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Economic Botany Volume 61(1) Economic Vol Contents Economic Botany Volume 61(1) Economic Vol. 61 No. 1 Research Articles 1 Declaration of Kaua‘i Spring 2007 Peter Raven, Sir Ghillean Prance, and others 3 The Rattan Trade of Northern Myanmar: Species, Supplies, Botany and Sustainability Charles M. Peters, Andrew Henderson, U Myint Maung, U Saw Lwin, U Tin Maung Ohn, U Kyaw Lwin, and U Tun Shaung Devoted to Past, Present, and Future Uses of Plants by People 14 A Potential Antioxidant Resource: Endophytic Fungi from Medicinal Plants Wu-Yang Huang, Yi-Zhong Cai, Jie Xing, Harold Corke, and Mei Sun Agrobiodiversity Change in a Saharan Desert Oasis, 31 ECONOMIC BOTANY • 61, Vol. no. 1, pp. 1–108 • Spring 2007 1919–2006: Historic Shifts in Tasiwit (Berber) and Bedouin Crop Inventories of Siwa, Egypt Gary Paul Nabhan 44 Allozymic, Morphological, Phenological, Linguistic, Plant Use, and Nutritional Data of Benincasa hispida (Cucurbitaceae) Kendrick L. Marr, Yong-Mei Xia, and Nirmal K. Bhattarai 60 Describing Maize (Zea mays L.) Landrace Persistence in the Bajío of Mexico: A Survey of 1940s and 1950s Collection Locations K. J. Chambers, S. B. Brush, M. N. Grote, and P. Gepts 73 Ethnobotany and Effects of Harvesting on the Population Ecology of Syngonanthus nitens (Bong.) Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae), a NTFP from Jalapão Region, Central Brazil Isabel Belloni Schmidt, Isabel Benedetti Figueiredo, and Aldicir Scariot 86 One Hundred Years of Echinacea angustifolia Harvest in the Smoky Hills of Kansas, USA Dana M. Price and Kelly Kindscher Notes on Economic 96 Changes in Size Preference of Illegally Extracted Heart of Palm Plants from Euterpe precatoria (Arecaceae) in Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica Gerardo Avalos Departments 99 Book Reviews Gung Aung’s elephant Aung Bu carries rattan (the elusive Plectocomia as- samica Griff.) out of a forest in northern Myanmar, beginning its journey through a global market. See the article by Charles Peters et al. on page 3. Published for The Society for Economic Botany by The New York Botanical Garden Press Issued 30 March 2007 31371_U00.qxd 3/15/07 10:48 AM Page i Contents Economic Botany Volume 61 (1) Research Articles 1 Declaration of Kaua‘i Peter Raven, Sir Ghillean Prance, and others 3 The Rattan Trade of Northern Myanmar: Species, Supplies, and Sustainability Charles M. Peters, Andrew Henderson, U Myint Maung, U Saw Lwin, U Tin Maung Ohn, U Kyaw Lwin, and U Tun Shaung 14 A Potential Antioxidant Resource: Endophytic Fungi from Medicinal Plants Wu-Yang Huang, Yi-Zhong Cai, Jie Xing, Harold Corke, and Mei Sun 31 Agrobiodiversity Change in a Saharan Desert Oasis, 1919–2006: Historic Shifts in Tasiwit (Berber) and Bedouin Crop Inventories of Siwa, Egypt Gary Paul Nabhan 44 Allozymic, Morphological, Phenological, Linguistic, Plant Use, and Nutritional Data of Benincasa hispida (Cucurbitaceae) Kendrick L. Marr, Yong-Mei Xia, and Nirmal K. Bhattarai 60 Describing Maize (Zea mays L.) Landrace Persistence in the Bajío of Mexico: A Survey of 1940s and 1950s Collection Locations K. J. Chambers, S. B. Brush, M. N. Grote, and P. Gepts 73 Ethnobotany and Effects of Harvesting on the Population Ecology of Syngonanthus nitens (Bong.) Ruhland (Eriocaulaceae), a NTFP from Jalapão Region, Central Brazil Isabel Belloni Schmidt, Isabel Benedetti Figueiredo, and Aldicir Scariot 86 One Hundred Years of Echinacea angustifolia Harvest in the Smoky Hills of Kansas, USA Dana M. Price and Kelly Kindscher Notes on Economic 96 Changes in Size Preference of Illegally Extracted Heart of Palm Plants from Euterpe precatoria (Arecaceae) in Braulio Carrillo National Park, Costa Rica Gerardo Avalos Departments 99 Book Reviews 31371_U02.qxd 3/15/07 10:51 AM Page 3 The Rattan Trade of Northern Myanmar: Species, Supplies, and Sustainability1 Charles M. Peters2,*, Andrew Henderson3, U Myint Maung4, U Saw Lwin5, U Tin Maung Ohn6, U Kyaw Lwin7, and U Tun Shaung8 2 Kate E. Tode Curator of Botany, Institute of Economic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 3 Curator, Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 4 Park Warden, Myanmar Forest Department, Hukaung Tiger Reserve, Tanai, Kachin State, Myanmar 5 Myanmar Horticulturist Association, Yangon, Myanmar 6 Associate Professor, Department of Botany, University of Yangon, Yangon, Myanmar 7 Assistant Lecturer, Kalay University, Kalay, Sagaing Division, Myanmar 8 Media Assistant, Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Program, Yangon, Myanmar * Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] The Rattan Trade of Northern Myanmar: Species, Supplies, and Sustainability. Although Myanmar exports millions of dollars of rattan cane each year, the last systematic treatment of rattans in this country was done over 100 years ago, and virtually nothing has been writ- ten about the collection and trade of this important forest resource. Here we report the re- sults from a study of rattans in the Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve in northern Myanmar. A total of 15 species of rattan were encountered; seven species are new records for Myanmar and two species are new to science. Inventory transects revealed that the density of com- mercial rattans in local forests averages 40.5 canes ≥ 4 m long/hectare. Populations of all species appear to be actively regenerating. The current pattern of rattan exploitation, how- ever, is largely uncontrolled and will eventually lead to resource depletion unless some form of management is implemented. Key Words: Myanmar, Hukaung Valley, rattan, sustainable harvesting, non-timber forest products. Rattans are spiny climbing palms native to the Of special interest in this regard is Myanmar. Old World tropics. The long flexible stem, or Unlike many neighboring countries where the cane, from these palms forms the basis of a thriv- local rattans are relatively well-studied, e.g., Lao ing international industry, currently worth about PDR (Evans et al. 2001; Evans et al. 2002), 6.5 billion dollars a year (ITTO 1997). Most of China (Pei et al. 1991; Yin and Zeng 1997), the cane entering world trade originates from Thailand (Hodel 1998), and India (Renuka Southeast Asia, and is collected, with few excep- 1992, 1995; Basu 1992), the last systematic treat- tions, from wild populations. Although Indonesia ment of rattans in Myanmar was done over 130 and Malaysia are the largest commercial produc- years ago (Kurz 1874). A review of major ers of rattan (Manokaran 1990), several other herbaria throughout the world reveals only 63 countries in the region export millions of dollars rattan specimens from Myanmar (Henderson and worth of rattan each year (INBAR 2004). Peters, unpublished). This lack of information is especially noteworthy given that Myanmar con- tains over half of all the remaining forest in main- 1 Received 29 September 2006; accepted 26 Novem- land Southeast Asia (FAO 1997). ber 2006. What we are presented with in Myanmar is a Economic Botany, 61(1), 2007, pp. 3–13. © 2007, by The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 U.S.A. 31371_U02.qxd 3/15/07 10:51 AM Page 4 4 ECONOMIC BOTANY [VOL. 61 96° 97° Myanmar India Namyun 27° 1 2 3 4 5 Shimbweyeng 6 7 8 Tar o n g 9 Makaw Tanaing Kachin State HukuangHukuang TigerTiger ReserveReserve 10 26° Warazug Sagaing Division Myitkyina China Namti Fig. 1. Location of the Hukaung Tiger Reserve in northern Myanmar. Ledo Road is shown as bold line. Tri- angles represent rattan inventory sites. vast expanse of forest that contains an undefined Road (bold line shown in Fig. 1), a 765 km quantity of an extremely valuable plant resource jungle track built by the Allies at the end of about which virtually nothing is known. As a first World War II to move supplies between India step to remedy this situation, a systematic survey and China. The road was largely abandoned after of rattans was conducted in the Hukaung Valley the war, many of the bridges washed out, and it is Tiger Reserve of northern Myanmar in early currently passable only from November to March 2005. The objective of the survey was to docu- during the dry season. ment the diversity and abundance of rattans The Ledo Road served as the main axis of the within the reserve, to assess the local rattan trade, rattan survey. As is shown in Fig. 1, the survey and to describe the structure, regeneration status, team started at Namyun in the northeastern cor- and potential for sustainable management of wild ner of the reserve and proceeded south toward rattan populations. Tanaing, making base camps every 10–15 km at different elevations and substrates to collect rat- Survey Route and Methods tans and conduct ecological fieldwork. At each The Hukaung Valley Tiger Reserve (HKVTR) site, the local rattans were sampled quantitatively is located in Kachin State and the Sagaing Divi- using 10 m wide transects composed of contigu- sion of northwestern Myanmar near the border ous 10 × 20 m sample plots. All rattan species in with India (Fig. 1). The reserve, which comprises each plot were identified, measured for height, a large lowland plain and the foothills of the and recorded. If it was not possible to determine Patkai and Kumon mountain ranges to the the taxonomic identity of a rattan in the field, a northwest and southeast, respectively, extends temporary morpho-species name was assigned. over 21,000 km2 of evergreen forest. It is the For ceaspitose or clumped species, the height of largest tiger reserve, and one of the largest tracts the clump was recorded and the number of indi- of protected forest, in the world. The main access vidual stems counted on a subsample of plants. to the Hukaung Valley is provided by the Ledo Replicate herbarium specimens were collected 31371_U02.qxd 3/15/07 10:51 AM Page 5 2007] PETERS ET AL.: THE RATTAN TRADE OF MYANMAR 5 for each new rattan species encountered with lands of the Myeik Archipelago in the flowers or fruit, both in and out of the transect Tanintharyi Division, the Ponnyadaung Range in plots.
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