Dear readers Welcome to the 30th issue of produce . The oil is not We continue to feature APANews! This issue includes several only rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and developments in interesting articles on recent potassium, but can also be and training through the developments in agroforestry. We converted into industrial biodiesel. SEANAFE News. Articles in this issue also have several contributions This article is indeed timely as recent of SEANAFE News discuss about presenting findings of agroforestry research efforts are focusing on projects on landscape agroforestry, research. alternative sources of fuel and and marketing of agroforestry energy. products. There are also updates on Two articles discuss non- its Research Fellowship Program and products in this issue. One article Another article presents the results reports from the national networks of features the findings of a research of a study that investigated the SEANAFE’s member countries. that explored various ways of storing physiological processes of rattan seeds to increase its viability. agroforestry systems in . The There are also information on The article also presents a study focused on photosynthesis and upcoming international conferences comprehensive overview of rattan other related growth parameters in agroforestry which you may be seed storage and propagation in that affect crop production under interested in attending. Websites Southeast . tree canopies. and new information sources are also featured to help you in your Another article discusses the In agroforestry promotion and various agroforestry activities. potential of integrating Burma development, the impacts of a five- in various farming systems year grassroots-oriented project on Thank you very much to all the in India. As we all know, bamboo a people’s organization are contributors, and we eagerly look culms are very much in demand as presented in an article from the forward to more of your interesting raw materials for furniture, , . The results of the impact articles! – The Editors incense sticks, and many other evaluation affirmed agroforestry’s products. The article discusses the potential for increasing incomes of results of a study that integrates farmers, and at the same time Burma bamboo with ginger in terms optimizing land use. More of constraints, prospects, and importantly, the article discusses financial benefits. how the project was able to empower the people’s organization There is also an interesting article to become self-sufficient and at the discussing the potential of a biofuel- same time provide relevant based agroforestry system. The agroforestry extension services to article discusses the potential of others. integrating Jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) in agroforestry systems to

DISCLAIMER. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO and SEANAFE concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication are those of the contributing authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the editor(s) of FAO and SEANAFE.

OUR ADDRESS. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, ; Website: http://www.fao.org and http://www.fao.org/world/regional/rap; E-mail [email protected]; SEANAFE c/o World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)- Regional office, PO Box 61, Bogor 16001, ; Website: http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/networks/Seanafe/Index.asp; E-mail [email protected]

PRODUCTION. Patrick B. Durst, Kenichi Shono, and Wilfredo M. Carandang (Editorial Consultants); Leah P. Arboleda (Editor); Rowena D. Cabahug (Editorial Assistant); Perseveranda G. Tubig and Reinelen M. Reyes (Production Assistants)

COVER PHOTO. Mr. Agustin Calanao applied his learnings in agroforestry on his three-hectare farm in Barangay Nazuni, Dingle, Iloilo, Philippines, implementing various agroforestry systems. (Swietenia macrophylla), gmelina (Gmelina arborea), (Cocos nucifera) and several were planted along contours with pineapple, , vegetables and other cash crops in the alleys. Mr. Calanao learned the practice of agroforestry from a training conducted by the FAO-Technical Support for Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (TSARRD) in the 1980s. (Photo courtesy of the UPLB Institute of Agroforestry)

PRINTER. Thammada Press Co. Ltd., 86 Soi 501/1 Charansanitwong Road, Bangplad, Bangkok 10700 Thailand

APANews No. 30 z July 2007 1 agroforestry research

Exploring the possibility of biofuel-based agroforestry R.S. Dhillon ([email protected]) and Nikhil Singh ([email protected])

India has a huge requirement for fuel. Non-renewable fossil fuels are thus being exploited at an alarming rate to meet this demand. The country’s domestic supply can only fulfill 22% of the country’s total fuel demand. Inevitably, the shortfall is met by imported fuel. of Jatropha Potentials of bio-fuel (Jatropha curcas L.) A potential alternative to petro- based fuels is the biofuel. It can be sustainable, renewable and ecofriendly, and may substitute for fossil fuel in the future.

Growing biofuel crops in an agroforestry system can bring various benefits. At present, India has about 175 M ha of wastelands which are in need of rehabilitation. These lands can potentially be Raising Jatropha planted with trees/ that bear in the nursery. oil seeds. Vegetable oil derived from these plants is similar to that of palms and animal fat, and can be for integration in agroforestry was established in another block. used to produce industrial biodiesel. systems, especially when agroforestry The Jatropha-based agroforestry When refined, the oil can be is used to rehabilitate wastelands. was planted with raya (Brassica blended with petro-based diesel to juncea) in the winter season, and 20% of the volume. Biofuel-based agroforestry mungbean (Vigna radiata) during the rainy season. One such example is Jatropha Recognizing the potential of (Jatropha curcas L.). It is a that Jatropha, a study was conducted in Results showed marginal differences reaches 5-6m high, with spreading Hisar, India in September 2003 to in the growth of Jatropha between branches and stubby twigs. It starts develop a Jatropha-based the two treatments. The majority of fruiting two to three years after agroforestry system. the Jatropha plants started transplanting. It bears seeds flowering and fruiting a year after continuously for 50 years. Hisar is an arid area with an average planting. This is in contrast with annual rainfall of 350-400 mm, earlier reports that Jatropha starts Jatropha occurring mostly (70-80%) during July flowering and fruiting three years to September. Aside from these after being transplanted. In northern The seeds of Jatropha contain 30- adverse climatic conditions, the soils India, flowering in Jatropha occurs 40% oil. It is rich in nitrogen, in Hisar are highly saline and have twice a year - during March-June phosphorous, and potassium. Aside low fertility. and September-December. from the oil, Jatropha produces high litter fall, thus maintaining soil For the study, six-month old nursery- Jatropha is a monoecious plant that productivity and promoting nutrient raised Jatropha plants were has separate male and female recycling. Jatropha also has hard transplanted in two blocks at flowers within the same stems, grows rapidly, is drought- spacings of 5m X 3m. Monocropping inflorescence. Thus, honeybees, , tolerant, and can be easily of Jatropha was done in one block, thrips, butterflies, and flies are while Jatropha-based agroforestry propagated. This is a suitable crop Continued on page 4

2 July 2007 z APANews No. 30 agroforestry research

Exploring the possibility... Continued from page 3 needed for cross-pollination. Annual flowering crops may be planted between Jatropha plants in an agroforestry system to attract insects needed to ensure cross- pollination. This will help maximaize Jatropha-based the fruit yield of Jatropha. The fruits agroforestry system. of Jatropha turn yellow as a sign of maturity 2-4 months after flowering.

In the study, the average seed yield obtained during the first year was 198 kg/ha. This is expected to increase up to 10,000 kg/ha when Jatropha plants reach 6-7 years old.

In India, Jatropha seeds cost 5-10 Rs/ kg, depending on their quality. Thus, Jatropha in boundary a farmer can earn extra income from . integrating Jatropha in his agroforestry farm. agronomic/silvicultural practices for The authors work at the Department of cultivating Jatropha. There is thus a , CCS Agricultural At present, Jatropha cultivation is dire need to standardize such University, Hisar-125004, India. still a new concept in India. Most practices, and at the same time Indian farmers are venturing into this continuously explore the integration for the first time, and they are still of other biofuel crops in agroforestry unaware of the appropriate systems.

commercial of rattan Studying rattan seed since the 1970s. Rattan plantations in begin to mature in four germination and storage to five years and become ready for harvesting after 10 years in Southeast Asia and (Manokaran, 1984). The Royal Forest Department of Thailand maintains Northern Thailand 1,000 ha of rattan plantations (Vongkualong, 2002). Rick Burnette ([email protected]) and Bob Morikawa ([email protected]) Experiments with Rattan is a very diverse plant group important nonwood rattan and rubber in peninsular in the palm family. Best known for its (NWFP) in a number of Southeast Malaysia showed that some species use in furniture construction, rattan Asian countries. Because of this, the such as C. manan, C. scipionum, and can also be used in making baskets, natural population of rattan has C. palustris were suitable for mats and , and consumed as been decreasing in many forest intercropping (Ali and Raja Barizan, food and medicine. In Vietnam, areas. 2001). These studies showed that 4-7- rattan is used in constructing year-old rubber trees are best for bicycles (Nguyen and Ngo, 1996). Rattan in Southeast Asia intercropping with C. manna. The cane harvest should also be timed Although various species have been Planting of rattan. Cultivating rattan to coincide with plantation introduced in South and Central to reduce the harvesting of wild replacement. Low branching America, rattan is most abundant in rattan is being tried in a number of varieties of rubber are best suited Southeast Asia and . It is countries, including Malaysia and for the climbing rattan. considered an economically Thailand. Malaysia has had

APANews No. 30 z July 2007 3 agroforestry research

Meanwhile, other plants, such as oil rattan for its edible shoots has been kept cool and moist until processing. palm and bamboo, are also being promoted by the Royal Forest studied as possible intercrops with Department since 1991. This practice Processing and planting should take rattan in Malaysia. was brought to Lao PDR in 1994 and place as soon as possible. The has spread quickly (Evans and removal of the pericarp and In the Philippines, NGOs have Sengdala, 2002). In this system, rattan sarcotesta, the fleshy pulp around promoted small-scale agroforestry grown under full sunlight was more the seed, helps increase with rattan and perennial crops. productive. germination rates in most species Rattan seeds are broadcasted and (Ahmad and Hamzah, 1984; Bora et later transplanted into proper Propagation of rattan in Southeast al., 2000; Evans and Sengdala, 2003; spacing. Private companies in the Asia. Nursery protocols for rattan Mohd et al., 1994; Singh et al., 1989). Philippines have likewise established propagation have been established In Thailand, C. perigrinus showed 91% commercial plantations, but have in several countries. The timing of germination in 12-35 days with the experienced problems with seed collection is important since sarcotesta removed (Vongkualong, poaching (Baja-Lapis, 1996). immature seeds show low rates of 1984). germination. Once the seeds are Farmers in Kalimantan, Indonesia, mature, their scales should separate A number of techniques have been have been practicing a swidden easily and the inner seed coat should developed to remove the pericarp form of rattan intercropping with be dark (Dransfield, 1996). In and sarcotesta. These include upland rice and other components northeast India, mature seeds have beating or stepping on the seeds to since the mid-9th century. The been reported to appear yellowish break the pericarp, rubbing the harvest of rattan begins 7-8 years white with ruptured scales (Bora et seeds between gunny sacks or on a after establishment, and peaks at al., 2000). They also show wire mesh to remove the around 25 years. In recent years, accumulated thorns, inflorescence sarcotesta, pre-soaking the seeds competition from commercial oil branches, and pericarp fragments on for 24-48 hours, or using a blender palm and pulp plantations has the ground as a result of animal with the blades taped or covered. threatened this form of rattan feeding (Ahmad and Hamzah, 1984). Removal of the hilar cover also farming. In some cases, this The pulp of mature fruits in some helps increase germination rates competition had led to armed species is sweet (Seethalakshmi, (Evans and Sengdala, 2003). conflicts (Belcher, 2001). 1989). Seed processing should be done In , Indonesia, Bora et al. (2000) recommend the carefully, especially if the hilar zollingeri has been successfully collection of seeds from plants that cover is removed, to avoid intercropped with coffee and are at least 6-m tall. Alloysius (1996) damaging the seeds and thereby cacao. Nursery-raised seedlings noted that seed collected in resulting in lower rates of showed a better survival rate(96%) plantations from the first flowering germination. Soaking the processed than cuttings (61%) after 20 months. showed lower quality and reduced seeds in cold water for seven days Plants with greater sun exposure on germination. Collected seeds should can increase germination rates well-drained soils demonstrated immediately be packed in bags that (Evans and Sengdala, 2003). better performance (Siebert, 2000). allow aeration but can also be kept Seethalakshmi (1989) recommends The amount of light required for moist. Temperature during transport soaking the processed seeds for 48 optimal growth varies by species at should not exceed 28°C (Mohd et al., hours to induce fermentation, and 30-80% (Yin et al., 2000). 1994). Upon arrival at the nursery site, then discarding the seeds that float. the seeds should be spread out and Treating C. latifolius with heat at In Thailand, small-scale cultivation of 40°C for 48 hours also increased germination. The cleaned seeds should be treated with fungicide before sowing (Mohd et al., 1994).

Processed seeds should be sown in raised beds or boxes, or on trays until germination takes place, before being transplanted Continued on page 6

The pericarp and sarcotesta of rattan seeds Rattan seeds are washed, treated with are removed using mortar and pestle. fungicide, and placed in plastic screen.

4 July 2007 z APANews No. 30 agroforestry research

Studying rattan nursery for more than a year (Ahmad rattan found in Thailand, mostly from seed... and Hamzah, 1984). the genus Calamus (Vongkualong, 2002). A one-hectare plot in the Continued from page 5 Some rattan species can also be Khao Chong National Park to polybags (Mohd et al., 1994). propagated from suckers or rhizomes contained 11 different rattan Large seeds should be sown at 2cm x (Yusoff and Manokaran, 1984). species with a total stem length of 4cm spacing with the seed pore Harvested suckers should be kept to over 2,300 m. Most of these were pointed upwards to hasten a length of 20-25 cm (Haridisan, being used to make furniture (Bogh, germination (Ahmad and Hamzah, 1996). Although Haridisan reported 1996). The most common species 1984; Mohd et al., 1994). Smaller little success with stem cuttings, were Calamus peregrinus and C. seeds can be broadcasted. Siebert (2000) reported 61% survival rudentum, with an annual growth of with cuttings of C. zollingeri. Suckers 1.24 m/year and 1.42 m/year, Nursery beds should consist of a should be harvested at the respectively. sand:soil mix (1:4 or 1:3). Sown seeds beginning of the rainy season and should be covered with 3cm of treated with rooting hormone The most economically important sawdust and watered regularly before planting (Seethalakshmi, rattan species in Thailand are (Ahmad and Hamzah, 1984). Farmers 1989). C. longisetus, C. rudentum, in northeast India sow C. erectus in C. peregrinus, C. caesius, C. manan, nursery beds, covered with a 5cm It is best to plant rattan seeds and C. wailong (Vongkualong, 2002). layer of mixed sand and manure, and immediately after harvest. They Rattan furniture manufactured in dry grass (Haridisan, 1996). For C. should not be allowed to dry as Thailand is considered to be of high manan and C. caesius, germination seeds kept under dry conditions only quality in many markets. However, should take place in 2-3 weeks. maintain viability for two weeks, forest law prevents the harvesting of When seedlings are 2-3-cm tall, they compared to two months under wild rattan. Hence, a considerable should be transplanted to polybags. moist conditions (Bora et al., 2000). amount is imported from other Seedlings should not remain in the countries such as Indonesia, Studies have shown that seeds of Myanmar, Lao PDR and China. C. simplicifolius stored in wet sand at 5-8°C had a 70% germination rate The rattan species found in northern after three months (Yin, 2000). Thailand are distinct from those Seeds of margaritae found in the southern portion. Their stored in a medium of crushed use as a traditional food source is coconut shells, with moisture kept at significant (Anderson, 1993). The 55-65% and sealed in a plastic bag disappearance of rattan from (with a plastic tube to maintain northern Thailand has forced hilltribe aeration) at 15°C, were able to people to go to Myanmar to harvest maintain a germination rate of rattan. 64-71% after six months (Yin and Xu, 2000). In another study, cleaned and Studying rattan seed storage. fungicide-treated C. tenuis seeds To find a way for extending the Rattan seeds are placed in a plastic tub stored over water inside a sealed storage of viable rattan seeds, the over water at room temperature. container at room temperature Upland Holistic Development maintained their viability for one Project (UHDP), with technical year. The box was opened support from Floresta International, periodically to maintain aeration conducted a rattan seed storage (Kundu and trial at the UHDP Agroforestry and Chanda, Small Farm Resource Center in Mae 2001). Ai, Thailand in 2006.

Rattan in Approximately 500 seeds of Thailand Calamus wailong were soaked in water for a week. The water was There are changed daily. The pericarp and over 80 sarcotesta were then removed using species of a mortar and pestle. The seeds were rinsed with water and rubbed on a Storage containers are #4 screen to remove any residual sealed to maintain the Storage containers are periodically opened sarcotesta. The seeds were then humidity of the rattan seeds. to allow aeration of the rattan seeds. placed in a breathable plastic

APANews No. 30 z July 2007 5 agroforestry research screen, and then in a sealed plastic can be maintained even after Rattan seeds tub over water at room prolonged storage. germinating temperature. after six Additional work needs to be done in months in Likewise, approximately 500 seeds of the following areas: storage. Daemonorops jenkinsiana were Studying the storage viability of treated in the same way. All the all five indigenous rattans that seeds were then treated with are often used in the agroforestry fungicide (Solaxyl) to inhibit mold programs of UHDP. This will growth (which has started on the determine if all species can be seeds of C. wailong). Fungicide was stored for longer periods. applied as dry powder. The seeds Future studies can determine if were then placed in a breathable commercial fungicides are plastic screen, and then in a sealed needed to store rattan seeds. plastic tub over water at room Studies may also be conducted temperature. The sealed container to determine how long rattan was opened periodically, and the seeds can be stored without seeds were removed temporarily to spoilage. Mr. Rick Burnette can be allow aeration. contacted at the Uplands Holistic 2000. Sustainable management of -India, International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun Development Project (UHDP), P.O.Box The storage method of 43, Fang, Chiang Mai 50110 Thailand. Burnette R. 2005. Agroforestry options for small upland farms of the Golden Triangle. Upland Holistic Daemonorops jenkinsiana was Mr. Bob Morikawa can be contacted at Development Project, Mai Ai, Thailand. similar to a method done in China Floresta USA, 4903 Morena Blvd, Suite which allowed the seeds to be 1215, San Diego, California 92117, Dransfield J. 1996. The rattan taxonomy and ecology. from Rao, A.N. and V. Ramanatha Rao, 1997. Rattan- viable for up to a year. USA. Taxonomy, Ecology, , Conservation, Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology. Proceedings of Training Course cum Workshops, 14–26 April References Study Results 1996, , . IPGRI-APO and INBAR, Serdang, Malaysia. Ahmad DH, Hamzah A. 1984. Nursery techniques for Calamus manan and C. caesius at the Forest Research The storage practices for the rattan Evans TD, Sengdala K. 2002. The adoption of rattan Institute nursery, Kepong, Malaysia. from Wong KM, cultivation for edible shoot production in Lao PDR seeds were maintained for seven Manokaran N. (editors). Proceedings of the rattan and Thailand—from non-timber forest product to months. The containers were opened seminar. Oct. 2-4, 1984. Malaysia. Rattan Information cash crop. Economic Botany 56(2):147-153. periodically (a few times monthly) Centre. http://www.inbar.int/publication/txt/ INBAR_PR_04.htm with the seeds being aerated for Haridasan K. 1996. The silvicultural scenario of canes in North Eastern India with reference to Ali ARM, Raja Barizan RS. 2001. Intercropping rattan more than a few minutes at a time. Arunachal Pradesh. from Rao, A.N. and V. Ramanatha with rubber and other crops. . vol 52. Rao, 1997. Rattan-Taxonomy, Ecology, Silviculture, http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/ Conservation, Genetic Improvement and //docrep/003/x9923e/x9923e00.htm After a month, the rattan seeds were Biotechnology. Proceedings of Training Course cum Workshops, 14–26 April 1996, Sarawak, Sabah. examined each month to determine Alloysius D. 1996. Reproductive biology of rattans. IPGRI-APO and INBAR, Serdang, Malaysia the degree of viability. During this from Rao, A.N. and V. Ramanatha Rao, 1997. Rattan- Taxonomy, Ecology, Silviculture, Conservation, Genetic time, had begun to emerge Kundu M, Chanda S. 2001. Preliminary studies on Improvement and Biotechnology. Proceedings of desiccation and storage of Calamus tenuis Roxb. seed. from a large number of seeds. Six Training Course cum Workshops, 14–26 April 1996, in Newsletter project on handling and storage of Sarawak, Sabah. IPGRI-APO and INBAR, Serdang, months after, at least 75% of the recalcitrant and intermediate tree Malaysia. Calamus wailong and Daemonorops seeds. (9):29-31 Anderson EF. 1993. Plants and people of the Golden jenkinsiana seeds had emerging Kew Royal Botanic Gardens. 2005. Rattan. http:// Triangle: Ethnobotany of the Hill Tribes of Northern www.rbgkew.org.uk/ksheets/rattan.html roots. Thus, the study demonstrated Thailand. Dioscorides Press. the following: Manokaran N. 1984. Biological and ecological considerations pertinent to the silviculture of rattans. Baja-Lapis A. 1996. Philippine rattan resources, The viability of rattan seeds of C. from Wong KM, Manokaran N. (editors). Proceedings production and research. from Rao, A.N. and V. of the rattan seminar. Oct. 2-4, 1984. Malaysia. Rattan wailong and D. jenkinsiana could Ramanatha Rao, 1997. Rattan-Taxonomy, Ecology, Information Centre. http://www.inbar.int/publication/ Silviculture, Conservation, Genetic Improvement and be extended from the usual txt/INBAR_PR_04.htm Biotechnology. Proceedings of Training Course cum period of less than a month to at Workshops, 14–26 April 1996, Sarawak, Sabah. IPGRI- Mohd WRW, Dransfield J, Manokaran N. (editors). APO and INBAR, Serdang, Malaysia least several months. The 1994. Nursery techniques for rattan. International Network for Bamboo and Rattan. http://www.inbar.int/ germination rate at this duration Belcher B. 2001. Rattan cultivation and livelihoods: the publication/txt/INBAR_Technical_Report_No02.htm is over 75%. changing scene in Kalimantan. Unasylva. vol. 52. http:/ /www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/// Prolonged storage greatly Nguyen TT, Ngo TMD. 1996. Silviculture and extends the viability of these docrep/003/x9923e/x9923e00.htm utilization of rattans in Vietnam. from Rao, A.N. and V. Ramanatha Rao, 1997. Rattan-Taxonomy, Ecology, species, which is useful when Bogh A. 1996. Abundance and growth of rattans in Silviculture, Conservation, Genetic Improvement and shipping rattan seeds. Khao Chong National Park, Thailand. Biotechnology. Proceedings of Training Course cum and Management. 84:71-80. Workshops, 14–26 April 1996, Sarawak, Sabah. Seeds of these rattan species IPGRI-APO and INBAR, Serdang, Malaysia need not be immediately sown Bora HR, Pathak KC, Rawat V. 2000. Cane (Rattan) after harvest, as their viability diversity of North East India and its sustainable utilization. from Arunachalam A, Khan ML. (editors). Continued on page 8

6 July 2007 z APANews No. 30 agroforestry research

Studying rattan seed... Potential of Burma bamboo Continued from page 7 for integration with various Seethalakshmi KK. 1989. Nursery and planting techniques for canes. Evergreen-Trichur. 22:3-5 farming systems in India Siebert SF. 2000. Survival and growth of rattan intercropped with coffee and cacao in the agroforests S.Viswanath ([email protected]) and Dhanya.B ([email protected]) of Indonesia. Agroforestry Systems. 50: 95-102.

Singh S, Ray BK, Gogoi S, Deka PC. 1999. Germination of rattan seeds in vivo and in vitro conditions. Coorg district in Karnataka state, bamboo an attractive species for Annals of Biology Ludhiana. 15(1):9-12. from CAB southern India, covers a land area of integration with various farming abstracts 1999. 4,104km2. It consists of 48% natural systems (e.g. ginger cultivation, Vongkualong I. 1984. A preliminary study of the forests and 32% private coffee sericulture, and others). germination and some ecological aspects of Calamus plantations. The rest are non- peregrinus in Thailand. from Wong KM, Manokaran N. (editors). Proceedings of the rattan seminar. Oct. 2-4, forested areas where paddy Studies of households in Coorg by 1984. Malaysia. Rattan Information Centre. http:// cultivation is the dominant land use. the Institute of Wood Science and www.inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_PR_04.htm Technology (IWST), Bangalore, Vongkualong I. 2002. Thai rattan in early 2000. from Recently, however, the production revealed that carefully managed Rattan: Current research issues and prospects for conservation and sustainable development. FAO. http:/ of paddy rice has been declining block plantations of D.brandisii may /www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=//// and yields are no longer sustainable. be a viable alternative in docrep/003/y2783e/y2783e16.htm Moreover, the conversion of paddy abandoned paddy fields because it Yin GT. 2000. Cultivation methods for Calaumus fields to monocropping of ginger requires very low financial inputs. simplicifolius. from Xu HC, Rao AN, Zeng BS, Yin GT (Zingiber officinalis) and lack of labor Most of the costs are incurred in its (editors). Research on Rattans in China-Conservation, cultivation, distribution, ecology, growth, phenology, availability have adversely affected initial establishment and protection, silviculture, systematic anatomy and tissue culture. the income of communities. and almost no costs are incurred IPGRI-APO, Serdang, Malaysia. http:// www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/HTMLPublications/ during maintenance, except for the 576/ch14.htm#Cultivation%20methods%20for%20 To address these issues, the annual marking and harvesting of Calamus%20simplicifolius possibility of integrating culms. Yin GT, Xu HC. 2000. Suitable storage conditions for Dendrocalamus brandisii (Burma seeds of Daemonorops margaritae. from Xu HC, Rao bamboo) as part of an agroforestry Assuming 278 plants per hectare AN, Zeng BS, Yin GT (editors). Research on Rattans in China-Conservation, cultivation, distribution, ecology, system is being explored. planted at 6m x 6m spacing, culms growth, phenology, silviculture, systematic anatomy can be harvested at the rate of 2 and tissue culture. IPGRI-APO, Serdang, Malaysia. http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/ The potential of Burma bamboo culms/clump in the third year to 10 HTMLPublications/576/ culms/clump from the 8th to the 40th ch09.htm#Suitable%20storage% Burma bamboo has been grown by year. Each culm can fetch up to 20conditions%20for%20seeds%20of%20 Daemonorops%20margaritae enterprising farmers since being US$1.14-1.25 (at US1$ = 44 Indian introduced to Coorg in 1915. The rupees) in the market at current Yin GT, Xu HC, Zhang WL, Fu JG, Zeng BS. 2000. Cultivation of rattan species. in H.C. Xu, A.N. Rao, B.S. culms of Burma bamboo are smooth prices. Zeng and G.T. Yin (editors) . Research on Rattans in and around 25m tall with a diameter China, Conservation, cultivation, distribution, ecology, growth, phenology, silviculture, systematic anatomy of 13-30cm. The walls are 1.7 to 3cm Ginger cultivation is currently the and tissue culture. IPGRI-APO, Serdang, Malaysia. thick, with an internodal length of preferred land use in unutilized 30-60cm. Its straight growth and paddy fields in Coorg, even though it Yusoff AM, Manokaran N. 1984. Seed and vegetative propagation of rattans. from Wong KM, Manokaran N. thornless nature, unlike the other entails high labor and financial (editors). Proceedings of the rattan seminar. Oct. 2-4, local bamboo species such as inputs. Drastic fluctuations in ginger 1984. Malaysia. Rattan Information Centre. http:// www.inbar.int/publication/txt/INBAR_PR_04.htm Bambusa bambos, makes Burma prices (US$6-57/kg) and incidences

A 30-year-old unharvested clump of Burma bamboo (Dendrocalamus brandisii) with more than a thousand culms.

APANews No. 30 z July 2007 7 agroforestry research of soft rot disease in water-logged can also reduce the costs of ginger cuttings resulted in 90% success in conditions often make the cultivation. An example is the cost rooting, which was much higher monocropping of ginger an incurred in mulching. Mulching compared to vertically planted unreliable enterprise. ginger can now be done using the rhizomatous branch cuttings in copious litter from the Burma propagation beds. A project is now Because it is a soil-exhaustive crop, . being implemented by the National ginger cannot be cultivated Mission on Bamboo Applications, continuously. Hence, a gap of five Intercropping of Burma bamboos New Delhi and the Vegetative years is needed between two with ginger, at 6m x 6m spacing, Continued on page 10 successive crops of ginger. This gap is maximizes the NPV. Increasing what the intercropping of ginger with bamboo spacing to 6m x10m to Burma bamboo hopes to dispose of. accommodate more intercropped Intercropping of the two crops can ginger rotations may not be as offer better returns due to multiple profitable as the wider spacing yields. However, the two crops need arrangement results in lower NPV to be managed properly to avoid and B/C values. competition. Constraints and prospects One concern that needs to be considered is the difficulty of Inadequate planting stock. Although intercropping in Burma bamboo studies have proven the financial plantations. The culms of Burma viability of D.brandisii cultivation as bamboo grow fast. Hence, they an attractive alternative for should be harvested regularly to unutilized paddy fields in Coorg, an promote good plantation inadequate supply of quality management. planting materials is considered a major constraint. If Burma bamboo is integrated with ginger in block plantations, a spacing To address this issue, IWST of 6m x 6m for Burma bamboo can be conducted preliminary trials used to establish four rows with 10 focusing on the selection of ginger beds in each row. It is possible candidate plus clumps (CPCs) of for ginger to flourish in between D.brandisii based on morphological bamboo rows in the initial year. and physical properties, and the However, light availability for ginger macropropagation of materials will be reduced as the bamboos from CPCs to produce quality grow. In this type of planting planting stock. configuration, one more crop Further macropropagation trials rotation of ginger comprising two that used offset culm cuttings, Harvesting, transport, and use of rows between the bamboo rows, is rhizomatous branch cuttings, and Burma bamboo as fence for ginger still possible in the fifth year. culm cuttings from CPCs revealed cultivation. that horizontally planted culm At a spacing of 6m x 10m for Burma bamboo, intercropping is possible for Table 1: Financial analysis of different farming systems in a hectare of upland longer periods, up to the 15th year. paddy field in Coorg district at different discount rates. Although the number of ginger bed Net present value (US$) Benefit-cost ratio Sl. No. Type of farming system rows may decrease progressively 10% 15% 10% 15% (from 6 rows in the first year to only Ginger + rice (sequential th 1 4968 3148 1.52 1.47 one row in the 15 year), benefit-cost intercropping analysis revealed that D.brandisii intercropped in ginger plantations is Burma bamboo (Block still viable (Table 1). 2 plantation at 6m x 6m 9232 4714 3.75 2.90 spacing)

The high Net present value (NPV) and Burma bamboo + Ginger Benefit-cost (B/C) ratio of Burma 3 (Block plantation at 6m x 6m 11307 6182 3.1 2.4 bamboo cultivation can be spacing) attributed to the low financial inputs Burma bamboo + Ginger needed and sustained yield. 4 (Block plantation at 6m x 8143 5144 2.71 2.27 Intercropping with Burma bamboo 10m spacing)

8 July 2007 z APANews No. 30 agroforestry research

Potential of Burma... These potentials can indeed provide the innovative programs of self-help Continued from page 9 incentives to farmers in Coorg to groups. plant Burma bamboos, especially if Propagation Centre (VPC) in linkages with the markets of Mysore, Policy restrictions. Aside from the Ponnampet, Coorg to produce adjoining Coorg, are established. lack of quality planting materials, 50,000 rooted cuttings every year to Mysore is one of the biggest markets the policies and regulations in meet the increasing demand for the for bamboo. Their bamboo supplies Karnataka are not conducive to Burma bamboo in Coorg. mainly come from the Northeastern bamboo farmers. Although bamboo part of India. If tapped, Coorg has been exempted from planting Value-added feature and additional farmers can have additional markets permits within Coorg, they are still markets. Other value-added for their bamboos. subject to restrictions and features of Burma bamboo can also transit permits. This constrains the help increase the income of farmers. processing. Another transportation of bamboos to and The morphological features of exciting prospect is the processing from markets, and the establishment D.brandisii culms make ideal raw of bamboo shoots. Bamboo shoots of linkages with new markets. materials for incense stick making. are consumed as shoot gratings, This is a popular with an shoot slices, and shoot pickles. Policy makers are just now realizing estimated market of 40,000-50,000 Bamboo shoot pickles is a traditional the need to modify existing state tons per annum. One culm of delicacy in Coorg. Nearly 10,000 laws regarding the harvest and D.brandisii used to make incense seedlings of Dendrocalamus asper, transportation of Burma bamboo sticks can provide a revenue of an edible species of bamboo, were which are cultivated on a large- about US$4.5. The local sale of a distributed to farmers during a scale. Policy changes can help single culm, meanwhile, can only meeting of entrepreneurs in Coorg in enhance the systematic fetch US$1.14-1.25. July 2006. commercialization of bamboo, ensure a proper supply of quality The shoots of Burma bamboo are planting materials, increase also edible. They are low in fat exposure to scientific management and good sources of soft . practices, promote value-added In fact, Burma bamboo is features, raise awareness of the listed among the top five economics of bamboo cultivation, edible species of bamboos in and encourge the establishment of the world. However, its food markets for bamboo within and value is not recognized in outside Coorg. The authors work at Coorg. This is the reason the Tree Improvement and Propagation bamboo shoot processing is Division, Institute of Wood Science and now being promoted through Technology, Malleswaram, Bangalore, India.

Different methods of vegetative propagation of Burma bamboo.

Automated incense stick making using Value-added products from Burma Burma bamboo. bamboo.

APANews No. 30 z July 2007 9 agroforestry research

Ecophysiology of crops grown under poplar tree W.S. Dhillon ([email protected]), H.V. Srinidhi ([email protected]) and Sanjeev K. Chauhan ([email protected])

In , India, farmers are Photosynthesis-related recognizing the potential of parameters affecting agroforestry in diversifying the intercropping practice of traditional agriculture to Fig. 1. Turmeric (Cucuma longa) grown ensure a stable income. A study was conducted to examine under poplar-pear combination. the photosynthesis- The introduction of short rotation related parameters exotic trees such as Populus affecting the deltoides, Eucalyptus tereticornis, intercropping of turmeric Leucaena leucocephala and Melia (Cucuma longa) and composita has encouraged farmers soybean (Glycine max) to venture into agroforestry. Even under the canopy of two- though the integration of timber year old poplar trees. trees does not contribute much to These poplar trees were the annual production, fruit trees, planted at 6m X 6m vegetables, flowers, medicinal spacing. plants and other high value crops can compensate for the needed During the month of May, regular income. turmeric and soybean were sown in between Tree-crop integration leads to the poplar trees. The plot complex interactions among the without poplar trees biophysical components such as served as control. The net Fig. 2. Microenvironmental parameters light, space, water and nutrients. In photosynthesis (Pn), PAR, Intercellular in open and shaded conditions. agroforestry, these key components CO2 (Ci), transpiration rate (E) and complement each other, thereby stomatal conductance (C) were contributing to the success of measured for 9 to 11 hrs every week. agroforestry systems. This lasted from 45 to 130 days after Light interception increased with sowing. Measurements were made time in proportion to canopy cover. Trees influence the various using a portable photosynthesis Results showed a minimum of 55% environmental factors that influence system (CID 340, CID Inc., USA). light interception at the time of the growth of plants, especially sowing, and a maximum of 70% after those grown under shade. Among Fifty fully expanded , in both 130 days of sowing. Reduced air these factors is Photosynthetically open and under the poplar tree temperature and increase in Active Radiation (PAR). PAR is canopy, were measured. relative humidity were also important as the radiant energy Measurements were not taken during recorded (Figure 2). captured by the plants is utilized in cloudy and rainy days. The Pn/E ratio photosynthesis, which in turn (water use efficiency) and Pn/ Ci ratio The relative PAR showed a determines production and (carboxylation efficiency) were also decreasing trend. This may be due yield. In agroforestry, PAR and calculated. to the increase in tree canopy temperature are reduced, while cover, and seasonal changes. humidity is increased. It is therefore The canopy of the poplar trees was Significant variations were critical to investigate the measured in terms of leaf area index. observed in the rates of physiological processes of The average leaf area index photosynthesis, transpiration, agroforestry systems, especially recorded was 0.40. The canopy of stomatal conductance, and those related to the photosynthesis poplar is shown in Figure 1. intercellular dioxide of plants grown under the canopy of concentration in both the crops in trees. open and under tree canopy. Continued on page 12

10 July 2007 z APANews No. 30 agroforestry promotion and development

Ecophysiology of Competition is expected in Recommendations crops... intercropping. This usually results Continued from page 11 from nutrient stress, which may is recommended to negate inhibit plant growth under tree the effect of tree canopies. Pruning canopies. Several studies have must be practiced to prevent The net rate of photosynthesis and reported that photosynthetic possible competition for light, transpiration was higher in open capacity is directly related to leaf nutrients, water, and others as the conditions than in the tree-crop nitrogen content. A reduction in trees become mature. interface. But the internal CO 2 nitrogen availability negatively content recorded higher values influences Rubisco enzyme activity. Future studies may focus on under shade. belowground competition for The leaf nitrogen content in turmeric nutrients, partition of water use In the open, the P /E ratio of n (1.32%) and soybean (2.54%) grown between trees and crops, and other turmeric, which indicates water use under the canopies of the poplar related areas. Long-term studies are efficiency, was higher (0.0042) than trees did not differ from that grown needed to assess the actual in the shade (0.0034). The in open conditions (1.41% for potential of growing crops under carboxylation efficiency (P /C ) of n i turmeric and 2.67% for soybean). tree canopies, including the turmeric, which indicates production identification of crops that perform potential, was also maximized However, crops grown under shaded well under such conditions. The (0.062) in open conditions. conditions gave lower yields as authors work at the Department of compared to those grown in open or Department of Agronomy, A similar trend was observed in the conditions. In the study, turmeric had Agrometeorology and Forestry, Punjab soybean crop. It obtained higher a 14% reduction in yield, and Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004 values for P /E and P /C at 0.0045 India. n n i soybean 17.6%. This indicates that and 0.058, respectively, in open PAR was indeed the major limiting conditions. Soybean grown under factor of crops grown under shaded shade resulted to 0.0031 P /E and n conditions. 0.033 Pn/Ci. .

Assessing photosynthesis efficiency

Photosynthesis efficiency is Evaluating the impacts of influenced by the sensitivity of the stomata to variations in the ASPECTS in Mindanao, environment, especially temperature and water availability. Philippines Under stress conditions, stomatal Richmund A. Palma ([email protected]) functioning appears to be a major limitation to CO2 influx, thereby reducing the level of photosynthetic The Agroforestry Support Program for Philippines, and the World production. In the present study, Empowering Communities Towards Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). there was no significant variation in Self–Reliance (ASPECTS) was the stomatal conductance in the initiated by the Institute of ASPECTS crops grown under poplar canopies Agroforestry, University of the and in open conditions. Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) and Ford ASPECTS aimed at developing a Foundation in 1998. The five-year grassroot-oriented extension model Furthermore, the strong correlation program was implemented in three that simultaneously addresses the sites – one each in Luzon, Visayas twin objectives of community (> 0.85) between internal CO2 content and net photosynthesis and Mindanao. empowerment and advancement of ruled out the possibility of stomatal agroforestry education. At the same limitation due to water stress. These In Mindanao, ASPECTS was time, it enabled the communities to results thus support the absence of implemented in Claveria, Misamis establish and maintain extension competition for moisture between Oriental. Project implementers in the services that facilitate linkages with poplar trees and intercrops, which Mindanao site were the Misamis adjoining communities, local may be due to their varied Oriental State College of Agriculture government units, and other sources depths. and Technology (MOSCAT), the of development assistance. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), local Among the 24 barangays in the government units, Landcare Municipality of Claveria, Barangay Sta. Cruz was identified as the

APANews No. 30 z July 2007 11 agroforestry promotion and development partner community. The activities of A study was conducted to determine Utilization of agroforestry practices. ASPECTS included the establishment the differences that have occurred SUGA members no longer practiced of a people’s organization in in the socioeconomic status of the but rather combine Barangay Sta. Cruz – the Sta. Cruz SUGA members. The evaluation was different crops in various Growers Association (SUGA). SUGA done in terms of improvements in agroforestry systems, while was identified as a partner in income, changes in the state of farm integrating other technologies. The implementing ASPECTS. development, and use of cultural agroforestry systems in practice and management practices in included alley cropping or contour Other activities included the agroforestry. The study also aimed at farming, the planting of natural training of selected potential farmer finding out the extent of vegetative strips (NVS), improved leaders of SUGA in UPLB, development of the Community- NVS, woodlots or tree plantations, implementation of onsite livelihood Managed Agroforestry Extension silvipasture (planting of trees trainings, and the establishment of a Services (CMAFES). combined with the raising of communal farm, farmer-training animals), protein bank, green center and a nursery demonstration CMAFES is the ultimate goal of manure, and aquasilviculture. farm. ASPECTS at the local level. It is the Aquasilviculture is the planting of realization of an extension service fruit trees adjacent to an inland Barangay Sta. Cruz and SUGA developed by the farmers fishpond. themselves to address their own The study was conducted in needs and that of the adjacent Extent of the CMAFES development . Barangay Sta. Cruz, which was communities. Part of this extension Within five years, ASPECTS was composed of 272 households with service was the implementation of successful in enabling SUGA to an average household size of six livelihood projects and outreach become a self-reliant and members. Twenty percent (20%) are programs, and establishment of sustainable organization. Through Higa-onons (indigenous cultural farmer-training centers, community ASPECTS’s various activities, SUGA communities), and the rest are nurseries, and demonstration farms was able to build its capacity, and Visayan migrants (65%), Ilocanos that emphasized the farmer-to- developed and implemented (10%) and Ilonggos (5%). The chief farmer approach. training programs for non-members. means of livelihood is farming. These training programs were Using complete enumeration, data conducted in the training hall that Barangay Sta. Cruz has an elevation were gathered through SUGA established, by the experts of 600 to 900 m asl. It has Jasaan questionnaires and interviews of 68 that they established links with. To clay soil, with low to moderate farmers who were all members of date, SUGA has offered training fertility, suitable to the cultivation SUGA. The questionnaires and programs on production, of agricultural crops and fruit- interviews focused on the impacts of agroforestry establishment, bearing trees. The climate is Type 2, ASPECTS on the members’ anthurium production, inland fish which is characterized by the socioeconomic development, and development, nursery absence of a distinct dry season and cultural and management practices establishment, and grafting. pronounced rainfall from November in agroforestry. The study also to January. determined the extent of SUGA’s In addition, the SUGA members CMAFES. The paired t-test was used became innovative farmers – As a partner of ASPECTS, SUGA was to analyze the data. developing and implementing registered at the Securities and agroforestry projects that combine Exchange Commission (SEC) in June Impacts on the lives plantation, banana 1998. It was established with an of the SUGA Members production, timber trees, inland fish, initial membership of 28 farmers. and swine production. They were Eventually, the membership Income of the SUGA members. The able to use the knowledge gained expanded to 68. study showed that the income of the from ASPECTS to source funds on farmers before the implementation their own. SUGA obtained an agreement with of the ASPECTS Program averaged DENR through the Community-Based US$196.00. After the implementation Moreover, SUGA members who Forestry Management (CBFM) of ASPECTS, their income improved were trained in developing project Program to manage of 395 ha of to US$391.00. The mean difference in proposals were able to come up forestlands. These lands are part of income before and after the project with projects that were given grants the Pugaan River Watershed Area. was US$125.00. This may be by the Provincial Agriculture and attributed to significant changes in Natural Resources Office, DENR, and Evaluating the impacts the state of farm development Continued on page 14 among the SUGA members.

12 July 2007 z APANews No. 30 agroforestry education and training

Evaluating the impacts... International symposium on Continued from page 13 farming systems design to local government units. These be held in Italy projects involved the establishment of anthurium, banana, fruit trees and The International symposium on Integrating genetics and timber tree plantations, and methodologies for integrated management in improved integration of soil and water analysis of farm production systems production systems; management technologies in is scheduled to be held 10-12 Production system sustainability agroforestry farms. September 2007, in Catania, Sicily, and externalities; Italy. Dubbed as Farming Systems Sustainability indicators at the Conclusions Design 2007, the symposium aims to farming systems level; provide opportunities to share Paddock/farm/catchment ASPECTS has indeed brought about knowledge across the disciplines model platforms; and positive changes in the that concern farming system Integrating mechanistic models socioeconomic status and technical analysis, design and ; and expert knowledge. capacity of SUGA members. The compare approaches being used/ Poster sessions will be held members have a better developed; and identify available concurrently in all sessions. The understanding of agroforestry and operational tools and future symposium will also produce a the use of agroforestry technologies, research needs. livelihood support, capacity proceedings that contains extended abstracts for each oral and poster building, and linkages. The members This symposium was organized presentation. At the same time, were transformed into innovative because of the growing interest in specific papers will be invited by the farmers, and SUGA has become a agricultural systems that serve scientific committee to be sustainable and self-reliant multiple purposes. organization. The author works at the submitted as full papers in special Misamis Oriental State College of issues of key journals (e.g. European Agriculture and Technology, Claveria, Sessions will focus on the following Journal of Agronomy, Agricultural Misamis Oriental, Philippines. themes, with their corresponding Systems, Environmental Modelling topics: and Software). References 1. Farm-regional scale design and This symposium is being organized by Institute of Agroforestry. 1998. Agroforestry Support improvement the European Society for Agronomy, Program for Empowering Communities Towards Self – the International Environmental Reliance (ASPECTS) in Sustainable Development of Biophysical and economic the Uplands Projects. Annual Report. University of Modelling and Software Society, the the Philippines Los Baños, College of Forestry and trade-offs in farming; American Society of Agronomy, and Natural Resources. Farm models and market the International Farming Systems interactions; Nagtalon, J.A., Sitoy, H. and L.B. Lagat. 2001. Association. It is being supported by Empowering Communities for Agroforestry: The Model-based intervention in ASPECTS Experience in Misamis Oriental State the Società Italiana di Agronomia, land management practice and College of Agriculture and Technology, Northern and the Agricultural Research Mindanao, Philippines. Paper presented during the policy; Council, Italy. Conservation Farming Movement, Inc. Annual Multipurpose farming systems; Conference held at SEARCA Auditorium, UP Los Baños College, Laguna on November 14-15, 2001. Risk assessment and trade-off analysis for integrated farming systems; and Adapting farms to an uncertain future climate. 2. Field-farm scale design and improvement sessions Novel productions systems (e.g. bio-energy) and systems for marginal areas; Agricultural management in future studies;

APANews No. 30 z July 2007 13 agroforestry education and training

4. Social and economic importance Multi-strata agroforestry of agroforestry products systems symposium slated This session will discuss experiences gained from diversifying farmers’ for September 2007 revenues, valuing medicinal and indigenous tree species, and Interested agroforestry practitioners Prepare recommendations for developing commodity value are invited to the Second future research priorities, and chains through producer-trader International Symposium on Multi- policies to facilitate the alliances and enhanced business Strata Agroforestry Systems with adoption of these perennial crop skills of farming communities. Perennial Crops, to be held at CATIE agroforestry systems from 17 to 21 September 2007, in Oral and poster presentations, and Turrialba, Costa Rica. plenary discussions will comprise the Sessions discussion of these sessions. With the theme, “Making ecosystem The symposium is organized into four services count for farmers, sessions: Emerging knowledge on agroforestry consumers and the environment,” practices and presentations on the the symposium aims to inspire 1. Field level socioeconomic, political and participants to intensify their efforts environmental aspects of tropical This session will focus on the impacts in developing and adopting agroforestry will also be discussed. of trees on the productivity and sustainable agroforestry practices processes (e.g. effects of shade The symposium will emphasize that focus on the integration of species on microclimate, soil, documentation and valuation of the trees and perennial crops (primarily underlying crop productivity and effects of agroforestry practices on coffee, cacao, oil palm, coconut, quality, and pests and diseases) of biodiversity conservation, fruit trees, tea and rubber). More agroforestry systems with perennial environmental services and importantly, the symposium will crops (especially cocoa, coffee, tea, economic sustainability. discuss strategies to successfully rubber, fruit trees, coconut and oil promote multi-strata agroforestry palm) For more information, contact systems in tropical areas, particularly Philippe Vaast, Correspondent of in areas considered as biodiversity 2. Landscape and regional levels CIRAD for Central America hotspots. ([email protected] or This session will discuss the [email protected]), John Beer, Objectives quantification and valuation of Director of the Department of Organized by the International Union environmental services of perennial Agriculture and Agroforestry of of Forestry Research Organizations crop agroforestry systems. These CATIE ([email protected]), Fergus (IUFRO), the symposium specifically include research methodologies for Sinclair, Senior Lecturer at the aims to: upscaling (pilot to the landscape University of Wales, Bangor and and regional levels), and reports on Editor-in-Chief of Agroforestry Document and synthesize the pilot implementation of projects with Systems ([email protected]), results of research and pilot local or international schemes that and Jean-Marc Boffa, senior projects that link sustainable reward farmers for environmental researcher at ICRAF management and services. ([email protected]). environmental services of tropical perennial crop 3. Scientific research agroforestry systems. These services include biodiversity Results from scientific research will conservation, water quality, be presented. Topics include the watershed protection, climate validity and feasibility of the change mitigation and technical guidelines (e.g. good adaptation, and soil and natural agricultural practices, including tree resources conservation. cover threshold levels), proposed Enhance cooperation between criteria and indicators to monitor all research institutions, and agroforestry products and services, governmental, non- and the economic implications of governmental, and private these guidelines, criteria and sectors involved in promoting indicators for producers and rural good agricultural practices in communities. agroforestry.

14 July 2007 z APANews No. 30 agroforestry education and training

develop when it comes to PAFERN conducts training of marketing. Insights and recommendations on the potential teachers and trainers on applications of the learnings to Philippine Agroforestry Tree Products marketing agroforestry tree (AFTPs) were also discussed. products Major outputs of the training were Isabelita M. Pabuayon ([email protected]) action plans to integrate marketing Rowena D. Cabahug ([email protected]) into the agroforestry curriculum of Stella Villa A. Castillo and and Marlo D. Mendoza ([email protected]) the participating institutions.

The lessons gained and documented The Philippine Agroforestry during the first phase of SEANAFE’s from this training will be compiled by Education and Research Network MAFTPs project. Each case study had PAFERN through the AFTPs Philippine (PAFERN) trained 26 lecturers from a set of guide questions and Marketing Team, and will become its academic and research member suggested activities. These were part of their Phase 2 MAFTPs Report. institutions and one Chairperson simulated during the training These will contribute to the from a member non-government depending on the key theme/ Teacher’s Guide that SEANAFE hopes organization. The training was module being discussed. These to produce by the end of 2007. conducted 29-31 May 2007, at the activities are in line with SEANAFE’s Training Center for Tropical aim to integrate marketing in the Support for this project came from Resources and Ecosystems agroforestry curriculum of PAFERN the Swedish International Sustainability (TREES), University of member-institutions with a focus on Development Agency (Sida), the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), as its practical applications. through the World Agroforestry part of the second phase of Centre (ICRAF). SEANAFE’s project on Markets for A field trip to visit private business Agroforestry Tree Products (MAFTPs). enterprises was also included in the For more information, contact training. It demonstrated the actual Dr. Isabelita M. Pabuayon, Team The training made use of five case applications of certain marketing Leader (E-mail: study materials from Indonesia, Lao modules. To facilitate teamwork and [email protected]). PDR, Philippines, Thailand and learning, exercises were also Vietnam to help participants teach provided to extract the some of the key themes/modules of participants’ ideas on the particular the marketing curricular framework. knowledge, skills and attitudes that The framework was developed agroforestry students should

Cooperation Agency (Sida). PAFERN Working towards the realizes the importance of being proactive when it comes to ensuring sustainability of PAFERN its survival. Hence, the network has Leila D. Landicho([email protected]) initiated efforts to explore ways of sustaining its activities beyond 2009. The potential of agroforestry in (PAFERN) was formally organized to sustainable upland development build institutional and human One such effort is the National and natural resource management capacity to help strengthen Resource Mobilization Workshop has been recognized by government agroforestry education, research held on 18-19 December 2006 at the and non-government organizations. and development programs. it University of the Philippines Los Likewise, there are now 35 state hopes to promote closer links Baños, College, Laguna. The colleges, universities and private among the agroforestry institutions workshop aimed at developing a schools offering various agroforestry to address the issues and concerns national resource mobilization education programs. But just like any facing agroforestry development framework to guide PAFERN in field of discipline, agroforestry and promotion in the country. Until generating and mobilizing resources education is confronted with a now, PAFERN has been working in for agroforestry development in the number of issues, concerns and partnership with the Southeast Asian Philippines. challenges. Network for Agroforestry Education (SEANAFE) and the Swedish The workshop was divided into two In 2001, the Philippine Agroforestry International Development sessions: Education and Research Network

APANews No. 30 z July 2007 15 information resources

1. Presentation of development CIFOR releases new trends in agroforestry publications on forest This session served as an opportunity to give update on the recent trends rehabilitation in agroforestry, including the Popi Astriani ([email protected]) proposed establishment of the National Agroforestry Development The Center for International Forestry Program (NAFDP). This session also Research (CIFOR) released new provided a venue for discussing the publications on forest rehabilitation – priority activities and thrusts of three in Asia, and two in Latin potential funding institutions and America. These publications are project partners - i.e., Foundation for results of the Review of forest the Philippine Environment (FPE), the rehabilitation initiatives - lessons from Philippine Tropical Forest the past (REHAB) project, which Conservation Foundation, Inc aimed to identify the approaches (PTFCFI), Development Bank of the that have sustained forest Philippines (DBP), Department of rehabilitation in different situations Environment and Natural Resources and those that had positive impacts (DENR), Department of Agriculture- to the stakeholders. Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA- BAR), World Agroforestry Centre The outputs of the project consisted (ICRAF), and the Philippine Council of country syntheses on the lessons Indonesia. Review of Forest for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural learned from the various Rehabilitation: Lessons from the Resource Research and rehabilitation efforts in each country, Past. 76p. Development (PCARRD). and databases. The publications are part of the project’s effort to 4. Chokkalingam, U.; Zhou Zaichi; 2. Formulation of the resource disseminate the findings and help Wang Chunfeng; Toma, T. 2006. mobilization framework for design and implement future forest Learning lessons from China’s forest agroforestry development in the rehabilitation projects. rehabilitation efforts : national level Philippines vis-à-vis the current review and special focus on trends and priority thrusts of the These publications are: Guangdong Province. Center for potential funding institutions and International Forestry Research project partners 1. Meza, C. Sabogal. C., de Jong, W. (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia. Review of 2006. Rehabilitación de areas Forest Rehabilitation: Lessons from The workshop participants degradadas en la Amazonia the Past. 159p. developed five project designs, peruana: Revisión de experiencias y which will be submitted to lecciones aprendidas. Bogor, 5. Almeida, E.; Sabogal, C.; Brienza, appropriate funding institutions. Indonesia, CIFOR. Country case S., Jr. 2006. Recuperação de areas These projects focused on efforts to studies on Review of Forest alteradas na Amazônia Brasileira: strengthen agroforestry education, Rehabilitation Initiatives: Lessons experiências locais, lições promote agroforestry research, from the Past. 106p. aprendidas e implicações para enhance farmer and community políticas públicas. Center for empowerment, intensify policy 2. Chokkalingam, U., Carandang, A.P., International Forestry Research advocacy, and enhance enterprise Pulhin, J.M., Lasco, R.D., Rose Jane (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia. Review of development. J.P., Toma, T. 2006. One century of Forest Rehabilitation: Lessons from forest rehabilitation in the Philippines: the Past. 202p. The two-day workshop was attended Approaches, outcomes and lessons. by 21 participants representing the Bogor, Indonesia, CIFOR. Country All publications are available online selected member institutions of case studies on Review of Forest at http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/rehab. PAFERN, the members of the PAFERN Rehabilitation Initiatives: Lessons Hardcopies can be obtained from Board, potential funding institutions, from the Past. CIFOR. SEANAFE Technical Adviser, and project partners. 3. de Jong, W.; Do Dinh Sam; Trieu Van Hung. 2006. Forest rehabilitation in Vietnam: histories, realities and future. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor,

16 July 2007 z APANews No. 30 information resources

hence the timeliness of this Information resources for database. agroforesters The database contains over 700 records of research on agroforestry species that have been published Farming Systems and Poverty: between 1971 and 2005. For further Improving Farmers’ Livelihoods in a Information in this book are based information, visit http:// Changing World. Written by John from more than a decade of mirror.inaris.gen.in/net. Dixon, Aidan Gulliver and David research across developing Gibbon, this book presents the countries, and presents case studies results of a joint study by FAO and from Bhutan, Cambodia, China, People, Forests and Trees in West and the World Bank to contribute to the Ecuador, Lebanon, and Vietnam. Central Asia: Outlook for 2020. This updating of the World Bank’s Rural One key message that the book Forestry Paper (No. 152) presents the Development Strategy. It describes presents to resource managers, results of the Forestry Outlook Study 72 major farming systems in six policymakers, researchers, and for West and Central Asia developing regions. These farming development practitioners is that (FOWECA). Governments, civil systems have been classified based proposed solutions to NRM problems societies, farmers and the private on the available natural resource are effective and sustainable if sector in the countries of West and base, dominant pattern of farm driven by the knowledge, action, Central Asia have been making activities and household livelihoods, and learning of the local users. great strides in improving the including the relationship to management of forest and tree markets, and intensity of production For more information, visit http:// resources. activities, among other key criteria. www.idrc.ca/ in_focus_comanagement. This paper presents the various The farming systems were described developments in forestry covering in terms of trends and issues. The 23 countries in West Asia, Central authors also identified the priorities Online database on agroforestry Asia and the southern Caucasus. and main strategies for poverty species research in India. Indian Contents include probable reduction, and the factors that research on Pongamia, Jatropha developments, regional and global determine the growth potential of and other agroforestry species are issues that should be considered in each system. made available online by the developing national policies and Agroforestry Database programs, and proposed strategies For more information, contact John Development Programme (INARIS), to enhance the contribution of Dixon at [email protected]. A 49- Indian National Research Centre for forests and trees to society. For page summary of this publication is Agroforestry, Jhansi (UP), with the more information, visit http:// available in PDF format at http:// support of the World Bank. www.fao.org/docrep009/a0981e/ www.fao.org/farmingsystems/. Pongamia and Jatropha seeds are a0981e00.htm being used to produce biodiesel, In Focus: Comanagement of Natural Continued on page 20 Resources Local Learning for Poverty Reduction. Written by Stephen Tyler and published by the International Development Research Centre in 2006, this book presents the concept of comanagement – the “collaborative arrangements in which the community of local resource users, local and senior governments, and other stakeholders share responsibility and authority for managing a specified natural resource or resources.” Comanagement is considered one approach to natural resource management that can help improve the livelihoods of poor people, and at the same time protect and enhance their natural resource base.

APANews No. 30 z July 2007 17 websites

Useful websites Research and Education (SARE)

SARE promotes farming systems that are environmentally sound and profitable through research and education grants. It also funds projects, conducts outreach activities for improving agricultural systems, develops databases, and publishes handbooks, e-books, free bulletins and many others. For more information, visit http:// www.sare.org/publications/ diversify/diversify06.htm.

Integrated Water Resource Management by the Implementation of Improved Agro- Forestry Concepts in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas in Latin America (WAFLA)

The website offers publications and documents on the fundamentals of agroforestry, best practices and ex- amples, desertification in Latin America, water management, forestry, and stake- holder involvement. It also features a database of agroforestry species in arid and semi-arid areas of Latin America and links to agroforestry directories, networks, organizations, agroforestry projects in Latin America, research centers and universities. For more information, visit http://www.wafla.com/184.0.html?&L=1.

Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

Highlights of the CIFOR website are its various publications ranging from articles, books, computer-based tools (e.g., TROPIS), paper series, briefs, to its online Polex. The website also features information on CIFOR’s various research undertakings. For more information, visit http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/Publications/ Detail?pid=1534. Information resources... Continued from page 18

State of the World’s Forests 2007. This resources, 6)socioeconomic biennial publication of FAO has been functions, and 7)legal, policy and consistent at providing a global institutional framework. These perspective on the environmental, themes have been agreed upon as economic and social aspects of the forming the framework for world’s forests. This seventh edition sustainable in evaluates the efforts being made international fora. Data presented in towards achieving sustainable forest the first part came from the results management (sfm). of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005. The first part describes the progress towards sfm in the region. The The second part presents key issues regional reports focus on the seven in the forest sector, while describing thematic elements of sfm: 1)extent the state of knowledge or recent of forest activities in 18 areas of interest in Resources in July 2006, this book resources, forestry. These include climate illustrates the importance of wisely 2)biological change, forest landscape choosing tree species to plant. It diversity, restoration, forest tenure, invasive presents over 800 photos describing 3)forest health species, wildlife management and the stages in the lifecycle of trees, and vitality, wood energy. For more information, including the processes of grafting 4)productive visit: http://www.fao.org/docrep/ and transplanting. It also provides functions of 009/a0773e/a0773e00.htm information on propagation, forest harvesting, and establishment of resources, Traditional Trees of Pacific Islands: natural plantations in the Pacific 5)protective Their Culture, Environment, and Use. Islands. For more information, email functions of Edited by Craig R. Elevitch and [email protected] forest published by Permanent Agricultural

the challenges of promoting and developing agroforestry in their Call for respective countries, and at any level of project or research contributions implementation. FAO and IAF editors would like to We are inviting contributions for the announcements on conferences, accommodate as many articles as nd rd 32 and 33 issue of the Asia- symposiums, training opportunities possible in every issue. Hence, kindly Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter and other news on the various limit your contributions to 1 000 (APANews) on or before 29 February efforts being made toward words, and include good-quality and 30 June 2008, respectively. Let generating more agroforestry photographs (scanned at 300 dpi) us help you share the relevant professionals and practitioners, and that are properly labeled and programs and projects that you are providing venues for interpersonal referred to in the text. Please don’t doing in the areas of agroforestry sharing of agroforestry information, forget to include your complete research, promotion and and networking opportunities. contact details, especially your E- development, and education and mail address, should the readers training. We will also help you announce new have questions, clarifications or information sources and useful requests for further information. Contributions for agroforestry websites. research may contain results of Kindly send contributions through short- and long-term studies on For several years now, APANews has E-mail as attachments or via snail agroforestry. continued to reach out to people mail in diskettes/CD-ROM or printed from various sectors. We are thus form to the FAO/RAP Office or to the Contributions for agroforestry requesting interested contributors to UPLB Institute of Agroforestry, 2/F promotion and development may adopt the simple, straightforward Tamesis Hall, College of Forestry and contain information on various and popular style in writing the Natural Resources, UP Los Baños, PO extension services aimed at articles instead of that used in Box 35023, College, 4031 Laguna, promoting and developing journals. By adopting the popular Philippines; Fax +63 49 5363809; agroforestry among communities. writing style, your articles can help E-mail [email protected], farmers, development agents, [email protected].„ Contributions for agroforestry researchers, practitioners and other education and training may contain interested individuals in coping with