Assam, long, 3-15 mm wide; of Himachal Pradesh, India', Manipur, inflorescences terminal International Journal of Botany Meghalaya, and axillary, of paired Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Tripura racemes each 3-12 cm Flora of Pakistan: Bilaspur long; pedicelled http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as ,Kangra, spikelet resembling the px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200025637 Kinnaur sessile and on a pedicel one-third the length of the internode, or much reduced and on a pedicel equalling the internode. 335 Jatropha Euphorbiac Jablota, Throughout Leaves are said Shrub, deciduous, stem Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, curcas Linn. eae India: to be edible. circular, glabrous; P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Himachal leaves long petioled, Traditional Knowledge of Pradesh and alternate, cordate, sub- Ethnomedicinal Plants in Andeman. orbicular, margin entire, Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, apex acute, base India', International Research Journal cordate; inflorescence of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. terminal; bracts 0.3-0.4 India Biodiversity Portal: cm long, light green; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s fruit a globose or how/266529 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, ellipsoid capsule. MK., 2017, 'Edible wild plant resources of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts of Himachal Pradesh, India', International Journal of Botany Studies, 2 (6), 09-17.

336 Juglans regia Juglandacea Khod Himalaya Fruit edible, Deciduous tree up to 25 Chauhan, PP., Nigam, A., Santvan Linn. e upto Nuts m tall; young shoots K, V., 2016, 'Ethnobotanical study of altitudes of considered as tomentose; leaves wild fruits in Pabbar Valley, District 1000-3300 brain tonic, imparipinnate, 17-40 Shimla, Himachal Pradesh', Journal m. yield edible cm long; Male catkins of Medicinal Plants Studies; 4(2): Oil. 6-12 cm long, lateral; 216-220. female flowers 1-3, Flora of Pakistan: terminal on short http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as spikes; fruit a drupe up px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006112 to 5 cm long, ovoid to subglobose; seed 2 to 4- lobed at the base. 337 Justicia Acanthacea Simhaparni Found upto Flowers are Erect much branched, Kaur, I., Sharma, S., Lal, S., 2011, adhatoda L. e an altitude eaten fried. gregarious, evergreen 'Ethnobotanical Servay of Medicinal of 1300 m. shrub, up to 2 m; stem Plants Used For Different Diseases more or less in Mandi District of Himachal quadrangular to nearly Pradesh', International Journal of terete, young shoots Research in Pharmacy and greyish-pubescent; Chemistry,1(4), 1167-1171. leaves elliptic- India Biodiversity Portal: lanceolate, petiole 1-4.5 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s cm long; flowers white, how/230153?pos= Flora of Pakistan: about 3 cm long, in http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as terminal and axillary px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=220006995 spikes; capsule stipitate, broadly clavate, about 2.5 cm long, 4-seeded, pubescent; seeds mlore or less orbicular, 2-3 mm across, glabrous.

338 Kadsura Magnoliace Patti-amlo Foot of E. Fruits are Evegreen stout Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. roxburghiana ae Himalayas eaten. climbing shrub, deeply (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Arn. upto an cracked corky bark; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, elevation of leaves soft rather New Delhi, India. 2400 m; W. fleshyovate to Bengal, lanceolate; flowers Assamin whitish, unisexual; fruit Jaipur globose, cluster of Reserve in many; seeds orbicular. Lakhimpur, Diroi Reserve Garampani in Sibsagar. 339 Lactuca sativa Asteraceae Jhala, Throughout Tender leaves Herbs, about 25-100 cm Singh, J., Rajasekaran, A., Negi, Linn. Kheranchi india. are used for tall, annual or biennial; AK., Nazir AP., 2014, 'Wild making stem solitary, whitish, vegetable plants used by trible vegetables. yellowish green, or people of Kinnaur District, glaucous green, erect, Himachal Pradesh, India', branched apically; International journal of forest leaves alternate, usufructs Management, 15 (2), 47- oblanceolate to elliptic- 56. oblanceolate; India Biodiversity Portal: synflorescence https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s corymbosely how/265422 paniculiform, numerous capitula with usually 10-30 florets; fruit achenes, pale brown, narrowly obovoid, about 0.4 cm. 340 Lactuca Asteraceae Jhala, Found upto Tender leaves Herbs 50-80 cm tall, Singh, J., Rajasekaran, A., Negi, serriola Kheranchi altitudes of are eaten as annual; stem solitary, AK., Nazir AP., 2014, 'Wild 500-2000 vegetable. pale, erect, usually vegetable plants used by trible m. branched only apically, people of Kinnaur District, glabrous or prickly Himachal Pradesh, India', setose in basal part; International journal of forest leaves oblanceolate to usufructs Management, 15 (2), 47- narrowly elliptic, 3-7.5 56. × 1-4.5 cm, pinnatifid; Flora of China: synflorescence http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as paniculiform and much px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242328083 branched to almost racemiform in meager plants, with numerous capitula, with 15-25 florets; florets yellow; fruit achene, pale brown, obovoid, about 3.5 mm, compressed. 341 Laportea Urticaceae Patle- sisnu Sub-tropical Tender shoots Herb 60-120 cm high Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. terminalis Himalayas are boiled and with stinging hairs; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wight from eaten. leaves round to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kumaon elongate; flower stalks New Delhi, India. eastwards to winged; fruit oblique; Mishmi and 1-seeded. Naga Hills at altitudes of 1200- 2400 m; W. Bengal; W.ghats. 342 Lasia spinosa Araceae Kanta-kochu, Sikkim Roots, petiole Stout, spinous, aquatic Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. (Linn.) Thw. Chibru tropical (peeled off), or marsh herb root (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himalayas, young leaves stock branched; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, W. Bengal are eaten as in a cluster, petiole New Delhi, India. and Assam vegetable. long, prickly; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: (Garo hermaphrodite, all https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hills); also fertile; fruit berries, 5 how/259168 found in cm across. Bihar, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. 343 Lastrea Polypodiace Himalayas Young leaves Pretty fern with tuft of Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. crenata ae from eaten as golden scales; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Forsk.) Bedd. Garhwal to vegetable. triangular, pale green; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bhutan at spores disposed in New Delhi, India. altitudes of brown masses, reniform 600-2100 m sheilding covers. and in Khasi Hills at 600-1350 m.

344 Laurocerasus Rosaceae Aruwa, Kumaon Fruit is edible. Deciduous tree upto 15 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. undulata Arupate 1350-2700 m high; branchlets (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Buch.- mNeoal, grayish brown to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Ham.)M. Sikkim, purplish brown; leaves New Delhi, India. Roem. Bengal oblong, petiole 5–10 Flora of Pakistan: (2400- mm, glabrous; flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 3600m); white, in erect long px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010885 Bhutan and racemes; fruit ovoid or Khasi Hills orbicular, 1-seeded upto 900- stone. 1500 m. 345 Leea Vitaceae Kumala, Himalayas Fruit is edible Shrub up to 0.6-6 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. edgeworthii Holma from and is pleasant tall, stem herbaceous, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Santapau Kashmir to to taste. shoot not winged; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Nepal upto leaves unipinnately New Delhi, India. an altitude compound; flowers Flora of Pakistan: of 2100 m; light green or yellowish http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as in Assam green, faintly scented; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242328695 upto 1200 fruit depressed round, m. black when ripe, 5- seeded. 346 Leea indica Vitaceae Kukur-jhiwa Outer Fruit is edible. Large shrubs or small Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. (Burm.f.) Himalayas trees, up to 5 m tall; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Merr. from branchlets angled, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Garhwal glabrescent; leaves 2 or New Delhi, India. eastwards, 3-pinnate, leaflets 11- India Biodiversity Portal: W. Bengal, 14 x 3-5 cm; Cymes to https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam upto 6 x 8 cm, peduncles 3-4 how/14130 an altitude cm long, paired, of 1200 m. axillary; flowers greenish-white; Berry purple, seeds densely red-glandular. 347 Leea Vitaceae Samudraka Found in U. Young leaves Shrubs to 2 m high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. macrophylla P. Upto an are eaten as young branches, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb.ex altitude of vegetable; ripe rachises, petioles, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Hornem 900 m; fruit is eaten petiolules and New Delhi, India. northern W. fresh. inflorescences hairy to India Biodiversity Portal: Bengal, mealy-pubescent; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kamrup and leaves alternate, 1 or 3- how/230203 Khasi Hills foliolate or 1-3 pinnate; of Assam. Inflorescences 12-45 cm long, much branched; flowers greenish white; fruits subglobose or globose- depressed, seeds usually 6, 3-gonous, 348 Lepidium Brassicacea Jangli matar Found upto Leaves are Perennial, 30-120 cm Singh, J., Rajasekaran, A., Negi, latifolium e an altitude eaten as tall, erect, often much AK., Nazir AP., 2014, 'Wild Linn. of 4300 m. vegetable. branched and somewhat vegetable plants used by trible woody below, glabrous people of Kinnaur District, or sparsely hairy with Himachal Pradesh, India', usually simple hairs, International journal of forest sometimes slightly usufructs Management, 15 (2), 47- fleshy and glaucous; 56. leaves ovate-lanceolate, Flora of China: entire to serrate, acute http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as to obtuse, 5-15 cm px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200009584 long; racemes 25-50- Flora of Pakistan: flowered, corymbose, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as ebracteate; flowers px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200009584 small, about 2.5 mm across, white, often with pinkish bases; siliculae 1.5-2 mm long, ovate-orbicular; seed about 1 mm long, oblong-elliptic, brown. 349 Leptochloa Poaceae Chanhel Subtropical Seeds are Culms tufted, erect or Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, chinensis (L.) parts of eaten. ascending, to 75 cm; 'Edible wild plant resources of Nees. Bengal, nodes glabrous; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Tamil leafblades flat or of Himachal Pradesh, India', Nadu, Uttar involute, 8-24 x 0.2-0.6 International Journal of Botany Pradesh, cm, glabrous; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Madhya inflorescence in India Biodiversity Portal: Pradesh, panicles to 30 cm; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Bihar, West branches numerous, how/243190 Bengal, spikelets linear-oblong, Arunachal to 0.3 cm, 3-7- Pradesh, flowered; pedicel to 0.1 Assam, cm; grain broadly Meghalaya, obovoid, to 0.1 cm. Orissa, Maharashtra , Delhi Una 350 Leucas Labiatae Deldona, Himalayas Young leaves Annual herb; stems Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. cephalotes Spr. Dronapushp from consumed as erect, unbranched or. (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir to potherb. 10-50 cm; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bhutan upto narrow oblong-elliptic, New Delhi, India. an altitude cuneate; verticillasters Flora of Pakistan: of 1800 m, 1-2 on branches, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as and plains globose, 2-3.5 cm in px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=210000976 of Assam. diameter, up to 50- Flora of China: flowered; nutlets http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as narrow oblong, bluntly px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210000976 trigonous. 351 Leucas lanata Labiatae Guma, Doron South India, Tender shoots Erect, perennial herb, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Benth. Bihar, consumed as profusely branched at (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Assam and vegetable. woody root-stock; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Himalayan branches obtusely New Delhi, India. region from tetragonous, densely India Biodiversity Portal: Kashmir to tomentose or silky. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kumaon at leaves opposite, 1.5-4 x how/229771 an altitude 0.6-1.7 cm; flower- of 900-2400 whorls axillary, many- m. flowered, densely woolly; nutlets upto 1.5 x 1 mm, oblong, 3- angular; 1-seeded. 352 Leucas Lamiaceae Getta-kushir, Throughout Leaves are Herbs erect, 0.5-1.5 m Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, mollissima Bish-khapru. India edible. tall; stems slender, 'Edible wild plant resources of Wall. ex Shimla , twisted, appressed Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Benth. Una tomentose-villous, of Himachal Pradesh, India', much branched; leaf International Journal of Botany blade ovate, 1.5-4 × 1- Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. 2.3 cm; inflorescence Flora of China: verticillasters axillary, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as widely spaced, 2-8(- px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019776 10)-flowered; nutlets Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, dark brown, ovoid, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild triquetrous. Plants of District Solan , Himachal Pradesh, India', International Journal of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 95. 353 Lippia alba Verbenacea Lopong-brik, Assam, Leaves Erect shrub up to 2 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. (Mill. J N. E. e Pichas-bon NEFA, consumed as tall, fruit pyriform (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Br.) Wild Sage Bengal, vegetable. drupe. Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bihar and New Delhi, India. Orissa. India Biodiversity Portal: https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s how/244966 354 Lithocarpus Fagaceae Amke-asing NEFA, Nut is eaten Tree, up to 30 m tall. Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. xylocarpus Assam raw or cooked. Young branchlets (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Kurz) Markf. (Garo sulcate, tawny Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Hills), Naga tomentose. leaves New Delhi, India. Hills and lanceolate or elliptical; Flora of China: Manippur petiole upto 1 cm; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as upto an flower in clusters or px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210001161 altitude of solitary; nut depressed, 2100 m. orbicular, 1-seeded. 355 Litsea cubeba Lauraceae Adakori, West Fruit is edible Deciduous shrubs or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Pers. Mejankeri Bengal, E. and a good small tree, up to 8-10 m (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himalayas substitute for tall; branchlets glabrous Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, from cubeb pepper. or sericeous-pubescent, New Delhi, India. Mishmi fruit black. leaves Flora of China: Hills, alternate; umbels http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Assam, solitary or clustered, 4- px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008831 Naga Hills 6-flowered; fruit and subglobose, upto 5 mm Manipur in diam.,black at upto an maturity. altitude of 2700 m. 356 Lonicera Caprifoliace Ban-chilu, Hiamlayas Fruit is sweet Shrub, 2-4 m tall, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. angustifolia ae Jinjru from Indus and greedily branches dark brown, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. ex DC. to Sikkim at eaten. glabrescent. Leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, an altitude lanceolate, linear- New Delhi, India. of 1800- oblong; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: 3600 m. axillary, peduncle 1-3 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s cm, bracts linear or how/261692 linear-lanceolate; fruit usually in a pair of confluent drupes, seeds few. 357 Lueucas Labiatae Himalayan Young leaves Herb, climbing with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. mollissima tracts of eaten as quadrangled stem, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. Uttar potherb. flowers purplish white. Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Pradesh, leaes sessile, ovate to New Delhi, India. Khasi hills lanceolate; flowers upto an white or purplish; fruit altitude of of 4, ovoid, 1-seeded 300-1200 parts. m, and Nepal upto an altitude of 1800 m.

358 Lycium Solanaceae Khichar, Northen Fruit is edible. Spiny shrub up to 180 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. ruthenicum Khitsar parts of cm high; shoots (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Murr. Kashmir, greyish-white, glabrous; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Ladakh, and leaves 6-25 x 1-1.5 New Delhi, India. west Tibet mm; flowers axillary Flora of Pakistan: at and solitary or paired. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitudes of pedicel 3-4 mm long; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200020542 1800-4200 berry globose, seeds m. reniform. 359 Lysimachina Primulaceae Rajoraj Rice fields Consumed as Slender herb, 15-50 cm Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. candida Lindl. of Manipur potherb along tall, branched, white (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the valley at with fish. flowers. leaves ovate to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitudes of lanceolate; flowers New Delhi, India. 600-900 m. white, campanulate; Along with fruit 3 mm long, many- water seeded. channel and moist areas of Chhotta Nagpur and southern India. 360 Machilus Lauraceae Phani, Dudri Bhutan, Fruit edible. Evergreen tree, 24-30 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. edulis King ex India: West tall, fruit orbicular. (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f. Bengal, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim, New Delhi, India. Duma and Abor hills. 361 Madhuca Sapotaceae Mahwa, Punjab, Petals are Tree, 16 m tall, stem Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. indica Gmelin Jangli-moha Uttar eaten raw and glabrous, young (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Pradesh, cooked. branches tomentose, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, central and creamish flowers with New Delhi, India. south India rusty calyx. ; berry eastwards to ovoid, greenish, seeds West 1-4, elliptic. Bengal. 362 Maesa Myrsinacea Gogsa, Himalaya Fruit is edible. Shrub, upto 5 m high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. argentea Wall. e Phusera tracts of branchlets densely (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Ganges to hirtellous, glandular Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim, granulose, solid pith, New Delhi, India. Khasi and pinkish white berries. Flora of China: Jantia hills http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo (Assam) at ra_id=2&taxon_id=200016845 altitudes of 900-2100 m. 363 Maesa chisia Myrsinacea Susi-porma, India: West Young shoots Shrub, 3-9 m tall; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. D. Don e Bilaune Bengal, and fruits are branchlets angular, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Sikkim, edible. sparsely brown scaly, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, NEFA and glabrescent, lenticellate; New Delhi, India. Assam at pith solid; fruit white. Flora of China: altitudes of leaves lanceolate or http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo 600-2100 elliptic; inflorescences ra_id=2&taxon_id=200016848 m. Bhutan axillary on biennial and Nepal. branches, flowers small; fruit white, globose. 364 Maesa indica Myrsinacea Awua-pat, Himalayas Ripe fruit are Shrub, 1-3 m tall, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Wall. e Ramjani from edible. scandent, glandular (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Yamuna granulose, glabrescent. Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, eastwards, Branchlets angular to New Delhi, India. Assam and obtusely ridged, Flora of China: Manipur at pellucid punctate- http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo an altitudes lineate, striate, with ra_id=2&taxon_id=200016852 of 600-2100 dense lenticels; flowers m. pale yellow-green. 365 Mahonia Berberidace Kandlu, Himalayas Fruits edible. Shrubs or small trees, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. napaulensis ae Gurm. from the 1-4 m tall, profusely (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the DC. Ravi to branched; bark soft Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bhutan at corky, brown, glabrous, New Delhi, India. altitudes of branchlets leafy; India Biodiversity Portal: 1200-2400 flowers yellow. leaves https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s m; imparipinnate, how/230356 Dhauladhar, exstipulate; Chkrata and Inflorescence racemose, Kumaon in fascicled 4-12; flowers W. bisexual, yellow, Himalayas; slightly fragrant, also found actinomorphic; fruits in N. are berries, obovoid to Bengal, subglobose, seeds with Khasi Hills conspicuous on the way endosperm. from Sisini to Jabrang (NEFA) 366 Malva Malvaceae Pani-rak, North-West Leaves are Annual herb, ascending, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. parviflora Sonchal Himalayas eaten as erect or rarely (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. at altitudes potherb. procumbent, 15-60 cm Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 300-1500 tall, stems branched at New Delhi, India. m; Kashmir, base, alternate leaves. India Biodiversity Portal: Punjab, simple, 3-7 palmately https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Himachal lobed; Inflorescence how/264278 Pradesh, usually axillary solitary outer hills or 2-6 fascicled, flowers of Kumaon bisexual, pedicel and northen slender; fruit West indehiscent, schizocarp Bengal. in persistent calyx, Seed Also 1 in each mericarp, reported in reniform. north-west India, Deccan and south India. 367 Malva Malvaceae Khubasi, Kashmir, Leaves and Spreading herb, outer Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. rotundifolia Sonchala. Himachal seed are branches lying flat, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. Pradesh, edible. leaves orbicular, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kumaon flowers white or pale New Delhi, India. and Punjab lilac, fruit olive brown. upto an altitude of 3000 m. 368 Malva Malvaceae Laffa, Napha Tibet and Leaves and Annual or perennial Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. verticillata throughout shoot herb, 0.3-1.2 m tall; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. temperate consumed as stems erect, slender, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Himalayas spinach. branches pubescent or New Delhi, India. from Lahul glabrescent, alternate India Biodiversity Portal: to Sikkim, leaves. 3-7 palmately https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kumaon, lobed, suborbicular; how/264280 Assam, inflorescence usually Rupa axillary more than 5 in (NEFA) compact fascicles; upto an flowers bisexual, altitude of pedicel slender; fruit 3600 m. indehiscent,Seed 1 in each mericarp. 369 Mammea Guttiferae Surangi, Reported Fruit edible Evergreen trees, upto Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. suriga (Buch.- Nag-kesar from Lushai and delicious 10-18 m tall, bole about (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Ham. ex Hills in in taste. 4-8 m long, glabrous, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Roxb.) Assam and bark rough; leaves New Delhi, India. Koaterm. also found opposite. sometimes India Biodiversity Portal: in Western ternately verticellate, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Ghats. lanceolate-obovate to how/14963 elliptic-oblong; inflorescence axillary or on in dense tubercles; Flowers unisexual or bisexual, monoecious; fruit indehiscent berry, ovoid-globose; seeds 1- 4, about 1 x 2 cm across. 370 Mangifera Anacardiace Aam Tropical Fruits are Evergreen trees, to 30 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, indica Linn. ae Himalaya edible; pickles m high, bark 2-2.5 cm, 'Edible wild plant resources of Throughout are prepared dark grey, rough with Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts warmer from the vertical fissures; blaze of Himachal Pradesh, India', parts of immature yellow; exudation International Journal of Botany India fruits; unripe yellowish, gummy; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Bilaspur, mango- leaves elliptic- India Biodiversity Portal: Chamba , chutney with lanceolate, linear- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hamripu, pudina is oblong; flowers how/33485?pos= Bhardwaj, J., Kangra, common polygamous, yellowish- Seth, Mk., 2017, 'Medicinal plant Kinnaur, recipe. green, in terminal resources of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Mandi, panicles; pedicels Una districts of Himachal Pradesh: Sirmaur jointed; fruit a drupe, 5- An ethno-botanical enumeration', (Nahan, 15 cm long, oblong- Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, Rajgarh), reniform, seeds 5(5), 99-110. Solan subreniform. (Kunihar), Una 371 Mangifera Anacardiace Jungli-am, Nepal, Unripe fruit is Evergreen tree, 12-30 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. sylvatica ae Lakshmi am. India: aromatic and tall, exuding white gum (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. Sikkim, used in tarts, from stem, pinkish- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, West jellies and white flowers. leaves New Delhi, India. Bengal, pickled. Ripe 12-25 cm long; petioles India Biodiversity Portal: assam upto fruit edible but about 1-2 cm long; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s an altitude is not quite flowers pinkish-whte or how/249429 of 1200 m palatable. white, in terminal and panicles; fruits ovoid, Andeman. yellow when ripe, 1- seeded. 372 Marsdenia Asclepidace Murkhila, In Root edible. Twining shrub, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. roylei Wight. ae Kurang Himalayas tomentose, branches (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the from with protuded lenticels, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to milky , orange-red New Delhi, India. Sikkim upto flowers. Leaves 7.5- Flora of Pakistan: an altitude 13.0 x 3.8-8.0 cm, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as of 2100 m; ovate; lowers in axillary px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242423199 Dehradun or interpetiolar and compound cymes, Shiwalik flowers orange-red; hills. pod single, ovate, wrinkled seed. 373 Marsdenia Asclepidace Khamal-lota, India: Utter Leaves and Climbing shrub; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. volubilis ae Nak-chikni Pradesh, rind of unripe grigareous, stem (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.f.) West fruit is eaten as twining, nodes swollen, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Cooke Bengal, vegetable. persistent whitish New Delhi, India. Assam lenticels, flowers Flora of Pakistan: (Kamrup) yellowish green. leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as and lower 5-15 x 3-10 cm, ovate, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242355068 tracts of rounded to cordate; Himalaya flowers green to upto an yellowish green; fruits altitude of follicles; seeds 3-4. 1500 m. 374 Marsilea Marsileacea Tripattra, W. Bengal Tender Aquatic fern; rhizomes Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. quadrifolia e Godhi and petioles and creeping, with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. weatwads to leaves are internodes up to 4.8 cm, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Srinagar eaten as sparsely pubescent to New Delhi, India. upto an potherb. glabrate; fronds with altitude of stipes green to straw- 1500 m. coloured; sporocarps bean-shaped, brown to black, elliptic in lateral view

375 Medinilla Melastomat Bogitenga Eastern Fruit edible. Shrub, up to 5 m tall, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. rubicunda aceae Himalaya Leaves sometime epiphytic, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Blume from consumed as profusely branched, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim vegetable. stem ligh brown or tan, New Delhi, India. eastwards, wrinkled, corky bark, India Biodiversity Portal: northern slightly succulent, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s part of West obtusely quadrangular, how/282048 Bengal and terete, scattered Khasi Hills lenticellate, glabrous. upto an leaves simple, opposite altitude of decussate; 600-1800 Inflorescences in m. cymose, 1-5-flowered; berry upto 9-11 × 7-8 mm; seeds obovate, glabrous. 376 Melastoma Melastomat Phutki, India: Ripe fruits and Shrub, 1.3 m tall; stem Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. malabathricum aceae Tunka. Sikkim, young twigs heavely covered with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. northen edible. Young paleaceous pectinate Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bengal branches hairs, solitary flowers New Delhi, India. Assam, sometime India Biodiversity Portal: distributed consumed as https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s southwards vegetable. how/246672 in Bihar and Orissa, south India and Andeman. Sub- Himalayan tract from Nepal eastward upto an altitude of 1800 m. 377 Melia Meliaceae Drek Found in Flowers are Medium sized Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, azedarach Himalayas eaten as deciduous trees, about P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Linn. upto 2000 vegetable. 12-16 m tall, young Traditional Knowledge of m; Assam, shoots tomentose; bark Ethnomedicinal Plants in Bihar, brownish grey, Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, longitudinally India', International Research Journal Maharastra, exfoliating; branches of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. Odisha; also spreading; branchlets India Biodiversity Portal: found in with leaf scars; leaflets https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Punjab. 3-7 on each pinna with how/264429 terminal leaflet largest; petiolules about 5mm long; flowers in panicles, axillary, about 1.5 cm across; fruits a drupe about. 1-3 × 0.8- 1.5 cm, yellow when ripe; seed ellipsoid. 378 Melia Meliaceae Lapshi, Eastern Fruit edible. Deciduous tree, 20 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. composita Kerewal Himalaya: tall, flowers greenish- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Willd. West white, fruit ovoid. Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bengal, New Delhi, India. Assam upto an altitude 1800 m, and in south India. 379 Melilotus alba Fabaceae Kutaik Found in Tender leaves Annual, erect, 30-150 Singh, J., Rajasekaran, A., Negi, Medicu ex India, are edible. cm tall; leaflets AK., Nazir AP., 2014, 'Wild Desr. Kashmir; narrowly oblong- vegetable plants used by trible Tibet. obovate to sub- people of Kinnaur District, orbicular, serrate; Himachal Pradesh, India', stipules entire; International journal of forest inflorescence a usufructs Management, 15 (2), 47- peduncled raceme, 56. Flora peduncle up to 4 cm of Pakistan: long, raceme about 4-10 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as cm long; calyx about 2 px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242332056 mm long; corolla 3.5-5 mm long, white, wings and keel subequal, shorter than the vexillum; fruit about 3- 5 mm long, reticulately veined, glabrous. 380 Meliosma Sabiaceae Banpasola Eastern Tender leaves Trees, 18 m tall, bark Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. pinnata Ghats, are edible and 10-15 mm thick, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) northern sometime surface greyish-brown, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Maxim. West cooked with white mottled; blaze New Delhi, India. Bengal, fish. creamy pink to orange India Biodiversity Portal: Sikkim and yellow, branchlets https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam upto brown villous, how/15215 an altitude lenticellate, flowers of 900 m. yellowish white. prominently lenticellate. Leaves imparipinnate, pinnate; Flowers bisexual, yellowish-white in large terminal and axillary tomentose panicles; Drupe, globose, 0.5 cm across; seed one, smooth. 381 Melocanna Poaceae Tarai, Kachar, Fruit edible. Evergreen banboo, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. baccifera Metunga, Garo and loosely clustered; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) Kurz. Muli Khasi Hills, sheath produced Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Surma upwards into prominent New Delhi, India. Valley, and appendages with very Dehradun. long awl-shaped leaf blade placed at the concave top, fruit pear- shaped. 382 Melochia Sterculiacea Tikiokra, Himalayas Young leaves Erect branched herb, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. corchorifolia e Chitrabeez upto an consumed as about 45 cm tall, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. altitude of vegetable. pinkish white flowers. Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, 1200 m; young stem, petioles, New Delhi, India. found in bracts and calyx lobes India Biodiversity Portal: hotter part stellate hairy mixed https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of India: with simple hairs; how/230370 Hawalbagh leaves 2.5-7.5 cm long, and ovate; flowers white or Bageshwar pale pink; capsule in Kumaon, depressed-orbicular, 5- Sikkim. grooved. 383 Melodinus Apocynacea Sandul-kon, West Fruit pulp Climber with a milky Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. monogynus eee Sandulkou. Bengal, edible; sweet juice; leaves oblong, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. Sikiim, and agreeable. flowers white. Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Assam and New Delhi, India. Manipur upto an altitude of 1350 m. 384 Mesua Ferrea Guttiferae Nag-kesar India: Fruit edible Evergreen trees, 20-30 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Linn. Western and tastes like m tall, trunk cylindrical (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Ghats, chestnut. massive trunk, up to 3 Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Andaman, m, buttressed at base of New Delhi, India. Khumani the trunk; bark smooth, India Biodiversity Portal: and brownish grey to dark https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Jaldhakain brown. Branchlets how/15613 northern slender, terete, West glabrous; leaves Bengal, lanceolate-ovate; white evergreen fragrent flowers. forests of Inflorescence axillary Assam and or terminal, fasciculate Mikir hills panicles on short; at an flowers bisexual, white, altitude of fragrant; Fruit dehiscent 900 m. or indehiscent capsule, seeds compressed. 385 Meyna spinosa Rubiaceae Moina, N. Bengal, Leaves are Thorny shrub or small Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Roxb. ex Link Muduna NEFA and sometime tree with ascending (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Assam eaten pounded branches; stem spiny; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, (Garo Hills, into a paste; leaves opposite, flowers New Delhi, India. Sibsagar, Ripe dried pale white; fruit berry, India Biodiversity Portal: Khasi and fruits are eaten greenish-yellow. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Jantia Hills, with salts. how/244762 Kamrup, Darrang and Goalpara.); distributed in central and S. India. 386 Michelia Magnoliace Champak, Wild in Fruits are Trees, about 25m; bark Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, champaca ae Champa, Nepal, edible. grey, lenticellate; 'Edible wild plant resources of Linn. Burma branchlets terete with Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Cultivated annular scars of of Himachal Pradesh, India', throughout caducous International Journal of Botany India stipules,leaves 8-25´4- Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Bilaspur, 10cm, elliptic- Chamba lanceolate; flowers (Bhatiat, solitary, axillary; Dalhousie), follicles, warty, 2-3 cm Hamripur, long, seeds 1, scarlet. Kangra, Kinnaur, Mandi, Sirmaur, Solan upto an altitude of 1500 m. 387 Microcos Tiliaceae Pisoli Northern Fruit edible. Shrub or small tree, 3- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. paniculata parts of 12 m tall, bark (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. West scabrous; branches Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bengal; hairy, flowers yellowish New Delhi, India. Kamrup, white. , borne in Flora of China : Nowgong, panicles; fruit orbicular, http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo Kaohar, wrinkled. ra_id=2&taxon_id=200013612 Kachar hills, Khasi and Jantia hills, Garo hills of Assam. 388 Miliusa Annonaceae Karri, Kirna India: Utter Fruit edible. Deciduous tree, 15-20 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. tomentosa J. Pradesh, m tall; bark 15-25 mm (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Sinclair Orissa, and thick, brownish-black, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, parts of longitudinally grooved, New Delhi, India. west and blaze yellowish; India Biodiversity Portal: south India. branches tomentose; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s leaves simple, alternate, how/246539 distichous; flowers bisexual, greenish- yellow, solitary or a few together; fruit aggregate of berries; seeds 4-5. 389 Miliusa Annonaceae Dom-sal, Sub- Fruits taste like Deciduous tree upto 10 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. velutina Kanakaitha Himalayan black cherries m tall; branchlets (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f. & tract from and are eaten. tomentose; flowers pale Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Thoms. Yamuna to yellow; fruit purplish New Delhi, India. Nepal upto blue or black. India Biodiversity Portal: an elevation https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of 450 m. how/246536 Flora of china: India: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Dehradun, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242332663 Siwalik range and in Rohil khand, Assam, central and southern India.

390 Milula spicata Liliaceae Eastern Eaten locally. Herb, 10-25 cm long, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Prain Himalaya, onion-like faint or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the central strong smell; bulb 4-7 Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Nepal, and cm long; leaves 10-20 New Delhi, India. South-east cm × 2-4 mm; scape Flora of China: Tibet at erect, hollow. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitudes of px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200027769 3000-4500 m. 391 Minuartia Caryophylla Himalayas Leaves are Perennial herbs, slender Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, kashmirica ceae upto used as a about 10-25 cm long, distribution and utilization pattern of (Edgew.) Matt. altitudes of flavoring in densely caespitose, some forestry food (wild edible) 2200-3000 salads, stem erect or ascending, from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of m; chutneys shoots ascending or Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, Himachal and cooked prostrate; rootstock India', International Journal of Pradesh, foods; herbal woody, stout; leaves Advances in Science Engineering Jammu & tea is made linear subulate, about and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. Kashmir, from the 12-15 x 0.7-1 mm India Biodiversity Portal: Uttar leaves. across; inflorescence https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Pradesh, usually in terminal or how/250629?pos= Uttarakhand axillary, compact few . flowered, umbellate or subumbellate cymes; flowers bisexual, penta- merous, cup shaped; fruit capsule, ovoid- ellipsoid; seeds many, reniform-ovoid.

392 Moghania Ericaceae Kusunt, India: warm Pods edible. Perennial, leafy shrub, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. macrophylla Supta humid reaches up to1-2 m (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Willd.) O. tropical high; prostrate to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Ktze. regions and errect, deep rooted, New Delhi, India. upto an purplish white flowers. altitude of flowers 6-10 mm long, 1500 m in whitish purple; pod the oblong, 2-seeded. Himalaya. 393 Moghania Ericaceae Soh-phlang Himalaya: Tuberous roots Branched, prostrate Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. vestita (Benth. Simla, edible and also herb, with 2.5-5 cm (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the ex Baker) O. Garhwal consumed as long elliptic tuberous Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Ktze. and vegetable. roots. leaves ovate; New Delhi, India. Kumaon to flowers bright red, in Khasi Hills clusters; pod in Assam cylindrical, 1-seeded. upto a altitude of 2250 m. 394 Mollugo Aizoaceae Jharasi, Throughout Young leaves Annual herb, 10-30 cm Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. pentaphylla Lajvanthi India upto are eaten as tall; branches (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. an altitude potherb. repeatedly forked Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 2100 m; somewhat New Delhi, India. Shimla and quadrangular. leaves in India Biodiversity Portal: Khasi Hills whorls of 2-6, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s at an lanceolate; cymes how/230394 altitudes of axillary and terminal, 900-1200 flowers white, orange m. or pink; fruit orbicular; seeds numerous. 395 Momordica Cucurbitace Karela Throughout Fruits are eaten Climbers; tendrils Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, charantia ae India. cooked as simple; leaves up to 8 x 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Linn. vegetable. 8 cm, orbicular-cordate; Plants of District Solan , Himachal flowers axillary, Pradesh, India', International Journal solitary; male flowers: of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- bracts 5-12 x 5-12 mm; 95. foliaceous; female India Biodiversity Portal: flowers: peduncles 6-10 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s cm long; fruit 10-15 cm how/263123?pos= long, oblong, echinate; seeds 1-1.5 x 0.7-0.9 cm, ovoid. 396 Momordica Cucurbitace Kaksa Himalaya to Fruits are often Climbing herbs with Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, dioica Roxb. ae used as a tuberous roots; tendrils 'Edible wild plant resources of ex Willd. Throughout vegetable; simple; leaves 4-8 x 3-6 Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts India leaves edible. cm, broadly ovate; of Himachal Pradesh, India', Shimla, Una flowers dioecious, International Journal of Botany solitary, axillary, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. yellow; fruit about 3 x India Biodiversity Portal: 2.2 cm, ovoid, seeds 6- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 7 x 5-6 mm, how/230385 Flora of emarginate, pale Pakistan: yellow. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200022700 397 Monochoria Pontederiac Pani-meteka, India: Young Erect, semi-aquatic Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. vaginalis eae Nanka Kashmir to inflorescence herb, 15-45 cm tall, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Burm.f.) Pr. Assam upto & flowers with solitory Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, ex Kunth an altitude edible. Young inflorescence. rooted in New Delhi, India. of 1500 m. leaves soil; leaves 3-8 x 1.5- India Biodiversity Portal: Commonaly consumed as 4.5 cm obvate; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s found in vegetable. Inflorescence of solitary how/230435 water- terminal raceme, to 9 logged rice cm long, flowers upto 2 fields. cm across; capsule to 1 x 0.8 cm, oblong; seeds many. 398 Moringa Moringacea Drumstick Eastern Fruits, when Small trees; branchlets Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, pterygosperma e tree, Munga Punjab unripe, are lenticellate; leaves tri- 'Edible wild plant resources of Gaertn. Bilaspur, used as pinnate, to 50 cm, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Chamba vegetable; tomentose; leaflets to 2 of Himachal Pradesh, India', (Dalhousie), leaves, and x 1 cm, oblong; International Journal of Botany Hamripur, flowers are inflorescence in Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Kangra also used as panicles axillary, India Biodiversity Portal: (Nurpur), vegetable; fruit tomentose; flowers https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kinnaur, known as drum white; pod to 50 cm, 9- how/263614 Mandi stick is highly ribbed; seeds winged. (Nachan, suitable with Suket), pulses. Shimla, Sirmaur (Nahan), Solan (Kunihar), Una; upto an altitude of 1000 m. 399 Moros serrata Moraceae Himu, Karun Himalayan Fruit sweet in Deciduous tree, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Roxb. tract from taste and eaten growing to 18-21 m (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir to raw. tall, with purple Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kumaon at mulberry-like fruit. ; New Delhi, India. altitudes of leaves cordate, beaked; 1200-2700 flowers in bunches; m, regions fruit, purple when ripe, of Khasi 1-seeded fruitlets. and Jantia Hills (Assam). 400 Morus acidosa Moraceae Shahtut, From north- Fruit edible. Shrub or tree upto 7.5 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Griff. Karan western part m high with a milky (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the of latex, with mulberry- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Himalayas like fruit. New Delhi, India. to Sikkim upto an altitude of 2100 m; in Assam. 401 Mucuna Ericaceae Baldhregra, E. Seeds are eaten Stout climbers; stems Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. monosperma Khatava Himalayas as vegetable; terete; leaflets to 11 x (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the DC. upto an have 6.5 cm, ovate, abruptly Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of restoration acuminate; racemes to New Delhi, India. 900 m; also properties and 10 cm long, drooping; India Biodiversity Portal: along the are eaten flowers few, greenish https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s southern during fasts by white; Pods 6.5 x 6 cm, how/230411 foot of the Hindus. woody, seeds one, Khasi Hills orbicular. in Assam and in Tripura; distributed in Orisssa and S. India.

402 Mucuna Fabaceae Gajal bael, Throughout The tuber is Annual tuberous Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, pruriens DC. Kivanch Himachal flehy and tasty, climber, young shoots P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Pradesh. it is often eaten covered with hair; Traditional Knowledge of raw; fruits also leaves pinnately Ethnomedicinal Plants in said to be trifoliate, rhomboid; Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, eaten. flowers pale blue, borne India', International Research Journal in pendulous racemes; of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. pod 3 - 5 inches long, India Biodiversity Portal: linear, black when ripe https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s how/32273 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, 'Edible wild plant resources of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts of Himachal Pradesh, India', International Journal of Botany Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. 403 Mukia Cucurbitace Agumaki Common Upripe fruit Herbaceous climber, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. maderaspatan ae throughout eaten cooked; annual, rough; stems (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the a (Linn.) Kurz. India upto ripe one eaten many branched, robust, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, an altitude raw. sulcate; leaf blade New Delhi, India. of 1800 m somewhat rigid, ovate Flora of China: in or ovate-cordate; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Mushobra flowers on 1-3 mm long px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200022703 (Simla). pedicels; berries 1-7, Flora of Pakistan: subsessile; Seeds ovate. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200022703 404 Murraya Rutaceae Gandhela, India: The leaves are Deciduous aromatic Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, koenigii Kathnim Assam, used to flavour shrub with strong smell 'Edible wild plant resources of Spreng. Karnataka, curries; also growing up to 3-5 m Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Maharastra, eaten mixed tall with a trunk up to of Himachal Pradesh, India', Odisha, with other 40 cm diam.; aromatic International Journal of Botany Punjab, vegetables. leaves are pinnate with Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Tamil 15-25 leaflets; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: Nadu, Uttar are small, white and https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Pradesh; fragrant which produce how/264262?pos= upto an small shiny-black altitude of berries containing a 1000 m. single, large viable seed, purplish black when ripe. 405 Musa Musaceae Bonkera, W. Bengal, Buds eaten like plant 3-7.5 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. balbisiana Athiya-kol Sikkim, cooked as a m high; pseudostems (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Colla Assam and vegetable; clumped, yellow-green; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Manipur; pseudo stem leaves 3 m long; New Delhi, India. locally are eaten as inflorescence Flora of China: abundant at vegetable pendulous, flower http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo altitude of called bunch drooping; fruit 7- ra_id=2&taxon_id=200028237 600-900 m; "pochola". 15 cm long, more or India Biodiversity Portal: also found less angular; seeds https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in S. India. black, warty. how/243875 406 Musa mornata Musaceae Ramanigi- Sikkim, W. Scape or thor Banana like plant 0.9- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Roxb. kela Bengal; also (core of the 1.5 m high; flower (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the found in fruiting shoot) bunch erect; fruits Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bihar, is cooked with oblong, angular. New Delhi, India. Orissa and spices and Konkan. eaten in curries and made into a flour. 407 Mussaenda Rubiaceae Soklati Tropical Leaves are Shrubs, up to 8 m tall; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. roxburghii Himalayas eaten as branchlets striate, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f. in Nepal, vegetable. angular, greenish, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim and densely pubescent; New Delhi, India. in Assam, leaves opposite India Biodiversity Portal: Manipur decussate, elliptic; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s upto an flowers orange or how/230420 altitude of yellow within, greenish 1200 m. white outside; fruit berries, oblong to elliptic. 408 Myriactis Asteraceae Shauri Found upto Leaves are Herbs, perennial, Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, nepalensis altitudes of edible. usually robust, 15-100 distribution and utilization pattern of Less. 2100-2500 cm tall; rhizomes short, some forestry food (wild edible) m. procumbent; stems from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of erect, often branched Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, from middle or base, India', International Journal of branches ascending, Advances in Science Engineering glabrous or sparsely and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. villous; leaves ovate- Flora of Pakistan: elliptic, sometimes http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as lobed or parted; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024319 capitula globose or hemispheric, 0.7-1.5 cm in diam., solitary or numerous in laxly corymbose- paniculiform synflorescences; fruit achenes straw-colored, 1.6-2.1 mm. 409 Myrsine Myrisinacea Chupra, Himalayas Fruit is said to Branchlets terete, 0.5-2 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. africana Linn. e Ghani from be edible. mm in diam., reddish (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir to glandular granulose and Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Nepal at puberulent, with New Delhi, India. altitude of capitate trichomes, Flora of China: 600-2700 often glabrescent; http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo m; also leaves lanceolate to ra_id=2&taxon_id=200016873 reported ovate; Inflorescences from Khasi axillary, subumbellate Hills. or fascicled, flowers red, minute; fruit red or purple-black. 410 Nasturtium Brassicacea Piriya-Halim Himalayas Leaves are Aquatic herb with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. fontanum e in a semi eaten as creeping or floating (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Lamk.) wild state potherb, taste stems, 0.6-1.2 m long; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Aschers. near amny like radish. leaves green or olive- New Delhi, India. hill station brown; flowers white, upto an 4-6 mm across; fruit altitue of cylindrical. 2100 m. 411 Nasturtium Brassicacea Abundant in Leaves are Slender herb 15-30 cm Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. palustre DC. e temperate consumed in high, erect or nearly so, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himalayas some parts as branched, with many Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, ascending watercress. stalked leaves crowded New Delhi, India. to an at the base and a few altitude of sessile leaves scatteres 3000 m. higher up; flowers yelllow, in a loose raceme; pod oblong, many seeded. 412 Natsiatum Icacinaceae Target Ruibe W. Bengal Leaves and Dioecious climbing Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. herpeticum and tender shoots shrubs; roots tuberous; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Buch.-Ham Himalayas are cooked as a young branches yellow- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of Nepal potherb. brown strigose; old New Delhi, India. and Sikkim branches conspicuously India Biodiversity Portal: upto an lenticellate; leaves https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s altitude of ovate; dioecious how/248956 900 m; climbing shrubs; roots along the tuberous; young Burisuti in branches yellow-brown NEFA, strigose; old branches Mikir Hills, conspicuously Foot of lenticellate, flowers Naga Hills, unisexual; drupe upto Lakhimpur, 1.5 × 1 cm, ovoid. Sibsagar, Goalpara and foot of Khasi Hills. 413 Nyctanthes Oleaceae Shefali Throughout Flowers are Deciduous shrub or Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, arbortristis India: eaten as small tree, some times 'Edible wild plant resources of Linn. Assam, vegetable found in forest fringe as Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Madhya either as fresh escape; branchlets of Himachal Pradesh, India', Pradesh, or as dried pubescent, 4-angled; International Journal of Botany Rajasthan; one; Leaves leaves ovate, shortly Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. also found are used in acuminate; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: in Andaman making curry. white, sweet scented, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s & Nicobar sessile, 3-7 together on how/265609 Island; upto hairy quadrangular an alitutde peduncles arranged in of 1500 m. cymose panicles; fruit compressed, orbicular capsule.

414 Nyctanthes Verbenacea Himalays Flowers are Deciduous shrub or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. arbor-tristis e and eaten as small tree, some times (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. Siwaliks vegetable found in forest fringe as Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, from either as fresh escape; branchlets New Delhi, India. Jammu to or as dried pubescent, 4-angled; India Biodiversity Portal: Nepal upto one; Leaves leaves ovate, shortly https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s an altitude are used in acuminate; how/265609 of 1500 m; making curry inflorescence cymose also found and Pakodies. panicles; flowers white in C. India with orange tubes; fruit southwards orbicular capsule. to Godavari. 415 Nymphaea Nymphaeac Brimposh, Abundant in The rootstock Aquatic perennial Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. alba Linn. eae Nilofar Dul lakes in and seeds are herbs, laticiferous, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Srinagar in eaten in rooted; rhizomes erect Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir, scarcity; or creeping, New Delhi, India. upto an rootstock stoloniferous; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: altitude of contains good polymorphic, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 1800 m. amount of suborbicular to cordate; how/230482 starch. flowers bisexual, usually solitary and floating, white; fruit berry about 3-4 cm across; seeds ellipsoid. 416 Nymphaea Nymphaeac Chota- One of the Rhizome and Rhizomatous auatic Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. nouchali eae Kamal, common peduncles are herbs. rhizomes often (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Burm.f. Mokuwa water lilies eaten as producing long runners; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, in lakes, vegetable; leaves alternate, elliptic New Delhi, India. ponds etc.; Fried seeds are or orbicular; flowers 6- India Biodiversity Portal: in warmer edible; unripe 14 cm across, slightly https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s parts of fruit and fragrant; fruits globose, how/230495 India. rootstock is 1.5-3.5 cm; seeds eaten as ellipsoid-globose, 8-10 vegetable. mm long. 417 Nymphaea Nymphaeac Nil-Kamal, Found in Rootstocks and Water plant with a 5- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. stellata Willd. eae Nil-padma lakes, ponds seeds are eaten 7.5 cm long, avate (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the etc.; warmer frequently. underground rootstock; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, parts of leaves floating, New Delhi, India. India. orbicular to elliptic; flowers star-like, light blue; fruit orbicular, spongy; seeds minute, numerous. 418 Ocimum Lamiaceae Tulsi Found in Leaves used as Subshrubs to 1 m tall, Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, sanctum Linn. Himalayas a condiment in much branched; stems 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild upto an salads and erect, base woody, Plants of District Solan , Himachal altitude of other foods; spreading pilose; leaf Pradesh, India', International Journal 900 m. also a blade oblong, 2.5-5.5 × of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- substitute for 1-3 cm; verticillasters 95. tea. 6-flowered, in Flora of China: pedunculate, terminal http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as thyrses or panicles 6-8 px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019919 cm; nutlets brown, India Biodiversity Portal: ovoid, about 1 × 0.7 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s mm, glandular- how/33205 foveolate. 419 Odina wodier Anacardiace Jhingan, India: Leaves are Deciduous trees, to 25 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, Roxb. ae Wodier, Andaman & eaten. m high, bark surface 'Edible wild plant resources of Kaimil Nicobar grey to dark brown, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Island, rough; blaze crimson of Himachal Pradesh, India', Andhra red or deep pink; International Journal of Botany Pradesh, exudation gummy, red; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Assam, leaves imparipinnate, India Biodiversity Portal: Bihar, alternate, clustered at https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kerala, the end of branchlets; how/230190 Maharastra, flowers unisexual, Madhya yellowish-green; fruit a Pradesh, drupe, 12 mm long, Odisha, seed compressed. Punjab, Uttar Pradesh. 420 Oenanthe Apiaceae Jangle-sounp Sikkim, Leaves are said Weak herb, 60-90 cm Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. thomsonii C. Bhutan, to be eaten. high; roots fascicled or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the B. Clarke. NEFA, fibrous; stems slender, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Khasi Hills creeping, branched; New Delhi, India. and in Naga leaves homomorphic, Flora of China: Hills at 3–4(–5)-pinnate; http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo atlitude of umbels 3–8 across, ra_id=2&taxon_id=200015690 1350-2400 flowers white, minute; m. fruits 2 mm long, splitting into 1-seeded halves. 421 Olax Olacaceae Bol-narang, Bhutan and Leaves are Shrub or tree, 5-10 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. acuminata Han-kanoj Assam upto eaten cooked tall; branchlets yellow, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. ex an altitude with fish and vertically ridged; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Benth. of 750 m; meat. thin, ellipitic, petiole New Delhi, India. dsitributed upto 3-7 mm long; India Biodiversity Portal: in Mikir inflorescences solitary https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hills, or fasciculate racemes, how/249657 Sibsagar, N. flowers white, 4-5 mm Kachar long; fruit drupe Hills, ellipsoid or ovoid. Kachar, Bijni Reserve in Goalpurra, Garo Hills, Khasi and Jantia Hills. 422 Olax nana Olacaceae Hot valleys Fruit edible but Undershrubs, up to 60 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Wall. ex Benth of is insipid. cm tall; stem upright, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himalayas green, ribbed; rootstock Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, from Punjab woody; leaves New Delhi, India. to Nepal lanceolate, subsessile; India Biodiversity Portal: and W. flowers axillary, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Bengal upto solitary, creamy or how/249651 an altitude whitish; fruit drupes of 1500 m; upto 6 mm across, also found yellow when ripe. in Bihar, Assam, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh. 423 Olax scandens Olacaceae Dheniani Sub- Fruit is used Large woody climber Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Roxb. Himalayan for making with curved prickles on (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract in sherbet; young the old stem; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kumaon; shoots are elliptic; flowers white New Delhi, India. distributed eaten as green fragrant, in raceme; in vegetable. fruit drupe, fleshy, Rohilkhand, yellow. N. Oudh, Bihar, C. And S. India. 424 Oldenlandia Rubiaceae Muttia-lata Occur in Leaves are Annual herb with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. auricularia Nepal, cooked and spreading numerous (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) K. Sikkim, eaten as branches, 15-45 cm Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Schum. Assam and vegetable. long; stem 4-angled, New Delhi, India. Manipur bluish, villous when India Biodiversity Portal: upto an young; leaves 2-7 x 1- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s altitude of 2.5 cm, elliptic-ovate or how/244865 1800 m; elliptic-lanceolate; distributed flowers fascicled at in S. India. axils, white; fruit orbicular, many seeded. 425 Oldenlandia Rubiaceae Termiskie, Tropical Leaves are Climbing shrub; leaves Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. scandens Bakre-lara and sub- eaten. narrowly oblong to (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) O. tropical E. lanceolate; flowers Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Ktze Hiamalayas white to creamy, New Delhi, India. in Nepal, scented; fruit orbicular, Sikkim, N. many seeded. Bengal and Assam upto an altitude of 1800 m. 426 Olea Oleaceae Zaitun, Himalayas Fruit pulp is Trees or shrubs, up to Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. ferruginea Kaphlainj in Kashmir, eaten but is not 10 m high, greyish (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Royle Punjab, amd pleasant to green; bark smooth Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, U.P. at taste; also when young, peeling New Delhi, India. altitude of yields an off in narrow strips Flora of Pakistan: 750-1800 edible oil. when old; leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as m; scarce in oblong-lanceolate to px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=230003919 Kumaon. ovate; flowers whitish, in trichotomous axillary 2-4 cm long cymes; drupe upto 8 mm long. 427 Olea gamblei Oleaceae Jamu W. Bengal Fruit is edible Small tree; leaves Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. C. B. Clarke and Sikkim and is sweet in oblong, beaked; flowers (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the upto an tase. 1 mm long, borne in Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of axillary clusters; fruit a New Delhi, India. 900 . drupe with a stone containing a single seed.

428 Ophioglossum Ophioglossa Jibh-re Himalayas, Young sweet Small perennial herb, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. reticulatum ceae Khasi Hills leaves eaten 10-30 cm tall; rhizomes (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. upto 1500 mixed with erect, slender, bearing a Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, m and many other few thick fleshy roots; New Delhi, India. other parts vegetables; leaves in clusters, India Biodiversity Portal: of India. often as salad. sterile blade 3-7 x 3-4 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s cm, ovate, fertile spike how/242396 Flora 5-10 cm long; of China: sporangia globose, http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo sunken, arranged in a ra_id=2&taxon_id=200002907 row on either side of the stalk. 429 Ophioglossum Ophioglossa Chonchru, Himalayas Leaves are Terrestrial herb with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. vulgatum Linn. ceae Sag from eaten as erect, fleshy, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir to cooked subglobose or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim at vegetable. cylindrical rhizome, 0.5 New Delhi, India. altitudes of x 0.8 cm; roots India Biodiversity Portal: 600-2400 extending horizontally https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s m. and stolonlike; fronds how/242399 usually single; Flora of China: sporangia globose, http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flo sunken, arranged in a ra_id=2&taxon_id=200002910 row on either side of the stalk; spores 45 x 30 µm, ellipsoid, granulose. 430 Opuntia Cactacea Pahari choon Found in Fruits are Shrubs sprawling or Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, dillenii Haw. wastelands; edible and erect, 1-3 m tall; trunk 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild plains from helps to absent or short; larger, Plants of District Solan , Himachal the coast to increase terminal joints green to Pradesh, India', International Journal 900 m appetite; gray-green, obovate or of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- altitude. excessive elliptic-obovate to 95. amounts may suborbicular; flowers 5- cause 9 cm in diam.; fruit diaorrhea. purple, turbinate to obovoid; seeds light tan, irregularly orbicular. 431 Oroxylum Bignoniacea Tatpalanga, Throughout Tender leaves Medium sized trees; to Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, indicum Vent. e Arlu, Soona India; and shoots are 12 m high; bark 5-6 P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Himachal eaten cooked mm thick, surface Traditional Knowledge of Pradesh: mostly with brownish-grey; blaze Ethnomedicinal Plants in Bilaspur, fishes; flowers yellowish-green; bole Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, Chamba, are also used smooth; leaves India', International Research Journal Hamripur, as vegetable. compound, 2-3 pinnate; of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. Kangra, flowers bisexual, in lax India Biodiversity Portal: Kinnaur, terminal racemes, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Kullu, reddish-purple outside, how/16688 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., Mandi, pinkish-yellow within, 2017, 'Edible wild plant resources of Shimla, racemes to 30-50 cm Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Sirmaur, long; fruit a capsule 40- of Himachal Pradesh, India', Solan, Una. 75 x 5-8 cm; seeds 5-6 International Journal of Botany cm long. Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. 432 Orthanthera Asclepidace Khip, Himalayas Flower buds Shrub 1.8-2.5 m tall, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. viminea Wight ae Chapkiya and are eaten as young shoots (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Siwaliks in vegetable. pubescent, becoming Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir, glabrous with age; New Delhi, India. Punjab, leaves opposite, 2.5 mm Flora of Pakistan: U.P. and long; flowers dull http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Nepal upto brown, salver-shaped; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=220009639 an altitude seeds 4 mm long with a of 750 m. brush of long hairs. 433 Osmunda Osmundace Himalayas Young fronds Rhizome ascending, Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, claytoniana ae upto are cooked as short, bearing several distribution and utilization pattern of Linn. altitudes of vegetable. approximate fronds; some forestry food (wild edible) 2200-3000 fronds hemidimorphic; from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of m. stipe greenish, lamina Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, pinnate-pinnatifid, India', International Journal of narrowly oblanceolate, Advances in Science Engineering fertile pinnae about 1/3 and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. length of sterile ones, Flora of China: about 5 mm wide but http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as usually with reduced px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200002994 lobes, covered throughout with sporangia, turning blackish brown after spores are shed. 434 Ougeinia Ericaceae Asainda, Hiamalayas Flowers are Tree 6-12 m high with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. oojeinensis Sandan from eaten boiled deeply cracked bark; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) Hochr. Jammu to and are much leaves compound; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bhutan upto sought-after. leaflets orbicular; New Delhi, India. an altitude flowers somewhat of 1500 m; fragrant, in clustered distributed racemes; pod jointd. in many parts of India. 435 Oxalic latifolia Oxalidaceae Malori Found upto Leaves are Erect bulbous herbs, to Sharma, P., Agnihotry, A., Sharma, Kunth. altitudes of eaten by 25 cm high; stem short PP., Sharma, L., 2013, 'Wild edibles 1200- children. or absent; leaves few, of Murari Devi and surrounding 2000m. erect; leaflets areas in Mandi district of Himachal obconical, 3 x 5 cm, Pradesh, India', International Journal base acute, apex retuse; of Biodiversity and Conservation, petiole to 20 cm long; 5(9), 580-592. flowers few, violet, pedicellate, 3-5 together in long-peduncled umbels; sepals green, 4 x 1 mm, oblong; petals 10 x 5 mm, violet with yellowish base; stamens 10; filaments alternatively long and short.

436 Oxalis Oxalidaceae Puliyarai Common in Leaves are Perennial stemless Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. acetosella Himalayas eaten as salad herbs; thick monopodial (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. from and as a spring rhizomes, rhizome Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to vegetable and creeping under-ground, New Delhi, India. Sikkim at as sourish slender; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: altitudes of relish. trifoliately compound; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 1050-3600 petioles ca. 3.5-15 cm how/264368 m. long; flowers white with purple veins; capsules ovoid, 8 mm long. 437 Oxalis Oxalidaceae Malori Found upto Young shoots Prostrate herbs with Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, corniculata altitudes of & leaves are creeping stem, rooting P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Linn. 700-2000 used as at lower nodes; leaves Traditional Knowledge of m. vegetable. digitately 3-foliolate; Ethnomedicinal Plants in leaflets 0.5-1.5 x 0.6-2 Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, cm; flowers yellow, India', International Research Journal solitary or in axillary of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. umbels; capsules 0.8- India Biodiversity Portal: 1.5 x 0.3-0.5 cm, linear; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s seeds many, brown. how/33221 Sharma, P., Agnihotry, A., Sharma, PP., Sharma, L., 2013, 'Wild edibles of Murari Devi and surrounding areas in Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh, India', International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 5(9), 580-592.

438 Oxyria digyna Polygonace Amlu, Alpine Young leaves Fleshy acid-flavoured Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. (Linn.) Hill ae Chohahak Himalayas are eaten as perennial herb, 10-45 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the from salad, ground cm high, clustery, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to in chutney; prostrate or semierect New Delhi, India. Sikkim at fermwnted glabrous, grooved stem; Flora of Pakistan: altitudes of plants laso leaves orbicular or http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 3000-4500 stored for reniform; flower px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006711 m; W. Tibet winter use. minute, pink or green; at 3600- fruit orbicular, reddish, 5250 m; 1-seeded. occurs in crevices of ridges. 439 Paeonia emodi Ranunculac Marmekh, Temperate Young shoots Stout perennial herb, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Wall. eae Chandra W. are eaten as 30-90 cm tall, with a (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himalayas vegetable; cluster of tuberous Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, from Tuberous roots roots; stems glabrous; New Delhi, India. Kashmir to and seeds are proximal leaves 2- Flora of China: Kumaon at likely to be ternate; some leaflets http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitudes of poisonous. segmented; flowers 2-4 px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008033 1500-3000 ; per shoot, both terminal occur in and axillary; follicles gregarious ovoid, 2-3.5 × 1-2 cm; patches in seeds black, globose. Kashmir.

440 Panicum Poaceae Bhatur Throughout Seeds edible. Annuals. Culms 15-55 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, trypheron India. cm high, erect; nodes 'Edible wild plant resources of Schult. glabrous.; leaves 2.5 - Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts 15 x 0.3-0.7 cm, linear of Himachal Pradesh, India', to narrowly lanceolate; International Journal of Botany panicles 7-22 cm long, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. effuse; branches India Biodiversity Portal: alternate and whorled. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Spikelets 2.5-3.5 mm how/263887 long, elliptic or ovoid, acuminate, distant, pink; grains about 1 mm long, ovate. 441 Papaver Paparverace Phimdata, Northwester Leaves are Erect annual herbs, Singh, J., Rajasekaran, A., Negi, dubium Linn. ae Phimdodi n edible. about 15-40 cm tall; AK., Nazir AP., 2014, 'Wild Himalayas stem simple or vegetable plants used by trible upto branched; leaves ovate- people of Kinnaur District, altitudes of oblong to lanceolate or Himachal Pradesh, India', 1000-3000 oblong-linear; International journal of forest m. inflorescence raceme usufructs Management, 15 (2), 47- with about 2-5 flowers, 56. peduncles erect, flowers bisexual, axillary or terminal, about 4-6 cm across, brick red, orange; fruits capsules, oblong-globular, glabrous; seeds many, reniform, purplish black, about 0.6 mm across, rich in oil.

442 Papaver Papaveracea Afim Found in Seeds are used Erect robust annual Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, somniferum e Bhutan, in flavoring herbs, glaucous, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Linn. Nepal, chocolates, glabrous rarely sparsely Plants of District Solan , Himachal Throughout condiment and setose, about 50-100 cm Pradesh, India', International Journal India: as medicine. tall; stem simple or of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- Assam, branched; root stock, 95. Bihar, erect, slender, conical; India Biodiversity Portal: Himachal leaves alternate, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Pradesh. broadly lanceolate, how/230586?pos= ovate oblong; flowers bisexual, solitary, terminal, about 3-10 cm across, white, pale pink, pale purple; fruits capsules, globular- ovoid; seeds many, pale grayish white. 443 Parthenocissus Vitaceae Phlankur, Himalayas Fruit is edible. Woody climber, often Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. himalayana Zemaro from grows over tall trees; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Royle) Kshmir to leaves with 3, ovoid Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Planch. Sikkim, W. leaflets; flowers New Delhi, India. Bengal, yellowish green; fruit 8 NEFA and mm in diam, black. in Naga Hills at altitudes of 1500-3300; in Assam at altitudes of 600-1950 m. 444 Parthenocissus Vitaceae Gadikhar Found upto Fruits are Large climber; stem Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, semicordata altitudes of edible. lenticellate; leaves 3- distribution and utilization pattern of (Wall.) Planch. 2100-3000 foliolate; leaflets to 17 some forestry food (wild edible) m. x 10 cm, ovate; cymes 9 from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of cm across, terminal, Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, peduncled; flowers India', International Journal of bisexual, pedicellate; Advances in Science Engineering fruit a berry; seed 1. and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. India Biodiversity Portal: https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s how/264114?pos= 445 Paspalidium Poaceae Baunr, Tropical Seeds are Annuals. Culms 15-65 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, flavidum Dhanera Asia, eaten. cm long, tufted; nodes 'Edible wild plant resources of (Retz.) A. Australia glabrous; leaves 7-20 x Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Camus Throughout 0.3-0.7 cm, linear; of Himachal Pradesh, India', India, inflorescence 10-25 cm International Journal of Botany Hamripur, long, spiciform; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Mandi , racemes 4-8 in number, India Biodiversity Portal: Una; upto alternate, 1-2 cm long; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s an altitude grains to 1.5 mm long, how/230594 of 1000 m. ovoid. 446 Paspalum Poaceae Kodo millet Tropical Seeds are said Annuals or perennials. Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, scrobiculatum and sub- to edible. Culms 15-80 cm high, 'Edible wild plant resources of L. tropical tufted, erect or creeping Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts parts of and rooting at the lower of Himachal Pradesh, India', India upto nodes; nodes glabrous; International Journal of Botany an altitude leaves 3.5-36 x 0.4-1 Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. of 2000 m; cm, lanceolate to linear; India Biodiversity Portal: chiefly in racemes usually 2, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam, rarely 3-5, 2.5-7 cm how/243275 Madras long; rachis flat. Hamripur, Spikelets 2-ranked or 3- Kangra , ranked, 2-3.5 mm long, Una in ovate-orbicular or Himachal obovate, obtuse. Pradesh. 447 Pegia nitida Anacardiace Hongding Found in C. Tender shoots Climbing shrub; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Colebr. ae And E. and leaves as branchlets purplish (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Himalayas vegetable; ripe brown, densely yellow Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, from Nepal fruit is also tomentose; leaves New Delhi, India. to Bhutan, eaten. compound, leaf blade Flora of China: W. Bengal 20-40 cm, with 11-15 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as and in leaflets; inflorescence px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012701 Assam upto paniculate, 20-35 cm, an altitude loosely branched, of 1200 m. flowers scented, white; fruit drupe ellipsoid, oblique, seed compressed. 448 Periploca Asclepidace Barri Himalayas Flower buds Shrub with milky juice, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. aphylla Decne. ae from and flowers are 90-120 cm high, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Chenab sweet and are commonly devoid of Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, westwards eaten raw or leaves; leaves 6 mm New Delhi, India. upto an cooked as a long, thick; flowers altitude of vegetable. scented, greenish 1200; outside, dark purple and recorded bearded within; pods 2, from cylindric; seed 6 mm Mirpur and long. Muzaffarab ad in Kashmir. 449 Phaseolus Ericaceae Gora-mung, Dehradun, Seeds is used Slender climber; leaves Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. radiatus Linn. Siwalik as pulse; with 3 ovoid leaflets; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the range upto closely allied flowers greenish yellow Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, an altitude to urd. or reddish; pod hairy, 5- New Delhi, India. of 1200 in 6 cm long, seeds 10-15, kumaon. dark grey. 450 Phlogacanthus Acanthacea Lalbahuk, Himalayas Flowers are Shrub 2.4-4.5 m high Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. thyrsiflorus e Kaldona from Ravi eaten cooked with 4-angled twigs; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) Nees to Bhutan as vegetable; leaves drooping, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, and in roasted or lanceolate; flowers 13- New Delhi, India. Assam upto dried; leaves 20 mm long, orange or India Biodiversity Portal: an altitude are also brick red; capsule club- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of 1200 m; consumed as shaped, 3.8 cm long how/250313 also in bitter chutneys. with hairy 12-14 seeds. Chota Nagpur. 451 Phoenix Arecaceae Khajur Sub- Fruit is edible. Palm 0.3-3.6 high, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. ouseleyana Himalayan unisexual; leaves 1.2- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Griff. tract, 2.4 m long; flowers Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Siwaliks small, borne in large New Delhi, India. and outer inflorescence; fruit valleys ovoid, orange to black from when ripe, 1-seeded Yamuna like dates. eastwards upto an altitude of 900 m and i Assam. 452 Phoenix Arecaceae Schap N. Bengal, Pith (the soft Handsome Palm 4.5-6 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. rupicola T. Sikkim, inner part of m high, with a leaf (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Anders. Mishmi stem) is eaten srown on top, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Hills and raw; ripe fruit unisexual; leaves with New Delhi, India. Assam upto is also edible. many dark green an altitude leaflets; flowers 4-8 of 900 m. mm across; fruit date- like, 1-seeded. 453 Phragmites Poaceae Dila Found in Fresh tender Coarse grass 1.8-3 high, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. communis Trin Kashmir to rootstock eaten withering in winter, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the U.P. upto an routed; with a perennial Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of sprouting underground creeping New Delhi, India. 4200 m on shoots are rootstock; leaves 2- the Punjab made into ranked; inflorescence at Himalayas; pickles; the tip of the stem; recorded succulant stem grain nearly cylindrical. from eaten like Garhwal toffee or and W. marshmallows. Tibet.

454 Phytolacca Phytolaccac Rinsag, Himalayas Leaves are Perennial herb 90-150 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. acinosa Roxb. eae Sarunga from eaten cooked. cm high; stem hollow, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir to green or reddish purple, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bhutan and terete; roots obconic, New Delhi, India. Khasi and thick, fleshy; leaves Flora of China: Jantia Hills ovate to http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as at altitudes lanceolate;inflorescence px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200007011 of 1200- racemes, erect, flowers 2700 m; pale green or white, 8 said to be mm across; fruit berry, introduced dark purple, seed 1, from China. reniform. 455 Picrasma Simaroubac Bhurangi, Found in Fruit is eaten. Large shrub or small Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. quassioides eae Baringi sub-tropical tree upto 12 m high (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (D. Don) Himlaayas with bitter bark, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Benn. from deciduous, almost New Delhi, India. Chenab to glabrous except the Flora of Pakistan: Nepal and young inflorescence http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as eastwards in and branches; leaves px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200012490 Bhutan and unequally pinnate, Khasi Hills scarcely pubescent; at altitudes Flowers c. 7 mm in of 900-2700 diameter, pedicel 7-8 m. mm long; fruit a drupe, black. 456 Pieuse Moraceae Dudhla, Outer Ripe fruit is Evergreen handsome Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. neriifolia Sm. Parphuta Himalayas eaten. tree 6-9 m high with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the var. nemoralis from Punjab grey trunk; leaveas Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, (Wall.ex Miq.) to Bhutan lanceolate to elliptic; New Delhi, India. Corner upto an fruit fig type, orbicular, altitude of reddish when ripe, 2400m; in containing wrinkled Assam upto seeds. 1500 m. 457 Pinus Pinaceae Chilgoza N.-W. Seed is eaten Conifer upto 19 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. gerardiana Hiamlayas roasted, often high;bark white, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wan. from Niti ground and fissured into irregular, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, pass in mixed with thin plates; 1st-year New Delhi, India. Garhwal to flour. branchlets pale green- Flora of China: westwards yellow, glabrous, with http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as at altitudes projected leaf scars; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005335 of 1800- leaves needles like, 3 3600 m; per bundle; seed cones Kunawar on shortly pedunculate; Sutlej and seeds cylindric, upto in Chamba; 2.5 cm. upper Chenab near Luj and Darwas in Pangi. 458 Pistacia Anacardiace Kakar, Himalayas Fruit and Tree or shrub up to 6 m Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, khinjuk Stew. ae Kakru. Indus to Kernal edible. tall. Young shoots 'Edible wild plant resources of ex Brandis. Kumaon puberulous; leaves Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts upto imparipinnate, leaflets of Himachal Pradesh, India', altitudes 3-7 in number, International Journal of Botany 350-2400 coriaceous; panicles Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. m; occur in extra-axillary, suberect; Flora of Pakistan: Kashmir, drupe 4-6 mm long, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Punjab suborbicular in outline, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242424411 Bilaspur, compressed, Chamba, Hamripur, Kangra, Kinnaur, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan 459 Pleurospermu Apiaceae Ghodejeera Bhutan, Roots are used Plants 80–120 cm or Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, m angelicoides Kashmir, as condiment more, robust; root dark distribution and utilization pattern of (DC.) Cl. Myanmar, in food brown, long-conic, 3–4 some forestry food (wild edible) Nepal, cm across; stem thinly from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Sikkim; ribbed, glabrous; leaves Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, upto oblong or ovate-oblong; India', International Journal of altitudes of sheath narrow-oblong, Advances in Science Engineering 3100-3800 4–5 cm; umbels 8–10 and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. m. cm across, peduncle Flora of China: about 30 cm; fruit http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as oblong, dark brown, 8– px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015812 14 × 3–4 mm; seed face concave. 460 Pleurospermu Apiaceae Ghodejeera, Found in Leaves are Plants up to 30 cm tall; Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, m brunonis Lossar Himalayas eaten as tap roots, long, distribution and utilization pattern of (DC.) Benth. upto condiments in tapering; stems 1 or some forestry food (wild edible) ex Cl. altitudes of food. more from the base; from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of 3200-4300 leaves 2-4-pinnate; Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, m. segments linear; India', International Journal of involucre of 4-6 Advances in Science Engineering broadly white-margined and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. bracts, entire or lobed at Flora of Pakistan: the apex; rays 5-10; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as involucel of 5-8, almost px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242424457 white, oblong, bractlets; fruit oblong; ridges narrowly winged; furrows 1-2-vittate; commissure 2-4-vittate. 461 Plumbago Plumbagina Chitra Cultivated Leaves are said Erect subshrubs, Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, zeylanica Linn. ceae in Indian to be edible. sometimes subscandent; P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on upto an stem striate. Leaves 3-7 Traditional Knowledge of altitude of x 1.7-3.2 cm, ovate or Ethnomedicinal Plants in 1200 m; elliptic-ovate; flowers Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, Chamba white, in elongate, India', International Research Journal (Dalhousie), terminal, often panicled of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. Hamripur, racemes; capsule India Biodiversity Portal: Kangra oblong, acute with 5 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s (Nurpur), furrows. how/33246 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., Mandi, 2017, 'Edible wild plant resources of Shimla, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Sirmaur, of Himachal Pradesh, India', Una International Journal of Botany Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. 462 Polygala Polygalacea Meradu Throughout Leaves are Erect or procumbent Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, arvensis Willd. e plains of eaten. herbs; leaves very 'Edible wild plant resources of India and variable, 3-4 x 2 cm, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts upto an glabrous or densely of Himachal Pradesh, India', alittude of pubescent; flowers International Journal of Botany 1500 m; solitary or in to 2 cm Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Nicobar long lateral racemes, India Biodiversity Portal: Bilaspur, yellow; keel petal https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Chamba, crested with shortly how/230790 Hamripur, forked or notched Kinnaur,Ma appendages; style ndi, Shimla, curved, hooked at apex; Una capsule ciliate along the margins; seeds black, elliptic-obovate, pilose. 463 Polygala Polygalacea Gaighura Temperate Leaves edible. Perennial, villous all Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, crotalarioides e kathi Himalaya over with long erect and 'Edible wild plant resources of Buch-Ham. ex Throughout short curved hairs, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Dc. India upto about 20 cm tall; leaves of Himachal Pradesh, India', altitudes of obovate-elliptic; International Journal of Botany 1200– 2200 racemes lateral, rarely Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. m; Chamba terminal, shorter than Flora of Pakistan: , Hamripur , leaves, bracts http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Lahul & persistent; capsule px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242339294 Spiti , orbicular, emarginate, 4 Shimla , mm long; seeds oblong, Solan. pilose. 464 Polygonatum Liliaceae Salam mishri Found in Tubers are Rhizome moniliform or Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, cirrhifolium Himalayas; edible; leaves tuber-like, terete, 1-2 distribution and utilization pattern of (Wall.) Royle Bhutan, are eaten as cm thick; stem erect up some forestry food (wild edible) Sikkim, vegetable. to 90 cm, glabrous; from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Nepal and leaves in whorls of 3-6, Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, parts of rarely a few alternate or India', International Journal of India upto opposite in lower part Advances in Science Engineering altitudes of of the stem, sessile 6-10 and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. 2500-3200 cm x 2-5.5 mm, tip Flora of Pakistan: m. usually cirrhose or http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as curved; Inflorescence 2- px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200027846 3 flowered; flowers pendulous, peduncle 5- 15 mm long; fruit berries, 8-9 mm in diam., red or purple- red, 4-9 seeded. 465 Polygonatum Liliaceae Salam mishri Found in Rhizomes of Rhizomes usually Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, verticillatum the parts of the plants are tuber-like terete, rarely distribution and utilization pattern of (L.) All. India upto edible and moniliform; stem erect some forestry food (wild edible) altitudes of valued as 30-90 cm, angled, from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of 2100-3500 salep, strength glabrous; leaves elliptic Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, m. giving food. to narrowly lanceolate India', International Journal of or linear; inflorescence Advances in Science Engineering 1-2 flowered; peduncle and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. 1-2 cm; fruit berries, Flora of Pakistan: red, becoming purple, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 6-8 mm in diam. px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200027870 466 Polygonum Polygonace Bihagni Found upto Leaves cooked Herbs perennial; Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, amplexicaule ae altitudes of as vegetable. rhizomes horizontal, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Don. upto 1000- purple-brown, large, Plants of District Solan , Himachal 3300 m; about 1.5 cm; stems Pradesh, India', International Journal Bhutan, erect, 40-100 cm tall, of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- Nepal, robust, branched; leaves 95. Throughout ovate or oblong-ovate, Flora of China: India. greenish on both the http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as surfaces; inflorescence px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242339456 terminal or axillary, spicate, 2-3-flowered; fruit achenes exceeding persistent perianth, black-brown, shiny, ellipsoid. 467 Polygonum Polygonace Bannalia, Himalayas Said to be Annual herb 30-60 cm Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. aviculare Linn. ae Kesru from eaten. high, suberect-erect, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir to ascending or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kumaon decumbent, glabrous; New Delhi, India. and in W. stem grooved; leaves Flora of Pakistan: Tibet at heterophyllous, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitudes of lanceolate; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200006713 1800-3600 inflorescence solitary, m. axillary or 3-5 clusters, flowers green tipped; nut 3-angled, wrinkled, 1-seeded. 468 Polygonum Polygonace Bihagni, Throughout The pungent An annual herb 60-150 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. glabrum Willd. ae Bonriya India upto leaves and cm high; reddish stem, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Ghehu an altitude tender shoots with suberect, smooth; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 1800 m are cookes and leaves narrow, New Delhi, India. in eaten as lanceolate; flowers in India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayas; vegetable. terminal racemes, pink https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in Assam or white; nut biconvex, how/33256 Flora of found on rarely 3-angled, 1- China: the edges of seeded. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as nalas or px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242339543 ditches. 469 Polygonum Polygonace Patuswa, Nepal, W. Tender shoots Subshrubs, often Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. molle D. Don ae Tuknu Bengal, are eaten and climbing; stems erect, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Sikkim, are pleasantly sometimes slightly Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Khasi And acidulous. ascending, 0.9-1.5 m New Delhi, India. Mishmi tall, much branched, Flora of China: Hills at hirsute, retrorsely http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as atitudes of hirsute or glabrous; leaf px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242339630 1200-2100 blade abaxially light m. green, adaxially green; inflorescence spreading, paniculate, large, flowers white; nut 3- edged, enwrapped in fleshy sepals. 470 Polygonum Polygonace Trod Found upto Leaves are Herbs annual. Stems Sharma, P., Agnihotry, A., Sharma, nepalense ae altitudes of used to prepare decumbent or PP., Sharma, L., 2013, 'Wild edibles Meissn. 1000-2000 Saag. ascending, 20-40 cm of Murari Devi and surrounding m. tall, much branched at areas in Mandi district of Himachal base, rooting at lower Pradesh, India', International Journal nodes; leaves ovate or of Biodiversity and Conservation, triangulat-ovate; 5(9), 580-592. Flora inflorescence capitate, of China: included by an http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as involucral leaf; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006727 peduncle long, glandular hairy; fruit achenes, included in persistent perianth, black, opaque, broadly ovoid. 471 Polygonum Polygalacea Macheti Throughout Leaves are said Herbs annual; stems Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, plebeium R. e tropical to be eaten. prostrate, 10-40 cm tall, 'Edible wild plant resources of Br. India branched from base, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Kangra, internodes shorter than of Himachal Pradesh, India', Kullu, leaves; leaves elliptic to International Journal of Botany Lahul & oblanceolate; flowers 3- Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Spiti, 6, borne in axillary Flora of China: Shimla, Una fascicles; fruit achenes http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as included in persistent px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242414124 perianth, black-brown. 472 Polygonum Polygonace Amldandi, Hiamlayas Young leaves Shrub, 0.9-1.8 m high, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. polysatchyum ae Khatnari. at altitudes and shoots are with nagled stem; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall.ex of 2100- eaten. leaves lanseolate, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Meissn 3600 m; beaked; flowers white New Delhi, India. often or tinged with pink; nut abundant. 3-edged, 1-seeded.

473 Polygonum Polygonace Maslun, Himalayas Young leaves Pernnial herb 10-30 cm Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. viviparum ae Bilauri from are edible. high with woody (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. Kashmir to rootstock; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, sikkim and ligulate; flowers pink, New Delhi, India. W. Tibet at in cylindric clusters; nut altitudes of biconvex, 1-seeded. 2700-4800 m. 474 Polystichum Polypodiace Himalayas Young leaves Stout handsome fern; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. muricatum ae upto an are eaten leaves clustery, petiole (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Fee altitude of cooked as hirsute; spores disposed Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, 2850 m, vegetable. in brown masses under New Delhi, India. NEFA, round shields. Asssam and through out India. 475 Portulaca Portulacace Kulfa India: Tender shoots Annual herbs, about 5- Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, oleracea Linn. ae Assam, and leaves are 40 cm long, stem P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Kashmir,ma used as decumbent or prostrate, Traditional Knowledge of dhya vegetable slightly reddish green Ethnomedicinal Plants in Pradesh,ma mixed with or purplish green, main Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, harastra, other root tuberous, fibrous; India', International Research Journal Manipur, vegetables. leaves simple, of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. Punjab, subopposite or India Biodiversity Portal: Rajasthan, alternate; Inflorescence https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Uttar axillary or terminal how/33264 Pradesh. clusters or capituli, flowers bisexual, about 2.5 cm across; fruit capsule, globose-ovoid; seeds 20-25, reniform- globose. 476 Potentilla Rosaceae Shang-cha, Temperate Leaves are Shrub, dwarf, sericeous Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. fruticosa Linn. Merino and sub- used as a upto120 cm high; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the var. Inglisii apline substitute for leaves compound, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Hook.f. Himlayas at tea. aromatic; flowers New Delhi, India. altitudes of white, usually solitary 2400-6000 or few togather; fruit m; recorded consisting of numerous, from minute fruitlets with Chenab long hairs. basin, Spiti, Ladakh and W. Tibet. 477 Poupartia Anacardiace Labshi Nepal, W. Ripe fruit is Evergreen tree upto 24 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. axillaris ae Bengal, eaten; inner m high, with horizontal (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) King Sikkim, bark also branches; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, & Prain Bhutan and edible. compound with 7-17 New Delhi, India. Assam upto leaflets; flowers white an altitude or greenish-white; fruit of 1350 m; oblong, yellow when common in ripe. some parts of Garo, Jantia and N. Kachar Hills of Assam. 478 Pouzolzia Urticaceae Chipali Tropical Leaves are Evergreen shrub or tree Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. viminea Wedd. and sub- eaten as 3-6 m high; leavs (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tropical vegetable; alternate, lanseolate; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Himalayas Bark dried and flowers small, in New Delhi, India. from Sutlej powdered is axillary clusters; fruit eastwards taken in times small, hard, 1-seeded. upto an of scarcity altitude of 2100 m in Sikkim. 479 Premna Verbenacea Basota Eastern Leaves and Shrubs or small trees; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, latifolia Roxb. e India; shoots are branchlets dark brown, 'Edible wild plant resources of Bilaspur, eaten. striate, pubescent when Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Hamripur, young, subglabrescent; of Himachal Pradesh, India', Kangra leaves ovate-oblong; International Journal of Botany (Nurpur), inflorescences 3-6 x 4-8 Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Sirmaur cm, densely pubescent, Flora of China: (Nahan, flowers dusty yellow; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Rajgarh), fruit black, tuberculate, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019391 Solan glabrous. (Kunihar), Una up to 1500 m 480 Premna Verbenacea Agnium Himalayas Bark is eaten. Small tree 6-10 m high, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. mucronata e from often thorny; bark 1.9 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. Jammu to cm thick, blaze white; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bhutan upto leaves ovate; flowers New Delhi, India. an altitude greenish white, 4 mm of 900 m long; fruit orbicular, and in warted, 3.8- 6 mm im Assam upto diam., 4-seeded. 1500 m. 481 Protium Burseraceae Chitrika Found in Fruit is eaten. Deciduous tree with an Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. serratum Assam in ashy colored (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Wall.ex Kamrup, chartaceous bark; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Colbr.) Engl. Kachar, leaves pinnate, 20–40 New Delhi, India. Nowgong, cm in length; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: Garo Hills, about 8mm across, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Lushai racemes; fruit orbicular, how/230880 Hills, red when ripe. Goalpara and Khasi Hills; distributed in Bihar and Orissa and in S. India. 482 Prunus Rosaceae Padamakasth Himalayas The acid fruit Handsome deciduous Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. cerasoides D. a, Pajia from Punjab is eaten; used tree 18-25 m high; bark (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Don to Bhutan for making peeling off in horizontal Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, and NEFA, Brandy. strips; leaves glossy, New Delhi, India. in Khasi ovoid to elliptic; Hills and flowers pink or Manipur at crimson, fading white; altitudes of fruit drupe orbicular or 600-2400 elongated, wrinkled 1- m; also seeded stone. found in S. India. 483 Prunus persica Rosaceae Aaru, Artee India: Ripe fruits are Trees, up to 15 m tall; Chauhan, PP., Nigam, A., Santvan Labill Assam, eaten. bark dark grey; leaves K, V., 2016, 'Ethnobotanical study of Madhya simple, alternate, spiral; wild fruits in Pabbar Valley, District Pradesh. petioles about 3-8 mm; Shimla, Himachal Pradesh', Journal inflorescences in of Medicinal Plants Studies; 4(2): axillary racemes, 216-220. solitary, about 5-8 cm India Biodiversity Portal: long; flowers about 0.5- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 0.7 cm across, white; how/264819?pos= fruits a drupe, about 2.3 cm long, yellow, tinged with red. 484 Prunus Rosaceae Paltu, Tara Himalayas Fruit is eaten Deciduous shrub, 0.6- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. prostrata in Jammu & and said to be 1.8 m high; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Labill. Kashmir sweet. elliptic; flowers pink; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, state and drupe cherry like, New Delhi, India. Punjab at reddish purple when altitudes of ripe, with 1-seeded 1500-3000 smooth stone. m; fairly common in Lahul.

485 Psidium Myrtaceae Guava Cultivated Fruit is edible. Small trees; stem Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, guajava Linn. ,Amrud throughout smooth with pealing 'Edible wild plant resources of India upto bark, young stem 4- Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts an altitude angled; leaves l6-11 x of Himachal Pradesh, India', of 800 m; 2.5-5 cm, elliptic- International Journal of Botany Bilaspur, oblong;cymes axillary, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Hamripur, 1-3-flowered; India Biodiversity Portal: Kangra peduncles 0.5-1.2 cm https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s (Nurpur), long ; fruit a berry 2.5- how/230885 Kinnaur, 3.5 cm diam., seeds Mandi many, embedded in (Nachan), fleshy pulp. Sirmaur (Nahan, Rajgarh), Solan (Kunihar), Una. 486 Pteridium Polypodiace Lungar, Hiamlayas Rootstock Fern with stout Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. aquilinum ae Kakash upto an edible, often rhizome, creeping (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Kuhn altitude of mixed with underground, 1-2.5 cm Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, 4500 m; meal; Young thick, densely covered New Delhi, India. Khasi Hills; juicy crosiers with dark brown hairs; India Bioviersity Portal: abundant in (coiled leaves) fronds 1.5-2 x 1 m, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Punjab; are eaten tripinnate; sori linear, how/226174 common in cooked. covered by the reflexed N. Bengal margin of pinnules; at altitudes spores disposed in a of 600- line along leaf margin, 2400m. 35 x 42.5 µm, planoconvex, rugulose.

487 Pterococcus Euphorbiac Sikkim at Leaves has a Slender climber; leaves Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. corniculatus eae an altitude sweet taste and cordate, beaked; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Sm.) Pax & of 600 m eaten as flowers in longish Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Hoffm. and in vegetable. clusters; capsule 3.8 cm New Delhi, India. Upper across, granulate 1- Assam. seeded parts.

488 Pterygota Bombacace Buddha Found in Seeds are eaten Deciduous trees, to 35 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. alata R.Br. ae Narikel northern W. roasted, raw m high, bole straight, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Bengal and seeds are said buttressed; bark, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim upto to be greyish with light and New Delhi, India. an altitude deleterious. dark patches, smooth; India Biodiversity Portal: of 900 m; young parts covered https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s also found with dense golden how/17767 in W. Ghats brown stellate- and pubescence; leaves Andemans. cordate, 10-25 cm long; flowers unisexual or polygamous, to 2 cm long, brownish; fruit of 3-5 follicles, 10-12.5 cm long, obovoid oblique; seeds 25-30. 489 Pygmaeoprem Verbenacea Bhumijambu Himalayas Ripe fruit is Undershrub with 2.5-15 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. na herbacea e from eaten. cm high stems sprining (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) Kashmir ot up from woody Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Moldenke Bhutan, rootstock; leaves ovate, New Delhi, India. eastwards 2.5-12.5 cm long; Assam upto flowers greenish-yellow an altitude or white, 4 mm across; of 900 m; fruit orbicular, black, 4- Bengal, seeded. Bihar, Orissa and in S. India. 490 Pyrularia Elaeagnacea Kurumas Nepal, W. Fruit is eaten, Tree, 6-9 m high, bark Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. edulis (Wall) e Bengal, tastes like gray; lenticels oblong; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the DC Sikkim, guava. branches yellowish Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, NEFA brown, with or without New Delhi, India. (Mishmi spines; leaves elliptic or Flora of China: Hills), ovate, shiny; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Assam inflorescences terminal px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006497 (Mikir, (or axillary), thyrses, Khasi and flowers bisexual or Jantia Hills) unisexual; drupe pear- and Naga shaped; seeds orbicular. Hills at altitudes of 600-1800 m. 491 Pyrus pyrifolia Rosaceae Found upto The fruits are Trees to 7–15 m tall; Sharma, IP., Kanta, C., Semwal, SC., (Burm.f.) an altitude juicy and branchlets purplish Goswami, N.,2017, 'Wild Fruits of Nakai of 1400 m. edible and a brown or dark brown Uttarakhand (India): Ethnobotanical good when old, terete, tawny and Medicinal Uses', International preservative villous or tawny Journal of Complementary & for jam. tomentose when young; Alternative Medicine, 8(3), 1-8. buds narrowly ovoid, Flora of China: apex obtuse; scales http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as tomentose at margin px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011195 and apex; stipules caducous, linear- lanceolate, 1–1.5 cm, coriaceous; leaves ovate-elliptic or ovate, 7–12 × 4–6.5 cm; inflorescence raceme umbel-like, 6–9- flowered; peduncle sparsely pubescent when young; flowers 2.5–3.5 cm in diam.; fruit pome brownish, with pale dots; fruiting pedicel 3.5–5.5 cm. 492 Quercus Fagaceae Banni, Himalayas Nuts are eaten. Evergreen tree 18-25 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. glauca Thunb. Phanat from tall, with warty bark; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kshmir to leaves ovate to elliptic- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bhutan at lanceolate; male catkins New Delhi, India. altitudes of 3.5-6 cm long, in Flora of Pakistan: 600-1800 clusters; female flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as m; Khasi on short peduncles up px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242342688 Hills to l.5 cm long; cupule (Assam) at l.2-l.3 cm broad, scales 1200-1500 accrescent. m;common in U.P. 493 Randia Rubiaceae Maniphal Throughout Frutis are said Small tree or shrub, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, dumetorum India upto to be edible. spines sharp, stout, 'Edible wild plant resources of (Retz.) Poir. altitudes of straight, axillary, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts 500-1500 opposite-decussate, of Himachal Pradesh, India', m; 1.2–3.5 cm long, bark International Journal of Botany Hamripur, grey; leaves obovate, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Kangra, 2.5–7.5 x 1.25–3.75 Flora of Pakistan: Mandi cm; flowers solitary, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as (Sarkaghat), rarely 2–3 on a px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=220002468 Sirmaur peduncle, subterminal India Biodiversity Portal: (Nahan - on dwarf leafy https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Paonta branchlets, yellowish, how/31701 Range), green-whitish-turning Solan pale when old, fragrant; (Nalagarh), fruit yellow-ovoid or Una. subglobose, seeds numerous. 494 Randia Rubiaceae Arar, Sub-tropical Ripe fruit is Shrub or small tree, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. longispina Mainphal Himalayas eaten roasted with opposite axillary (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) DC. from or cooked. thorns; leaves ovate, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Jammu wrinled; flowers white New Delhi, India. eastwards to turning yellow, scented; Sikkim upto berry orbicular or an altitude ovoid, yellow when of 1200 m ripe, seeds many, flat. and in Assam; distributed southwards upto Godawari.

495 Ranunculus Ranunculac Changer Found in Leaves Tall perennial, 30-70 Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, laetus Lin. ea Himalayas consumed as cm high, with a 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild upto vegetable creeping rootstock Plants of District Solan , Himachal altitudes of producing numerous Pradesh, India', International Journal 1200-2740 fibrous roots; stems up of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- m. to 5 mm thick, usually 95. much branched, with Flora of Pakistan: appressed or spreading http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as hairs; basal leaves px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200008104 petiolate, about 10 cm wide, rounded- reniform; stem leaves sessile; flowers 17-25 mm in diam., yellow; 496 Ranunculus Ranunculac Shim, Polica Throughout Fresh plant is Erect annual herbs, 30- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. sceleratus eae N. India; highly acrid 90 cm high; stem (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. Himalyayas and poisonous hollow, 10-75 cm, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, upto an but used in glabrous or sparsely New Delhi, India. elevation of emergency, puberulent, deeply India Biodiversity Portal: 1500 m; eaten as a furrowed outside; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s occurs in spinach after leaves petioled; petioles how/279713 Simla, in boiling. ca. 2.5-15 cm long; Sutlej flowers in diffuse valley and racemes, 6-7.5 mm upper across, bright yellow; Gangetic fruit achene, obovoid, plains; also glabrous. found in Bengal, Bihar and Mount Abu.

497 Raphanus Brassicacea Muli Found Roots are Annual or biennial Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, sativa Linn. e throughout edible. herbs, glabrous to 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild India. sparsely pubescent with Plants of District Solan , Himachal simple trichomes, about Pradesh, India', International Journal 20-100 cm tall; of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- rootstocks fleshy, 95. fusiform and sometimes India Biodiversity Portal: napiform, taproot; stem https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s erect, ascending, leafy; how/230913?pos= basal leaves oblanceolate-oblong to obovate in outline, cauline leaves smaller, distal, broadly ovate to lanceolate; flowers bisexual, white, cream white, pale yellow; fruit siliqua or silicle; seeds uniseriate, brown. 498 Rheum nobile Polygonace Tchuka Sikkim- The acidulous Herbs large, 1-2 m tall; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Hook.f. & ae inner ranges stem is eaten roots and rhizomes (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Thoms. at altitudes raw or boiled; stout, upto 8 cm in Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 3600- dried leaves diam.; stem erect, stout, New Delhi, India. 4500 m. are used as a 2-3 cm in diam., Flora of China: substitute for glabrous, simple; basal http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as tabacco. leaves in a rosette; stem px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242343391 leaves dense; petiole stout, leaf blade large, orbicular, ovate, or cordate-ovate; Flowers 5-9-fascicled; fruit broadly ovoid or ovoid, 6-7 × 5-6 mm, seeds black-brown, cordate- ovoid. 499 Rheum Polygonace Lachu, Archu W. Leaves are Herbs short, stout; stem Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. spiciforme ae Hiamalays eaten cooked. absent; petiole of basal (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Royle in drier leaf purplish red, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, ranges from subterete, 3-10 cm, New Delhi, India. Kumaon stout, glabrous or Flora of China: westwards papilliferous; leaf blade http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as to W. Tibet purple-red abaxially, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242100144 at altitudes dark green or yellow- of 2700- green adaxially; panicle 4800 m. spiciform; flowers pink; fruit oblong-ellipsoid, 1-seeded. 500 Rheum Polygonace Archi, Chem- Found upto Young shoots Perennial, 0.3-2 m tall Chauhan, J., Negi, AK., Rajasekaran, webbianum ae Chem altitudes of are used as herb; leaves orbicular to A., Nazir, Ap., 2013, 'Wild edible Royle. 2000-4500 vegetable and reniform, petiole 30-45 plants as emerging ethanomedicines m. made into cm long; inflorescence from the Kinnaur Distsict of chutney. diffusely branched, Himachal Pradesh, India', Journal of mostly axillary, less Non-Timber Forest Products, 20(4), commonly terminal, 273-280. Flora of flowers pale yellowish; Pakistan: fruit oblong orbicular. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242100146 501 Rhododendron Ericaceae Nachani Bhutan, Flowers are Small shrubs, often Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, anthopogon D. North India, used as tea prostrate or decumbent, distribution and utilization pattern of Don Sikkim; substitute. 0.5–1 m tall; branchlets some forestry food (wild edible) upto loose, intricate, scaly, from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of altitudes of sparsely setose; bud Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, 3000-4200 scales deciduous; leaves India', International Journal of m. aromatic, obovate- Advances in Science Engineering elliptiv, ovate, rarely and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. orbicular; inflorescence Flora of China: 4–6 or sometimes 9- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as flowered, pedicel 0.2– px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200016332 0.4 cm, scaly; capsule ovoid, 3–5 mm, scaly. 502 Rhododendron Ericaceae Talshi Himalayas Leaves are Lepidote, aromatic, Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, lepidotum upto used to make gregarious shrubs, up to distribution and utilization pattern of Wall. ex altitudes of tea which is 2 m; branches rough; some forestry food (wild edible) G.Don 2500-3500 beneficial in leaves shortly petiolate, from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of m. cold and elliptic to oblong, 1.1- Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, cough. 2.6 cm long; flowers India', International Journal of solitary or in clusters of Advances in Science Engineering 2-5; pedicels scaly, 1-2 and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. cm long; capsule Flora of Pakistan: narrowly ovoid, about 1 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as cm long; seeds px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200016469 numerous, minute.

503 Rhus cotinus Anacardiace Tung Found in Fruits edible; Deciduous shrub, up to Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, Linn. ae North West leaves are 2 m tall; young shoots 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Hiamlayas eaten and reddish, tomentose or Plants of District Solan , Himachal upto made into pubescent; leaves 30-71 Pradesh, India', International Journal altitudes of chutney. x 20-60 cm, orbicular- of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 762-1524 cuneate or broadly 95. m. elliptic-oblong; flowers Flora of Pakistan: small, unisexual, in http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as axillary or terminal px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250076880 panicles; 504 Rhus griffithii Anacardiace Bhalayo, Northern Tender leaves Trees, up to 12 m tall, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Hook.f. ae Darmi-asing W. Bengal are eaten as exuding a brown gum (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the upto an vegetable. from cuts; branchlets Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of ferruginous pubescent, New Delhi, India. 900 m and lenticellate; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: Upper compound, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam and imparipinnate; flowers how/249440 Hillsupto in terminal and axillary 1800 m. panicles, white or greenish-white or yellowish; drupe 6-8 mm in diam., red at maturity. 505 Rhus javanica Anacardiace Arkhar, Himalayas The subacid Deciduous shrub or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Linn. ae Dakhmila from ripe fruit is small tree 6-9 m hig; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Jammu & eaten. young shoots rusty Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to tomentose; leaves, New Delhi, India. Assam at compound, Flora of Pakistan: altitudes of imparipinnate; flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 750-2100. in terminal panicles, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242344727 whitish or yellowish- green; drupe 4-8 mm broad, subglobose. 506 Rhus Anacardiace Raitung, Himalayas Fruit is eaten. Shrub 1.2-4, 5 m high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. parviflora ae Dungla from Sutlej leaves with 3-invertedly (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. ex DC. to Nepal at ivate; flowers yellowish Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitudes of green; fruit ovoid, New Delhi, India. 600-1500 brown. m; also found in C. and S. India. 507 Rhynchotechu Gesneriacea Jakhariya W. Bengal, Leaves are Undershrub 0.6-1.5 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. m ellipticum e Sikkim, eaten as high; stems 0.7-2 m, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the DC. Bhutan, vegetable. basally glabrescent, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, NEFA, apically densely New Delhi, India. Assam appressed rust-brown to Flora of China: (Kachar and brown woolly; leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as khasi Hills) opposite; petiole 0.8-5 px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200021943 and Naga cm; inflorescence Hills upto cymes, 15-70-flowered, an altitude flowers rose purple; of 1800 m. fruit berry, white, 2-6 mm, glabrous. 508 Ribes glaciale Grossularia Chlendhar Himalayas Fruit is edible Erect shrub, 3-5 m tall; Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, Wall. ceae upto young branches distribution and utilization pattern of altitudes of sparsely hairy, older some forestry food (wild edible) 2500-4200 ones glabrous; leaves 2- from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of m. 8 cm long; Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, inflorescence raceme India', International Journal of about 5 cm long, Advances in Science Engineering polygamo-dioecious; and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. fruit berries deep red or Flora of Pakistan: scarlet red, 5 mm in http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as diam. px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200010173 509 Ribes Grossularia Khadar Himalayas Fruit is edible Erect- shrub, 3 m tall; Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, himalense ceae upto and are sold as branches glabrous; distribution and utilization pattern of Royle ex altitudes of currants for leaves 4-7.5 cm long, 2- some forestry food (wild edible) Decne. 2100-3200 making jams, 7 cm broad, cordate; from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of m. puddings and inflorescence racemes Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, cakes etc. 5-15 cm long, many- India', International Journal of flowered, pubescent; Advances in Science Engineering flowers bisexual, and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. greenish yellow; fruit Flora of Pakistan: berries black, 5 mm in http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as diam. px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=241000658 510 Ribes nigrum Saxifragace Asukta, Himalayas Fruits of wild Erect aromatic shrub, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Linn. ae Niangna dry inner plants said to up to 2 m tall; young (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the valleys be palatable branches pubescent and Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, from and is the resinous glandular; New Delhi, India. Kashmir to source of leaves 2.5-10.5 cm Flora of Pakistan: Kunawar at imported black long; Racemes few http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as aktitudes of currant. flowered, pubescent, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=241000646 2100-3600 flowers bisexual, Sharma, IP., Kanta, C., Semwal, SC., m. greenish yellow ;berries Goswami, N.,2017, 'Wild Fruits of black, strongly Uttarakhand (India): Ethnobotanical aromatic, 1 cm in and Medicinal Uses', International diameter. Journal of Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 8(3), 1-8.

511 Ricinus Euphorbiac Erandi Throughout Fruit and Erect, single-stemmed Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, communis eae india. Seeds are or much-branched 'Edible wild plant resources of Linn. Bilaspur, edible. shrubby or treelike Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Chamba somewhat glaucous of Himachal Pradesh, India', (Dalhousie), herb upto 5 m, rarely International Journal of Botany Hamripur, taller; stems hollow, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Kangra becoming woody at the India Biodiversity Portal: (Nurpur), base; young shoots https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Sirmaur often pruinose; leaves how/230990 (Nahan, palmately 6-8-lobed, Rajgarh), lanceolate; flowers in Solan, Una terminal paniculate racemes, pale yellow; capsule 1.6-2 cm across, 3-lobed, prickly; seeds oblong, smooth. 512 Rivea Convolvula Phang North- Tender leaves Twining subshrubs, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, hypocraterifor ceae western are edible; stem white silky- 'Edible wild plant resources of mis (Desr.) India Una shoots are pubescent; leaves 3-4 x Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Choisy. eaten 3-6 cm, cordiform; of Himachal Pradesh, India', vegetable and flowers axillary, International Journal of Botany are used in solitary or in cymes; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. preparing bracts lanceolate; India Biodiversity Portal: bread. capsule conical, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s indehiscent, seeds 4 or how/32310 a few.

513 Rosa brunonii Rosaceae Kujja/Tumbi Bhutan, N Fruits are Shrubs climbing or Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, Lindl. India, edible. scandent, 4–6 m; distribution and utilization pattern of Kashmir, branchlets red-brown or some forestry food (wild edible) Myanmar, purple-brown, terete, from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of Nepal; upto pubescent when young, Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, altitudes of glabrate; prickles India', International Journal of 2100-2800 scattered; leaves oblong Advances in Science Engineering m. or oblong-lanceolate; and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. flowers numerous in Flora of Pakistan: compound corymb, 3–5 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as cm in diam.; fruit px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011227 purple-brown or dark red, ovoid, about 1 cm in diam. 527 Limonia Rutaceae Beli Warmer and Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, crenulata moist 'Edible wild plant resources of Roxb. regions of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts India of Himachal Pradesh, India', Kangra International Journal of Botany (Nurpur), Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Sirmaur (Nahan), Solan (Kunihar), Una up to 1500 m

514 Rosa canina Rosaceae Kuin Throughout Fruits edible. Shrub 1-4 m tall or Chauhan, PP., Nigam, A., Santvan Linn. India. more; stems straight, K, V., 2016, 'Ethnobotanical study of arching in the upper wild fruits in Pabbar Valley, District part, not seldom Shimla, Himachal Pradesh', Journal climbing; prickles more of Medicinal Plants Studies; 4(2): or less curved, uniform, 216-220. unequally set on the Flora of Pakistan: stems; leaflets 5-7, up http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as to 40 mm long, ovate, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242417146 elliptic, rarely obovate; flowers with bracts, solitary or in corymbose fascicles, pink or white; fruit globose, ellipsoid or ovoid. 515 Rosa gigantea Rosaceae Gulab Manipur at Fruit is eaten. Prickly climber; leaves Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Collett ex altitude of pinnate with 7 ovate (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Crep. 1800 and leaflets; flowers white Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Nagaland. or yellow, fragrant; fruit New Delhi, India. orbicular, apple flavoured. 516 Rosa Rosaceae Breri, Ban- Hiamalayas Ripe fruit is Deciduous shrub upto Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. macrophylla gulab from eaten and said 4.5 m high, ususally (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Lindl. Jammu & tio be very prickly; leaves pinnate Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir sweet when with elliptic or ovate New Delhi, India. state to black and leaflets; flowers pink or Sikkim atv overripe. white; fruit ovoid, red, altitudes of with one-seeded 1050-3000 fruitlets. m. 517 Rosa sericea Rosaceae Durkunja, Himalayas Fruit is edible. Deciduous shrub or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Lindl. Rangyal from sutlej small tree, 1.5-3 m (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the to Bhutan, high, sometimes Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, N. Bengal prickly; leaves 2.5-7.3 New Delhi, India. and in cm long with 5-11, Flora of Pakistan: Manipur at oblong leaflets; flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitudes of white or creamy, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200011313 2100-4200 solitary, up to 35 mm in m. diam.; fruit orbicular or pyriform, on short thickened pedicel, red when ripe. 518 Rosa webbiana Rosaceae Shedum, Sea, Dry inner Fruit is eaten. Deciduous shrub up to Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Wall. ex Royle Chua Himalayas 2(-3) m tall; twigs (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the from glabrous, often Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to flexuose; prickles New Delhi, India. Kumaon straight, subulate, Flora of Pakistan: and W. infrastipular; leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Tibet at 2.5-10 cm long woth 5- px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200011334 altitudes of 9, rotundifolious, 5-33 900-4050 mm long leafltes; m. flowers pink or deep red, usually solitary; fruit red, ovoid to orbicular, with 1-seeded fruitlets.

519 Roydsia Capparacea Madhu- N. Bengal, The ripe fruit Sprawling with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. suaveolens e malati Sikkim and is eaten. raised white dots on the (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. Bhutan upto branches and leaves; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, an altitude leaves thick, glossy, New Delhi, India. of 900 m; deep green adaxially, fairly pale abaxially; flowers common very sweet scented, pale throughout yellow or dull white Upper with bright yellow Assam and antherd; fruit orange occur in coloured when ripe, Khasi Hilla ellipsoid or ovoid to and in orbicular. Manipur. 520 Rubus Rosaceae Bin-aselu Himalayas Fruit is edible. Prickly climbing shrub, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. calycinus in Nepal, stems with sparse, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. Sikkim and needle-like prickles or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bhutan and nearly unarmed, with New Delhi, India. in W. sparse hairs; leaves Flora of China: Bengal at rotundifolious with http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitudes of notched base; flowers px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011372 1800-2700 2.5 cm across, 1 or 2 m; together; fruit orbicular, eastwards in red or scarlet 1-seeded Khasi Hills fruitlets. at 1350- 1650 m.

521 Rubus Rosaceae Alish, Akhi Himalayas Fruit is edible. Prickly Climber shrub; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. fruiticosus in Jammu & leaves compound with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. var. Kashmir 3 leaflets on stout Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, discolor Hook. state, N.-W. peetiole; flowers pink, New Delhi, India. f. Punjab and in branched clusters; Western fruit orbicular, black, of U.P at many 1-seedes fruitlets. altitudes of 600-2100 m. 522 Rubus lineatus Rosaceae Gampe-aselu Sikkim, W. Fruit is ecible. Prickly shrub, 1-2 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Wall. Bengal at tall, much branched; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the altitudes of branchlets brownish to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, 1800-2700 grayish brown; New Delhi, India. m. glabrescent; leaves Flora of China: palmately compound, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 3–5-foliolate; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200011480 inflorescences terminal and in axils of apical leaves, cymose panicles; flowers white; fruit red, of many 1- seeded fruitlets in the persistant calyx. 523 Rubus Rosaceae Theki- Himalayas Fruit is eaten; Prickly shrub; leaves 5- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. moluccanus sambak from also used to 20 cm across, with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. Kumaon to make jam. wrinkled upper Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim at surfaces; flowers white, New Delhi, India. altitudes of 1.2-2.5 cm across; fruit 900-2100 orbicular, fleshy red or m; in scarlet; 1-seeded Assam upto fruitlets. 1950 m in Khasi Hills. 538 Pennisetum Poaceae Pearl millet Punjab, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, typhoides Andhra 'Edible wild plant resources of (Burma. F.) Pradesh, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Stapf. Tamil of Himachal Pradesh, India', Nadu, International Journal of Botany Rajasthan, Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Maharashtra Una 524 Rubus nutans Rosaceae Sinjang, Himalayas Fruit is eaten; Shrub with brown hairs; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Wall. ex hook Gangoor in Almora, having a stem prostrate, 30-60 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Garhwal, pleasant cm long; leaves with 3 Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kumaon subacid leaflets; flowers white; New Delhi, India. and Nepal flavour. fruit red, 1-seeded at altitudes fruitlets on the of 1950- persistant calyx. 3000 m; introduced in Simla. 525 Rubus Rosaceae Soh-sherra Himalayas Fruit is eaten Prickly shrub, erect or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. rosifolius Sm. from Tons fresh or climbing, 2–3 m tall; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Yamuna) cooked. branchlets grayish Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, to Sikkim, brown or dark reddish New Delhi, India. W. Bengal, brown, terete, soft hairy Flora of China: between or subglabrous; leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Rupa and imparipinnate, usually px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242345639 Bomdil 5–7-foliolate; (NEFA) and Inflorescences terminal Assam at or in leaf axils, 1- or 2- altitudes of flowered, flowers 900-3000 white; aggregate fruit m. red, ovoid-globose or narrowly obovoid to oblong. 526 Rumex Polygonace Khatta Palak Throughout Fresh stem and Herbs perennial; roots Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, obtusifolius ae India. leaves eaten. vertical, large, to 1.5 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Linn. cm in diam.; stems Plants of District Solan , Himachal erect, 60-120 cm tall, Pradesh, India', International Journal grooved, branched of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- above middle or in 95. upper 2/3, glabrous; Flora of China: leaves ovate to oblong- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as ovate or narrowly px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242345760 ovate, 15-30 × 6-15 cm; inflorescence broadly paniculate, large; branches ascending; flowers bisexual; fruit achenes dark brown, shiny, ovoid, sharply trigonous, about 2.5 mm.

527 Saccharum Poaceae Kosa, Warmer Young shoots Perennial grass 1-6 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. spontaneum Kashiya parts of and rhizomes high with nearly solid (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. India pto an are eaten as stems; culms to 3 m Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of sugarcane; high, erect, New Delhi, India. 1800 m in sweet in taste. rhizomatous, nodes India Biodiversity Portal: the waxy; leaves 45-110 x https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Himalayas; 0.6-1.2 cm, linear- how/231042 often very lanceolate; panicles 20- common 32 cm long, densely and silky white; spikelets abundant. paired, one sessile and the other pedicelled; flowers bodies sericeous, 13 mm long; grain oblong to orbicular. 543 Portulaca Portulaceae Jangali gajar Annual, prostrate or Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, pilosa Linn. ascending, fleshy herb; 'Edible wild plant resources of stem and branches Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts slender, terete, with 3-6 of Himachal Pradesh, India', mm long internodes, International Journal of Botany glabrous; leaves linear Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. to linear-lanceolate, Flora of Pakistan: sessile; inflorescence a http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as terminal, sessile cluster px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=24234091 of 2-6 flowers, flowers pink; capsule ovoid, 5-6 mm long, about 4 mm in diam., seeds numerous, reniform.

528 Sageretia Rhamnacea Bhandi, Sub- Sweet fruits Deciduous shrub upto Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. brandrethiana e Ganger Himlayan are eaten and 3-4 m high with stiff (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Aitch. tract from made into frequently thorny Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Indus to Chutney. branches; branchlets New Delhi, India. Jhelum upto opposite or Flora of China: an altiutde subopposite, gray- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as of 2400 m. brown, glabrous or px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013433 sparsely pubescent; leaves alternate, elliptic; flowers yellow- green, sessile, gray- white pubescent; usually in terminal and axillary spicate panicles; drupe black when mature, obovoid- globose. 529 Sageretia Rhamnacea Lohari, Himalayas The sweetish A shrub or small tree Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. filiformis e Girthan from Indus fruit is eaten. with spiny slender (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roth) G. Don to Bhutan at glabrescent branches; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitudes of leaves 4-10 x 1.5-4 cm, New Delhi, India. 600-2100 ovate lanceolate; Flora of Pakistan: m; Khasi inflorescence a http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as and N. branched raceme; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242425165 Kachar flowers sessile, 2 mm in Hills of diameter, greenish Assam upto yellow; fruit upto 5 mm 600 m; also long, obovoid. found in Shivaliks and S. India. 530 Sageretia Rhamnacea Dargola, Himalayas Fruit is sweet Evergreen shrub 1.5-3.6 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. theezans e Ankol in Jammu & and m high; branches stiff, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Brongn Kashmir, extensively often ending in thorns; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Punjab,Him eaten; leaves leaves elliptic to New Delhi, India. achal are used as roundish; flowers Pradesh and substitute for green, lesss than 2.5 N. Garhwal tea. mm across; fruit at altitudes orbicular , wrinkled, of 900-2400 dark brown or black. m. 531 Sagittaria Alismatacea Banapatra, Kashmie at Tubers are Aquatic herb with thick Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. sagittifolia e Choto-kut altitudes of eaten as rhizome producing (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. 1650-1800 starchy potato like tubers, 2.5-5 Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, m and in vegetable after cm in diam., thready New Delhi, India. Manipur; boiling or branches running distributed roasting. horizontally; leaves throughout petiolate, in a basal the plains of cluster; flower saucer- India like, white often with including apurple centre; fruit a Punjab, bunch of flattish, 1- U.P. and W. seeded parts. Bengal. 532 Salmalia Bombacace Kanti-semul, Throughout Calyces of Lofty deciduous tree Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. malabarica ae Simal India from buds are eaten; 24-30 m high, having (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Schott & Endl. Jammu tender fruits conical prickles; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, eastwards are eaten as composed of 3-7 New Delhi, India. and vegetable; leaflets; flowers bright southwards; seeds are also red, occasionally white; Sub- eaten after capsule elongated 10-15 Himalayan roasting. cm long; seeds tract upto an orbcular, packed in altitude of white silky . 900 m; even upto 1800 m. 533 Sambucus Caprifoliace Hoklati, E. Leaves are Herbs, suffrutescent, or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. javanica ae Galeni Himalayas used as low shrubs, 1-2 m tall. (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Reinw. ex at altitudes vegetable. Stem obviously striate; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Blume of 1200- pith white; lenticels New Delhi, India. 2400 m; in inconspicuous; leaves Flora of China: NEFA, imparipinnate; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Assam, inflorescences terminal, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242425216 Naga Hills compound umbellate and cymes; flowers white or Manipur pink; fruit red, upto 1200 subglobose, 3-4 mm in m. diam.; pyrenes 3 or 4, ovoid. 534 Santaloides Connaracea Kowatothi Assam, The flesh Evergreen climbing Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. monadelphum e evergreen (Aril) shrub; leaves 5-13 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb. ex DC.) forests of enveloping the leaflets on a stalk; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, O. Ktze Lakhimpur seed is eaten flowers white, 4 mm New Delhi, India. and when ripe. long; pods about 2.5 cm Sibsagar; long; seeds solitary, also in enveloped in bright red Khasi Hills flesh. and in Tripura.

535 Sapium Euphorbiac Adamsali, W. Bangal, Bark is chewed Deciduous tree, 12-27 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. baccatum eae Pantula Sikkim and by local people m high; bark greyish or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. Asssam in Assam; the greyish brown, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, upto an black fruits are wrinkled, 5-10 ,, thick; New Delhi, India. altitude of mealy and leaves ovate to 900c m. sweet and used lanceolate; flowers in flavouring. minute, yellowish white; fruit reddish or black, berry-like. 536 Saurauia cerea Dilleniaceae Portbotia- Foun din Ripe fruit is Shrubs or small trees, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Griff. Ex Dyer hengunia Bhutan at eaten. 3-12 m tall; bark (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the an altitude brown, young stems Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 1050 m; and branches with New Delhi, India. in Darrang tubercular dots and India Biodiversity Portal: and subulate stiff scales, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s possibly about 0.5-1 mm long, how/279970 elsewhere becoming glabrescent Assam later; leaves simple, along the alternate, oblanceolate- foot of the obovate; inflorescence Himalayas. axillary, solitary, clustered in cymes; flowers bisexual, pedicellate, bracteate; fruit berry, globose- ovoid; seeds numerous, small. 537 Saurauia Dilleniaceae Goganda, Outer Ripe fruit is Shrubs or trees, about Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. napaulensis Ratendu Himalayas eaten and has a 3-20 m tall; bark (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the DC. from the sweet pulp. brown, young stems Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sutlej and branches with New Delhi, India. eastwaards setose hairs and India Biodiversity Portal: to Bhutan, subulate stiff deciduous https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam and scales, about 1-1.5 mm how/249369 Manipur at long, glabrescent later; altitudes of leaves alternate, 750-2100 oblanceolate-oblong; m; W. inflorescence axillary, Himalayas panicles; flowers in Kangra, bisexual, about 1.5 cm Chamba, across; fruit berry, Dehradun; globose-ovoid; seeds common in numerous. northern W. Bengal. 538 Saurauia Dilleniaceae Rata Gagon, Found in Ripe fruit is Shrubs or small trees, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. punduana Gaban northern W. eaten. about 2-6 m tall; bark (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. Bengal, brown, young stems Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim, and branches with rusty New Delhi, India. Terai or tomentose with India Biodiversity Portal: outer scattered adpressed https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s valleys; scales and minute hairs; how/249366 along the leaves oblanceolate- foot of obovate to narrow Naga Hills, elliptic-oblong; Lakhimpur inflorescence axillary and cymes or fascicled; Sibsagar; flowers bisexual, about Mikir, Garo 2 cm across; fruit berry, and Khasi globose-ovoid; seeds Hills of brown, albuminous. Assam at altitudes of 600-1800 m. 539 Saurauia Dilleniaceae Bonposola, Eastern sub- Ripe fruit is Evergreen shrub or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. roxburghii Porbotia- Himalayan eaten. small tree 6-9 m high, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. sengunia tract upto an exuding copious watery Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of sap in spring; bark New Delhi, India. 1200 m; W. brown, young stems India Biodiversity Portal: Bengal and and branches, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s occurs in tomentose with scurfy how/231068 Sikkim; hairs, leaves also in oblanceolate-elliptic to Khasi Hills oblong; inflorescence and axillary, clustered in throughout cymes; flowers Assam upto bisexual, pedicel rusty an altitude tomentose, about 2-10 of 120 m. mm long; fruit berry, globose-ovoid, about 5 mm across. 540 Saussurea Asteraceae Ucha Found upto Flower powder Herbs about 2-12 cm Chauhan, J., Negi, AK., Rajasekaran, simpsoniana altitudes of is used for tall, perennial, A., Nazir, Ap., 2013, 'Wild edible Lipschitz 3700-5800 making tea. caespitose, polycarpic; plants as emerging ethanomedicines m. stem solitary, about 6 from the Kinnaur Distsict of mm in diam., erect, Himachal Pradesh, India', Journal of simple; leaves oblong Non-Timber Forest Products, 20(4), or elliptic to linear, 273-280. Flora of petiolate; China: synflorescence 2-3.5 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as cm in diam., sessile or px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242425280 shortly pedunculate; fruit achenes, brown; pappus straw-colored; outer bristles about 3 mm; inner bristles about 1 cm. 541 Schisandra Magnoliace Kaljendru, Himalayas Fruits are Evergreen climbing Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. grandiflora ae Singhata from Sutlej eaten. shrubs, usually (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook. f. & eastwards to glabrous, stem woody, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Thoms. Bhutan at grayish brown, New Delhi, India. altitudes of branchlets terete; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: 1800-3000 lanceolate-elliptic, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s m; in Simla oblong-elliptic or how/250033 Hills found narrow ovate; flowers in Jako, 1-4, fragrant, yellowish Matiana and white or red; fruiting Narkunda; receptacle, about 15-20 common in cm long; fruitlets about forests of 7-9 x 5-6 mm across, Kumaon seeds 1-2. division; Jaunsar, Tihri Garhwal and round Darjeeling. 542 Schleichera Sapindaceae Kasva, Dry forests The fleshy arl Deciduous trees, to 20 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. oleosa (Lour.) Gosum of Sub- around the m high, bole fluted; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Oken Himalayan seed is eaten; bark 10-12 mm thick, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, tract from has a pleasant surface grey, smooth, New Delhi, India. Sutlej to acidulous taste. brittle; blaze reddish- India Biodiversity Portal: Nepal; also brown; leaves https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s found in paripinnate, alternate, how/31755 Garo Hills exstipulate; flowers of Assam; polygamodioecious, 5-6 distributed mm across, greenish- in Chota yellow; fruit a drupe, Nagpur and 16-18 mm across, in C. and S. subcrustaceous; seed 1 India. or 2, enclosed in a pulpy aril which has a pleasant acid taste. 543 Schrebera Oleaceae Banpalas, Sub- Leaves are Deciduous trees, to 15 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. swietenoides Moka Himalayan eaten during m high, bark 0.5 cm, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. tract in famine. greyish-black, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kumaon exfoliating in thin New Delhi, India. upto an irregular scales; blaze India Biodiversity Portal: altitude of pink-red; leaves https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 750 m; compound, how/31765 distributed imparipinnate, opposite, in manhy estipulate; flowers ohter parts bisexual, yellowish- of India. brown, fragrant, 1 cm, nocturnal, in terminal; Fruit a capsule, 5 x 2.5 cm, obovoid; seeds pendulous, winged. 544 Scindapsus Araceae Brai-pipli, Tropical Young leaves Epiphytic climber with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. officinalis Gaj- pippali Himalayas are eaten as stem as thick as little (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Schott. upto an vegetable. finger, rooting at the Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of white joints; leaves New Delhi, India. 900 m dark green, nearly ovate Sikkim, N. or cordate; spathe green Bengal, without and yellow Assam and with in, rolled into Tripura; beaked cylinder common surrounding candle- Dehradoon; shapeed flower cluster; also found flowers bisexual, 1- in Bihar, ovulate. Orissa, Andhera Pradesh and Andemans. 545 Scirpus Cyperaceae Kesur, Dila Found The tubers are Aquatic perennial tall Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. grossus Linn. usually in eaten raw; are sedge with underground (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the f. deeper sweet and stringy stems frequently Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, water in starchy. carrying roundish New Delhi, India. ponds, lakes tubers, 1.3-2 cm across, etc., in N. clothed with matted Bengal, black fibres; leaves 3 or Punjab upto 4, light green; flowers an altitude concealed in dark of 600 m; brown, egg-shaped southwards balls on the slender throughout pedicle, in an umbrella India. like inflorescence; fruit 3-angled. 546 Scutellaria Labiatae Mastiara Himalayas Plant is eaten. Perennial, tufted, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. linearis Benth. from suffruticose herb with a (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Kashmir to thick woody rootstock; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kumaon at stems 7-30 cm, round- New Delhi, India. altitudes of quadrangular; leaves Flora of Pakistan: 900-2400 linear, thick-textured, 6- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as m. 28 mm x 1-5 mm; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250090411 inflorescence 4-sided but appearing secund when pressed, lax, terminal or lateral; flowers in the axils of ovate to elliptic, 3-7 x 2-3 mm; nutlets about 1.5 x 1 mm, blackish, densely covered with adpressed white hairs. 547 Securinega Euphorbiac Dalme, Himalayas The white Small tree 3-6 m high, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. virosa (Roxb. eae Patala from fleshy fruits with specked-grey bark; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the ex Willd.) Pax Kashmir to are eaten. leaves elliptic or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, & Hoffm Bhutan, in invertedly ovate; New Delhi, India. Assam and flowers 3 mm across, in Naga Hills axillary clusters; fruit upto an orbicular, white and altitude of fleshy; seeds 3-angled. 1500 m. 548 Sedum roseum Crassulacea Shrolo Alpine Stem and Fleshy herb 7-38 cm Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. (Linn.) Scop. e Himalayas leaves are high; rootstock rose (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the from cooked as scented when bruised; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to vegetable; leaves ovate or broadly New Delhi, India. Kumaon at young fleshy oblong; flowers yellow, altitudes of leaves eaten as in congested clusters; 3600-5100 salad. fruit many seeded, 5 m. mm long pod.

549 Sesbania Ericaceae Jayanti, W. Seeds are Weak-stemmed annual Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. bispinosa Jhanjhan Himalayas eaten. 1-3 m high, branches or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Jacq.) W.F. upto an leafstalks more or less Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Wight altitude of prickly; leaves pinnate; New Delhi, India. 1200 m in rachis 15-35 cm long; India Biodiversity Portal: Kumaon; flowers 1-1.3 cm long, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s also in the borne on 3-6 flowered how/231142 plains of drooping racemes; 35- India. 40 seeded. 550 Setaria glauca Poaceae Bandra America, Seeds are Annual herbs, up to 40 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, (L.) P. Beauv. Australia eaten. cm tall; culms robust, 'Edible wild plant resources of Warmer densely pubescent at Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts parts of nodes; leaf sheaths of Himachal Pradesh, India', India loose; inflorescence International Journal of Botany Bilaspur, linear to broadly Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Hamripur, elliptic; involucre India Biodiversity Portal: Kangra, persistent, enclosing 1- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Knnaur, 9 spikelets, lemma how/243307 Kullu, about 2.5 mm, 5- Mandi, veined; anthers with a Shimla tuft of short hairs at tip. ,Solan 551 Setaria Poaceae Arranki gaddi Myanmar, Seeds edible. Trailing or erect Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, intermedia Sri Lanka annuals; culms 40-50 'Edible wild plant resources of Rome. et extending to cm high; nodes Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Schult. , glabrous. Leaves 10-2 x of Himachal Pradesh, India', Polynesia 0.3-1 cm, linear, flat, International Journal of Botany Plains and glabrous; panicle Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. hills of spiciform, interrupted; India Biodiversity Portal: India; bristles 2-6 mm long, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Bilaspur, atrorsely barbed; how/223681 Chamba, spikelets 2 x 1.5 mm, Kinnaur, broadly elliptic. Mandi, Shimla, Una. 569 Adiantum Adiantaceae Western Terrestrial herbs; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, incisum Forssk Himalaya, rhizome erect, 1-2 cm 'Medicinal plant resources of Sikkim, thick, densely scaly, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Kashmir, scales lanceolate, about of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- South- 2 x 0.25 cm, reddish- botanical enumeration', Journal of Central brown; leaves oblong- Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- India, lanceolate, slender, upto 110. Rajasthan; 40 x 4 cm; sori India Biodiversity Portal: Bilaspur, marginal, oblong or https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Chamba reniform, about 2 x 1 how/250067 (Dalhousie), cm; spores 20 um in Kangra, diameter, pale brown. Kullu (Manali), Mandi, Shimla (Chail, Rampur Bushair), Sirmaur (Nahan), Solan; upto altitudes of 300-1200 m. 570 Agave Agavaceae Banskeora, Throughout Stems indistinct; leaves Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, americana Barakanwar India upto usually 30-40 or more, 'Medicinal plant resources of Linn. an elevation in a massive basal Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts of 1800 m; rosette, oblanceolate, 1- of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Bilaspur, 2 m × 15-20 cm, fleshy, botanical enumeration', Journal of Hamirpur margin spiny, apex Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Kangra recurved and tipped 110. (Nurpur), with a dark brown spine Flora of China: Sirmaur 1.5-2.5 cm; panicle http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as (Nahan), many branched, 6-12 px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028030 Solan m, usually bearing few (Kunihar), bulblets after anthesis; Una. perianth greenish yellow; tube about 1.2 cm; lobes 2.5-3 cm; stamens about 2 × as long as perianth; capsule oblong, about 5 cm. 571 Ageratum Asteraceae Visadodi Througout Herbs, viscid hairy; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, conzyoides India upto leaves 5-7 x 3-5 cm, 'Medicinal plant resources of Linn. an altitude ovate, apex acute, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts of 1700 m; crenate, base rounded; of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Bilaspur, petiole 1-3 cm long; botanical enumeration', Journal of Chamba heads white, to 7 mm Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- (Dalhousie), across, in terminal 110. Hamripur, corymbose panicle; India Biodiversity Portal: Kangra flowers all similar, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s (Nurpur), bisexual; fruit achenes how/32900 Sirmaur 2 mm long, linear, 5- (Rajgarh), angled, hirsute along Solan the angles; pappus 3-4 (Kunihar, mm long, many, Rajgarh), setaceous. Una.

572 Ailanthus Simaroubac Maharuk Bihar, Trees, to 25 m high, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, excelsa Roxb. eae Gujarat, bark light greyish- 'Medicinal plant resources of Madhya brown, fibrous or Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Pradesh/ glandular, rough; leaves of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Bilaspur, pari or imparipinnate, botanical enumeration', Journal of Sirmaur alternate, estipulate; Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- (Nahan) flowers polygamous, 8 110. upto an mm across, yellowish, India Biodiversity Portal: altitude of in subterminal panicles, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 1800 m. emits foetid smell; fruit how/31019 a samara, 5 x 1.3 cm. 573 Anogeissus Combretace Dhawa, Throughout Deciduous tree upto 18 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, latifolia Wall. ae Dhaura the Sub- m high; bark 10-12 mm 'Medicinal plant resources of ex Bedd. Himalayan thick, surface grey or Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts tract upto an yellowish-grey, of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- altitude of lenticellate; branchlets botanical enumeration', Journal of 1200 m. brown to reddish- Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Bilaspur, brown, drooping, terete; 110. Chamba leaves 2.5-18 x 1.7-9 India Biodiversity Portal: (Dalhousie), cm, elliptic, elliptic- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hamripur, oblong, suborbicular, or how/31049?pos= Kangra oblong-obovate; (Nurpur), flowers bisexual, 5-6 Sirmaur mm across, pale green (Nahan, or yellow, in axillary Rajgarh), aggregated globose Solan heads; fruit a drupe, 6-8 (Kunihar), mm across, seed one, Una obovate.

552 Setaria Poaceae Kulta Pakistan, Seeds are said Tufted annuals; culms Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, vertlcillata (L.) Sri lanka, to be edible. slender, to 40 cm high, 'Edible wild plant resources of P. Beauv. , nodes glabrous; leaves Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts introduced 5-15 x 0.5-1.2 cm, of Himachal Pradesh, India', into lanceolate, glabrous; International Journal of Botany America ligule a fimbriate Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Widely membrane; panicle 3-8 India Biodiversity Portal: distributed cm long, contracted, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s throughout spiciform; bristles how/231134 India many, retrorsely Bilaspur, barbed; spikelets 2-2.5 Kinnaur mm long, elliptic. 575 Caesalpinia Caesalpinia Arlei Himalaya, Rambling shrubs; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, sepiaria Roxb. ceae Ceylon, branchlets tomentose; 'Medicinal plant resources of Java/Bilasp leaves to 30 x 20 cm, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts ur, Chamba bipinnate; leaflets to 15 of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- (Dalhousie), x 6 mm, oblong, obtuse, botanical enumeration', Journal of Hamripur, densely hispid. Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Kangra Racemes terminal, to 25 110. (Nurpur), cm long; flowers many, India Biodiversity Portal: Mandi 2.5 cm across; pods to 7 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s (Nachan), x 2.2 cm, elliptic- how/228980 Shimla, oblong, flat, glabrous, 2 Sirmaur or 3-seeded. (Nahan, Rajgarh), Solan (Kunihar), Una up to 1300 m.

576 Calotropis Asclepiadac Ak Himalaya; Shrubs, stem rounded; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, gigantea R. Br. eae Occurs leaves 10-16 x 8-10 cm, 'Medicinal plant resources of throughout smaller in branchlets; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts India; elliptic-ovate to of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Bilaspur, obovate; flowers pale botanical enumeration', Journal of Kangra purple or greenish- Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- (Nurpur), white, 3 cm across; fruit 110. Sirmaur saccate, to 6 x 3 cm, India Biodiversity Portal: (Nachan, ovoid; seeds many. https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Rajgarh), how/32452?pos= Solan (Kunihar), Una up to 1000 m. 577 Calotropis Asclepiadac Akada Common in Shrubs or small trees to Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, procera R. Br. eae India/ 6 m tall; leaf blade 'Medicinal plant resources of Bilaspur, ovate to obovate, 10-30 Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Chamba × 5-15 cm; cymes of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- (Dalhousie), umbel-like, 3-10- botanical enumeration', Journal of Hamripur, flowered, finely woolly; Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Kangra peduncle 2-5.5 cm, 110. (Nurpur), flower buds India Biodiversity Portal: Kinnaur, subglobose; follicles http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Mandi subglobose to obliquely px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210000158 (Nachan, ovoid; seeds ca. 6 × 4 Suket), mm; coma 3.5-5 cm. Sirmaur (Nahan, Rajgarh), Solan (Kunihar), Una up to 1050 m. 578 Cedrela toona Meliaceae Tun Sub- Trees, 18-20 m tall; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, Roxb. Himalayan leaves paripinnate, 30- 'Medicinal plant resources of tract, 55 cm long; leaflets Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Eastern lanceolate, elliptic- of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- India; ovate, 2.5-12.5 cm botanical enumeration', Journal of Assam, long; panicles drooping, Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Western slightly shorter than the 110. Ghats; leaves; flowers Flora of Pakistan: Bilaspur, creamish, pedicellate; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Chamba, capsule about 2 cm px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=220002490 Hamripur, long, seeds 1.4 cm long, Kangra winged at both ends. (Nurpur), Kinnaur, Mandi (Nachan, Suket), Sirmaur (Nahan), Solan (Kunihar), Una; upto an altitude of 1000 m.

553 Setaria viridis Poaceae Makriya Throughout Roasted grains Loosely tufted annual; Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, Linn. India. used as a culms 10-50 cm high, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild substitute of erect or geniculately Plants of District Solan , Himachal coffee; ascending; leaves linear Pradesh, India', International Journal powdered to lanceolate; panicle of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- grains mixed spiciform, linear or 95. with wheat sometimes more or less Flora of Pakistan: flour for lobed below, 2-12 cm http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as making dough long, the rachis px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200026279 for chapati. puberulous to hispidulous; spikelets ellipsoid, 2-2.5 mm long. 580 Cyperus Cyperaceae Nirbisi Throughout Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, triceps (Rottb.) India/Kullu, 'Medicinal plant resources of Endl. Una Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts 500 – 1500 of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- m botanical enumeration', Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- 110. 581 Datura innoxia Solanaceae Sadahadhatur Western Plant up to 130 cm tall, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, Mill. a Himalaya; branched, dense 'Medicinal plant resources of Temperate pubescent-villous; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts regions of leaves 7-18 x 4.5-12 of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- India, cm, broadly ovate; botanical enumeration', Journal of Western flowers white, borne Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Ghats; solitary and axillary; 110. Solan capsule globose, sharp; Flora of Pakistan: (Nalagarh, seeds many, ovoid. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Parwanoo), px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242416413 Kangra, India Biodiversity Portal: Una upto https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s elevation of how/265832?pos= 1100 m. 582 Datura metel Solanaceae Sodahdhatura Western Subshrubs; branches Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, Linn. Himalaya; somewhat zigzag; 'Medicinal plant resources of Throughout leaves about 12 x 8 cm, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts India; ovate, petiole to 6 cm of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Kangra, long; flowers solitary in botanical enumeration', Journal of Sirmaur axil, erect; pedicels 1- Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- (Nahan, 1.5 cm long; capsule 110. Paonta) about 3 cm across, India Biodiversity Portal: Solan spherical; seeds https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s (Nalagarh, compressed, about 5 how/32582?pos= Parwanoo), mm long, brown. Una; upto an altitude of 2500 m. 583 Echinops Asteraceae Gokru, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, echinatus Utakanta 'Medicinal plant resources of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- botanical enumeration', Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- 110. 584 Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Thaila maram Throughout Large trees; bark Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, camaldulensis India/ smooth or loosely 'Medicinal plant resources of Dehn. Mandi, rough in upper half; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Shimla, Una leaves lanceolate, of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- 500 – 1500 glaucous; flowers botanical enumeration', Journal of m bisexual, 1-1.5 cm Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- across, axillary in 110. umbels, to 7 flowered; India Biodiversity Portal: capsule 0.5 x 1 cm, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s globose or how/263628?pos= hemispherical, seeds many. 585 Flemingia Fabaceae Kussunt Western Trailing undershrub; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, strobilifera Himalaya; young branches densely 'Medicinal plant resources of var. fruticulosa Throughout tomentose; leaf Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Baker. India; unifoliolate, 2.5-10.0 of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Bilaspur, cm long, elliptic, ovate botanical enumeration', Journal of Kangra or suborbicular; Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- (Nurpur), inflorescence a terminal 110. Una upto raceme, 7.5-15.0 cm Flora of Pakistan: altitude of long, flowers in http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 1200 – 2700 clusters; fruit 7.5-8.0 px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242322677 m. mm long, pubescent. 586 Fumaria Papaveracea Pitpapra, Temperate Small, delicate, much Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, parviflora e Bansulpha regions of branched, leafy, diffuse 'Medicinal plant resources of Linn. North herb, 5-25 cm long, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts hemisphere; glaucous, glabrous; of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- occurs in leaves 3-10 cm long, 2- botanical enumeration', Journal of gardens of 5 cm broad; racemes Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- temperate shortly peduncled to 110. region of subsessile, leaf- Flora of Pakistan: India; opposed, 6-12- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Chamba, flowered, 10-20 mm px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242422492 Kangra long; flowers 5-6 mm Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, (Nurpur), long, usually white or 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Sirmaur, pale pinkish; fruit about Plants of District Solan , Himachal Una upto 2 mm in diam., Pradesh, India', International Journal 2500 m suborbicular, seed 1-1.5 of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- mm in diam. 95. 587 Heteropogon Poaceae Kher, Jammu and Untidily tufted Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, contortus (L.) Kumeria, Kashmir, perennial, the basal 'Medicinal plant resources of P. Beauv. Parwa, Sura Uttar sheaths laterally Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Pradesh, compressed; culms 30- of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- North-East 100 cm high, erect; botanical enumeration', Journal of India, leaf-blades flat, 3-30 Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Manipur, cm long, 2-8 mm wide; 110. Orissa, racemes 3-10 cm long, Flora of Pakistan: Mizorum,T mostly long exserted, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as amil Nadu, solitary or aggregated px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200025522 Karnataka; into a scanty false Bilaspur, panicle; pedicelled Chamba, spikelet 5-15 mm long; Mandi, callus 2-3 mm long. Hamripur, Kinnaur, Shimla, Una up to 1950 m.

588 Ichnocarpus Apocynacea Kalidudhi, Western Climbers, branchlets Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, frutescens R. e Siamalata Himalaya, brown-tomentose; 'Medicinal plant resources of Br. Nepal, leaves 4-6 x 3 cm, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Burma; ovate; flowers 3.5 mm of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Throughout long, in terminal or botanical enumeration', Journal of India; axillary panicled Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Kangra cymes; pedicels 3 mm 110. (Nurpur), long; mericarps India Biodiversity Portal: Sirmaur follicular, to 15 cm https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s (Nahan), long, slender, rusty how/229998?pos= Una upto an puberulus; seeds many, altiutde of compressed, crowned 1000 m. with long silky coma. 589 Jasminum Oleaceae Chameli Throughout Shrub scandent; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, multiflorum India; branchlets, pedicels and 'Medicinal plant resources of (Burm. F.) Bilaspur, calyx densely fulvous- Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Andrews. Chamba, villous; leaves opposite, of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Kangra, simple, ovate; lowers botanical enumeration', Journal of Kinnaur, sessile or subsessile, in Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Kullu, dense capitate cymes; 110. Mandi, fruit a berry simple or Flora of Pakistan: Shimla, didymous, ellipsoid, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Sirmaur up about 1 cm long, black px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=210000873 to 2200 m when ripe. 590 Mallotus Euphorbiac Kamala, Throughout Dioecious trees, to 12 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, phillipinenis eae Rohini, India; m high, bark 4-5 mm 'Medicinal plant resources of Muel. Sindur Bilaspur, thick, pale brown; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Chamba branchlets, young of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- (Dalhousie), leaves and botanical enumeration', Journal of Hamripur, inflorescence tawny or Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Kangra rusty pubescent; leaves 110. (Nurpur), ovate or ovate- India Biodiversity Portal: Kinnaur, lanceolate; flowers https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Mandi unisexual, brick red, in how/31523 (Nachan, rusty puberulous, Suket), terminal spicate Shimla panicles; fruit a capsule, (Kotgarh), 7-8 mm across, Sirmaur globose; seeds 1-4, (Nahan, globose, glabrous, Rajgarh), black. Solan (Kunihar), Una up to 1800 m. 591 Nerium Apocyaceae Kaner Himalayas, Erect evergreen shrub, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, indicum Mill. Central branches glabrous with 'Medicinal plant resources of India; milky juice, young Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Bilaspur, branches green; leaves of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Chamba 10-15 x 1-2 cm, linear- botanical enumeration', Journal of (Dalhousie), lanceolate; flowers Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Hamripur, white, pink or dark red, 110. Kangra single or double in Flora of Pakistan: (Nurpur), cultivated, form, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Sirmaur fragrant 3-4 cm across; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200018424 (Nahan, fruit 12-20 cm x 7:5 Rajgarh), mm long. Solan (Kunihar), Una; up to an altitude of 1950 m.

592 Salix Salicaceae Bada, Bed Throughout Large shrub or small Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, acmophylla Himalayas tree, branches glabrous 'Medicinal plant resources of Boiss. to with irregular, mainly Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Afghanistan vertical cracks, young of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- , branches hairy; leaves botanical enumeration', Journal of Baluchistan, 5-16 cm long, 7-20 mm Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Westward wide, linear lanceolate; 110. to Syria/ flowers appearing after Flora of Pakistan: North- the leaves; fruiting http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as western catkin 2.5-5 cm long. px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242100165 India, from Capsule ovoid, 3-5.5 U.P. to mm, glabrous. Punjab/Cha mba, Hamripur, Lahaul & Spiti; 450 – 1700 m 593 Salvia plebeia Lamiaceae Throughout Herbs annual or Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, R. Br. India; biennial; stems erect, 'Medicinal plant resources of Chamba, 15-90 cm, robust, much Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Kullu, branched, retrorse gray of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Mandi, Una pilose; petiole 4-15 botanical enumeration', Journal of up to 1500 mm; leaf blade elliptic- Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- m ovate to elliptic- 110. lanceolate; Flora of China: inflorescences densely http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as pilose; verticillasters 6- px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020242 flowered, numerous, in racemes or panicles 10- 25 cm; nutlets obovoid, about 0.4 mm in diam. 594 Sida Malvaceae Barela,Bhiunl Tropical Subshrubs; branchlets Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, rhombifolia i and brown, stellate 'Medicinal plant resources of Linn Sahadev subtropical pubescent; leaves 2-5 x Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts India; 1.5-3.5 cm, rhomboid; of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Bilaspur, flowers axillary, botanical enumeration', Journal of Mandi solitary or in clusters, Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- (Joginderna yellow; schizocarp 110. gar), Shimla enclosed in calyx, India Biodiversity Portal: (Lower semiorbicular, 3 mm https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s parts of long; mericarps 8-10. how/33299?pos= Shimla), Sirmaur (Nahan, Paonta - Majra), Solan (Kunihar, Nalagarh) up to 1800 m

595 Stephania Menisperma Purha Tropical Climbing herbaceous Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, glabra (Roxb.) ceae and shrubs; roots are tubers 'Medicinal plant resources of Miers. temperate with fibrous roots; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Himalaya; stems striate, glabrous, of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Assam, branchlets green; leaves botanical enumeration', Journal of Tamil cordate or broadly Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Nadu, ovate, 4-16 x 3-13 cm 110. Western across; inflorescence India Biodiversity Portal: Ghats; axillary, leaf opposed https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hamripur, on old leafless stems, how/261609 Shimla up fascicled, umbellate to 2000 m. cyme, flowers unisexual, greenish yellow; fruits drupes, ovoid or globose, slightly compressed, about 5-7 mm across. 596 Thevetia Apocynacea Pila Kaner, Native to Shrub or small tree, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, neriifolia Juss. e Zard Kunel tropical upto 600cm in height; 'Medicinal plant resources of America/ leaves whorled, upto 25 Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Bilaspur, cm in length, dark of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Kangra green; Flowers yellow, botanical enumeration', Journal of (Daulatpur, sometimes orange and Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Gagret, white; Fruit 110. Mubarakpur quadrangled, green India Biodiversity Portal: ), Mandi, when young, browish https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Sirmaur black-black when how/279655 (Nahan, mature, two-four flat Paonta), seeds. Solan (Nalagarh), Una; upto altitudes of 400 – 1200 m. 597 Trichodesma Boraginacea Hetenuria, Throughout Coarsely hispid erect Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, zeylanicum e Jalasirasa India up to herbs, to 50 cm high; 'Medicinal plant resources of (Burm. F.) R. 500 m leaves 8-10 x 2 cm; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Br. flowers axillary or in of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- terminal cymes, botanical enumeration', Journal of pedicelled; fruit of 4 Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- nutlets, rugose on the 110. inner surface. India Biodiversity Portal: https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s how/262232 598 Uraria picta Fabaceae Dabra Throughout Subshrubs or shrubs; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, Desv. India; stems erect, 1-2 m tall, 'Medicinal plant resources of Bilaspur, gray strigose; leaves Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Hamripur, imparipinnate, linear- of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Kangra, oblong or lanceolate; botanical enumeration', Journal of Shimla racemes terminal, 10-30 Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- (Tattapani), cm, pedicel 5-6 mm; 110. Sirmaur Legume lead-colored, Flora of China: (Nahan), lucid, glabrous. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Solan px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012348 (Kunihar, Nalagarh), Una (Jwar forest); upto 2000 m. 599 Vanda Orchidaceae Banda, Nai, Bengal, Scandent epiphytic Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, roxburghii Rasna Uttar shrubs; leaves 2-ranked, 'Medicinal plant resources of R.Br. Pradesh, to 15 x 2.2 cm, oblong, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts South India/ recurved conduplicate; of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Kangra racemes axillary; botanical enumeration', Journal of (Nurpur), flowers 5 cm across, Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Sirmaur white outside, inner 110. (Nahan), tessellate with brown India Biodiversity Portal: Solan spots; petals to 5 cm; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s (Kunihar), lip bluish dotted with how/231419 Una purple, 3-lobed, side up to 1500 lobes 7 mm; spur 5 mm, m conical; column 5 mm. 600 Vetiveria Poaceae Bena Throughout Perennials; culms to Bhardwaj, J., Seth, Mk., 2017, zizanioides the plains in 180 cm high, erect, 'Medicinal plant resources of (Linn.) Nash. lower hills tufted; nodes glabrous; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts of India/ leaves 30-60 x 0.4 - 1 of Himachal Pradesh: An ethno- Hamripur, cm, linear or linear- botanical enumeration', Journal of Kangra, lanceolate; panicles 15- Medicinal Plants Studies, 5(5), 99- Mandi, 37 cm long; pyramidal, 110. Sirmaur contracted; racemes to India Biodiversity Portal: (Paonta 14 cm long, whorled; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Sahib), sessile spikelets 3-5 how/243243 Solan mm long, lanceolate; (Nalagarh), Pedicelled spikelets 3-4 Una; up to mm long, lanceolate. 1200 m 554 Shorea robusta Dipterocarp Shal, Seral Sal Seeds, though Trees to 40 m tall, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Gaertn.f. aceae occupies not quite tardily deciduous; trunk (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the two distinct palatable, are to 2 m in diam.; crown Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, irregular eaten spreading; bark gray to New Delhi, India. belts; one is especially in dark reddish brown; Flora of China: north of times of branchlets densely buff http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Ganga scarcity. scabrous-pubescent; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=220012491 extending stipules fugacious, from lanceolate; leaves 10-40 Kangra in × 5-24 cm, ovate to North-West oblong; flowers to subsessile, on panicles Nowgong, to 25 cm; branches Balipara racemose, secund; Fruit (Assam) in sepals unequal, the East, spatulate, nut ovoid upto an altitude of 1200 m, the other belt is South of Ganga extending to C. and S.India. 555 Sisymbrium Brassicacea Chhuchh Found upto Leaves are Annual or biennial, 30- Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, loeselii L. e altitudes of cooked as 120 cm tall, erect, distribution and utilization pattern of 2200-2800 vegetable and branched, usually some forestry food (wild edible) m. also consumed somewhat hispid below from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of as salads. with simple, deflexed Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, hairs, rarely glabrous; India', International Journal of basal and lower leaves Advances in Science Engineering lyrate-pinnatipartite; and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. racemes 50-100- Flora of Pakistan: flowered, up to 30 cm http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as long in fruit; flowers px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200009680 mediocre, 6-8 mm across, bright yellow; siliquae 15-50 mm long, 1 mm broad; seeds 15-30 in each locule, about 1 mm long. 556 Smilex Liliaceae Chobohini, Sub- Young seeds Unisexual climber, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. zeylanica Linn. Ramdatum Himalayan and ripened usually prickly; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract and black berries oblong to rotundifolius; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, tropical are said to be flowers greenish, 5-8 New Delhi, India. Himalayas eaten mm across; fruit from occasionally. berries, green, red to Dehradoon black when ripe, 1-3 eastwards seeded. upto an altitude of 1800 m and in Assam; distributed throughout India. 557 Smithia Ericaceae Oda-birni Hiamlayas Young leaves Prostrate trailing, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. sensitiva Ait and Khasi are eaten. annual herbs, simple or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hills upto much branched; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, an altitude paripinnate, to 2.5 cm New Delhi, India. of 900 m; long; flowers yellow in India Biodiversity Portal: also in the axillary 1-6-flowered https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s plains of capitate racemes; how/231194 India and peduncle to 1 cm long; Andemans. fruit a lomentum, enclosed in calyx, 4-6- articulate. 558 Solanum Solanaceae Shiah W. Bengal, Ripe fruit is Herbs or subshrubs, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. barbisetum Sikkim and eaten. erect, about 1 m tall, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Nees in Khasi armed with straight Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Hills prickles, pubescent with New Delhi, India. (Assam) stellate hairs; stems and Flora of China: upto an branches shaggy- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitude of tomentose; leaves px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020577 1800 m. paired; petiole 4.5-6 cm; Inflorescences extra-axillary, elongated, many- flowered scorpioid racemes; berry globose, glabrous; seeds brownish, discoid.

559 Solanum Solanaceae Tingi, Asind Sub- Fruit is eaten Shrub up to 120 cm tall. Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. incanum Linn. Himalayan in some Stems and branches (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract and localities either yellowish-green with Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, outer Hills fresh or dense stellate tomentum New Delhi, India. from pickled. and prickly; prickles Flora of Pakistan: Kashmir to conical, up to 8 mm http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Nepal upto long; leaves 3.5-8 x 2.5- px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242414374 an altitude 6.5 cm, ovate to broadly of 1200 m ovate; flowers purple- in Kumaon; blue; berry globose, 25- also found 30 mm long, yellow; in S. India. seeds about 2.5 mm broad, subreniform. 560 Solanum Solanaceae Barhati Throughout Fruits are eaten Shrub up to l0 ft high, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. indicum Linn. India upto as vegetable, branches herbaceous; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the an altitud of also used in stem and branches often Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, 1500 m in preparation of with curved prickles; New Delhi, India. Himalayas; starter in leaves ovate or oblong, India Biodiversity Portal: in NEFA country liquor serrate or obtusely https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s and Assam. lobed; flower bluish- how/265867 purple in extra-axillary cyme; fruit berry, globose. 561 Solanum Solanaceae. Baingan Throughout Fruits are eaten Suffruticose annual up Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, melongena India. cooked as to 90 cm tall; stem and 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Linn. vegetable; also branches stellately hairy Plants of District Solan , Himachal used for and with few prickles; Pradesh, India', International Journal culinary leaves 5-20 x 4-15 cm, of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- preparations. ovate to rhomboid- 95. ovate, sinuate to lobed; Flora of Pakistan: flowers solitary or up to http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 5 in number, purple to px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200020594 pale violet; pedicel recurved, up to 5 cm in fruit; berry ovoid to subglobose or elongated, 8-15 cm long, dark purple; seeds subreniform. 562 Solanum Solanaceae Makoi, Throughout Young leaves Annual herb 30-45 cm Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. nigrum Linn. Kabaiya, India upto and shoots are high, leaves ovate to (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Khatmalu an altitude eaten cooked; lanceolate, petiole 2 cm Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 2700 m ripe fruit of long; flowers white, 6- New Delhi, India. in W. some are often 13 mm across, borne in India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayas eaten. a 3-8 flowered umbels; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s and 1650 m fruit a berry, purplish how/32754 Sharma ,A., in Khasi black when ripe; seeds Santvan,VK., Sharma, P. & Chandel, Hills many, discoid, yellow. S. (2014), 'Studies on Traditional (Assam). Knowledge of Ethnomedicinal Plants in Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, India', International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. 563 Solanum Solanaceae Titakuchi NEFA, Young leaves Shrubs glabrescent. Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. spirale Roxb. Naga Hills, are eaten Stems erect, 0.5-3 m (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Manipur cooked; fruits tall, drying grooved Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, and Assam are eaten raw angled; leaves unequal New Delhi, India. upto an or cooked. paired; petiole 5-10 Flora of China: altitude of mm; inflorescences leaf http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 1500 m. opposed or extra- px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200020606 axillary, short, simple India Biodiversity Portal: scorpioid racemes; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s flowers white; berry how/245046 dull yellow-orange, globose; seeds yellow or tan, reniform- discoid. 564 Solanum Solanaceae Ashetu, Ban- Throughout Fruit is said to Shrub or tree 2-6 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. verbascifolium tamaku India upto be eaten high; leaves nearly (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. an altitude cooked. lanceolate, velvety- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 1500 m woolley; flowers white New Delhi, India. in the or pale blue; fruit a Himalayas berry, orbicular; seeds extending to many slightly wrinkled. Kashmir in the West and to Assam in the East. 565 Solanum Solanaceae Kantakari, Throughout Fruit is eaten Herb lying flat on the Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. xanthocarpum Kateli India as a vegetable ground, white yellow (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Schrad & extending to in curries. prickles on the stem, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Wendl. Punjab in leaves and calyx; leaves New Delhi, India. the West ovate or elliptic; India Biodiversity Portal: and to flowers purple or deep https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam in blue, 1 to few together; how/231173 the East fruit a berry, green or upto an variegated with white altitude of stripes; many seeded, 2100 m in hled on the calyx. the Himalayas. 566 Solena Cucurbitace Maukhari India: Fruits edible. Vines tendrils simple; Chauhan, PP., Nigam, A., Santvan amplexiculis ae Assam, leaves plymorphic, 4-12 K, V., 2016, 'Ethnobotanical study of Lam. Karnataka, x 2.5-7 cm, ovate to wild fruits in Pabbar Valley, District Odisha. oblong; flowers Shimla, Himachal Pradesh', Journal dioecious. Male flowers of Medicinal Plants Studies; 4(2): in racemes; female 216-220. flower solitary; India Biodiversity Portal: peduncle to 5 mm long; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s fruit 1.5-2 x 1-1.5 cm, how/231191 seeds 6-7 x 5-6 mm, turgid, marginate. 567 Solena Cucurbitace Amantmul, Throughout Whole plant is Climber with a several Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. heterophylla ae Ban-kakri India upto eaten including tuberous roots and with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Lour. an altitude leaves and ripe coiled threads about the Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 2100 m fruit; roots are leaf axils; leaves New Delhi, India. in W. eaten boiled; varieable, ovate; India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayas fruits are eaten flowers unisexual, dull https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s (Kunawar, raw or cooked white; fruit a berry, how/231191 Simla, as vegetable. cylindric to ovoid, Mushobra, bright red when ripe; Garhwal seeds 6-20 white. and Kumaon) and upto 300-1200 m in Khasi and Garo Hills of Assam; also in Nepal.

568 Sonchus Asteraceae Sahadevi, Throughout Leaves are Herbs 30-100 cm tall, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. brachyotus Sadhi India upto eaten cooked perennial; taproot with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the DC. an altitude in curry; tender shoot-bearing lateral Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 2400 m shoots as a roots; stem usually New Delhi, India. in U.P. And salad. unbranched below India Biodiversity Portal: in Khasi synflorescence; basal https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hills and lower stem leaves how/265471 (Assam). narrowly elliptic to Flora of China: oblanceolate; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as synflorescence px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242349597 corymbiform, with few to several capitula; fruits achene, narrowly ellipsoid, 2-4 mm; seeds wrinkled, ribbed and pale brown. 569 Sonchus Asteraceae Dudhi Himalayas Leaves are Annual herb possessing Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. oleraceus upto an eaten cooked; milky juice, 45-90 cm (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. altitude of tender shoots high; stems glandular Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, 2400 m and eaten as salad; hairy; leaves lanceolate New Delhi, India. southwards young leaves to ovate, 7.5-25 cm India Biodiversity Portal: in the contains long; flowers yellow, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s plains. vitamin C. few, in panicled cymes; how/231182 fruit achenes, 3 x 1 mm long; seeds narowly ovoid.

570 Sorbus Rosaceae Moli, Singka Himalayas Fruit is sweet Deciduous tree 12-18 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. cuspidata from and is edible. high; leaves broadly (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Spach) Hedl. Garhwal to ovate or elliptic, 10-23 Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim at cm long; flowers white New Delhi, India. altitudes of in clusters; fruit 2400-3000 orbicular , greenish m. yellow, 2-5-celled stone. 571 Sorbus lanata Rosaceae Mauli, Himalayas Over ripe fruit Deciduous upto 9 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. (D. Don) Chitana from is eaten. high; twigs and (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Schau. kashmir to inflorescence white Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kumaon at velvety; leaves ovate; New Delhi, India. altitudes of flowers white scented, 1500-3000 in clusters; fruit m. orbicular, pyriform, red or yellowish, fleshy with 2-5-celled stone. 572 Sorghum Poaceae Jwari Tropical Seeds are Perennial with vigorous Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, halepense (L.) parts of eaten. spreading rhizomes; 'Edible wild plant resources of Bor. India, culms 0.5–1.5 m tall, 4– Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Punjab, 6 mm in diam.; nodes of Himachal Pradesh, India', west bengal, puberulous; leaves International Journal of Botany Uttar linear or linear- Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Pradesh, lanceolate, 25–80 × 1–4 Flora of China: Madhya cm; panicle lanceolate http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Pradesh, to pyramidal in outline, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242414381 Nagaland, 20–40 cm; sessile v Bihar, spikelet elliptic, 4–5 Orissa mm; callus obtuse, Bilaspur, bearded. Chamba, Kinnaur

573 Spilanthes Asteraceae Akarkarha Throughout Leaves Annual herb; leaves Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. acmella India upto especially of opposite, ovate; flower (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.)Murr. an altitude the more heads yellow or white; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 1500 m robust and ovoid; seed oblong or New Delhi, India. in fleshy variety ovoid but flattish. Dharmpur are eaten. (Simla) and Khasi & Jantia Hills of Assam. 574 Sterculia Sterculacea Hirik Found in Seeds are eaten Deciduous trees, to 20 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. guttata Roxb. e Digboi, roasted. m high; bole straight; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Borjan, bark 15-25 mm thick, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Dulong greyish-brownish, New Delhi, India. Reserve and smooth, exfoliating in India Biodiversity Portal: similar thin scales; blaze pink, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s other places radially streaked; how/18433 in branchlets stellate- Lakhimpur tomentose; leaves District of simple, alternate; Assam; stipules lateral, Distributed ensiform, cauducous; in W. & S. flowers polygamous, India. white, dotted with pink; fruit an aggregate of 1-5 radiating follicles; seeds ovoid, black

575 Sterculia Sterculacea Nak-chepeta Found in Tender fruit is Evergreen shrub or a Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. indica Merr. e northern W. eaten cooked small tree with warty (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Bengal, like beans; bark; leaves nearly Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim, mature seeds lanceolate, 10-40 cm New Delhi, India. Bhutan and are eaten after long; flowers pale Assam frying or greenish-yellow or (Sibsagar roasting. rtinged wiht pink; fruit and crimson, lanceolate, Darrang, beaked pods; seeds 4-8, also in ovoid. Mikir, Naga, Gola and Khasi Hills) upto an alitutde of 1800 m. 576 Sterculia Sterculacea Nag-phona Found in Seeds are eaten Small or middle sized Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. lanceaefolia e northern W. roasted. tree with ashy bark; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roxb. ex G. Bengal and leaves variable; flowers Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Don in Sikkim brick red, in erect long New Delhi, India. upto an racemes; fruit pink, altitude of seeds 4-8 , ovoid, black. 1800 m; in Lakhimpur, Sibsagar and Garo Hills of Assam. 577 Sterculia Sterculacea Durong- Found in Fruits are eaten Large lofty tree; leaves Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. versicolor e phang Assam at roasted. digitate with long (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. the foot og petiole; 7-9 leaflets; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Naga Hills, flowers pale-yellow, in New Delhi, India. in Sibsagar, long penicles; follicles India Biodiversity Portal: N. Kachar are large, coriaceous, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hills and with dark brown brittle how/280348 Khasi Hills hairs, each follicle upto an contain 10 seeds altitude of about 750 m. 578 Streblus asper Moraceae Sihora, Dahia Sub- Ripe fruits are Shrub or small tree; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Lour. Himalayan sweet & eaten; bark grayish white with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract from milky juice, warty and Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Beas wrinkled, 0.3 cm thick, New Delhi, India. eastwards green below the cuticle, India Biodiversity Portal: and in blaze cream colored, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam; turning dirty brown, how/231242 distributed ultimately blackish; throughout leaves elliptic, India. rhomboid or obovate; inflorescence capitate, generally dioecious, with one central sessile female flower surrounded by male flowers; fruit drupe single seeded.

579 Syzgium Myrtaceae Jambol, Throughout Fruits are Medium sized trees; Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, cumini ( L.) Jaman india eaten. bark white, light pink 'Edible wild plant resources of Skeels. Chamba, inside. Leaves to 18 x 8 Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Hamripur, cm, ovate, oblong; of Himachal Pradesh, India', Mandi , panicles to 10 cm International Journal of Botany Sirmaur , across, on leafless Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Una; upto branchlets; flowers 6-9 India Biodiversity Portal: an altitude mm across, subsessile; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s of 1800 m. berry 10 x 7 mm, how/263640 obovoid, deep blue. 580 Syzygium Myrtaceae Jamun Found upto Fruits are eaten Trees, 6-20 m tall; Sharma, IP., Kanta, C., Semwal, SC., cumini (L.) altitudes of and made into branchlets grayish Goswami, N.,2017, 'Wild Fruits of Skeels 700-1500 jam, jellies, white when dry, terete; Uttarakhand (India): Ethnobotanical m. squash, leaves broadly elliptic and Medicinal Uses', International vinegar and ice to narrowly elliptic, 6- Journal of Complementary & cream for its 12 × 3.5-7 cm; Alternative Medicine, 8(3), 1-8. beautiful and inflorescences axillary Flora of China: attractive on flowering branches http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as purple colour. or occasionally px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014832 terminal, paniculate cymes, to 11 cm; fruit red to black, ellipsoid to pot-shaped, 1-2 cm, 1- seeded. 581 Syzygium Myrtaceae Boki-jamuk, N. Bengal Fruit is edible. Medium-large trees, 25- Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. kurzii (Duthie Jaman and E. 30 m tall with white- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the ex Kurz) Himalayas pale grey, compressed Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, at altitudes or subtetragonus New Delhi, India. of 300-1800 branchlets; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: m; in NEFA alternate, spiral; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s and Assam petioles ca. 0.8-2 cm how/280408 upto 750 m; long; inflorescences also found branched or panicled in cymes, 5-flowered; Andemans. cymes solitary or fascicled in leaf or fallen leaf axills; flowers ca. 1.5 cm across, white; Berries about 1.3 cm in diam., globose; seeds 1-2. 582 Syzygium Myrtaceae Dugdugia, Sub- The juicy fruit Trees, to 15 m tall, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. nervosum DC. Raijaman Himalayan is eaten. many-branched; bark (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract and the grayish brown, thick; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Siwaliks branchlets flattened, New Delhi, India. from furrowed; leaves oblong Flora of China: Yamuna to elliptic; petiole 1-2 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as eastwards, cm; inflorescences px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242351067 in N. lateral on leafless Bengal upto branches, paniculate, 6- an altitude 12 cm; buds oval; fruit of 600 m; violet to black when and in mature, broadly ovoid. Assam plains; distributed in U.P., Bihar, Orissa and W. Ghats.

583 Syzygium Myrtaceae Haroh, NEFA and Fruit is Shrub or tree with silky Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. ruscifolium Thingsenti Assam; reported hairy twigs; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Willd.) Sant. distributed edible. nealry lanceolate to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, & Wagh in Orissa rotundifolius; flowers New Delhi, India. and S. handsome white; fruit a India; often berry, orbicular, orange grown in or red. gardens. 584 Syzygium Myrtaceae Sunom, E. Fruit is edible. Trees 18-24 m high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. tetragonum Karphal Himalayas branchlets stout, 4- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. ex Walp. from Nepal angled, ridges Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Eastwards, conspicuous; leaves New Delhi, India. N. Bengal elliptic to obovate; Flora of China: and Assam petiole 1-1.6 cm, stout; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as (Khasi, inflorescences lateral on px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014881 Jantia Hills) leafless branches, at altitudes paniculate cymes, 3-5 of 900-1800 cm; flowers greenish- m; common white; fruit tinged in Kurseong yellow, globose. and Darjeeling. 585 Tamarindus Leguminose Imli Fruit pulp is Large evergreen tree; Sharma, IP., Kanta, C., Semwal, SC., indica L. ae used for stipules linear, Goswami, N.,2017, 'Wild Fruits of seasoning, caducous. Leaves 3.5- Uttarakhand (India): Ethnobotanical food 15 cm long, and Medicinal Uses', International component to paripinnate; Journal of Complementary & flavour inflorescence 10-15 Alternative Medicine, 8(3), 1-8. confections, flowered lax raceme; Flora of Pakistan: curries and pedicel 8-10 mm; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as sauces; fruit flowers few, yellowish px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200012330 pulp is eaten tinged with purplish red Flora of China: fresh and often stripes; pods 7.5-20 cm http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as made into a long, 2-2.5 cm wide, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012330 juice, infusion slightly compressed, or brine. indehiscent; seeds dark brown or black. 586 Taxus Taxaceae Thuna Himalaya Fruits edible Dioecious tree 6-18 m Chauhan, PP., Nigam, A., Santvan wallichiana upto bark & needles tall; branches K, V., 2016, 'Ethnobotanical study of Zucc. altiudes of used for spreading, irregular; wild fruits in Pabbar Valley, District 1800-3000 making tea. bark reddishbrown, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh', Journal m. scaly; leaves spirally of Medicinal Plants Studies; 4(2): disposed, linear, 2-4 cm 216-220. long; sporophylls 6-10 Flora of Pakistan: in number, peltate, each http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as with 5-8 pendant px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200005497 sporangia; microspores not winged, female flowers solitary, axillary; seed olive-green, when young. 587 Tetrastigma Vitaceae Kerkeri-lata Sikkim Stem yields , woody, stem Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. planicaule Himalayas profuse flat, branchlets terete or (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Hook.f.) at altitudes potable water. slightly flat with Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Gagnep. of 900-1200 longitudinal ridges, New Delhi, India. m; in Khasi glabrous; tendrils Flora of China: and Kachar unbranched; leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Hills and palmately 5-foliolate; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013498 also petiole 3-11 cm, throughout glabrous; inflorescence Assam. umbelliform, axillary, 15-17 cm; flowers scented, green or greenish-yellow; berry globose, 2-3 cm in diam., 1- or 2(or 3)- seeded, seeds oblong. 588 Tetrastigma Vitaceae Chacheri Found in The Fruit is A large woody climber Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. rumicispermu Nepal, W. edible, sweet with corky tubercles on (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the m (Laws.) Bengal, and pleasant in the stem; tendrils Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Planch. Sikkim, in taste. bifurcate; leaves New Delhi, India. Khasi and pedately 5-foliolate, Flora of China: Jantia Hills leaflets elliptic to http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as of Assam lanceolate; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242351675 and in inflorescence axillary or Manipur at leaf-opposed on lateral altitudes of branches, umbelliform; 900-2100 flowers small; fruit a m. berry, globose, 8-10 mm in diam., 2- or 3- seeded; seeds obovoid- triangular. 589 Tetrastigma Vitaceae Nal tenga, In Khasi Tender stems Wiry climbers, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. thomsonianum Nekung Hills, banks and leaves are climbing on small (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Planch. of eaten cooked, bushes or trailing on Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Brahmaputr which are earth, rooting at nodes; New Delhi, India. a and acidic. tendrils slender, India Biodiversity Portal: elsewhere branched near apex; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in Assam; leaves compound, how/281918 also in palmately 5-foliolate; Bihar. petiolules about 5 mm long; inflorescences 3- 4-chotomous, umbellate cymes, flowers about 2 mm long; pedicels about 0.2 cm long; fruit a berries about 0.6 cm across, reddish-brown; seeds 1-3. 590 Thamnocalam Poaceae Babam N. Bengal, Grain eaten A bamboo, 2.5-4 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. us aristatus Sikkim ground in the high with clustry stems (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Gamble) E. G. Bhutan and flour. at first mealy white, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, camus Piri then glaucous green, New Delhi, India. (Balipura afterwards brilliant Frontier yellow; leaves grouped Tract) at in twos and threes at the altitudes of branch ends, nearly 2700-3300 lanceolate; m; common inflorescence on the compound with 4-8 Singalila flowered flattish bodies; ridge and grain narrow wheat- the Rechi shaped, dark brown. La. 591 Thamnocalam Poaceae Bodputra C. and E. Grain eaten. Bamboo; stems 1.2-1.9 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. us falconeri Himalayas cm in diam., frequently (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f. ex from striped yellow and Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Munro Jaunsar to green, with raised New Delhi, India. Bhutan at whitish ringed joints; altitudes of leaves soft and pale; 1800-2700 inflorescence and in Piri, compound bearing 1 or Balipara rarly 2-flowered bodies; Frontier grain lanceolate to Tract at oblong, darkish brown. 3000 m. 592 Thamnocalam Poaceae Ringal, Himalayas Grain edible. Gregarious bamboo, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. us spathiflorus Parikh from Sutlej stem-joints marked with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Trin.) Munro to Nepal a white ring; leaves Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, and in narrowly lanceolate ; New Delhi, India. Bhutan at flowers borne in altitudes of profusion, the 2100-3300 inflorescence m; common comprising flattish 4-8 in flowered spikelets; undergrowt grain linear-oblong, h or fir, oak, enwrapped in chaffs. deodar forests. 593 Thlaspi Brassicacea Bhaji Found upto Young leaves Annual up to 70 cm tall, Thakur, SD., 2017, 'Diversity, arvense e altitudes of are cooked as branched above, distribution and utilization pattern of 2200-3000 vegetable glabrous rarely very some forestry food (wild edible) m. sparsely hairy; basal from Tirthan Wildlife Sanctury of leaves oblanceolate; Distt. Kullu, Himachal Pradesh, upper leaves lanceolate- India', International Journal of oblong, 2-6 cm long; Advances in Science Engineering racemes 30-70- and Technology, 5(2), 4-11. flo¬wered, up to 25 cm Flora of Pakistan: long in fruit; flowers 3- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 5 mm across, white; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=241000042 siliculae more or less orbicular. 1-2 cm in diam., seeds 4-6 in each locule, 1.5-2 mm long. 594 Thunbergia Acanthacea Kukua-loti Bihar, Leaves eaten A large woody climber Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. grandiflora e Bengal, as vegetable. or twiner with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Rottl. & Sikkim, quadrangular, strigose Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Willd.) Roxb. throughout twigs; leaves with 2-5 (- New Delhi, India. Assam and 6) cm long scabrous Flora of Pakistan: in Manipur petiole; lamina ovate or http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as upto an lanceolate-ovate; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242352257 altitude of flowers blue or violet 1200 m. with yellow centre, 6-8 cm long; capsule globular, 4-seeded. 648 Aerva Amaranthac Chaya Found Perennial herb, stem Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, sanguinolenta eae throughout and branches terete, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Blume India; striate, densely Plants of District Solan , Himachal Assam, tomentose or canescent Pradesh, India', International Journal Karnataka, with whitish or of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- Kerala, yellowish, appressed or 95. Odisha, patent hairs; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: Tamil ellipitic or elliptic- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Nadu. lanceolate or elliptic- how/228656 ovate; Spikes sessile or pedunculate by reduction of branches, forming a lax raceme or terminal panicle; flowers hermaphrodite; capsule about 1 mm. rotund, compressed; seed 0.8-1 mm, reniform, black.

595 Tinospora Menisperma Giloe, Amrut Found upto Roots and woody succulent Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, cordifolia ceae vela altitudes of young stems climbing shrub; bark P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on (Willd) 700-1300 are eaten grayish brown, corky; Traditional Knowledge of Miers. m. leaves 8-11 x 7-9 cm, Ethnomedicinal Plants in broadly ovate; Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, inflorescence axillary or India', International Research Journal on old leafless stems, of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. slender, pseudo- India Biodiversity Portal: racemose cymes; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s flowers unisexual, how/231352 Sharma, P., fascicled, yellow; fruits Agnihotry, A., Sharma, PP., Sharma, drupes, ovoid or L., 2013, 'Wild edibles of Murari globose; seeds curved Devi and surrounding areas in Mandi or half moon shape, district of Himachal Pradesh, India', endospermic. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 5(9), 580-592. 596 Toddalia Rutaceae Jangli- Sub- Fruits are eaten Prickly evergreen Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. asiatica kalimirch Himalayan and also climber shrub with (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Lamk. tract from pickled; fresh stems upto 15 m long; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Dehradoon leaves chewed leaves trifoliolate; New Delhi, India. eastwards to raw and have leaflets sessile; India Biodiversity Portal: W. Bengal pungent taste. inflorescence axillary https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s and Bhutan panicles, to 5 cm long, how/250752 at altitudes flowers about 4 mm of 300-2100 across; fruit a berry, m and orbicular, orange when throughout ripe; seeds 3 or 4, Assam. subreniform.

652 Bambusa Poaceae Bans Throughout Clumps rather open; Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, vulgaris India: culms 8–15 m, 5–9 cm 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Schrad. Bihar,karnat in diam., basally Plants of District Solan , Himachal aka, North straight or flexuose, Pradesh, India', International Journal Bengal, apically drooping; of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- Uttar internodes deep green, 95. Pradesh, 20–30 cm, initially Flora of China: North East thinly white powdery, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as India. stiffly pale brown px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242307754 strigose; nodes prominent, basal several with aerial roots and rings of grayish white silky hairs below and above sheath scar; pseudospikelets several, clustered at nodes, narrowly lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; anthers about 6 mm, apex penicillate; style 3–7 mm, slender; stigmas 3, short. 653 Boenninghause Rutaceae Pissumar Found in Perennial herb, slender, Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, nia albiflora temperate branched, 30-60 cm 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Hook.s Himalayas high, woody at the Plants of District Solan , Himachal upto base; stems brownish- Pradesh, India', International Journal altitudes of red, glabrous or of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 2000-3000 sometimes sparsely 95. m. pubescent; leaves Flora of Pakistan: alternate, gland dotted; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as leaflets 6-18 x 5-12 px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200012427 mm, obovate to obcordate; flowers small, white, in cymes, pedicels slender; capsule 6-8 mm in diam., membranous,sSeeds black, reniform, testa granulated. 654 Caesalpinia Fabaceae Kanja, Rambling shrubs; Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, decapetala Karanj branchlets tomentose; 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild (Roth.) Alston leaves to 30 x 20 cm, Plants of District Solan , Himachal bipinnate; leaflets to 15 Pradesh, India', International Journal x 6 mm; racemes of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- terminal, to 25 cm long; 95. flowers many, 2.5 cm India Biodiversity Portal: across; pods to 7 x 2.2 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s cm, elliptic-oblong, flat, how/228980 glabrous, 2 or 3-seeded. 655 Catharanthus Apocynacea Peri-winkle Throughout Perennial subshrub, Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, roseus Linn. e India: woody at base, 30-60 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Assam, cm tall, young branches Plants of District Solan , Himachal Bihar, pubescent; leaves Pradesh, India', International Journal Karnataka, oblong or oblanceolate, of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- Gujarat, inflorescence of axillary 95. Maharastra, 1-4 flowered cymes; Flora of Pakistan: Madhya flowers pink or white, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Pradesh, pedicel 1-3 mm long; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200018366 Uttar follicles 2, slender, India Biodiversity Portal: Pradesh. cylindric, striated. 15- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 25 mm long. how/265624?pos= 597 Trapa natans Trapaceae Singhara Throughout Seeds are is Aquatic floating herb Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, var. bispinosa the hotter eaten either with dimorphic leave; 'Edible wild plant resources of (Roxb.) parts of raw or cooked; leaves submerged, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Makino. India, fruits eaten modified into thread of Himachal Pradesh, India', Bilaspur, raw, roasted pr like segments and International Journal of Botany Sirmaur. cooked. floating leaves are in Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. rosettes like segments, India Biodiversity Portal: green and rhomboid; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s flowers are white, close how/265036 to surface of water; fruits are single seeded, dark brown or black when ripe. 657 Cynoglossum Boraginacea Lichkuru Throughout Erect herbs, to 1 m tall, Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, zeylanicum e India: whole plant softly 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Wall. ex Assam, adpressed pubescent; Plants of District Solan , Himachal Lehm. Odisha, leaves alternate, 10-25 Pradesh, India', International Journal Tamil x 3-7 cm, oblong- of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- Nadu. lanceolate; racemes 10- 95. 35 cm long, straight or India Biodiversity Portal: arching; flowers sessile, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s many, blue; fruit of 4 how/229411?pos= nutlets, 3-5 mm across, glochidiate.

658 Datura Solanaceae Dhatura Throughout Plant 60-120 cm or Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, stramonium India: more tall, branched, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Linn. Assam, pubescent; the branches Plants of District Solan , Himachal Odisha, often purplish; leaves 8- Pradesh, India', International Journal Madhya 17 x 4-13 cm, ovate or of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- Pradesh; broadly so; petiole 2-5 95. Temperate cm long; flowers erect, India Biodiversity Portal: Region. white or purplish https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s suffused; capsule erect, how/229461?pos= 3-4 cm long, ovoid; seeds 3 mm long, reniform, reticulate- foveolate, and black. 659 Delphinium Ranunculac Nirbisi. Found in Plant 40-80 cm high, Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, denudatum eae. the much branched, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Wall. ex Hook. Himalaya; subglabrous to strigose Plants of District Solan , Himachal from or spreading pubescent Pradesh, India', International Journal Pakistan to in the upper part; basal of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- Kashmir leaves 5-15 mm wide, 95. and N.W. rounded, cauline leaves Flora of Pakistan: India; upto similar but smaller; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitudes of inflorescence px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242421857 1500-2700 paniculate, of few- m. flowered racemes; follicles 3, 10-16 x 3- 3.5 mm; seed obpyramidal, 1 mm long, dark.

660 Delphinium Ranunculac Delphinium Found in Plant 40-100 cm high; Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, vestitum Wall. eae. the stem 26-35 cm tall, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Himalaya retrorsely hispidulous Plants of District Solan , Himachal upto and hispid, simple or 1- Pradesh, India', International Journal altitudes of branched; leaf blade 4-9 of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 2700-4100 cm wide, base cordate; 95. m; Bhutan, raceme 8-15 cm, 4-9- Flora of Pakistan: NW India, flowered, hispidulous, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Kashmir, sparsely yellow px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200007974 Nepal. glandular puberulent; Flora of China: carpels 3; ovaries http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as densely puberulent; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200007974 follicles 3, 8-15 x 3.5-4 mm, hairy, style 2 mm long; seeds with narrow wings but no scales. 661 Dicliptera Acanthacea Dicliptera India: An erect, up to 90 cm, Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, roxburghiana e Assam; much branched herb 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Nees. Meghalaya; with hairy twigs; leaves Plants of District Solan , Himachal Bhutan, on 4-20 mm long Pradesh, India', International Journal petioles; lamina elliptic- of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- ovate to lanceolate; 95. flowers pink with Flora of Pakistan: purplish tinge, 1.2-1.5 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as cm long, in terminal px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242421981 and axillary clustered cymes; capsule clavate, more or less stipitate, about 6 mm long, puberulous or glabrate; seeds verrucose.

598 Trema Ulmaceae Khardol Subtropical Fruit is eaten. Small tree upto 5 m Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, politoria Himalaya; talll; leaves 7-10 x 2-4 'Edible wild plant resources of (Planch.) Bilaspur, cm, obolong-lanceolate, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Blume Chamba acuminate; of Himachal Pradesh, India', inflorescence in axillary International Journal of Botany clusters; male cymes Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. shorter than petiole; Flora of Pakistan: female flowers longer http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as than petiole; drupe px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242426018 small, ovoid with persistent calyx. 663 Eucalyptus Myrtaceae Safeda Trees, to 28 m tall; bark Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, citriodora grayish white, smooth, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Hook. exfoliating; young Plants of District Solan , Himachal leaves peltate, petiolate; Pradesh, India', International Journal mature leaves strongly of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- smelling of lemon; 95. petiole 1.5-2 cm; Flora of China: inflorescences terminal http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as or axillary, paniculate, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200014779 umbels 3-flowered; capsule pot-shaped to ovoid, 1-1.2 × 0.8-1 cm. 664 Euphorbia Euphorbiac Dudhi Erect sparingly pilose Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, helioscopia eae to glabrescent bright 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Linn. green fleshy annual Plants of District Solan , Himachal herb up to 50 cm tall, Pradesh, India', International Journal but more commonly 10- of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 30 cm tall; leaves 95. obovate-spathulate, 1-3 Flora of Pakistan: x 0.5-1.5 cm, obtuse; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as inflorescence a px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200012562 compound pseudumbel flat, 5-rayed, the rays trifid then once or twice bind, usually without axillary rays below the pseudumbel; fruit roundly triobate with deep grooves and subglobose cocci, 2.5-3 x 2.5-3.5 mm; seeds ovoid, 2 x 13 mm, strongly reticulate. 599 Trevesia Araliaceae Bhotola Nepal, Flower buds Trees, evergreen, to 8 m Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. palmata Sikkim, N. are said to be tall; trunk to about 15 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) Vis. Bengal and eaten cooked; cm branches prickly, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Assam at Fruit is edible. farinose stellate New Delhi, India. altitudes of pubescent; leaves India Biodiversity Portal: 300-1500 simple; petiole often https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s m. prickly, 30-70(-90) cm; how/245682 inflorescence a panicle of umbels, about 45 cm, flowers white; fruit subglobose to compressed-globose.

666 Geranium Geraniaceae Bhanda Found in Perennials; rootstock Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, wallichianum North West vertical, 5.8-8.8 mm in 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Sweet Himalayas diam.; stem 24-50 cm Plants of District Solan , Himachal upto tall, trailing or Pradesh, India', International Journal altitudes of ascending, not rooting of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 1600-3300 at nodes, with 0.3-1.7 95. m. mm; stipules broadly Flora of China: ovate, connate; leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as opposite, 3.8-7.2 cm, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242323331 palmately cleft; cymules solitary, 2- flowered; peduncle 3.3- 15.3 cm, pedicel 3.1-8.4 cm; fruit 3-3.9 cm, erect when immature; seeds 3.6-3.9 mm. 667 Hedera helix Araliaceae Dakari Found in Perennial climbers Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, Linn. the about 30 m tall, with 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Himalayas aerial roots; leaves Plants of District Solan , Himachal upto simple, 2-15 cm long; Pradesh, India', International Journal altitudes of lanceolate to ovate to of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 1000-3000 variously lobed, 95. m. glabrous; flowers Flora of Pakistan: yellow; pedicels 7-12 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as mm long; fruit a berry, px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200015220 5-7 mm long, 5-10 mm broad.

600 Trewia Euphorbiac Pindara, Sub- The fleshy part Deciduous dioecious Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. nudiflora Linn. eae Bhillaura Himalayan of the fruit is trees to 20 m, bark (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the tract from said to be greyish-brown, smooth; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Punjab eaten. blaze creamy yellow; New Delhi, India. (near young parts tomentose; India Biodiversity Portal: Yamuna leaves simple, opposite, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s eatwards to decussate; stipules inter how/226338 Assam upto petiolar, 2-3 x 1 mm; an altitude flowers unisexual, pale of 900 m); green; fruit a capsule 2- also found 3 cm across, seeds in masny globose, ovoid. other parts of India. 669 Inula cuspidata Asteraceae Poshkar. Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, Clarke. 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Plants of District Solan , Himachal Pradesh, India', International Journal of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 95. 670 Jacaranda Bignoniacea Jacaranda Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, mimosifolia e 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Linn. Plants of District Solan , Himachal Pradesh, India', International Journal of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 95. 671 Jasminum Oleaceae Chameli Found in Shrub large, sometimes Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, grandiflorum North West scandent; branches 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Linn. Himalaya striate, glabrous, green; Plants of District Solan , Himachal upto leaves opposite, 5-12 Pradesh, India', International Journal altitudes of cm long, petiolate; of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 500-1500 flowers fragrant, in lax 95. m. axillary or terminal Flora of Pakistan: cymes, the stalks of http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as later flowers exceeding px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=210000862 the first or central ones; pedicels up to 3 cm long; 672 Jasminum Oleaceae Peeli Found in Shrub erect, 1-2 m tall, Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, humile Linn. Chameli Himalayas deciduous or evergreen, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild upto glabrous; branches Plants of District Solan , Himachal altitudes of green, angular; leaves Pradesh, India', International Journal 1000-3000 alternate, variable in of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- m. size, 2-10 cm long; 95. flowers in terminal Flora of Pakistan: corymbose cymes; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as pedicels 5-15 mm long; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200017782 fruti a berry, simple or didymous, globular- ellipsoid 673 Lepidium Brassicacea Hallon Annual herbs, to 50 cm Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, sativum Linn. e high; stems erect, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild unbranched, glabrous; Plants of District Solan , Himachal basal leaves long- Pradesh, India', International Journal petioled, irregularly of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- pinnatifid, drying early; 95. cauline ones sessile, India Biodiversity Portal: pinnate; flowers white, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in elongating racemes; how/230206 pedicels cylindric; fruits broadly elliptic to suborbicular, narrowly winged; seeds ovoid, about 3 x 1.5 mm; cotyledons incumbent, deeply 3-fid. 674 Litsea Lauraceae Chandna, Dioecious trees, to 10 Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, glutinosa Singrau. m high, bark 2-2.5 cm 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild (Lour.) thick, surface brown; Plants of District Solan , Himachal Robins. branchlets rather Pradesh, India', International Journal slender, stiff, minutely of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- tomentellous towards 95. apex; leaves simple, India Biodiversity Portal: pilose when young; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s lamina 6-23.5 x 3-10 how/230244?pos= cm, elliptic, elliptic- oblong; flowers unisexual, 5-6 mm across, yellow, in many flowered umbels; Fruit a berry, 5-6 mm across, depressed, globose, purple, on flat disc. 675 Malvastrum Malvaceae Kharenti Found upto Herbs to 50 cm tall; Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, coromandelian an altitude stem with appressed 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild um (Linn.) of 500 m. stellate hairs; leaves 2-8 Plants of District Solan , Himachal Garcke x 1-3 cm, ovate or Pradesh, India', International Journal lanceolate; flowers of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- axillary, solitary, often 95. clustered; pedicels India Biodiversity Portal: slender, 5-8 mm long; https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s schizocarps 5-6 mm how/246456?pos= Flora of China: diam., enclosed within http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as the calyx; mericarps 10 px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200013749 -12, 3-4 x 3-4 mm; seeds about 1 mm in diam. 601 Tribulus Zygophylla Burra-gokhur N.-W. Young leaves Prostrate silky herbs; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. terrestris Linn. ceae Himalayas and stems are leaves opposite, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the upto an eaten; seeds imparipinnate; leaflets Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitude of are used as opposite, 4-5 pairs, 1.5 New Delhi, India. 3450 m at food in times x 0.7 cm, oblong; India Biodiversity Portal: Leh in of scarcity, flowers axillary, 1 or 2, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Ladakh. being ground golden yellow; fruit 1 how/33318 to powder and cm across, globose, 5- made into angled. bread. 677 Nicotiana Solanaceae Tambaku Throughout Herbs viscid, annual or Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, tabacum Linn. India: short-lived perennial, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Assam, 0.7-2 m tall, glandular Plants of District Solan , Himachal Gujarat, hairy overall; leaves Pradesh, India', International Journal Meghalaya. decurrent, winging of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- stems; leaf blade ovate 95. to elliptic or lanceolate; Flora of China: inflorescences many- efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id= flowered, much- 2&taxon_id=200020550 branched panicles; capsules ellipsoid or ovoid; seeds brown, rounded, about 0.5 mm in diam. 602 Trichodesma Baraginacea Chhotakulph Throughout Fruits and Annual herb with Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, indicum (L.) R. e a India: leaves are said spreading and 'Edible wild plant resources of Br. Chamba, to be edible. pubescent branches; Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Kangra, hairs dimorphic; shorter of Himachal Pradesh, India', Kinnaur, ones thin, appressed, International Journal of Botany Mandi, upto 0.3 mm long; Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Shimla, longer ones stiff, upto Flora of Pakistan: Una; upto 0.6 mm long with http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as an al;titude smaller bases; leaves px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242426025 of 200 m. oblanceolate to lanceolate; inflorescence terminal, lax, few-flowered, flowers mauve to pinkish blue or lilac; nutlets 4-5 mm long, ovoid, smooth, white to bluish. 603 Triumfetta Tiliaceae Chikti, Himalayas Tender leaves Perennial herb or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. bartremia Jhinjira from are eaten. undershrub, 0.3-1.8 m (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. Jammu high; leaves ovate to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, eatwards cordate; flowers yellow, New Delhi, India. to Assam in dense clusters; and Naga capsule 5-6 mm in Hills upto diam., covered with an altitude hooked bristles. of 1500 m. 604 Turpinia Staphyleace Nagpat Himalayas Fruit is edible. Trees, 8(-15) m tall, or Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. pomifera ae from Nepal shrubs; branches gray, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Roxb.) DC. to Sikkim at glabrous, nodes Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, altitudes of swollen; leaves odd- New Delhi, India. 600-2100 pinnate, 15-50 cm; Flora of China: m, in W. stipules 2, borne http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Bengal, between petioles of two px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200012884 Kachar and opposite leaves; flowers Khasi Hills white and borne in of Assam; terminal panicles; fruit also found orbicular, purplish- in Bihar and black. Orissa and in S. India. 681 Parthenium Asteraceae Congress Found upto Herbs, annual, 30-120 Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, hysterophorus grass an altitudes cm tall; leaves ovate to 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild Linn. of 1500 m. elliptic, 3-18 × 1-5 cm; Plants of District Solan , Himachal Synflorescences of Pradesh, India', International Journal open panicles, capitula of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- obscurely radiate; Fruit 95. achenes obovoid, 1.5- Flora of China: 3.5 mm. http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024340 682 Peristrophe Acanthacea Gajar ghas Found upto Erect to spreading, upto Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, bicalyculata e an altitude 1 m tall hairy herb with 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild (Retz.) Nees of 600 m. sharply 4-6-angled Plants of District Solan , Himachal stems; leaves on 1-1.7 Pradesh, India', International Journal cm long petioles; of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- lamina ovate-elliptic to 95. lanceolate; flowers Flora of Pakistan: pedicellate, pink or http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as purple, in a terminal or px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=25008429 axillary lax panicle of cymes;

605 Typha Typhaceae Hathighas, Himalayas Tender shoots Grass like plant, 1.5-3 Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. angustata Kundar from are eaten m high with an (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Bory & Chaub Jammu & cooked; underground branching Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to rhizome eaten stem about 6 cm in New Delhi, India. Manipur cooked as girth, having minute India Biodiversity Portal: upto an vegetable; suppressed scale- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s altitude of inflorescence leaves; leaves ribbon- how/231402 1500 m in is also edible like, spongy; flowers Kashmir; as flour-like minute, in cylindric dixtributed pollen is made spikes, bright greyish- in many into chapattis. brown in colour; fruit parts of very minute, seeds with India. striate testa. 606 Urginea indica Liliaceae Jangli piyaz Western Leaves are said Bulbous, scapigerous Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, (Roxb.) Kunth. Himalaya to be edible. herbs; bulbs tunicated, 'Edible wild plant resources of up to 2000 3.5-6 x 2.5-6.5 cm, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts m; Bihar, globose-conical; leaves of Himachal Pradesh, India', Konkan, radical with sheathing International Journal of Botany Coromandal base, 13-25 x 0.6-2.5 Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. coast cm, linear, lanceolate or India Biodiversity Portal: Bilaspur, lorate; scapes 17-45 cm https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Hamripur, tall, erect, purpish how/243959 Kangra, brown, 4-15-flowered, Mandi, flowers 0.8-1.2 cm Sirmaur, long; capsules 10-20 x Solan 5-10 mm, brownish yellow; seeds 4-10 in each cell.

607 Urtica Urticaceae Stokpo- W. Tibet at Young leaves Undershrub, dioecious, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. hyperborea tsodma altitudes of are said to be 15-45 cm high, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Jacq. ex Wedd. 3600-5250 eaten. sparingly covered with Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, m and in E. stinging hairs; leaves New Delhi, India. Tibet north ovate or broadly Flora of Pakistan: of Sikkim at ovatesubrotundate; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 4500-6250 flowers greenish- px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242353594 m. purple, borne in axillary panicle of cymes; fruit achenes, oblong-ovate, 1-seeded. 608 Uvaria Annonaceae Bagh-ranga Sibsagar Ripe fruits are Large scandent shrubs Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. cordata Wall. and eaten. about usually growing (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the ex Alston possilby 5-7 m long, but Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, elsewhere sometimes reaching 15- New Delhi, India. in Assam. 18 m long; branches, India Biodiversity Portal: shoots and petioles, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s rusty brown tomentose how/268096 when young; leaves elliptic-oblong or obovate-elliptic; flowers bisexual, clustered or few flowered, extra axillary or terminal, purplish maroon; ripe fruit (carpels), ellipsoid or linear oblong monocarps, seeds about 8 in 2 rows, ovoid

609 Vaccinium Vacciniacea Charu W. Bengal, Ripe fruits are Shrub 4.5 m high with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. serratum e E. eaten in curries swollen base, often (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wight Himalayas and are epiphytic and nestling Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, (Sikkim and acidulous. on trees and rocks; New Delhi, India. Bhutan), leaves lanceolate, Khasi and crowded at branch Jantia Hills ends; flowers greenish- (Assam) white, scented; fruit a and in Naga berry, orbicular, white Hills at or yellowish, many altitudes seeded. of900-2400 m. 688 Salix Salicaceae Biyunsh Found upto Deciduous dioecious Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, tetrasperma an altitude trees, to 25 m high, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild of 1800 m. bark 10-12 thick, pale Plants of District Solan , Himachal brown, rough, vertically Pradesh, India', International Journal fissured; blaze red; of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- young branches silky 95. pubescent; leaves ovate, India Biodiversity Portal: lanceolate or ovate- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s lanceolate; flowers how/261494?pos= Flora of China: unisexual, in axillary http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as catkins, to 6 cm long, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006055 minutely silky villous; fruit a capsule, 4 mm, 2-4 valved; seeds 1-4, oblong, with long deciduous hairs.

689 Scutellaria Lamiaceae Maidah Found in Perennial, scrambling, Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, repens Ham. Nepal and suffruticose herb; stems 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild throughout up to 1.5 m, ascending, Plants of District Solan , Himachal India. quadrangular; leaves Pradesh, India', International Journal oblong-ovate, petiole 2- of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 10 mm long; 95. inflorescence lax, Flora of Pakistan: axillary, flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as secund, in axils of px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242425413 upper, bract-like leaves, pedicels 2-4 mm, erect or spreading-erect; nutlets smooth; black, covered with white adpressed hairs, 1.2 x 0.8 mm. 610 Vallaris Apocynacea Chmari-ki- Tropical Seeds edible. Bark smooth, Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, solanacea eee vel, Ramsar Himalaya yellowish-white 'Edible wild plant resources of (Roth.) O. Grows in covered with grey Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Kuntze. Karnataka, lenticlse; stem with of Himachal Pradesh, India', Kangra, milky latex; leaves 5-12 International Journal of Botany Mandi, x 2.5 cm, elliptic Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Sirmaur , oblong lanceolate; Flora of Pakistan: Una infloresence axillary of http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 3-many flowered lax px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200018489 cyme; peduncle short, flower white, fragrant; Fruit somewhat beaked, 10-15 x 3-5 cm.

691 Sisymbrium Brassicacea Kuchila Found upto Herbs annual, 20-60 cm Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, irio Linn. e an altitude tall; stems erect, 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild of 1700 m. branched below and Plants of District Solan , Himachal above, glabrous or Pradesh, India', International Journal sparsely pubescent at of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- least basally; leaves 95. oblanceolate to oblong; Flora of China: fruiting pedicels http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as divaricate or ascending, px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200009679 slender, much narrower than fruit,7-12 mm; fruit narrowly linear, slender, terete, 3-4 cm × 0.9-1.1 mm; seeds oblong, 0.8-1 × 0.5-0.6 mm, inserted in depressions of septum. 611 Vernonia Asteraceae Dandotpala, Throughout Young leaves Annuals or perennial Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. cinera (Linn.) Sadodi India upto are sometimes herbs,15-75 cm high; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Less. an altitude eaten. stem ribbed, smooth or Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, of 2400 m puberulus; leaves New Delhi, India. in broadly elliptic to India Biodiversity Portal: Himalayas lanceolate; petiole 1-2 https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s and in cm long; flowers how/262967 Khasi Hills pinkidh-violet, borne in (Assam). terminal corymbose cymes, peduncled; achenes 1.5 mm long, hairy; seed cylindric.

693 Tagetes erecta Asteraceae Genda Annuals, 10-120 cm; Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, Linn. leaf blades 30-120 mm 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild overall; capitula Plants of District Solan , Himachal solitary; peduncles 30- Pradesh, India', International Journal 100 mm; involucres 10- of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- 22+ × 5-12 mm; 95. phyllaries 5-8; achenes Flora of China: 6-11 mm; pappus of 0-2 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as subulate-aristate scales px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200024576 6-12 mm and 2-4 distinct or connate, linear-oblong, erose scales 2-6 mm. 612 Viburnum Caprifoliace Bara-asare Central and Fruit is edible. Shrub or small tree; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. cordifolium ae Eastern leaves ovate or elliptic, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Wall. ex DC. Himalayas serrate margin; flowers Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, from white, scented, borne in New Delhi, India. Kumaon to repeatedly branched Bhutan at clusters; fruit oblong, atlitudes of red, 1-seeded. 2700- 3600 m. 613 Viburnum Caprifoliace Soh-lang Khasi Hills Fruit is edible. A straggling shrub up to Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. corylifolium ae (Assam) at 10 ft; branchlets and (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f. & altitudes of inflorescence rufous- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Thoms. 1500-1800 hirsute; young New Delhi, India. m. branchlets densely India Biodiversity Portal: hairy; leaves opposite, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s ovate or elliptic 3-8 x 2- how/266787 6 cm across; inflorescence multiparous umbel like cyme; flowers about 2 mm across; fruit drupe, red when ripe, seed flat, shallowly grooved. 696 Aconitum Ranunculac Patish Biennial with 2 tubers; Kaur, I., Sharma, S., Lal, S., 2011, heterophyllum eae stem l5-90 cm high, 'Ethnobotanical Servay of Medicinal Wallich simple or with a few Plants Used For Different Diseases ex Royle branches in the lower in Mandi District of Himachal part, glabrous with a Pradesh', International Journal of few very short crispate Research in Pharmacy and hairs above; leaves Chemistry,1(4), 1167-1171. orbicular-cordate to Flora of Pakistan: ovate-cordate; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as inflorescence a loose px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242420118 raceme, rarely subpaniculate; follicles straight, 16-18 mm, glabrescent or glabrous; seeds obpyramidate, 3- 4 mm long with almost winged angles. 697 Ajuga Lamiaceae Neel-kanthi Herbs perennial, erect, Kaur, I., Sharma, S., Lal, S., 2011, bracteosa stoloniferous; stems 'Ethnobotanical Servay of Medicinal Wallich ex branched from base, 10- Plants Used For Different Diseases Benth 30 cm tall, gray villous in Mandi District of Himachal or lanate-villous Pradesh', International Journal of especially on young Research in Pharmacy and parts; leaves spatulate Chemistry,1(4), 1167-1171. to oblanceolate or Flora of China: obovate to subcircular; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as basal verticillasters px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200019466 widely spaced, apical verticillasters in dense spikes; nutlets oblong to oblong-obovoid, adaxially swollen at middle, areole to 2/3 or more as long as adaxial side of nutlet. 698 Artemisia Asteraceae Charmara Found upto Herbs, annual or Kaur, I., Sharma, S., Lal, S., 2011, sieversiana an altitude biennial, 50-150 cm 'Ethnobotanical Servay of Medicinal Willd. 4200 m. tall, gray pubescent or Plants Used For Different Diseases glabrescent; leaves in Mandi District of Himachal ovate or ovate-orbicular Pradesh', International Journal of to elliptic-lanceolate or Research in Pharmacy and lanceolate; Chemistry,1(4), 1167-1171. synflorescence long, Flora of China: narrow panicles to 10- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 30 × 5-10 cm; fruit px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023334 achenes, oblong. 699 Centratherum Asteraceae Kaalijiri Kaur, I., Sharma, S., Lal, S., 2011, anthelminticu 'Ethnobotanical Servay of Medicinal m (Wild.) Plants Used For Different Diseases Kunze in Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh', International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Chemistry,1(4), 1167-1171. 614 Viburnum Caprifoliace Thaline Himalaya Fruits edible. Deciduous precocious Chauhan, PP., Nigam, A., Santvan grandiflorum ae from Swat shrub, 2-3 m tall with K, V., 2016, 'Ethnobotanical study of Wallich ex. eastward to stiff stout branches; wild fruits in Pabbar Valley, District DC Bhutan, S. winter buds protected Shimla, Himachal Pradesh', Journal Tibet upto by scales; leaves 5-12 x of Medicinal Plants Studies; 4(2): altitudes of 2.5-6 cm, elliptic, 216-220. 1500-3000 oblong; flowers in Flora of Pakistan: m. terminal sessile http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as corymbs. Bracts px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200022458 variable in size, hairy; fruit a drupe about 1 cm long, ellipsoid, compressed, black when ripe; seed sigh grooved on one side. 701 Carissa Apocynacea Jungli Found in Shrubs or small trees to Sharma, IP., Kanta, C., Semwal, SC., spinarum Linn. e Karonda Himalayas 5 m tall; spines simple Goswami, N.,2017, 'Wild Fruits of upto an or forked, 1.2-6 cm; Uttarakhand (India): Ethnobotanical altitude of leaves ovate to elliptic, and Medicinal Uses', International 6000 m. chartaceous; Journal of Complementary & inflorescence cymes, Alternative Medicine, 8(3), 1-8. terminal or axillary, 3- Flora of China: 7-flowered; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200018364 Flora of Pakistan: http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250077072

615 Viburnum Caprifoliace Tirnoi, Himalayas Fruit is edible. Shrubs or small trees, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. nervosum D. ae Amrola from deciduous, to 5 m tall; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Don Kashmir to bark gray-brownish; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Sikkim and leaves ovate to broadly New Delhi, India. in N. ovate, rarely oblong- Flora of China: Bengal at ovate; flowers http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as altitudes of appearing with leaves; px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200022487 2700-3900 inflorescence a m. compound umbel-like cyme; fruit initially turning yellow, then red, pyrenes compressed, oblong. 616 Viburnum Adoxaceae Found upto Ripe fruits Deciduous shrub, Sharma, IP., Kanta, C., Semwal, SC., opulus Linn. altitudes of eaten raw or branches and stem Goswami, N.,2017, 'Wild Fruits of 1000-2200 cooked; used smooth, glabrous and Uttarakhand (India): Ethnobotanical m. as substitue for angled, young buds and Medicinal Uses', International cranberry protected by scales; Journal of Complementary & while making bark dark gray, thin or Alternative Medicine, 8(3), 1-8. jellies. thick; branchlets green- Flora of Pakistan: brownish or reddish; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as leaves palmately, green px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200022493 when young, orbicular- Flora of China; ovate to broadly ovate http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as or obovate, 6-12 × 5-10 px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200022493 cm; flowers appearing after leaves; inflorescence a compound umbel-like cyme, terminal, 5-12 cm in diam.; rays whorled; fruit initially yellow, maturing red, suborbicular; pyrenes compressed, subglobose, 7-9 mm in diam. 617 Vicia hirsuta Fabaceae Choti Kaer Throughout Aerial parts Trailing or climbing Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, (L.) Koch India. cooked as annual herb, stem 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild vegetable; pubescent to Plants of District Solan , Himachal seeds also glabrescent; leaf Pradesh, India', International Journal eaten. paripinnately of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- compound, leaflets 6- 95. 20, 4-15 mm long, 1.5- Flora of Pakistan: 3 mm broad; http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as inflorescence a 2-7- px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200012356 flowered, axillary, peduncled raceme, peduncle up to 4 cm long; fruit 6-11 mm long, 2.5-4 mm broad, pubescent to subglabrous, 1-2- seeded. 618 Vigna pilosa Ericaceae Jhikrai, Tropical E. Seeds are Slender climber; leaves Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. (Roxb. ex DC.) Malkonia Himalayas; cooked like compound with 3 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Baker also in Dal and eaten. leaflets, ovate-lanceate; Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Bengal, flowers reddish or pale New Delhi, India. Orissa and purple; borne in India Biodiversity Portal: W. Ghats. racemes, short- https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s peduncled; pods how/263405 straight or slightly curved; seeds 8-12, reniform. 619 Viola serpens Violaceae Banapsha Found Flowers eaten Prostrate herbs, rooting Sharma, M., Sood, S.K. 2013, Wall. throughout as such and at nodes; leaves 'Ethnobotanical Survey for wild India. also for alternate, ovate to Plants of District Solan , Himachal flavouring tea. deltoid, about 1.5-8 x 1- Pradesh, India', International Journal 6 cm across; flowers of Environmental Biology, 3(3), 87- solitary, white; pedicels 95. to 10 cm, hairy; fruit Indai Biodiversity Portal: capsule, tri-valved, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s ellipsoid-oblong, how/262260 glabrous, about 0.5-1 cm across; seeds many, ovoid-subglobose. 620 Vitis heyneana vitaceae Purain, Asoja Himalayas Fruit is edible; A polygamo-dioecious Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Roem. & at atlitudes roots are also climber; branchlets (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Schult of 300-2100 eaten; stem terete, with longitudinal Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, m; in Khasi yields watery ridges, gray or brown New Delhi, India. Hills at sap which can lanate; tendrils Flora of China: 1200-1800 be drunk. bifurcate; leaves http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as m and in simple, broadly ovate or px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=250077065 Manipur. often cordate; panicle leaf-opposed, 4-14 cm, flowers green or yellowish-green; Berry purple-black; seeds obovoid.

621 Vitis parvifolia vitaceae Barain W. Fruits are A trailing climber, with Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. Roxb. Himalayas regularly eaten smooth stem and (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the from and are sweet branches, old branches Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Kashmir to and delicately somewhat woody; bark New Delhi, India. Nepal at flavoured dark brown, peeling off Flora of Pakistan: altitudes of when ripe. in strips, tendril simple, http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as 600-2100 glabrous, bifurcate; px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242354920 m. leaves 4-8 x 3-6 cm, simple, cordate, ovate; inflorescence a thyrs, 2- 3.5 cm long, flowers green, scented'; berry black, globose 5-7 mm in diameter, 2-4 seeded. 622 Wallichia Arecaceae Katong Found in Pith is edible. A palm 3-6 m high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. distichia T. Sikkim leaves 2.4-3 m long; (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the anders Himalayas flower in unisexual Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, upto an branched inflorescence; New Delhi, India. altitude of fruit reddish, ovoid, 1- 600 m and seeded. in Makum forasts in Assam. 623 Withania Solanaceae Punir Drier parts Fruits are Suffructicose shrub, 60- Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., 2017, somnifera of India edible. 90 cm tall; branches 'Edible wild plant resources of Dunal Bilaspur, ascending; shoots Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts Chamba stellate-tomentose; of Himachal Pradesh, India', (Dalhousie), leaves 4-13 x 2-9 cm, International Journal of Botany Kangra elliptic-ovate to broadly Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. (Nurpur), ovate; flowers sessile to Flora of Pakistan: Sirmaur subsessile, greenish- http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as (Nahan), yellow, in axillary px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200020616 Solan, Una clusters of 2-5; fruit a berry globose, 6-8 mm broad, red. Seeds sub pyriform to reniform. 624 Woodfordia Lythraceae Dhavi, Throughout Flowers are Deciduous shrubs to 3 Sharma, A., Santvan,VK., Sharma, fruticosa Kurz. Gulbaha India; eaten; young m tall with spreading P. & Chandel, S. (2014), 'Studies on Bilaspur, shoot also stems; leaves Traditional Knowledge of Chamba edible. subsessile, 4-11 x 2-4 Ethnomedicinal Plants in (Dalhousie), cm, ovate-lanceolate or Jawalamukhi, Himachal Pradesh, Hamripur, lanceolate; flowers India', International Research Journal Kangra crimson, slightly of Biological Sciences, 3(10), 6-12. (Nurpur), zygomorphic, in 2-16- India Biodiversity Portal: Kinnaur, flowered axillary https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Mandi cymes; capsule 0.6-1 x how/228521 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, (Nachan, 0.25-0.4 cm, ellipsoid, MK., 2017, 'Edible wild plant Suket), Seeds numerous, resources of Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Sirmaur trigonous-ovoid. Una districts of Himachal Pradesh, (Nahan, India', International Journal of Rajgarh), Botany Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. Solan(Kuni har) ,Una 625 Wrightia Apocynacea Dharauli Himalayas Leaves are A small tree, branches Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. tomentosa eee from eaten as tomentose when young, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Roem. & Jammu to vegetable. glabrous-puberulous Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Schukt. Sikkim upto when mature; leaves New Delhi, India. an altitude 7.5-15 x 3-7 cm, elliptic Flora of China: of 1200 m obovate; flowers white http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as and in turning yellow, c. 2.5 px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200018498 Assam. cm across, with unpleasant odour; fruit 15-18 x 1.25 cm, cylindric; seeds slender, beaked. 626 Xanthium Asteraceae Chhota- Throughout Tender shoots Annual, 45-90 cm high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. strumarium gokharu India in and flowering leaves simple or 3-5 (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Linn. waste tops are said to lobed, triangular to Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, places and be eaten ovate; flowers tubular, New Delhi, India. near cooked. borne in terminal or India Biodiversity Portal: habitation axillary clusters, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s upto an capitula monoecious; how/266687 altitude of fruit an achene, 1800 m in enlarged. the Himalayas. 627 Zizania Poaceae Found in Thickened Perennial, rhizomatous; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. latifolia Logtak lake, culm-bases culms erect, 1–2.5 m, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Griseb.) Manipur. (stems) are about 1 cm thick, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Turcz. ex Stapf said to be rooting at lower nodes, New Delhi, India. eaten as nodes glabrous; leaf Flora of China: vegetable; sheaths longer than http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Grain is also internodes, narrowly px?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242355686 edible. lanceolate; inflorescence panicle 30–50 × 10–15 cm; grain cylindric, 1-2 cm long.

628 Ziziphus Rhamnacea Bon-boguri W. Bengal, Ripe fruit is Climbing shrub eith Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. apetala e Sikkim said to be rust-coloured silky hairs (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Hook.f. Himalayas eaten. on the shoots; spines Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, and in Assa, recurved, solitary at leaf New Delhi, India. from Dirju bases; leaves ovate or in N. narrowly so; flowers 6 Lakhimpur mm across, hairy to Pabhoi in inside; fruit Darrang. compressed, 1-celled. 629 Ziziphus Rhamnacea Ingsu-dompo Northern Ripe fruit is Climbing shrubs; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. funiculosa e W. Bengal eaten. branchlets strigose, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Buch.-Hem. ex upto an alternate, internodes Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Laws altitude of about 1-2.5 cm long; New Delhi, India. 900 m spines solitary or in India Biodiversity Portal: especially pairs, about 0.2-0.3 cm https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in Tisa long, fulvous tomentose how/251065 valley; at base; leaves simple, NEFA and alternate; petioles about in Assam in 0.3-0.4 cm long; Lakhimpur, inflorescences in Sibsagar, axillary fascicles, 5-10- Kachar and flowered; flowers Khasi Hills. sessile; drupes about 0.6-0.8 cm long, obovate; seeds 2, about 0.4 x 0.3 cm, black 630 Ziziphus Rhamnacea Baer, Boroi Ascending Fruit is eaten; Trees, to 10 m high; Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. mauritiana e in the outer seeds kernal is bark dark grey or nearly (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Lamk. Himalayas also edible. black, with deep Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, upto an vertical cracks, reddish New Delhi, India. altitude of and fibrous inside; India Biodiversity Portal: 1800 m and branchlets; leaves https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s in Garo, oblong or ovate; how/31992 Sharma, P., Agnihotry, Khasi and flowers greenish or A., Sharma, PP., Sharma, L., 2013, N. kachar yellowish-green, in 'Wild edibles of Murari Devi and Hills of axillary dense clusters; surrounding areas in Mandi district assam upto fruit a drupe, orbicular of Himachal Pradesh, India', 600 m. to elliptic. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 5(9), 580-592. 631 Ziziphus Rhamnacea Makai, Jujubi Sub- The sweet or Climbing shrub often Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. oenoplia e Himalayan somewhat bushy; spines solitary (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the (Linn.) Mill. tract and the acidic fruit is or in pairs, mostly Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Siwaliks in commonly recurved; leaves 4-6.5 x New Delhi, India. Punjab and eaten. 2-3 cm, ovate; flowers India Biodiversity Portal: U.P. And in 3 mm across, shortly https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s Assam upto pedicelled, 6-20 in how/32385 Bhardwaj, J., Seth, MK., an altitude axillary clusters; fruit a 2017, 'Edible wild plant resources of of 600 m. drupe 6 x 6 mm, Bilaspur, Hamirpur and Una districts globose, black. of Himachal Pradesh, India', International Journal of Botany Studies, 2 (6), 09-17. 632 Ziziphus Rhamnacea Beri, Amlai Himalayas Fruit is eaten A small almost Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. oxyphylla e from Indus and is tastes glabrous, tree or shrub, (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Edgew. to Ganga- in like . stipular spines slender, Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Jammu & unequal, smaller New Delhi, India. Kashmir slightly recurved, larger Flora of Pakistan: state, one straight about 1.5 http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.as Punjab, mm long; leaves 2.5-6 px?flora_id=5&taxon_id=250075389 Himachal cm x 1.5-3 cm, ovate to Sharma, P., Agnihotry, A., Sharma, Pradesh and lanceolate; cymes PP., Sharma, L., 2013, 'Wild edibles U.P. at glabrous axillary, of Murari Devi and surrounding atltiudes of fascicled, many- areas in Mandi district of Himachal 300-2100 flowered; fruit fleshy Pradesh, India', International Journal m. ovoid 8-10 mm long, of Biodiversity and Conservation, orange-black when ripe, 5(9), 580-592. 1-celled, 1 seeded. 633 Ziziphus Rhamnacea Bon-hoguri N.-W. Ripe fruits are Scandent shrubs, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. rugosa Lamk. e Himalayas eaten. thorns, recurved; leaves (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the and sub- 9-12 x 4-7 cm, ovate- Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Himalayan orbicular; flowers 6-20 New Delhi, India. tract upto an together; subsessile, 5 India Biodiversity Portal: altitude of mm across; fruit a https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 900 m from drupe to 1.3 cm, how/31928 Yamuna globose, white, eastwards; glabrous. in northern W. Bengal and Assam upto 600 m. 634 Ziziphus Rhamnacea Kath-ber, Sub- Seed kernals Trees, to 12 m high, Badhwar, R. L., & Fernandez, R. R. xylopyra e Beri Himalayan are eaten, bark thin, brownish- (2011). Edible Wild Plants of the Willd. tract and tastes like nuts. grey, exfoliating in Himalayas. Daya Publishing House, Siwaliks small scales; branchlets New Delhi, India. upto an tomentose, sparsely India Biodiversity Portal: altitude of armed; leaves simple, https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/s 1200 m alternate, stipulate; how/31935 from Sutlej petiole 5-12 mm; eastwrads to flowers bisexual, in Nepal. axillary cymes, greenish-yellow, pubescent; Fruit a drupe, 1.5-2.5 cm across, seeds 3.