DOCSLIB.ORG

Thermal Properties of Calamus Deërratus, Raphia Hookeri And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thermal Properties of Calamus Deërratus, Raphia Hookeri And African Journal of Plant Science Vol. 5(4), pp. 281-283, April 2011 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/ajps ISSN 1996-0824 ©2011 Academic Journals Short Communication Thermal properties of Calamus deërratus , Raphia hookeri and synthetic board in building design in Southwestern Nigeria Alausa S. K.1, Oyesiku O. O.2*, Aderibigbe J. O.1 and Akinola O. S.1 1Department of Physics, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria. 2Department of Plant Science and Applied Zoology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria. Accepted 16 March, 2011 For a self-cooling building, alternative sources of roofing and ceiling materials in building design was investigated. The thermal property of Rattan palms (Calamus deërratus ), Raffia palms (Raphia hookeri) and synthetic Nigerite asbestos sheets were determined using the Lees’ disc apparatus. Results showed that Rattan palms sheet had the lower thermal conductivity (k = 0.046 Wm -1 K-1) and a higher resistivity (r = 21.930 W-1mK) compared with Raffia palms sheet. While both palms showed lower thermal conductivity (k = 0.046 to 0.056 Wm -1K) and higher resistivity (r = 17.73 to 21.930 W-1mK) than asbestos sheet (k = 0.084 Wm -1K, r = 11.919 W-1mK). The results indicated that Rattan palms have a higher potential for heat resistivity than many other wood based heat-insulating materials and are recommended for ceiling in modern building design. Key words: Self-cooling building, insulators, heat, Lees’ disk, Rattan, Raffia. INTRODUCTION In tropical region, with reference to Nigeria, materials like Southwestern Nigeria can be taller than 16 m with large zinc, aluminum and asbestos are commonly used in form green shining fronds and curved spadices branching to of sheets for roofing in modern building constructions, but form numerous hanging partial inflorescences. Trunk of these materials have a high ability to conduct heat (solar R. hookeri is a very useful source of building material and radiation) into the interior space of a building, a situation the local people in Nigeria tap wine from the living trunks that causes discomfort in indoor space in dry season. (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1963). The heat generated indoor depends solely on the rate of Rattan palms ( Calamus deërratus Mann and Wendl) heat conducted through the building materials used for commonly called nasty palms, is a monocotyledonous the construction. Besides, the heat flow through any plant in the Arecaceae family. Mature Rattan is similar to building material is dependent on the thermal properties bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris ) but the stems are solid of the material (Akpabio et al., 2001). The need for the rather than hollow as found in bamboo. Rattan palm is self-cooling building has resulted in the search for fast growing and distinct from other palms due to its alternative sources of roofing and ceiling materials with slender sheathed stem (1.8 - 3.0 cm diameter) with long suitable building construction properties. Rattan and internodes similar to bamboo, between the leaves when Raffia palms are one of such. matured. Rattan leaf-sheath often thickly armed with Raffia palms (Raphia hookeri Mann and Wendl) is a straight spines (4 - 5 cm). Leaves (1 m long) are solid straight monocotyledonous plant belonging to the arranged distant from each other (2.5 cm). Lower surface family Palmae, and with trunk covered with an attractive of the leaves have fine slender and tapering spiny vine- unusual coils, and occasionally producing suckers. A like hooks. Spiny vine-like hooks aid leaves to scramble typical full-grown R. hookeri of the forest zone in through and over other plants to the tree canopy for light. Leaves rachis is armed with sharp recurve hooks ending in a slender tentacles (cirrus); long, slender spadix, tapering to a fine flagellum armed with recurve thorns, *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. and partial inflorescences, bearing flowers branchlets 282 Afr. J. Plant Sci. Table 1. Thermal resistivity and conductivity of Rattan ( Calamus deërratus ), Raffia ( Raphia hookeri ) palms and Asbestos board. Sample Thermal resistivity [W -1mK (r)] Thermal conductivity [(k) Wm -1K] Calamus deërratus 21.930 0.046 Raphia hookeri 17.730 0.056 Asbestos sheet (Nigerite) 11.9190 0.084 (5 cm long). Flowers are singles in male spadix, and trimmed into a circular size of brass disc of a Lees’ disk with paired in the fruiting female spadix, with a male or neuter diameters of (y = 110 mm) (Nelkon, and Ogborn, 1985). in the same small bract (bracteole). A fruit shape is oblong-ellipsoid, pointed (1.5 cm long), with 16 – 21 Methods vertical rows of triangular-ovate, and fringed (fimbriate) scales (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1963). The thermal conductivities of the palms and the asbestos were The attributes of Rattan, lightweight, durability, flexibility determined for each sample using the Lees’ disc apparatus (Ekpe, and resistant to splintering makes it a very good material and Akpabio, 1994; Nelkon, and Ogborn, 1985). Each sample in turn was inserted between the brass hollow cylinder, and brass slab for building construction. Akpabio et al. (2001) studied the of Lees’ apparatus, and the brass base was fitted to steam chest. thermal properties of some palms fibers and established Steam was passed into the apparatus and temperatures T1°C and that Raffia palms fibers are good thermal insulators. T2°C were recorded at a steady state. The brass hollow cylinder There is no report on thermal properties of Rattan palms and the samples were removed and the brass slab was heated known to the authors. directly on the heating chamber until its temperature was 5°C The process of conduction and radiation often generate higher than that recorded in the steady state. The heating chamber was removed to allow the brass slab cooled down and the heat experience in interior spaces via the roof and walls. temperature readings were taken at interval of 30 s until the The radiation transport is strongly dependent on tem- temperature fell to 5°C below the steady state temperatures. perature and particularly significant at high temperatures. The convention can be negligible for small pore sizes (Akpabio et al., 2001). The temperature variation with Calculations thickness of a solid material determines if a material is The cooling-curve was plotted and the gradient was determined suitable as heat insulator or conductor. The actual heat from the temperature data obtained. Thermal conductivity was transmission by conduction depends on the bonding determined using Nelkon and Ogborn (1985) equations. between molecules (Collieu and Powney, 1977). The theory therefore is, the rate of heat flow in dry solid KA (θ − θ ) dθ H = 1 2 = mc (1) material is proportional to the area ( A) of the part x dt perpendicular to the direction of heat flow and − dθ Thus, temperature gradient at that section and the dx mcx dθ properties (nature) of the material. K = (2) This work was aimed at comparing thermal properties A()θ − θ dt 1 2 of Rattan and Raffia palms and in turn with that of synthetic asbestos and to make recommendation on the Where H is the rate of heat flows; m is the mass of the brass slab; c best material for modern building constructions. is the specific heat capacity of the brass slab; x is the thickness of each sample; A is the cross-sectional area of the sample; dθ (θ −θ ) is the difference in the steady state temperature; MATERIALS AND METHODS 1 2 dt Collection and preparation of samples is the gradient from the cooling curve; K is the thermal conductivity. Fresh Rattan and Raffia palms used were harvested from the green reserve forest located at “The Biome” of Olabisi Onabanjo RESULTS AND DISCUSSION University Ago-Iwoye (Lat 6°55´ 55´´N, long 3°52´ 58´´E elevation of 30 m). The asbestos sample was collected from works and The results of thermal properties of the three kinds of services of the university. The Rattan and Raffia palms samples ceiling materials were shown in Table 1. Rattan sheet were sliced into equal uniform thickness (x = 3.0 mm). Both palms samples together with asbestos sheet were oven dried to constant (Calamus deërratus ) exhibited the least thermal weight. The dried Rattan and Raffia palms samples were weaved conductivity and the most thermal resistivity among the into a small mat. Both palms together with the asbestos sheet were other materials tested. The fact that the rural people of Alausa et al. 283 Table 2. Thermal resistivity and conductivity of wood-based heat insulating materials (Agarwal, 1967; Akpabio et al., 2001; Ekpe and Akpabio, 1994; Etuk et al., 2005). Material Thermal conductivity ( k) W -1mk Thermal resistivity [(r) W -1mK] Asbestos board 0.319 3.135 Brick building 0.600 1.666 Pine fiberboard 0.052 19.230 Pine wood 0.138 7.246 Oak wood 0.160 6.250 Coco nucifera 0.121 8.264 Nigeria use Rattan and Raffia palms for making chairs, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS tables, hats, and mats for use, particularly in the hotter part of the country, corroborate the structural suitability and durability of these materials. The high resistivity of The authors are grateful to Yu Ning-ning and Yu Sheng- heat found in the Rattan and Raffia palms when xian of the herbarium, Institute of Botany, Chinese compared to the asbestos makes it cheaper and portable Academy of Science, for their help. Appreciation also materials in the design of a self-cooling building. goes to the Department of Physics, Olabisi Onabanjo The results in this work (Table 2) were compared with University for the use of the laboratory facilities. the data values published by previous investigators for other wood-based materials used for heat insulation (Agarwal, 1967; Akpabio et al., 2001; Etuk et al., 2005; REFERENCES Twidell and Weir, 1990).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 147
    Q 11 U563 CRLSSI BULLETIN 147 MAP U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM 's SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 147 ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN SAMANA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC BY HERBERT W. KRIEGER Curator of Ethnology, United States National Museum UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1929 For sale by ths Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 40 Cents ADVERTISEMENT The scientific publications of the National Museum include two series, known, respectively, as Proceedings and Bulletin. The Proceedings, begun in 1878, is intended primarily as a medium for the publication of original papers, based on the collections of the National Museum, that set forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology, with descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. Copies of each paper, in pamphlet form, are distributed as published to libraries and scientific organ- izations and to specialists and others interested in the different subjects. The dates at which these separate papers are published are recorded in the table of contents of each of the volumes. The Bulletin, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of separate publications comprising monographs of large zoological groups and other general systematic treatises (occasion- ally in several volumes), faunal works, reports of expeditions, cata- logues of type-specimens, special collections, and other material of similar nature. The majority of the volumes are octavo in size, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable. In the Bulletin series appear volumes under the heading Contributions from the United States National Herharium, in octavo form, published by the National Museum since 1902, which contain papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • Physico-Chemical and Nutritional Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Activity of Oil Palm Syrup, Raffia Palm Syrup and Honey
    IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS) e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 11, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan. - Feb. 2016), PP 73-78 www.iosrjournals.org Physico-chemical and Nutritional Characteristics, and Antimicrobial Activity of Oil Palm Syrup, Raffia Palm Syrup and Honey *Fred Omon Oboh, Lorenta Iyare, Monday Idemudia and Stephen Enabulele. Department of Basic Sciences, Benson Idahosa University, P.M.B. 1100, Benin City, Nigeria. Correspondence e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: The physico-chemical characteristics and antimicrobial activity of oil palm syrup, raffia palm syrup and honey were studied. The materials contained mainly carbohydrate (64.76-68.79%) and water (28.05- 31.50). They exhibited similar densities (1.23-1.26 g cm-3) and pH (3.51-4.18), and had low ash (0.30-0.50%), protein (0.24-1.04%) and lipid (2.20-3.62%) content. They had modest content of Fe (2.35-3.30 mg/100g), Ca (37.06-79.05 mg/100g), and phenolic compounds (125.93-185.44 mg GAE /100 g), and were rich in potassium (325.12-628.56 mg/100g). They contained non-enzymatic browning products (browning intensity was 0.71 for honey, 0.159 for raffia palm syrup and 0.175 for oil palm syrup). The materials exhibited antimicrobial activity against clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial activities of dilute solutions (0.1 ml, 0.5% aqueous solutions) of the honey (containing 360 µg dry matter) and syrups (raffia, 360 µg and oil palm, 340 µg dry matter) were similar to that of 10 µg of the antibiotic streptomycin.
    [Show full text]
  • +Woven Furnishings Inspired Children's Rooms
    connecticut cottages connecticut cottages & gardens april 2021 | COTTAGESGARDENS.COM APRIL 2021 cottagesgardens.com WOVEN FURNISHINGS FRESH TAKE INSPIRED CHILDREN’S ON DESIGN +ROOMS WHAT’S NEW Out of the Box WRAPPED AND WOVEN—ORGANIC FURNISHINGS IN WICKER, RAFFIA, RATTAN AND ROPE | PRODUCED BY MARY FITZGERALD HANGING AROUND Inside or out, the Marina hanging chair from Arhaus invites fun and relaxation. Constructed in a powder- coated aluminum, the frame is wrapped in an all-weather rope. $2,349, SoNo Collection, Norwalk, arhaus.com. SUNNY OUTLOOK The ornate flower motif of Made Good’s Waverly mirror is formed from woven natural rattan wicker. $1,350, available through Housewarmings, Greenwich, madegoods.com. SIDE BAR The Balabac rattan sideboard from British style brand Oka is fashioned from mindi and durian wood. Rattan-wrapped doors are accented with metal ring handles. $1,650, oka.com. april 2021 cottagesgardens.com ctc&g 27 WHAT’S NEW WHAT’S NEW ROARING ’20S This rattan single CRISSCROSS PATTERN drawer bedside table The macramé effect of the Bandelier hails from Soane’s accent chair from Longaberger is Templeton collection achieved with interlaced white cowhide and was inspired by leather. The Danish- a 1920s design. The inspired design is SCREEN TIME elegant curved sides of finely crafted with Made in France, pale oak are wrapped sungkai wood in a the Scale screen in rattan. $5,125, natural finish. $459, from Atelier Vime is soane.com. longaberger.com. woven in rattan with A NEW TWIST wood and leather. Finely twisted jute is stretched over the metal frame of The French word the Manhattan pendant light from Selamat.
    [Show full text]
  • Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
    Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese
    [Show full text]
  • Materials-Panels-2-With-BB-Logo.Pdf
    MATERIALS GRASSES These monocotyledonous, usually herbaceous Preparation: Bamboo is split in half along its length plants are widespread, versatile and adapted to using a hatchet and then again into the required conditions ranging from rainforests to deserts widths. The inner and outer layers are separated. and intertidal habitats. The outer bark strip is considered the most beautiful. The flat strong strips lend themselves to plaiting: STRAW, from cereal crops; rice, wheat, oats, rye and plain weave, complex twills and hexagonal weave. barley. In northern Europe from as early as 1500AD corn dollies or tokens were made representing the spirit of the harvest and ensuring the success of future crops. The straw hat industry in Europe from the 1600s involved thousands of families in cottage industries making straw plait. In England this centred on Luton. In Europe straw was stitched (lipwork) into beeskeps, baskets for proving bread and for chair seating. Throughout Africa and America grasses have been used to make coiled vessels for beer, corn and storing grain. ‘Moso’ bamboo growing at Carwinion Gardens, Cornwall MEDITERRANEAN CANE (Arundo donax) grows from the Mediterranean to the Far East in wet areas. It is used split in basketry and for blinds. MARRAM GRASS is native to the coasts of Europe, growing on dunes, introduced and invasive in other countries. From the sixteenth century the marram weavers of Newborough, Angelsey, Wales plaited mats for thatching haystacks and later for horticulture, this Traditional stooked straw sheaves. St Columb, Cornwall cottage industry survived into the 1930s. Preparation: Straw is generally tempered (soaked in ESPARTO GRASS grows around the Mediterranean in water for long enough to allow it to be bent without sandy soil; it has great strength and flexibility and has splitting or breaking).
    [Show full text]
  • Dear Readers Welcome to the 30Th Issue of Produce Vegetable Oil
    Dear readers Welcome to the 30th issue of produce vegetable oil. The oil is not We continue to feature APANews! This issue includes several only rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and developments in agroforestry interesting articles on recent potassium, but can also be education and training through the developments in agroforestry. We converted into industrial biodiesel. SEANAFE News. Articles in this issue also have several contributions This article is indeed timely as recent of SEANAFE News discuss about presenting findings of agroforestry research efforts are focusing on projects on landscape agroforestry, research. alternative sources of fuel and and marketing of agroforestry tree energy. products. There are also updates on Two articles discuss non-wood forest its Research Fellowship Program and products in this issue. One article Another article presents the results reports from the national networks of features the findings of a research of a study that investigated the SEANAFE’s member countries. that explored various ways of storing physiological processes of rattan seeds to increase its viability. agroforestry systems in India. The There are also information on The article also presents a study focused on photosynthesis and upcoming international conferences comprehensive overview of rattan other related growth parameters in agroforestry which you may be seed storage and propagation in that affect crop production under interested in attending. Websites Southeast Asia. tree canopies. and new information sources are also featured to help you in your Another article discusses the In agroforestry promotion and various agroforestry activities. potential of integrating Burma development, the impacts of a five- bamboo in various farming systems year grassroots-oriented project on Thank you very much to all the in India.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects Associated with Palm Wine from Raffia Palm (Raphia Hookeri) Were Studied in Three Villages in Southeastern, Nigeria for Four Weeks
    Animal Research International (2011) 8(1): 1328 – 1336 1328 INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH WINE FROM RAFFIA PALM (Raphia hookeri) IN ALOR, NIGERIA 1EWUIM, Sylvanus Chima, 2AKUNNE, Chidi Emmanuel, 3ANUMBA, Anthonia Ifeoma and 4ETAGA, Harrison Oghenekevwe 12Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. 3Department of Biological Sciences, Wesley University of Science and Technology, Ondo State, Nigeria. 4Department of Statistics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Corresponding Author: Ewuim, S. C. Department of Zoology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Email: [email protected] Phone: ABSTRACT The insects associated with palm wine from raffia palm (Raphia hookeri) were studied in three villages in Southeastern, Nigeria for four weeks. The insects were sieved out after 24 hours from each 10 litres of raffia palm. Gas chromatography was used to analyse the raffia palm wine after 24 hours. The daily collection of the insects lasted for 28 days between February and March, 2008. The results showed that as the number of days increased the concentration of glucose and fructose decreased with alcoholic content increasing at varying pH and temperature. A total of eight insect species made up of seven genera represented by seven families – Formicidea, Apidae, Drosophilidae, Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Nitidulidae and Curculronidae were obtained. There was a preponderance in the collection of Camponotus maculatus, Maycodrosophylla sp. and Lepidoptera larvae in all the site with C. acvapimensis and Apis mellifera L. collected in fairly large numbers from all the sites (villages). There was also preponderance in the collection of Diptera larvae, even though they were collected from only one village Ide.
    [Show full text]
  • The Silvicultural and Sustainable Management of Rattan Production Systems
    Tuscia University - Faculty of Agriculture The Silvicultural and Sustainable Management of Rattan Production Systems BSc in Agroecology and Rural Development Academic year 2004/2005 In Cooperation with FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Università degli studi della Tuscia Facoltà di Agraria Via San Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo Elaborato Finale Corso di laurea triennale in Agricoltura Ecologica e Sviluppo Rurale Anno Accademico 2004/2005 Silvicoltura e Gestione Sostenibile della Produzione del Rattan The Silvicultural and Sustainable Management of Rattan Production Systems Relatore: Prof. Giuseppe Scarascia-Mugnozza Correlatore: Ms Christine Holding-Anyonge (FAO) Studente: Edoardo Pantanella RÉSUMÉ La coltivazione del rattan, e dei prodotti non legnosi in genere, offre grandi potenzialità sia economiche, in qualità di materia prima e di prodotto finito, che ecologiche, intese come possibilità legate alla riduzione dell’impatto dello sfruttamento forestale attraverso forme di utilizzo alternativo alla produzione del legno. Studi specifici relativi agli aspetti tassonomici e biologici del rattan, indirizzati al miglioramento della conoscenza sulle caratteristiche biologiche delle numerose specie e dei possibili sistemi di sviluppo e di gestione silvicolturale delle piantagioni, hanno una storia recente. Essi hanno preso il via solo a partire dagli anni ’70, a seguito della scarsa disponibilità del materiale in natura. Nel presente elaborato si sono indagati gli aspetti biologici e silviculturali del rattan. Su queste
    [Show full text]
  • Type 2 Diabetes Induced Oxidative Brain Injury Involves Altered Cerebellar Neuronal Integrity and Elemental Distribution, and Ex
    Metabolic Brain Disease (2019) 34:1385–1399 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-019-00444-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE Type 2 diabetes induced oxidative brain injury involves altered cerebellar neuronal integrity and elemental distribution, and exacerbated Nrf2 expression: therapeutic potential of raffia palm (Raphia hookeri)wine Ochuko L. Erukainure1,2 & Omamuyovwi M. Ijomone3,4 & Olakunle Sanni1 & Michael Aschner3 & Md. Shahidul Islam1 Received: 25 November 2018 /Accepted: 28 May 2019 /Published online: 14 June 2019 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease have been recognized as one of the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this study, the effect of T2D on neuronal integrity and elemental distribution in the cerebellar cortex, as well as the therapeutic effect of Raffia Palm (Raphia hookeri) wine (RPW) were investigated in male albino rats. T2D was induced in 4 groups of rats using fructose and streptozotocin. One group served as negative control which was administered water, the second and third group were administered 150 and 300 mg/kg bodyweight of RPW, while the fourth was administered metformin (200 mg/kg bodyweight). Two other groups of normal rats were administered distilled water (control) and of RPW (300 mg/kg bodyweight). The rats were sacrificed after 5 weeks of treatment, and brains were collected. The cerebellum was removed, and several parts analyzed by immunochemistry, histology and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Remaining brain tissues were used to analyze for the oxidative stress biomarkers and acetylcholinesterase activity. These analyses revealed oxidative damage with concomitantly increased acetylcholinesterase activity and upregulation of Nrf2 expression in the diabetic brain cerebellar cortexes.
    [Show full text]
  • Rattan Field Guide Change Style-Edit Last New:Layout 1.Qxd
    Contents Page Foreword Acknowledgement 1- Introduction . .1 2- How to use this book . 1 3- Rattan in Cambodia . .1 4- Use . .2 5- Rattan ecology and habitat . 2 6- Rattan characters . 3 6.1 Habit . 4 6.2 Stem/can . .4 6.3 Leaf Sheath . .4 6.4 Leave and leaflet . 6 6.5 Climbing organ . .8 6.6 Inflorescence . .9 6.7 Flower . .10 6.8 Fruit . .11 7- Specimen collection . .12 7.1 Collection method . 12 7.2 Field record . .13 7.3 Maintenance and drying . 13 8- Local names . .14 9- Key Identification to rattan genera . 17 9.1 Calamus L. .18 9.2 Daemonorops Bl. 44 9.3 Korthalsia Bl. 48 9.4 Myrialepis Becc. 52 9.5 Plectocomia Mart. ex Bl. 56 9.6 Plectocomiopsis Becc. 62 Table: Species list of Cambodia Rattan and a summary of abundance and distribution . .15 Glossary . 66 Reference . 67 List of rattan species . .68 Specimen references . .68 FOREWORD Rattan counts as one of the most important non-timber forest products that contribute to livelihoods as source of incomes and food and also to national economy with handicraft and furniture industry. In Cambodia, 18 species have been recorded so far and most of them are daily used by local communities and supplying the rattan industry. Meanwhile, with rattan resources decreasing due to over-harvesting and loss of forest ecosystem there is an urgent need to stop this trend and find ways to conserve this biodiversity that play an important economic role for the country. This manual is one step towards sustainable rattan management as it allows to show/display the diversity of rattan and its contribution.
    [Show full text]
  • MG Study Travel Program, Costa Rica 2016 Feb 22 – Floating To
    MG Study Travel Program, Costa Rica 2016 Feb 22 – Floating to Tortuguero On our first day of the 2016 MG tour of Costa Rica, we left the big city of San Jose up in the mountains of the central valley, drove across the Continental Divide, and down the Atlantic slope to the Caribbean lowlands. We went from the lush rainforest of Braulio Carrillo National Park at the top of the Central Volcanic Mountain Range down to open pasture, banana plantations – stopping briefly at the edge of one field to look at the plants and bagged fruits – Driving through Braulio Carrillo National Park. Banana plantation (L), inflorescence (LC), flowers (RC), and bagged fruit (R). and other agriculture on the flat lands, to eventually arrive at the landing spot for boat transportation to our lodge in Tortuguero. This small town on the edge of one of the most remote and pristine parks in Costa Rica, Tortuguero National Park, is accessible only by boat or air. This coastal area of northern Costa Rica and adjacent Nicaragua is a low alluvial floodplain with permanent or seasonal swamp forests in the lowest and flattest areas. This was once an archipelago of volcanic islands until alluvial sediments from the interior mountains filled in the spaces and formed an extensive network of marshy islands interspersed by natural freshwater creeks, canals and lagoons, forming the flooded forest. After we were settled in the long, flat boat our captain navigated the shallow water of the tidal canal, slowing to maneuver around submerged obstacles, and speeding up in straight spots.
    [Show full text]
  • Non-Wood Forest Products
    Non-farm income wo from non- od forest prod ucts FAO Diversification booklet 12 FAO Diversification Diversification booklet number 12 Non-farm income wo from non- od forest products Elaine Marshall and Cherukat Chandrasekharan Rural Infrastructure and Agro-Industries Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome 2009 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders.
    [Show full text]