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Home , Calamus rotang, Calospatha, Climbing palm, Daemonorops, Eremospatha, Korthalsia

NON-WOOD\ ON-WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS 1616

Rattan glossaryglossary

and Compendium glossaryglossary with emphasisemphasis on AfricaAfrica

8k-7 NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 1616

Rattan glossary

by Dennis V. JohnsonJohnson FADFAO Consultant

and . I Compendium glossaryglossary i with emphasisemphasis on

by Terry C.H. Sunderland African Rattan Research Programme LinnbeLimbe BotanicBotanic Garden

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITEDUNITED NATIONSNATIONS Rome, 20042004 The designations employed and the presentation ofof material in this informationinformation product do notnot implyimply thethe expressionexpression ofof anyany opinion whatsoever onon thethe part of thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture Organization of thethe UnitedUnited NationsNations concerningconcerning thethe legal oror development status of any country,country, territoryterritory,, citycity oror area or of its authorities, or concerningconcerning thethe delimitationdelimitation ofof its frontiersfrontiers or boundaries.boundaries.

ISBN 92-5-105095-3

All rightsrights reserved. ReproductionReproduction and disseminationdissemination ofof material in this informationinformation product forfor educationaleducational oror otherother non-commercialnon-commercial purposespurposes are authorized without anyany priorprior writtenwritten permissionpermission fromfrom thethe copyrightcopyright holdersholders provided the sourcesource isis fullyfully acknowledged.acknowledged. ReproductionReproduction of materialmaterial inin thisthis informationinformation product for resaleresale oror otherother commercialcommercial purposespurposes isis prohibitedprohibited without written permissionpermission of thethe copyrightcopyright holders.holders. ApplicationsApplications for suchsuch permission shouldshould be addressedaddressed to thethe Chief,Chief, Publishing ManagementManagement Service, Information Division, FAD,FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,Caracalla, 0010000100 Rome, Italy or bybye-mail e-mail to [email protected]

© FAOFAD 20042004 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1 Explanatory notes

GLOSSARY 2 RATTAN RESOURCES 2 Biology and systematics 2 Anatomy and morphology 7 Physiology 10 Management and plantations 11 Harvesting 13 RATTAN AS A RAW MATERIAL 15 Grading, classification and generalgeneral termsterms 15 Post-harvest handling 21 Storage 22 Trade 22 Transport 23 PROCESSING 23 For local artisanal uses 23 Industrial levellevel furniture manufacturingmanufacturing 34 TRADE 26 MISCELLANEOUS 27 VERNACULAR NAMESNAMES 29 Cross-listing: /speciesgenus/species toto vernacularvernacular namesnames 40 APPENDIX I - Classification of palm family (Palmae) rattan genera 44 APPENDIX II - Rattan genera,genera, speciesspecies and geographic distribution 45 APPENDIX III - Utilized CalarnusCalamus speciesspecies 46 APPENDIX IVIV - Utilized DaemonoropsDaemonorops speciesspecies 49 APPENDIX V - Other utilizedutilized canecane speciesspecies 50 APPENDIX VI - Philippine standard specificationsspecifications for rattan andand furniture 51 APPENDIX VIIVII -A chronology ofof majormajor rattanrattan meetingsmeetings 55 BIBLIOGRAPHY 57

COMPENDIUM GLOSSARY GLOSSARY ONON RATTAN RATTAN TERMSTERMS ININ AFRICAAFRICA 61 RATTAN RESOURCES 61 Biology and systematics 61 Anatomy and morphology 62 Physiology 63 Management and plantations 63 Harvesting 64 RATTAN AS A RAW MATERIAL 6464 Trade 64 Transport 65

iii PROCESSING 65 At local artisanalartisanallevel level 65 MISCELLANEOUS 65 VERNACULAR NAMESNAMES 65 The ofof AfricaAfrica - summary of andand utilization 67 Cross-listing of rattan genus/speciesgenus/species to vernacular names byby countrycountry (language in parentheses) 69 Life form and intermediateintermediate folkfolk classificationclassification ofof rattanrattan canes in selected African languagelanguage groups 72 Selected canecane productsproducts and their nomenclaturenomenclature 73 Summary of the non-canenon-cane usesuses ofof AfricanAfrican rattansrattans 74 Currently recognizedrecognized namesnames andand synonymssynonyms forfor AfricanAfrican rattans 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY 77

iv FOREWORD

There areare more than 600600 species of rattans, of whichwhich onlyonly about 10 percentpercent are tradedtraded internationallyinternationally.. A widewide varietyvariety ofof termsterms andand terminologiesterminologies areare usedused inin thethe rattanrattan sectorsector worldwide,worldwide, oftenoften withwith different meanings, or which are not well understoodunderstood by many rattan users. An expert consultation on rattan,rattan, organizedorganized in DecemberDecember 2000 inin RomeRome byby FAO and the International Network for and Rattan (INBAR)(INBAR) proposedproposed aa numbernumber of of immediate immediate stepssteps toto promotepromote the the sustainable sustainable use of rattan. OneOne of of the the conclusions conclusions of of the the meeting meeting was was thatthat there there is is aa needneed toto compile compile and and clarifyclarify terms and definitions used in the management, utilization, processing and tradetrade of rattansrattans and theirtheir products amongamong thethe manymany stakeholdersstakeholders inin thethe variousvarious countries. In follow-up,follow-up, FAOFAO contactedcontacted DennisDennis Johnson,Johnson, aa world-knownworld-known palm palm specialist, specialist, whowho kindlykindly accepted FAO's call to compile a glossary on terms, concepts and definitions related to rattan andand its products. TheThe glossaryglossary isis structuredstructured according according toto thethe followingfollowing majormajor sections: sections :rattan rattan resources resources (biology, management,management, plantations,plantations, harvesting); rattanrattan as aa rawraw materialmaterial (transport, (transport, storage,storage, gradinggrading and post-harvest handling, rattan trade);trade); rattanrattan processingprocessing (for(for locallocal artisanalartisanal uses; for industrial levellevel furniturefurniture );manufacturing); andand rattanrattan tradetrade inin raw,raw, furniture furniture and and other other productsproducts.. InIn orderorder toto give specialspecial emphasis emphasis to to thethe emergingemerging rattanrattan sectorsector inin Africa,Africa, FAO FAO subsequentlysubsequently contractedcontracted TerryTerry Sunderland, a well-known rattanrattan specialistspecialist in Africa, who kindly preparedprepared aa separateseparate compilationcompilation of terms specifically focusing on those usedused inin Africa.Africa. FAO .wishes to thank thethe twotwo authorsauthors forfor their their work work and and is is pleasedpleased toto publishpublish and and disseminatedisseminate this rattan glossary in support ofof thethe developmentdevelopment ofof thethe rattanrattan sectorsector worldwide.worldwide.

Wulf Killmann Director FAO Forest ProductsProducts andand EconomicsEconomics Division

v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Rattan GlossaryGlossary The successful completioncompletion ofof this glossary isis duedue in no smallsmall measure to thethe cooperationcooperation andand assistance of a number ofof individualsindividuals andand theirtheir respectiverespective institutions.institutions. PaulPaul Vantomme Vantomme andand WulfWulf Killmann ofof FAOFAO generously provided guidance and direction to the overall projectproject.. Others who willingly furnished me with adviceadvice and information on variousvarious aspectsaspects of the rattanrattan informationinformation contained hereinherein include:include: RajaRaja Barizan,Barizan, BrianBrian Belcher,Belcher, TomTom Evans, FuFu Jinha,Jinha, Domingo Madulid, Johanis Mogea and Terry Sunderland.Sunderland. I amam indebtedindebted toto JohnJohn Dransfield, Dransfield, WalterWalter LieseLiese andand N. Manokaran,Manokaran, eacheach ofof whomwhom reviewed reviewed thethe manuscript manuscript andand made made valuable valuable suggestionssuggestions forfor improvement. My sincere thanks toto eacheach of thosethose named. I accept responsibility for any remainingremaining errors in this document. Dennis V. JohnsonJohnson

The Compendium GlossaryGlossary onon RattanRattan Terms Terms inin AfricaAfrica Particular thanks are extendedextended toto StellaStella AsahaAsaha andand MichaelMichael Balinga forfor their commentscomments and additions to an earlier draft ofof thisthis document.document. Terry C.H. SunderlandSunderland

vi INTRODUCTION

This document containscontains twotwo sections.sections. TheThe firstfirst sectionsection isis aa glossaryglossary of rattan termsterms mostlymostly fromfrom Southeast (especially ). It is more than simply aa compilationcompilation ofof overover 500 terms andand definitions relative to rattansrattans andand theirtheir utility;utility; alsoalso includedincluded areare somesome 425 vernacular names,names, and aa listing of miscellaneous termsterms that may be encounteredencountered inin thethe rattanrattan literature.literature. SevenSeven appendixesappendixes provide information onon thethe systematicssystematics andand geographicgeographic distribution of rattans,rattans, datadata onon reportedreported utilization of rattans forfor canescanes andand otherother purposes, purposes, anan exampleexample of standard specificationsspecifications for rattan furniture andand aa chronologicalchronological record record of of technical technical rattanrattan meetings meetings sincesince 1979,1979, when thethe modernmodern eraera of rattan developmentdevelopment can be saidsaid to havehave begun.begun. The bibliography includes most of the major modern publications on rattans.rattans. TheThe secondsecond sectionsection isis aa compendiumcompendium glossaryglossary onon rattanrattan termsterms with specialspecial emphasis onon AfricaAfrica thatthat was was compiledcompiled separately,separately, but followingfollowing thethe samesame structurestructure as as the first glossary.glossary. Although this hashas createdcreated some overlap with respect to terms,terms, vernacularvernacular and botanical names, readers may find it useful also to have an overview ofof rattanrattan terms by region.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

Traditionally, the NewNew WorldWorld palm palm genus genus Desrrzoncus Desmoncus is excluded from considerationconsideration inin rattan-rattan­ related documents because itit is not aa truetrue rattan.rattan. However,However, therethere isis strongstrong justificationjustification forfor itsits inclusion in thisthis glossary.glossary. AllAll speciesspecies ofof Desmoncus,Desmoncus, with oneone exception,exception, areare characterizedcharacterized byby having climbing stems,stems, and these stems have end-uses comparable toto the OldOld WorldWorld rattans,rattans, although onon aa muchmuch smallersmaller scale scale andand generallygenerally onlyonly atat thethe locallocal level.level. The glossaryglossary termsterms andand definitionsdefinitions areare organizedorganized underunder sixsix majormajor headingsheadings andand twelvetwelve subheadings. DeterminationDetermination ofof which subheading toto use forfor certaincertain termsterms presentedpresented somesome difficulty. In such cases, the subheading with whichwhich thethe termterm isis mostmost closely closely associatedassociated hashas beenbeen used. Users are advised to consult other subheadingssubheadings if the term they seek is not where theythey hadhad expected to find it.it. The vernacular names included are primarily from , which is a reflection of the greater commercial importance of rattansrattans inin thatthat region.region. ToTo provide fullfull coverage, a comparatively small number of commoncommon namesnames fromfrom EastEast Asia,Asia, SouthSouth Asia,Asia, AfricaAfrica andand LatinLatin AmericaAmerica areare listed. Precautions should bebe takentaken inin usingusing vernacularvernacular namesnames to attemptattempt toto identifyidentify rattanrattan genera genera andand species. ManyMany names, especiallyespecially thosethose derivedderived from from thethe trade,trade, areare employedemployed to refer to multiplemultiple species of rattan havinghaving similarsimilar physicalphysical characteristics.characteristics. In certaincertain instances,instances, vernacularvernacular namesnames areare erroneously applied. Despite thethe uncertaintyuncertainty oftenoften associatedassociated withwith manymany ofof thethe vernacularvernacular names,names, they are essential to knowknow becausebecause theythey areare thethe designationsdesignations used byby locallocal peoplepeople inin exploiting,exploiting, managing and developing rattan resources.resources. GLOSSARY

Note: thethe followingfollowing abbreviationsabbreviations areare usedused below:below: d.cf. - compare; e.g. - for example;example; i.e.i.e. -- thatthat is; is; q.v.q.v. -- whichwhich see.see. The language from which a term isis derived is given in parenthesis,parenthesis, asas appropriate.appropriate.

RATTAN RESOURCES

BIOLOGY ANDAND SYSTEMATICS SYSTEMATICS

Acropetal Referring to thethe maturitymaturity ofof rattanrattan flowersflowers andand fruitsfruits proceedingproceeding fromfrom thethe base to thethe apex.apex. Adnate United withwith anotheranother part;part; withwith unlikeunlike partsparts fused;fused; e.g.e.g. ovaryovary andand calyxcalyx tubc.tube. Albumen An old termterm usedused forfor thethe .endosperm.

Anatropous An bent parallelparallel to its stalk (stem) so that the micropylemicropyle isis adjacentadjacent to the hilum. Ancistrophyllinae The palm subtribesub tribe thatthat includes includes thethe rattanrattan genera genera , Eremospatha, Laccosperma and .Oncocalamus. Ancistrophyllum A synonym ofof the the rattan rattan genus genus Laccosperma. Laccosperma. Androecium Collective term for thethe stamensstamens as a unit of the . Antepetalous Opposite thethe .petals. Antesepalous Opposite thethe .sepals. Anther The part ofof aa stamenstamen containingcontaining thethe .pollen. Apocarpus With free carpels.carpels. Alternate namename forfor thethe family family Palrnae.Palmae. Arecoideae The palm subfamilysubfamily whichwhich includesincludes thethe tribetribe Cocoeae.Cocoeae. Bactridinae The palm subtribesub tribe whichwhich includesincludes thethe rattan-likerattan-like genus genus Desmoncus.Desmoncus.

Basifixed Attached to thethe base.base. Bejaudia A synonym ofof the the rattan rattan genus genus . Myrialepis.

Bisexual Having bothboth sexessexes presentpresent andand functionalfunctional Inin the samesame flower;flower; cf.d. hermaphrodite. A modifiedmodified leafleaf associatedassociated with thethe .inflorescence. Bracteole A small bract borne (growing)(growing) on aa flower stalkstalk (stem).(stem). Calameae The palmpalm tribetribe thatthat includesincludes thethe rattanrattan subtribessubtribes Calaminae,Calaminae, KorthalsiinaeKorthalsiinae and Plectocomiinae,Plectocomiinae, asas well asas thethe non-rattannon-rattan subtribes subtribes Metroxylinae, Metroxylinae, Pigafettinae andand Salaccinae. Salaccinae. Calaminae The rattan palm subtribe that includes the rattan genera ,Calamus,, Calospatha, , ,Daemonorops, PogonotiumPogonotium andand .Retispatha.

Calamoid Referring toto palmspalms inin thethe genusgenus Calamus.Calamus.

2 The rattan palmpalm subfamilysubfamily that includesincludes the rattan tribestribes CalarneaeCalameae andand Lepidocaryeae, as well as thethe non-rattan tribetribe Eugeissoneae.Eugeissoneae. Calamus A genus of rattans occurring in Southeast Asia, southernsouthern China, the western Pacific, Australia, South Asia and equatorial Africa; it consistsconsists ofof 370-400370-400 specIes.species. Calospatha A genusgenus ofof rattansrattans occurringoccurring inin PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia;Malaysia; itit consistsconsists ofof aa singlesingle specIesspecies.. Calyx The outermost oror lowermost lowermost whorl whorl (circle) (circle) ofof floral floral organs,organs, thethe sepals.sepals. Campanulate Bell-shaped. Carpel The single unit of the .gynoecium. Carpellate Pertaining toto thethe carpel.carpel. Chalaza The basal part of thethe ovuleovule oror seedseed where itit isis attachedattached toto thethe funiculusfuniculus andand the point at at which which vascular vascular (vessel)(vessel) tissues enter and spreadspread intointo thethe ovule. ovule. Ceratolobus A genus of rattansrattans occurringoccurring inin ,Thailand, PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia, Malaysia, ,Sumatra, and ; itit consistsconsists ofof sixsix species.species. Ciliate Bearing a fringe of hairs.hairs. Cocoeae The palm tribetribe thatthat includesincludes thethe subtribesubtribe Bactridinae.Bactridinae. ComeraCornera A synonym ofof thethe rattanrattan genusgenus Calamus.Calamus. Corolla The secondsecond whorlwhorl (circle)(circle) of flower organs (parts), the petals, inside or above the calyx. Cucullate Bearing a flexible hood (covering) at the tip.tip. Cymbospatha A section of the rattanrattan genusgenus DaemonoropsDaemonorops having the inflorescence with its all included within the prophyll;prophyll; correctlycorrectly thisthis shouldshould bebe designated designated as section Daemonorops; cf.d. Piptospatha.Piptospatha. Daemonorops A genus of rattans occurringoccurring inin SoutheastSoutheast AsiaAsia and China;China; itit consistsconsists ofof 115115 species.specIes. Desmoncus A genus_ofgenus_of rattan-likerattan-like palms occurringoccurring in South America, Central America and Mexico;Mexico; itit includesincludes aboutabout seven seven species. species. Diaspore Portion ofof thethe seedseed withoutwithout sarcotesta. sarcotesta. Didymous Of anthers, wherewhere thethe connectiveconnective is almost absent. The rudimentaryrudimentary plantplant withinwithin a a .seed. Endocarp The innermost layerlayer ofof thethe fruitfruit wall;wall; cf.d. epicarp, mesocarp, pericarp. Endosperm In palms, the nutritive bodybody ofof aa seed.seed. Epicarp The outermostoutermost layer layer ofof thethe fruitfruit wall;wall; cf.d. endocarp,endocarp, mesocarp,mesocarp, pericarp.pericarp. Epipetalous United withwith andand oftenoften appearingappearing toto bebe borneborne (growing)(growing) onon thethe petals.petals. Eremospatha A genusgenus ofof rattansrattans occurringoccurring inin humidhumid tropicaltropical Africa;Africa; itit consistsconsists ofof 1111 specIes.species. Exine The outer coatcoat ofof aa pollenpollen grain.grain. Extrorse Of anthers,anthers, openingopening awayaway from thethe centrecentre ofof thethe flower.flower. Family A taxonomic (systematic)(systematic) grouping ofof similarsimilar genera.

3 Filament TheThe stalk (stem) supportingsupporting the anther in the . TheThe ripened ovary with adnateadnate (joined)(joined) parts. Funiculus TheThe stalk (stem) attaching the ovule to the ovary wall. Gametophyte TheThe pollen tube, itsits nuclei and the embryo sac.sac. Genus (plural:(plural: genera)genera) AA taxonomic taxonomic (systematic) (systematic) groupinggrouping ofof speciesspecies believedbelieved toto bebe closelyclosely related to eacheach other. Gynoecium The ovule bearing organ ofof thethe flower,flower, consisting ofof anan ovary,ovary, aa style and one or several stigmas. Hermaphrodite Bisexual; inin ,flowers, with and pistil inin thethe samesame flower.flower. Hilum The scar left on thethe seedseed where itit waswas attached.attached. Holotype The actual specimen on which the namename ofof aa speciesspecies isis based;based; cf.d. isotype, syntype. Homogeneous Referring to the endosperm; not ruminate. Imbricate Overlapping suchsuch asas inin a flower bud when one sepalsepal or petalpetal isis whollywholly external and one wholly internal and the othersothers overlapoverlap atat thethe edgesedges only;only; cf.d. valvate. Inflorescence The branch thatthat bearsbears thethe flowers,flowers, includingincluding allall its bracts andand branches.branches. Infructescence An inflorescence bearing fruit. Integument The covering of the seed,seed, divisible mtointo two layers,layers, the outerouter ofof whichwhich becomes the sarcotesta. Introrse Of anthers,anthers, openingopening towardtoward thethe centrecentre ofof thethe flower.flower. Involucrophorum A bractA bract that that holds holds both both female female and and neuter neuter flowers. flowers. Isotype A duplicate of the holotype;holotype; cf.d. syntype.

Korthalsia A genusgenus ofof rattansrattans occurringoccurring inin SoutheastSoutheast Asia;Asia; itIt consistsconsIsts ofof aboutabout 2626 species.specIes. Korthalsiinae The rattan palmpalm subtribesub tribe containingcontaining thethe rattanrattan genus genus .Korthalsia. Laccosperma A genusgenus ofof rattansrattans occurringoccurring inin humidhumid tropicaltropical Africa;Africa; itit consistsconsists ofof sixsix species.specIes. Latrorse Of anthers, openingopening laterallateral to thethe filament.filament. Lepidocaryeae The palm subtribesub tribe thatthat includes includes thethe rattanrattan genera genera Eremospatha,Eremospatha ,Laccosperma Laccosperma and Oncocalamus. Lepidocaryoideae A synonym ofof thethe rattanrattan palm palm subfamilysubfamily Calamoideae.Calamoideae. The cavity in which thethe ovuleovule is borne (growing).(growing). Loricate Covered withwith fruitfruit scales, scales, asas inin thethe CalamoidCalamoid palms.palms. Mesocarp The middlemiddle layerlayer ofof thethe fruitfruit wall;wall; cf.d. endocarp,endocarp, epicarp,epicarp, pericarp.pericarp. Micropyle An openingopening throughthrough thethe envelope envelope enclosingenclosing thethe ovule.ovule. Myrialepis A genusgenus ofof rattansrattans occurringoccurring inin SoutheastSoutheast Asia;Asia; itit consistsconsists ofof aa single single species.speCIes. Oncocalamus A genusgenus of rattansrattans occurringoccurring in humid tropical Africa; itit consistsconsists of of four species.speCIes.

4 Ovary The part ofof thethe pistil,pistil, usuallyusually thethe enlargedenlarged base,base, which contains the ovulesovules andand eventually becomes the fruit. Ovate Egg-shaped; a flat surfacesurface that isis scarcelyscarcely twicetwice as long as broad with the widest portion belowbelow thethe middle.middle. Ovoid AA solid object that isis ovateovate in section. Ovule The immature seedsseeds in the ovary before fertilizatfertilizationion.. Palmae The palm family;family; alternatealternate namename Arecaceae.Arecaceae. Partial inflorescenceinflorescence The first order branchbranch ofof anan inflorescenceinflorescence and thethe branchesbranches itit carries.carries. Pedicel The stalk (stem)(stem) of anan individualindividual flower ofof anan inflorescence.inflorescence. Peduncular bracts Empty bracts borne (growing)(growing) on the peduncle (stem)(stem) between the prophyll and the first rachisrachis bracts.bracts. A collective term for sepalssepals and petals if both areare present.present. Pericarp The wall of the ripenedripened ovaryovary ofof fruitfruit whosewhose layerslayers maymay bebe fusedfused intointo one,one, or may be more divisible into exocarp, mesocarp and endocarpendocarp.. One unit ofof thethe innerinner floralfloral envelopeenvelope oror corolla.corolla. Phyllanthectus One of the sections into which the rattan genusgenus CalamusCalamus isis divided;divided; the best quality commercial cane species belong to this section andand toto Podocephalus,Podocephalus, q.v. Piptospatha A section ofof thethe rattanrattan genusgenus DaemonoropsDaemonorops sharing thethe characteristiccharacteristic of having inflorescence bracts that split down their lengthlength andand fallfall offoff at anthesis (flowering). Pistil The female part ofof aa flowerflower (gynoecium).(gynoecium). Pistillate Bearing a pistil (gynoecium), the ovule-bearing organ ofof thethe flower.flower. Pistillode A sterile gynoecium.gynoecium.

Plectocomia A genusgenus ofof rattansrattans occurringoccurring in10 SoutheastSoutheast Asia;Asia; itIt consistsconsIsts ofof aboutabout 1616 species.specIes. Plectocomiinae The rattanrattan palmpalm subtribesubtribe thatthat includes includes thethe rattan rattan genera genera Myrialepis, Myria lep is, andand . Plectocomiopsis. Plectocomiopsis A genusgenus ofof rattansrattans occurringoccurring in in SoutheastSoutheast Asia; Asia; itit includesincludes fivefive species.species. Podocephalus One ofof thethe sectionssections intointo whichwhich thethe rattanrattan genusgenus CalamusCalamus isis divided;divided; the best quality commercial cane species belongbelong toto this section and to Phyllanthectus, q.v. A genus of rattansrattans occurringoccurring inin PeninsularPeninsular MalaysiaMalaysia andand Borneo;Borneo; itit consistsconsists of three species.species. Pollen Spores (reproductive units)units) borne by (growing on) thethe anthersanthers containingcontaining the male element (gametophytes).(gametophytes). Pollination The transfertransfer ofof pollenpollen fromfrom thethe dehiscingdehiscing (splitting)(splitting) anther toto thethe receptivereceptive . Prophyll The first bractbract borneborne onon the the inflorescence. inflorescence. Protandrous Stamens shedding pollen beforebefore thethe stigmastigma isis receptive.receptive. Protogynous Stigmas receptive before pollenpollen isis shed.shed.

5 Rachilla An ultimate flower-bearingflower-bearing branch of the inflorescence.inflorescence. Rattan A belonging to thethe subfamilysubfamily Calarnoideae.Calamoideae. Receptacle The central axisaxis of a flower to which the floral organs are attached. Retispatha A genus of rattansrattans occurringoccurring inin Borneo;Borneo; itit consists consists ofof a a single single species.species. Ruminate Referring to thethe endosperm,endosperm, darkly streaked due to infoldinginfolding ofof thethe seedseed coats. Sarcotesta A fleshy layerlayer developeddeveloped fromfrom thethe outerouter seed seed coat;coat; cf.d. testa.testa. Schizospatha A synonym of of the the rattan rattan genus genus Calarrzus. Calamus. Section A taxonomic (systematic)(systematic) groupinggrouping ofof speciesspecies belowbelow thethe generic generic level;level; e.g.e.g. Cymbospatha,Cyrnbospatha, q.v.g.v. Seed The reproductivereproductive unitunit formedformed fromfrom aa fertilizedfertilized ovule.ovule. A single part ofof thethe outermostoutermost whorlwhorl (circle)(circle) ofof floralfloral organsorgans (parts),(parts), thethe calyx. Sessile Without aa stalk,stalk, suchsuch asas a stigma with no style. Spadix An inflorescence, which is now the preferred term.term. Spathe A largelarge sheathing bract usually either thethe prophyll or peduncularpeduncular bract;bract; a term bestbest notnot used.used. Species The fundamental taxonomictaxonomic (systematic) unit. In palms, the most commonly applied species concept that is applied toto palmpalm taxonomytaxonomy is the morphological species concept where discontinuities inin morphologicalmorphological variationvariation provideprovide thethe means to separateseparate species.speCIes. Stamen The malemale organorgan ofof aa flower;flower; aa filamentfilament (stem) bearing an anther containing pollen. Staminate A flower bearing stamens but no pistils. Staminode An abortive or rudimentaryrudimentary stamenstamen without aa perfectperfect anther.anther. Sterile Failing to completecomplete fertilization and produceproduce seedseed asas aa resultresult ofof defective defective pollenor ;ovules; notnot producingproducing seedseed capablecapable ofof germination; germination; lackinglacking functional sexualsexual organs.organs. Stigma The portion ofof thethe pistilpistil thatthat receives receives thethe pollen.pollen. Style The part ofof thethe pistilpistil connectingconnecting the ovary with thethe stigma.stigma. Subfamily A major taxonomictaxonomic (systematic)(systematic) divisiondivision ofof a a family. family. SubtribeSub tribe A taxonomic (systematic)(systematic) division of a tribe. Syntype One ofof severalseveral different specimens citedcited inin the first description ofof aa speciesspecies where nono singlesingle specimenspecimen was designated as the type.type. Testa The outerouter coatcoat of of the the seed; seed; cf.d. sarcotesta.sarcotesta. Triad A special group of two laterallateral staminatestaminate andand aa centralcentral pistillatepistillate flower.flower. Tribe A taxonomic (systematic)(systematic) divisiondivision ofof aa subfamily.subfamily. Triovulate A gynoecium with threethree ovules,ovules, one in the loculelocule of each carpel. Unisexual Referring to flowersflowers ofof oneone sex;sex; i.e. bearing fertile stamens alone or bearing a fertile pistil alone.alone.

6 Valvate Meeting exactly without overlapping;overlapping; cf.d. imbricate.imbricate. Variety A taxonomic (systematic)(systematic) division ofof aa species.species.

ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY Abaxial The side of an organ that faces away from the axis that bearsbears it;it; e.g. the under surface ofof aa ;leaf; cf.d. adaxial.adaxial. Abscission Separation; e.g.e.g. detachment of a leaf from a stem. Acanthophyll A spine, often large,large, derivedderived fromfrom aa leaflet.leaflet. Acaulescent Lacking aa visiblevisible stem;stem; stemless.stemless. Acuminate Tapering to aa point withwith concave concave sides;sides; cf.d. acute.acute. Acute Sharp; ending inin aa pointpoint withwith straightstraight oror slightly slightly convex convex sides;sides; cf.d . acuminate. Adaxial The side of an organ thatthat facesfaces toward thethe axisaxis the bearsbears it;it; e.g.e.g. the upper sideside of a leaf; cf.d. abaxial. Adventitious Not inin thethe usualusual place;place; e.g. on stems. Ansa The stalkstalk ofof aa leafletleaflet (in(in KorthalsiaKorthalsia only).only). AnsateAns ate Bearing an ansa. Apex TheThe growing point of a stem or . Apical At the point ofof anyany structure. Apiculate Bearing aa short,short, sharp but not stiff point. Armed Bearing some form ofof spines.spines. Auricle An ear-like extension of the leaf sheath, usually paired, one on eacheach side of the petiole. Axil The upper angleangle betweenbetween thethe leafleaf and thethe stem.stem. Axillary Borne (growing)(growing) inin anan axil.axil. Axis The main or centralcentral lineline of development of a or organ.organ. Bifid Divided inin two,two, usuallyusually equal,equal, parts.parts. Blade The extended partpart ofof a a leafleaf oror petal.petal. Bristle A stiff hair.hair. Caespitose Clustered, havinghaving multiplemultiple stems;stems; cf.d. solitary. Central cylindercylinder oror corpus corpus Inner Inner to to the the stem stem cortex; cortex; comprised comprised of of scattered scattered vascular vascular bundlesbundles embedded in thin-walled parenchymatous groundground tissue.tissue. Cirrate Bearing a cirrus, q.v.q.v. Cirrus An extensionextension ofof thethe rattanrattan leafleaf tiptip armedarmed withwith grapnelgrapnel hooks,hooks, enablingenabling thethe rattan toto climbclimb intointo thethe forestforest ; canopy; cf. d. flagellum.flagellum. Clustered Caespitose; havinghaving multiplemultiple stems;stems; cf.d. solitary.solitary. Concolorous Upper leafletleaflet surfacesurface thethe samesame colourcolour asas thethe lower;lower; cf.d. discolorous.discolorous. Connate United or joined.joined. Connective The partpart ofof thethe stamenstamen thatthat connectsconnects thethe antheranther cellscells to thethe filament.filament.

7 Coriaceous Leathery. Cortex The groundground tissuetIssue ofof thethe stemstem betweenbetween thethe vascularvascular cylindercylinder andand thethe epidermis. Cotyledon Single seed leaf inin palms,palms, partpart of the embryo. Crown The cluster ofof leavesleaves borne at the tip ofof thethe stem.stem. Culm A rattan stemstem oror stalk;stalk; thethe termterm isis alsoalso applied to the bamboobamboo stem.stem. Dimorphic Of two forms,forms, asas maymay occuroccur withwith branches,branches, etc.etc. Discolorous Upper leafletleaflet surface different in colour from the lower;lower; cf.d. concolorous. Distal Situated farthest from the point of attachment. Distichous Regularly arranged in two opposite rowsrows onon eithereither sideside ofof aa stem.stem. Dyad A pair. Ecirrate Without aa cirrus,cirrus, q.v.q.v. Eflagellate Without aa flagellum,flagellum, q.v.q.v. Entire An even margin without tooth-like oror lobedlobed (rounded)(rounded) edges.edges. Eophyll In aa seedling,seedling, thethe firstfirst leafleaf havinghaving aa blade.blade. Epidermis The outermost layerlayer ofof thethe rattanrattan stemstem (the(the skin)skin) consistingconsisting ofof aa singlesingle row of mostly radiallyradially elongatedelongated cells.cells. Fibre A relatively longlong sclerenchymasclerenchyma cell.cell. Fibre sheath In thethe stem,stem, thethe heavilyheavily lignified and thick-walled fibres mainly surrounding the vascular bundles. Flagellate Bearing aa flagellum,flagellum, q.v.q.v. Flagellum A whiplikewhiplike climbingclimbing organorgan derivedderived fromfrom anan inflorescence inflorescence andand bearingbearing reflexed spines; cf.d. cirrus. Grapnel A small anchor or hook withwith threethree oror moremore flukesflukes (barbed(barbed heads)heads) usedused for the spine groups borne (growing)(growing) onon thethe flagellumflagellum or cirrus.cirrus. Ground tissuetissue Parenchyma cells between thethe vascular bundlesbundles ofof thethe rattan stem. Hypodermis One oror twotwo layerslayers ofof unlignifiedunlignified cellscells lying just below the epidermisepidermis of a rattan stem. Indument Any covering asas hairshairs oror scales.scales. Induplicate Leaflets V-shaped in cross section; cf.d. reduplicate. Internode The spacespace or partpart ofof aa stemstem oror branchbranch betweenbetween thethe attachmentsattachments of of two two ; leaves; also referred toto asas aa joint. Joint Common namename forfor anan internode.internode. Knee A swellingswelling on the leafleaf sheath at thethe basebase ofof the the petiole,petiole, presentpresent inin mostmost rattans. Lamina The usually flattened bladelikebladelike portion ofof aa leaf,leaf, as distinct from the leafleaf base and petiole. Lanceolate Narrow,N arrow, taperingtapering atat bothboth ends,ends, thethe basalbasal end often broader.broader. Leaflet One part ofof aa compoundcompound (having(having 22 oror moremore leaflets)leaflets) leaf.leaf.

8 Linear Several times longer than wide, usually narrow. Meristem The apicalapical growing pointpoint ofof thethe stemstem whichwhich isis anan areaarea ofof active active cellcell division.division. Metaxylem vesselsvessels In thethe stem,stem, elongatedelongated cellscells forming thethe main part ofof thethe xylem;xylem; theythey transport waterwater andand appearappear roundround inin cross-section.cross-section. Midrib The mainmain veinvein of aa leaf which is a continuationcontinuation of the petiole. Nerve A strand ofof strengtheningstrengthening and/orand/or conductingconducting tissuetissue runningrunning throughthrough a a leaf, leaf, which starts from the midrib and diverges or branches throughout thethe leaf.leaf. Node The pointpoint onon thethe stemstem oror branchbranch atat whichwhich aa leafleaf oror lateral lateral is borneborne (growing). Ocrea An extension of thethe leafleaf sheath beyond the petiolepetiole insertion.insertion. Paraxylem In thethe stem,stem, smallsmall vesselsvessels locatedlocated inin thethe para-positionpara-position (alongside)(alongside) ofof thethe xylem. Parenchyma Storage tissue in the rattanrattan stem.stem. Peduncle The lower unbranchedunbranched partpart ofof an an inflorescence.inflorescence. Pendulous Drooping; hanginghanging down. Periphery The portion ofof the the rattanrattan stem stem consisting consisting ofof thethe epidermisepidermis andand aa peripheral peripheral zone below.below. Petiolate Having aa petiole, q.v.g.v. Petiole The stalk (stem)(stem) ofof aa leaf.leaf. Phloem The cell system for transporting sugars andand nutrients through the rattan stem; cf.d . vascular bundles. Pinna (plural:(plural: pinnae)pinnae) LeafletLeaflet of of a a pinnate pinnate leaf.leaf. Pinnate Featherlike, lateral ribs or leafletsleaflets arising from a central axis. Praemorse Jaggedly toothed; referringreferring toto thethe jaggedjagged leafletleaflet marginsmargins ofof Korthalsia, Korthalsia, ErernospathaEremospatha spp.spp. andand somesome speciesspecies ofof Ceratolobus.Ceratolobus. Rachis The axis of a leaf beyond the petiole; or thethe axisaxis of anan inflorescenceinflorescence beyond the peduncle. Radicle The first rootroot formedformed byby the the embryo._ embryo._ Recurved Bent or curved downward or backward. Reduplicate Leaflets A-shaped inin cross-section;cross-section; cf.d. induplicate.induplicate. Rhizome An underground stem that is distinguished fromfrom thethe adjoining rootsroots byby the presence of nodes with budsbuds andand leavesleaves or scales.scales. Rhomboid Diamond-shaped; termterm usedused toto describedescribe leaflets.leaflets. Scandant Climbing. Sclerenchyma In thethe stem,stem, heavilyheavily lignifiedlignified cells withwith thick walls that ensheathens heath thethe vascularvascular bundles, q.v.g.v. Sheath Basal partpart of the leaf that is usually tubular,tubular, but often splits. Shoot A young growinggrowing stem.stem.

9 Silica In thethe stem,stem, siliconsilicon dioxide dioxide (SiO2) (Si0 2) occurs as isolatedisolated sphericalspherical bodiesbodies inin unequally thickenedthickened cellscells (stegmata),(stegmata), characteristically disposeddisposed next to vascular and non-vascular fibre. Solitary Single stemmed, not clustering,clustering, q.v.q.v. Spine A short stiffstiff straight sharp-pointed hardhard structure;structure; armed,armed, q.v.q.v. Spinule A very smallsmall spine. Stegmata Silica cellscells (bodies)(bodies) presentpresent inin the rattan stemstem asas longitudinallongitudinal filesfiles ofof cellscells adjacentadjacent to vascular or non-vascular fibre. Stem The part ofof thethe plantplant thatthat isis usuallyusually aboveabove groundground andand bearsbears thethe branches,branches, leaves andand reproductive parts. Stemless Referring toto rattansrattans withwith veryvery short,short, often often subterranean subterranean stems;stems; d.cf. acaulescent.acaulescent. Stolon A trailing stem usually above ground capable ofof producingproducing roots and shoots at its nodes. Stomata Pores in the epidermis of aerial parts of the rattan plant. SuhcirrateSubcirrate A typetype ofof leafleaf inin whichwhich thethe terminalterminal portionportion ofof the the rachis rachis bearsbears veryvery smallsmall widely separated leaflets, butbut does not develop into aa true cirrus.cirrus. Sucker A branch formed atat thethe basebase of a rattan stem.stem. Sympodial Of a stemstem inin whichwhich thethe growinggrowing pointpoint eithereither terminatesterminates inin anan inflorescenceinflorescence or dies, growth being continued by a subsubtending tending lateral growing point. Terrete Smooth, cylindrical and tapering. Tomentum A thick coveringcovering ofof hairs.hairs. Unarmed Without anyany spines.spines. Vascular bundles Strands of phloem andand xylemxylem cellscells embedded in parenchymatous cellscells and sheathed byby sclerenchymasclerenchyma cells.cells. Vein A strand ofof vascularvascular tissuetissue in a flat organ such asas aa leaf. Venation The arrangementarrangement ofof thethe veinsveins ofof aa leaf.leaf. Verrucate Bearing broad, ratherrather large,large, isodiametricisodiametric excrescencesexcrescences (growths). Verticillate Arranged inin whorlswhorls (circles)(circles) as in the spines on thethe stemsstems ofof somesome CalamusCalamus speCles.species. Whip A climbingclimbing organorgan inin somesome rattans;rattans; generalgeneral termterm forfor cirruscirrus andand flagellum.flagellum. Xylem The cellcell systemsystem transportingtransporting waterwater throughthrough thethe rattanrattan stem; stem; cf. d. vascular vascular bundles. Yellow cap Strands of non-lignifiednon-lignified fibres, normallynormally yellowyellow inin colour and notnot takingtaking up stain,stain, surroundedsurrounded withwith largelarge numbersnumbers ofof stegmata,stegmata, foundfound inin speciesspecies ofof Korthalsia, PlectocomiaPlectocomia andand Plectocomiopsis. Plectocomiopsis.

PHYSIOLOGY Adjacent-ligularAd;acent-ligular Type ofof germinationgermination inin whichwhich thethe seedlingseedling shootshoot develops develops close close toto the the seed. seed. Anthesis The timetime whenwhen pollinationpollination takes takes place.place. Apogeotropic Growing upwards;upwards; cf.d. geotropic.geotropic.

1010 Dioecious When female (staminate) and male (pistillate) flowersflowers are borne (growing) on different ;plants; cf.d . monoecious.monoecious. Geotropic Growing downward;downward; cf.d. apogeotropic.apogeotropic. GibberellicGibberellic acid A growth-promoting hormonehormone whichwhich hashas shownshown positivepositive effects on rattan seedlings. Hapaxanthic Describing shoots floweringflowering then dying;dying; cf.d. pleonanthic. HHypostomatous ypostoma tous Stomata confined toto thethe abaxial abaxial surfacesurface ofof thethe leaf.leaf. Lignified Impregnated with lignin,lignin, the majormajor chemicalchemical constitucntconstituent ofof wood;wood; i.e.I.e. woody. Bearing fruit onlyonly onceonce inin itsits lifetime;lifetime; cf.d. polycarpic. Monoecious When femalefemale (staminate) and male (pistallate) flowers are borne (grow)(grow) onon the samesame plant; cf.d. dioecious.dioecious. Phenology The study ofof thethe behaviourbehaviour ofof plants in relation to environmental conditions.conditions. The majormajor objectiveobjective ofof phenologicalphenological studies ofof rattansrattans is toto determinedetermine flowering and fruitingfruiting patterns.patterns. Phyllotaxy The arrangementarrangement ofof leaves leaves onon aa stem.stem. Pleonanthic Describing shoots flowering continuously, notnot dying afterafter flowering;flowering; cf.d. hapaxanthic. Polycarpic Flowering over manymany years;years; cf.d. monocarpic. RLI Relative Light Intensity, a standard measure of lightlight intensityintensity expressedexpressed asas 1-100%. RLI is used to study rattan seedseed germination and growthgrowth inin naturalnatural forests and nurseries.nurseries. Root to shootshoot ratio ratio A A measure measure of of the the differential differential sensitivity sensitivity ofof rootsroots andand shootsshoots toto waterwater stress.stress. Rattan root growthgrowth isis lessless sensitivesensitive than shoot growthgrowth hencehence therethere areare largelarge increases inin thethe ratio under conditions ofof waterwater stress.stress.

MANAGEMENT AND PLANTATIONS Agroforestry A land-useland-use systemsystem basedbased onon somesome combinationcombination ofof cultivatedcultivated annualannual andand perennial plants, natural forest and livestock, such that total production perper unit areaarea isis maximizedmaximized and riskrisk minimized.minimized. Assisted naturalnatural regenerationregeneration A A term term used used interchangeably interchangeably withwith enrichmentenrichment planting.planting. Belukar (Malay)(Malay) Young secondary forest. Bungor A supportsupport treetree (Lagerstroemia (Lagerstroemia speciosa)speciosa) planted for cultivationcultivation ofof small-small­ diameter canescanes inin Kalimantan.Kalimantan. Cluster sampling A techniquetechnique that cancan bebe usedused toto inventoryinventory rattansrattans inin virginvirgin oror secondarysecondary forest; a grid of the area to be surveyed is constructedconstructed and randomly selectedselected clusters assessedassessed in the field for the quantityquantity andand size-class size-class ofof rattan rattan species species present. Enrichment planting Cultivation ofof aa desirabledesirable rattanrattan speciesspecies within itsits nativenative forestforest habitathabitat toto increaseincrease populations, usingusing nurserynursery stockstock oror wildings; wildings; examplesexamples are group planting, lineline plantingplanting andand stripstrip planting.planting. Establishment stage TheThe initial growth period ofof aa seedlingseedling derivedderived fromfrom directdirect seedingseeding oror transplanting; critical factors are light,light, moisturemoisture and nutrients.

11 Forest plantations Cultivation ofof differentdifferent treetree species underplantedunderplanted with rattan. Group planting Rattan seedlingsseedlings ofof large-diameterlarge-diameter speciesspecies plantedplanted withwith multiplemultiple seedlings seedlings per planting point,point, typicallytypically atat leastleast 11 m apart; some tree thinning isis done to improve lightlight conditionsconditions forfor seedlingseedling growth. Hardening off Removal of rattan seedlingsseedlings from the nurserynursery intointo directdirect sunlight sunliglit a a few few daysdays or a week before transplanting. Cultivation of two oror moremore perennialperennial or annualannual speciesspecies in rows oror otherother complementary patterns such that production isis maximizedmaximized per unit area.area. Kampong (Malay) A cluster of houses and associated gardens; aa compound.compound. Ladang (Malay)(Malay) Cultivated field;field; sometimes the site of rattan gardens.gardens. Line plantingplanting Rattan seedlings of large-diameter species plantedplanted singlysingly perper plantingplanting point along a planting line within a forest; somesome treetree thinningthinning is done to improve light conditions forfor seedlingseedling growth.growth. LineLine plantingplanting isis especiallyespecially suitablesuitable inin belukar or regeneratingregenerating forest. Lining The marking of plantingplanting rows and plantingplanting points priorprior toto transplantingtransplanting rattan seedlings.seedlings. Plantation owner/operator owner/operator This This term term includes includes private private tree tree plantation plantation companies, companies, village village farmers and individuals under contract for reforestation programs. Planting materials , wildings,wildings, suckerssuckers oror tissuetissue culturedcultured material forfor rattan propagation. Polybag nurserynursery Germination ofof rattanrattan seedseed inin polythenepolythene bagsbags filledfilled with fertilefertile topsoil.topsoil. Processed seed Rattan seedseed from whichwhich thethe fruitfruit scalesscales (pericarp)(pericarp) andand thethe fleshyfleshy sarcotestasarcotesta are removed before sowing. Pruning Maintenance ofof youngyoung rattan plants by cutting of drieddried rattanrattan leavesleaves to allow better passage of workers and peeling off drieddried brittle leaf sheaths to discourage breeding of long horn beetles.beetles. Raised seed bed A bed for germinating seedseed which is elevated 10-13 cm above the ground and surrounded byby boardsboards toto maintainmaintain the height.height. Ramet A sproutsprout fromfrom aa clusteringclustering rattanrattan that maymay bebe separatedseparated andand usedused for propagatIOn.propagation. Rattan gardengarden A shiftingshifting cultivationcultivation plot convertedconverted into growinggrowing rattansrattans onceonce foodfood production hashas ceasedceased andand secondarysecondary successionsuccession isis takingtaking place.place. Rattan stockstock An inventory ofof thethe rattanrattan populationspopulations inin aa givengiven forestforest area,area, commonlycommonly toto determine thethe densitydensity ofof commercial commercial speciesspecies byby diameterdiameter classes.classes. Replacement or supplysupply planting planting The The replacement replacement of of dead dead or or unhealthy unhealthy rattan rattan seedlings. seedlings. Rosette stage Said of rattan seedlingsseedlings when the seedlingseedling leaves are fully expanded, at which time theythey maymay bebe transplanted.transplanted. Selective felling and cutting Removal Removal of of forest forest canopy canopy in in an an area area of of enrichment enrichment planting planting to to allow allow sufficient light toto reachreach transplantedtransplanted rattanrattan seedlings. seedlings. Shade/Support treestrees Naturally-occurringNaturally-occurring oror cultivatedcultivated treestrees providingproviding supportsupport andand shadeshade forfor cultivated rattans. Shifting cultivation oror swidden swidden agricultureagriculture A A traditional traditional food food cropping cropping system system on on forest forest lands;lands; rattan plantingplanting ofof small-diametersmall-diameter species hashas beenbeen incorporated into the system in Borneo.

12 Stem trainingtraining Assisting thethe firstfirst (or mother) rattan stem to gaingain treetree supportsupport asas earlyearly asas possible. Strip planting Strips of forest are cleared and an optimum of twotwo plantingplanting lineslines ofof rattanrattan seedlings established per strip;strip; strip plantingplanting is recommendedrecommended in oldold secondary forest. Strip sampling A technique that can be usedused to inventoryinventory rattansrattans inin virginvirgin oror secondarysecondary forest; predetermined strips, 10 m oror more inin width and a sampling intensityintensity of 20-25 percent can provide an adequate measure of rattan stock. Sunscorch Scorching of rattan seedlingseedling leavesleaves because of excessive sunlight;sunlight; it can result in seedling death. Swidden Shifting cultivation, q.v.q.v. Thinning In multiple-stemmed rattanrattan species,species, reduction of the number ofof stemsstems within the clump toto allowallow remainingremaining stemsstems to growgrow moremore vigorously.vigorously. Transplanting Removal of wildings or nursery seedlings fromfrom their original location to aa planting site in the forest. UUnderbrushing nderbrushing Slashing ofof allall undergrowthundergrowth as closeclose toto thethe groundground as possible toto prepare for enrichment plantingplanting oror groupgroup plantingplanting ofof rattanrattan seedlings. seedlings. Underplanting Planting any desirabledesirable economic species suchsuch as rattan beneathbeneath thethe forestforest canopy. Vegetative propagationpropagation Propagation ofof rattan by suckers,suckers, wholewhole rhizomesrhizomes andand byby tissuetissue culture. Wilding a self-sown seedling collected from the wild for planting.planting.

HARVESTING Bundling Gathering andand tying cut lengths ofof canes intointo bundles forfor transport to aa collection point. AboutAbout 1010 large-diameterlarge-diameter canescanes makemake upup aa bundle;bundle; small-small­ diameter canes are doubled over and bundled,bundled, thethe numbernumber of of pieces pieces beingbeing determined byby thethe canecane diameter.diameter. AA typicaltypical bundlebundle ofof canes canes weighsweighs aboutabout 6060 kg. Coiling Forming slender canes into coils forfor transport from thethe forest,forest, ratherrather thanthan cutting themthem intointo lengths.lengths. Collecting permit Legal authorization issued to individuals,individuals, cooperatives or companiescompanies toto harvest wild rattans in aa defineddefined areaarea for aa specifiedspecified periodperiod ofof time;time; cf.d. royaltyroyalty.. Collectors Local people, often forest-dwellers, who harvestharvest wildwild canes.canes. Cross-cutting Cutting harvestedharvested canescanes intointo desireddesired lengths;lengths; large-diameterlarge-diameter canes canes areare usually cut into 33 mm lengths;lengths; small-diametersmall-diameter canes into 99 mm lengths.lengths. Cutting cycle cycle The intervalinterval betweenbetween harvests of wild or cultivated canes to allow them to regenerate naturally; a 5-12 yearyear cyclecycle isis suggested,suggested, varyingvarying inin accordanceaccordance with species.species. Dragging d.cf. pulling. Felling Severing thethe rattan cane near the base with a parang.parang. Freeing If aa cutcut rattanrattan stemstem cannotcannot bebe pulledpulled freefree manuallymanually fromfrom thethe ground,ground, itit isis necessary to cut branches or trees from thethe canopycanopy toto releaserelease thethe cane.cane.

13 Fungicide application InIn the the , Philippines, rattan rattan harvesters harvesters carry carry fungicide fungicide inin aa plasticplastic containercontainer and dip thethe endsends ofof rattansrattans inin the solution immediatelyimmediately afterafter theythey areare cutcut into lengths; thisthis isis aa desirable practice and should bebe donedone ifif possible.possible. Hauling Transport ofof bundlesbundles ofof canescanes from thethe cuttingcutting sitesite toto aa collectioncollection point.point. Lopping Cutting awayaway thethe softsoft uselessuseless uppermost 2-3 mm ofof thethe rattanrattan stem.stem. Mature stemsstems Distinguished fromfrom immatureimmature onesones byby thethe followingfollowing criteria:criteria: (a) exposed stem or leaf-sheath brownish, dry and brittle, (b) spines blackish, (c) leaves drydry or yellowishyellowish green,green, (d) stem with leaf-sheath bright yellow in colour, (e) average stem length above 24 m (not applicableapplicable toto allall species).species). Orang AshAsli (Malay)(Malay) Aboriginal people ofof MalaysiaMalaysia whowho traditionallytraditionally engage in rattan harvesting. Parang (Malay)(Malay) A broadbroad slightlyslightly curvedcurved knife, sharpened onon the incurved portion, used to cut rattansrattans offoff atat thethe base;base; alsoalso knownknown as as aa machete.machete. Picul A MalaysianMalaysian unitunit of measuremeasure equalequal toto 60 kg;kg; itit is a commoncommon weightweight designation for a bundlebundle ofof small-diametersmall-diameter canes readyready forfor transport from the forest.forest. Pole a general term applied to cut lengths of rattan canes.canes. Pulling oror dragging dragging The The practice practice of of dislodging dislodging a a whole whole cut cut rattan rattan cane cane fromfrom thethe forestforest canopycanopy byby manually tugging onon thethe severedsevered end; some mechanical means of pulling have been employed. Royalty A payment mademade to thethe landowner,landowner, in the case of rattan most commonly the government, for the right to harvestharvest canes; thethe royaltyroyalty amount is determined by the canecane type andand quantityquantity harvested;harvested; cf.d . collectingcollecting permit. Selective felling InIn , rulesrules adopted forfor thethe extractionextraction ofof canes:canes: (a) only mature canescanes should be removed from a clump, leaving undisturbedundisturbed and undamaged the immature or tendertender canes,canes, (b) digging of rhizomes or roots is prohibited, (c) canes shall not be extracted from outsideoutside thethe specifiedspecified harvestharvest blocks,blocks, (d) all one-year-old culmsculms andand sixsix culms of the secondsecond yearyear shallshall bebe leftleft inin a clump, (e) clumps consisting of less than six culms will not be harvested, (f) felling should bebe done asas nearnear thethe basebase asas possible.possible. Sorting The selection in the field of rattans acceptable inin the trade, often done when cutting lengths and prior toto bundling.bundling. TrifTrifore ore andand lier A mechanical process for pulling rattans, consisting of thethe triftrifore, ore, which is a unit consisting of aa pulley and tackletackle and the lierlier oror winch,winch, consistingconsisting ofof aa drum wherewhere thethe rattanrattan isis pulledpulled andand coiled.coiled. TheThe processprocess isis probablyprobably suitablesuitable only for small-diametersmall-diameter canes.canes.

14 RATTANRATIAN AS A RAWRAW MATERIAL

GRADING, CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATION AND AND GENERAL GENERAL TERMS TERMS Bend A canecane defect; a deviation from straightness as measured byby the chord thatthat the curvaturecurvature makesmakes between the extreme edges of deviation and by thethe depth atat thethe middlemiddle portion.portion.

Bending tolerance Refers to the smallestsmallest circle thatthat can bebe mademade withwith aa rattanrattan cane withoutwithout any splitting or cracking.cracking.

Bleached rattanrattan Canes lightenedlightened inin colour byby chemicalchemical agentsagents to improveimprove surfacesurface brightness. Blemish A canecane defect;defect; any featurefeature marringmarring thethe surfacesurface appearanceappearance of aa cane;cane; e.g.e.g. fungal blemishes. Whether aa particular featurefeature isis classedclassed asas aa blemish depends upon thethe relevantrelevant gradinggrading rule and on the end-use of the cane.

Bondot Term used in for unpeeled small-diameter canes appliedapplied toto rattan furniture frames.frames. Break A canecane defect;defect; a separationseparation of fibres extending throughthrough a cane from one surface to the other, usually perpendicular to the direction of the grain.grain. Bruise A cane defect; an injury on the cane surface caused by harvesting operations . . or improperImproper processing.processmg. Cane Any piecepiece or stemstem of roundround rattan,rattan, ofof anyany diameter;diameter; the termterm maymay alsoalso bebe used to referrefer toto piecespieces ofof bamboo.bamboo. Cane webbing Chair cane that hashas beenbeen machine-woven into aa coarsecoarse fabricfabric thatthat isis usedused forfor chair seatsseats andand backs.backs. Chair canecane Finely split rattan usedused toto weaveweave chairchair backs,backs, seatsseats etc.etc. Check A canecane defect;defect; aa longitudinallongitudinal fissurefissure indicatingindicating separationseparation ofof fibresfibres alongalong the cane length, but notnot extendingextending through thethe piecepiece fromfrom oneone surfacesurface to another. China peelpeel Term used in Indonesia for rattan peelpeel or skin.skin. Core The central part of the rattan canecane after the removal of skin, usually marketed as strips of uniform diameter,diameter, often called "wicker""wicker".. Cured rattanrattan or or canes canes Geen Geen rattan rattan that that has has undergone undergone boiling, boiling, washing washing andand scrubbing;scrubbing; alsoalso called partially processedprocessed cane.cane. Defect An abnormality oror irregularityirregularity inin canecane whichwhich lowerslowers itsits technicaltechnical qualityguality oror commercial value by decreasing strength or adversely affecting its appearance and use;use; cf.d. permissible defects; prohibited defects.defects. Density Relationship of weight of rattan overover volume at aa givengiven moisturemoisture content,content, 3 expressed inin g/cm3g/cm3 or kg/m3.kg/m • Diameter classclass a method ofof classificationclassification ofof rattanrattan canes;canes; inin grading,grading, diameterdiameter isis measuredmeasured inin thethe mid-internodemid-internode of of the the small small end;end; cf.d. large-diameter rattans,rattans, small-diametersmall-diameter rattans, splitsplit rattanrattan canes.canes. Dimensional specifications forfor split rattan Grading Grading based based upon:upon: (a) length,length, q.v.g.v. (b)(b) diameterdiameter class, g.v.q.v. (c) width,width, q.v.g.v. (d) thickness, q.v.g.v.

15 Dimensional specificationsspecifications forfor unsplitunsplit large-diameter large-diameter canes canes Grading Grading based based upon: upon: (a) (a) length, length, q.v. q.v. (b) diameter class,class, q.v.q.v. (c) taper, q.v. (d) internodal length,length, q.v.q.v. Dimensional specifications for unsplitunsplit small-diametersmall-diameter canescanes GradingGrading based based upon:upon: (a)(a) length,length, q.v. (b) diameter class,class, q.v. (c) taper, q.v. (d)(d) internodalinternodal length,length, q.v.q.v. End-use classclass Categories of end-usesend-uses recognizedrecognized for assessingassessing utilization potential ofof aa particular grade:grade: (a) furniture frames, (b) furniture seats/backs,seats/backs, (c)(c) walking sticks, umbrella handles, sporting goods,goods, etc.;etc.; (d) handicrafts/novelty items;items; (e) . Flat core Material derived from splitsplit corescores oror canescanes withwith flatflat surfacessurfaces onon bothboth sides; sides; also referred to asas andand binds;binds; cf.d. flat oval core, hollow ovaloval core.core. Flat oval core Material derivedderived fromfrom splitsplit corescores oror canes 2-102-10 mm in width, withwith oneone concave and oneone flatflat surface.surface. This material is normally usedused forfor weavingweaving andand binding; cf.d. flat core, hollow ovaloval core.core. Fumigated rattanrattan Canes which have been exposed toto sulphur dioxide fumes to improve their surface appearance and kill any organisms in the cane. General requirements ofof entire entire (unsplit) (unsplit) large-diameter large-diameter processed processed canescanes (a) Canes shall have authenticauthentic identity when the species is specified byby the buyer. (b) Canes shall be straight, round, mature and seasoned.seasoned. (c) Canes shall not break or develop checks andand otherother defects in bending oror any other processingprocessing stage.stage. (d) Canes shall be either oil-cured or chemically treated with anti-staininganti-staining fungicide, bleached or fumigated as specified by the buyer.buyer. (e) Plugging of covering of visible defectsdefects isis notnot permitted in anyany form.form. General requirements ofof entireentire (unsplit)(unsplit) small-diametersmall-diameter processedprocessed canes (a) Canes shall have authentic botanical identity when specifiedspecified by thethe buyer. (b) Canes shall be mature andand seasoned.seasoned. (c) Canes shall not break on bendingbending oror inin anyany otherother processing processing stage. stage. (d) Canes shall be either oil-cured or chemicallychemically treated with anti-staininganti-staining fungicide, bleached or fumigated as specified by the buyer. (e) plugging or covering of visible defectsdefects isis notnot permittedpermitted in any form. General requirements ofof split rattans (cane (cane derivatives)derivatives) (a) Cane derivatives shall be obtained from mature andand seasonedseasoned canescanes and be pliable. (b) Split rattan shallshall bebe derivedderived fromfrom canescanes whichwhich areare eithereither oil-cured,oil-cured, fumigated, bleached or chemically treatedtreated with anti-staining fungicidesfungicides as specified by the buyer.buyer. (c) Plugging or covering of visible defectsdefects isis not not permittedpermitted in any form. TheThe surface shall be smooth. (d) Diameter of roundround corescores oror widthwidth ofof flatflat andand ovaloval corescores andand peelspeels shallshall be uniform throughout thethe length.length.

16 Grading of large-diameter processed processed canescanes Four standardized gradesgrades areare proposedproposed byby Bhat Bhat (1996): (1996):

Grade Specifications Super Entirely (100%(100 % of specified length), free from defects.defects. quality Ivory- white, cream or yellowishyellowish in colour.colour. Uniformly bright or lustrouslustrous surfaces.surfaces. Internodal lengthlength >100>100 mm.mm. I Extent of permissible defects not exceeding 15%15% of thethe specifiedspecified length. Ivory-white, cream or yellowish in colour. Uniformly bright surfaces.surfaces. Internodal lengthlength >100> 100 mm. IIII Extent of permissible defects not exceedingexceeding 50%50 % of thethe specifiedspecified lengthlength.. Ivory-white, cream or brownish inin colour.colour. Internodal lengthlength >100>100 mm.mm. IIIIII Extent of permissible defects not exceeding 75%75 % of of thethe specifiedspecified length. Whitish, yellowish, brownbrown oror dark brown in colour.colour. Internodal lengthlength >50>50 mm.mm.

Grading of rattan corescores Three standardized gradesgrades areare proposedproposed byby BhatBhat (1996): (1996):

Grade Specifications I Whitish in colour.colour. Hard and not easilyeasily brokenbroken.. No oror fewfew defects.defects. II White to yellowishyellowish inin colour.colour. HardHard.. Less than 15% of surfacessurfaces defective.defective. III Brownish to reddishreddish inin colour.colour. Soft.Soft. More thanthan 15%15 % ofof surfaces surfaces defective.defective.

Grading of ropes and binds Three standardizedstandardized grades grades areare proposedproposed by by Bhat Bhat (1996): (1996):

Grade Specifications I Yellowish white in colour.colour. Hard andand pliable.pliable. No oror few few defectivedefective surfaces.surfaces. II Creamy inin colour.colour. Intermediate hardness.hardness. Less than 25%25% ofof surfaces surfaces defective.defective. III Brownish inin colour.colour. Soft and easily broken. More thanthan 25%25% ofof surfaces surfaces defective.defective.

17 Grading ofof small-diametersmall-diameter processed processed canescanes Four standardizedstandardized gradesgrades areare proposedproposed byby Bhat Bhat (1996): (1996):

Grade Specifications Super Entirely, 100% of standard length.length. quality Free from defects.defects. Ivory- white,white, creamcream or yellowishyellowish inin colour.colour. Uniformly bright oror lustrous.lustrous. Easily pliable.pliable. Internodal lengthlength >100>100 mm. I Extent of permissible defects not exceeding 15% ofof thethe specifiedspecified length. Ivory-white, cream or yellowish in colour.colour. Easily pliable.pliable. Internodal lengthlength >100> 100 mm.mm. nII Extent of permissible defects not exceedingexceeding 50% ofof thethe specifiedspecified length. Ivory-white, creamcream or brownishbrownish inin colour.colour. Internodal lengthlength >100> 100 mm.mm. III Extent ofof permissiblepermissible defects not exceedingexceeding 50% ofof thethe specifiedspecified length. Whitish, yellowish, brown or dark brown inin colour.colour. Internodal lengthlength >50>50 mm.

Grading of split rattansrattans Two standardized gradesgrades areare proposedproposed byby Bhat Bhat (1996): (1996):

Grade Criteria I Free from defects and whitish inin colour.colour. IIn Extent ofof permissiblepermissible defectsdefects (q.v.).(q.v.). Not toto exceedexceed 15%15% ofof standardstandard lengthlength (q.v.).(q.v.). White, yellowish or brown inin colour.colour.

Green rattans or or canes canes Raw, Raw, freshly freshly cut cut rattans rattans which which havehave not undergoneundergone any treatment. Hagkal peelpeel Term used in Philippines for rattan peelpeel or skin.skin. Hardness In grading rawraw canes,canes, three categoriescategories are recognized: (a) hard rattan: when bent by handhand andand released,released, itit springsspnngs backback andand regains its original form quickly:quickly: (b) moderately hard rattan: when bent byby handhand andand released,released, regainsregains its original form rather slowly and not fully:fully: (c) soft rattan: when bent, it cracks at the end or breaks,breaks, andand ifif thethe bentbent rattan isis releasedreleased before it cracks or breaks,breaks, itit regainsregains itsits originaloriginal formform completely. Hole A cane defect; a cavity caused by worms, insectsinsects oror mechanical mechanical means.means.

Hollow oval core Material derived fromfrom split cores or canescanes with bothboth surfacessurfaces curvedcurved in10 parallel; i.e. concave and convex; cf.d. flat core, flat ovaloval core.core. InternodallengthInternodal length In cane grading, a measure of thethe shortestshortest distance fromfrom one node to another expressed in mm. The minimumminimum length is 5050 mmmm forfor gradinggrading large-large- andand small-diameter canes.canes.

18 Large-diameter rattansrattans A A class class of of unsplit unsplit canes canes 18-40> 18-40> mm mm in in diameter; diameter; cf. d. small-diameter small-diameter rattans.rattans. In tradetrade thethe followingfollowing large-diameterlarge-diameter classesclasses may be used: > 40 mm, 35-40 mm, 30-35 mm, 25-30 mm, 20-25 mm and 18-2018-20 mm.mm. Length InIn grading, the shortest distancedistance in meters from oneone extremeextreme endend ofof aa canecane (large(large oror small diameterdiameter andand splitsplit rattans)rattans) toto the other, usuallyusually roundedrounded offoff to thethe nearestnearest lowerlower 0.050.05 m.m. LengthLength isis specifiedspecified by thethe buyer.buyer. Loonty Term used in Indonesia for small-diametersmall-diameter canes used to weave rattan mats; dcf.. lampit, tatami. Lustrous cane Canes in which the surfacesurface is bright andand exhibitsexhibits aa sheensheen oror glossiness.glossiness. Mature cane The part ofof aa stemstem whichwhich hashas attainedattained full structural developmentdevelopment andand doesdoes not show any deformation or fracturefracture duringduring dryingdrying andand bending.bending. MOE Modules of elasticity; a mechanical testtest ofof rattanrattan cane strength. MORMaR Modules of rupture; a mechanicalmechanical testtest of rattan cane strength; cf.d. strength class. Natural canecane Green or cured rattanrattan inin naturalnatural form;form; i.e.i.e. with skin. Oil-cured rattan Green canes that have been cured in hot oil to impart desireddesired surfacesurface colour and appearance, and to prevent biologicalbiological degradation. Palembang Term used in Philippines for unpeeled small-diameter canescanes appliedapplied to rattanrattan furniturefurniture frames.frames. Partially processed cane CuredCured rattan,rattan, q.v.q.v. Peel Rattan peel,peel, q.v.q.v. Peeled cane Rattan canescanes in which thethe skinskin hashas beenbeen removed.removed. Permissible defects In cane grading, defects such asas blemishes, scars, pin holes, checks and bruisesbruises are permissible to the extentextent specifiedspecified for a particular grade;grade; cf.d. grading rules for large-diameterlarge-diameter canes,canes, gradinggrading rulesrules forfor small-diametersmall-diameter canes,canes, gradinggrading rules for splitsplit rattanrattan (cane(cane derivatives).derivatives). Pole General term for a length of rattan; the term may also be used to refer to a piece of bamboo. Polished cane Peeled cane which has undergone polishing (sanding).(sanding). Prohibited defectsdefects In canecane grading,grading, defectsdefects such as decay, pin and wormworm holes,holes, breakagebreakage andand shakes. Rattan From rotanrotan (Malay),(Malay), reed,reed, canecane oror stick.stick. Rattan derivativesderivatives Products oror partsparts ofof cane cane resultingresulting fromfrom rattanrattan conversion;conversion; i.e.i.e. splittingsplitting andand peeling; cf.d. split rattan. Rattan peelpeel Flat or semicircularsemicircular material 2-10 mm in width obtained fromfrom thethe peripheralperipheral portion ofof thethe canecane includingincluding thethe skin,skin, normallynormally usedused forfor weavingweaving andand binding; cf.d. flat oval core. Also called "rattan"rattan skin".skin". Rattan polepole Round rattan,rattan, greengreen oror treated,treated, ofof anyany convenientconvenient length.length. Rattan wastewaste Remnants of rattan,rattan, eithereither inin strips,strips, splinterssplinters oror sliversslivers resultingresulting fromfrom processing; or inin cylindricalcylindrical shape with lessless than 5050 mmmm inin length.length. Rattan woolwool Fine waste produced fromfrom splittingsplitting andand coring;coring; unsuitableunsuitable for for any any use use except except as stuffing oror packingpacking material.material.

19 Raw cane Freshly cutcut rattansrattans thatthat have have notnot undergone undergone any any treatment; treatment; also also called called greengreen rattan. Reed Synonym for (rattan)(rattan) core,core, q.v.q.v. Ropes and bindsbinds Material derived fromfrom splitting rattans, which has beenbeen sizedsized andand thinned;thinned; used for weavingweaving and bindingbinding purposes. Rough corescores A by-product ofof splitsplit rattans,rattans, which has undergone further splitting.splitting. Round core Round materialmaterial consisting of the cores of rattan stems, 2-10 mm in diameter, obtained by peelingpeeling and splitting, normally used for basketbasket frames.frames. Round rods Scraped poles, q.v.q.v. Scar A cane defect; a depressiondepression or any marking on the surface other thanthan fungalfungal discoloration. Scraped poles Canes from which thethe rattanrattan skinskin hashas beenbeen removedremoved eithereither byby scrapingscraping oror byby a round-rod makingmaking machine.machine. Seasoned rattanrattan Canes whose moisture content hashas beenbeen reducedreduced toto aa maximummaximum levellevel under more oror lessless controlledcontrolled dryingdrying processes. processes. Shake A cane defect; a partial oror completecomplete separationseparation betweenbetween adjoiningadjoining layerslayers ofof tissues, as seen in end surfaces, caused byby stresses developed inin cutting and collecting, or in unequal drying ofof immatureimmature stems.stems. Small-diameter rattans A A class class of of unsplit unsplit canes canes below below 18 18 mm mm in in diameter; diameter; cf.large-diameter d.large-diameter canes. In tradetrade thethe followingfollowing small-diametersmall-diameter classes may be used: 2-6 mm;mm; >6-11 mm andand> >11-17 11-17 mm.mm. Split rattanrattan By-products of thethe splittingsplitting process,process, such as ropes,ropes, bindsbinds andand cores;cores; cf.d. rattan derivatives. InIn grading, thethe diameterdiameter ofof roundround cores is 2-102-10 mm with a tolerance of 0.50.5 mm.mm. Square core Rattan split with aa squaresquare endend shape.shape. Sticks Term referring to larger-diameterlarger-diameter rattansrattans collected andand sold asas straightstraight lengths in Indonesia. Strand canecane Synonym forfor chairchair cane,cane, q.v.q.v. Strength classclass A classification of unsplit rattan canescanes into threethree classes:classes: (a) strong toto veryvery strong: strong: static static bending bending MOR MOR and/orand/or tensiletensile strength UTS above 7070 N/rnm2;N/mm2; (b) moderately strong: MOR or UTSUTS 45-7045-70 N/mm2; (c) weak: MOR or UTSUTS belowbelow 4545 N/mm2.N/mm2. Taper In canecane grading,grading, aa measuremeasure determined byby thethe differencedifference betweenbetween diametersdiameters measured at the twotwo extremeextreme endsends ofof aa cane.cane. InIn large-diameter large-diameter canes,canes, thethe maximum taper should not exceedexceed 5 mm for aa lengthlength ofof 3.5 3.5 m;m; inin small-small­ diameter canes, the maximum taper should notnot exceedexceed 33 mmmm forfor aa lengthlength ofof 4.5 m.m. Tensile strengthstrength The greatestgreatest longitudinallongitudinal stress a rattan canecane can bear without tearingtearing apart,apart, expressed as N/mm'.N/mm2. TensileTensile strengthstrength decreasesdecreases whenwhen strongstrong bleachingbleaching agents are used and longlong bleachingbleaching periods areare applied.applied. Thickness In gradinggrading splitsplit rattans,rattans, thicknessthickness ofof flatflat oror ovaloval corescores isis 1-61-6 mm.mm. Treated rattanrattan Canes that havehave beenbeen treatedtreated withwith chemicalschemicals toto prevent prevent biological biological degradation.

20 Unsplit rattanrattan or or canes canes Round Round canes, canes, scarped scarped or or unscraped, unscraped, that that have have notnot been been peeled peeled oror split.split. Utility classclass A simplifiedsimplified method to classifyclassify cut canes on thethe basisbasis ofof stemstem diameterdiameter groups when information asas to thethe speciesspecies of the canes is unknownunknown.. UTS Ultimate tensiletensile stress,stress, a mechanicalmechanical test of rattanrattan canecane strength;strength; strengthstrength class, q.v. Water sega Term used in IndonesiaIndonesia for small-diametersmall-diameter canes to weave rattan mats; of lesser quality thanthan loonty,loonty, q.v.q.v. Width In gradinggrading split rattan canes, thethe width of flatflat oror ovaloval corecore andand peelspeels isis 2-10 mm; flat/oval core,core, q.v.q.v. Zambales peelpeel Term used in Philippines for rattan peel or skin.skin.

POST-HARVEST HANDLING Artificial drying The useuse ofof aa closed,closed, heatedheated chamberchamber to reducereduce the moisturemoisture content of deglazed and washed canes. ArtificialArtificial dryingdrying has been successful butbut is not often used. Bleaching Immersion of canescanes in aa chemicalchemical solution to removeremove oror reducereduce blemishes;blemishes; sodium hypochlorite (1 percent solution for aboutabout 11 hour) or hydrogenhydrogen peroxide are used.used. Cooking General term forfor boilingboiling rawraw canescanes inin hothot oil; oil; curingcuring q.v.q.v. Curing Immersion of canes in a hot oiloil mixturemixture (diesel,(diesel, kerosine or coconutcoconut oiloil atat 100-250 °C°C forfor 10 minutesminutes oror more)more) toto preventprevent deterioration. This should be done within 1-21-2 daysdays ofof harvestingharvesting andand isis said to makemake thethe canescanes durable by removing gums,gums, resinsresins andand water, and denaturation ofof starch.starch. Deglazing The first stepstep followingfollowing harvestingharvesting consistingconsisting ofof thethe removalremoval ofof thethe spinyspiny leafleaf sheaths adhering toto thethe stemstem andand thethe silicifiedsilicified epidermis.epidermis. VariousVarious procedures are employed: wrappingwrapping thethe rattanrattan aroundaround a tree trunk and rubbing it backback and forth; rubbingrubbing thethe stemstem withwith sandsand oror some some other other abrasive abrasive material; material; striking the canecane with aa piece of plaited wood; or cutting withwith aa parang.parang. Drying Reduction ofof thethe waterwater contentcontent of of cured cured and and scrubbed scrubbed canes. canes .Typically Typically canes canes are dried in thethe sun;sun; placedplaced upright againstagainst wooden framesframes oror bundledbundled andand loosely tied at one end and stood uprightupright withwith thethe untieduntied basalbasal endsends spreadspread out to formform aa cone.cone. DryingDrying timetime cancan vary from 1-31-3 weeks,weeks, depending upon the cane diameter and weather conditions. End-racking Open-air dryingdrying of of oil oil curedcured andand cleanedcleaned rattans by leaningleaning them on wooden frames. Fumigation Exposing dried canescanes to sulphur dioxidedioxide toto killkill insectsinsects and theirtheir larvaelarvae and to give aa greatergreater uniformityuniformity ofof colour;colour; usuallyusually onlyonly goodgood quality large-diameter canes undergo thethe process.process. Layang (Malay)(Malay) Term inin PeninsularPeninsular MalaysiaMalaysia for curing of CalarnusCalamus manan. The rawraw rattansrattans are soaked for somesome timetime inin dieseldiesel oil, then bundledbundled andand heatedheated slowlyslowly overover a fire duringduring whichwhich thethe surfacessurfaces are rubbed with or dieseldiesel oil to remove any gummygummy materials.materials. The process also reducesreduces thethe contentcontent ofof thethe canes. Layang achieves aa veryvery eveneven colourcolour andand glossy texture, enhancing the quality ofof thethe cane.cane. Oil-curing Term used asas a synonym forfor curing,curing, q.v.q.v.

21 Primary processing AA collectivecollective termterm thatthat generally generally includesincludes curing,cunng, scrubbing,scrubbing, drying,drying, andand fumigating (if(if applicable)applicable) ofof canes.canes. Runti or luntilunti (Malay)(Malay) Deglazing,Deglazing, q.v.q.v. ScrapingScraping Removal ofof the nodesnodes andand rindsrinds ofof freshfresh canescanes alongalong withwith thethe siliceous siliceous epidermisepidermis to hasten drying and to minimize staining fungal growth; scraping can be done manuallymanually with aa knife or sharp-edgedsharp-edged tooltool oror mechanically. mechanically. Scrubbing oror rinsingrinsing Cleaning Cleaning cured cured canes canes using using sawdust sawdust or or gunny gunny sacking sacking toto remove remove oiloil fromfrom the surface.surface. Sorting After primary processingprocessing canescanes may be sorted by diameter andand otherother criteriacriteria and bundled againagain for storage.storage.

STORAGE Godown (Malay) A warehouse; the termterm isis used in reference to rattanrattan storage.storage. Underwater storage storage Submergence Submergence ofof small-diametersmall-diameter canescanes in waterwater beforebefore undergoingundergoing primaryprimary processing; the anaerobic conditions prevent deterioration and attackattack byby orgamsms.organisms. Warehousing After primary processing,processing, bundled canes are stored horizontallyhorizontally onon racksracks and kept inin aa covered warehouse until sold.

TRADE Ayer (Malay) One ofof fourfour mainmain groupsgroups ofof cane cane inin trade,trade, accordingaccording toto Burkill Burkill (1966);(1966); thisthis group includesincludes non-siliceousnon-siliceous canescanes notnot includedincluded elsewhere;elsewhere; cf.d . lunti,lunti, sega, sega, sticks. Bet (Hindi) A general term used in India to refer toto rattan of any type; the name probably originated from thethe SanskritSanskrit wordword betas,betas, meaningmeaning climber.climber. DDemere emere (Twi) Trade name for CalamusCalamus deerratusdeerratus canescanes inin .Ghana. Lunti (Malay)(Malay) One ofof fourfour mainmain groupsgroups ofof cane cane inin trade,trade, accordingaccording toto Burkill Burkill (1966); (1966); thisthis group includesincludes thethe samesame kindskinds asas segasega (q.v.)(q.v.) exceptexcept thatthat thethe silicasilica layerlayer hashas been removed;removed; cf.d. ayer,ayer, sticks.sticks. Makak Trade namename forfor LaccospermaLaccosperma secundiflorumsecundiflorum 6-& L. robustumrobustum canescanes inin WestWest Africa. Palasan (Tagalog)(Tagalog) Philippine trade namename groupgroup thatthat includesincludes truetrue palasan palasan (Calamus(Calamus merrillii)merrillii) and other canescanes withwith aa diameterdiameter overover 2.52.5 cm andand internodesinternodes ofof 2525 cmcm oror more; cf.d. panlis, sika and tumalin.tumalin. Panlis (Ta (Tagalog) gal o g) Philippine trade namename groupgroup forfor canescanes withwith aa diameterdiameter ofof lessless thanthan 1.51.5 cm,cm, but whichwhich areare ratherrather lightlight inin colourcolour andand thereforetherefore notnot includedincluded inin thethe sikasika group, q.v.;q.v.; cf.d. palasanpalasan andand tumalin.tumalin. Rotan manaumanau (Malay)(Malay) TradeTrade name name for for Calamus Calamus manan manan canes canes inin Southeast Southeast Asia. Asia. Rotan merahmerah (Malay)(Malay) TradeTrade name name for for Korthalsia Korthalsia spp.spp. canes canes inin SoutheastSoutheast Asia.Asia. Rotan segasega (Malay)(Malay) TradeTrade namename forfor CalamusCalamus caesius caesius canescanes inin SoutheastSoutheast Asia.Asia. Rotan semambusemambu (Malay)(Malay) TradeTrade name name for for Calamus Calamus scipionum scipionum canescanes inin SoutheastSoutheast Asia. Asia. Samarinda East KalimantanKalimantan river port important inin thethe rattanrattan trade.trade.

22 Sega (Malay) One ofof fourfour mainmain groupsgroups ofof canecane inin trade,trade, accordingaccording toto BurkillBurkill (1966);(1966); this group includes all canes withwith a siliceous outerouter layer that cracks and springs off when the canecane isis bent;bent; cf.d. ayer,ayer, lunti, sticks.sticks. Sika (Tagalog(Tagalog) ) Philippine trade namename groupgroup thatthat includes includes PalawanPalawan sikasika (Calamus(Calamus caesius)caesius) and other rattanrattan speciesspecies thatthat areare glossy,glossy, flexible, brightbright yellowyellow when dry and less thanthan 1.5 cm in diameter; cf.d. palasan, panlis and tumalin. Sticks One ofof fourfour mainmain groupsgroups ofof canecane inin trade,trade, accordingaccording toto BurkillBurkill (1966);(1966); this group includes canes which are straight and stiff and suitablesuitable for walkingwalking sticks and furniture frames;frames; cf.d. ayer,ayer, lunti, sega.sega. Tumalin or tumalim (Tagalog)(Tagalog) PhilippinePhilippine trade name group that includes true tumalin (Calamus mindorensis) and and otherother rattan species withwith a diameter of 1.5-2.51.5-2.5 cm;cm; cf.d . palasan, panlis and sika.sika.

TRANSPORT Animal power The use of buffalo, horses or elephants toto carry (or drag) bundles of rattan from the cutting sitessites to a forest road collection point or waterway.waterway. Carrying Manual carrying ofof bundles ofof rattan from the forest alongalong footpaths to a collectioncollection point; somesome dragging ofof the canescanes maymay occuroccur whenwhen goinggoing downhill. Dragging oror slidingsliding MovingMoving bundlesbundles ofof rattanrattan alongalong the groundground from thethe forestforest toto aa collectioncollection point; thethe practicepractice causes some damage toto the canes that come in contactcontact with the ground. Rafting Tying togethertogether bundlesbundles ofof rattanrattan toto formform aa raft, which is then towed by a boat toto aa collectioncollection pointpoint onon land;land; thethe rattansrattans areare dried dried immediately immediately afterafter being taken out ofof thethe water.water. Trucking Trucks are a commoncommon meansmeans in MalaysiaMalaysia of transporting rattansrattans fromfrom thethe collection point onon aa forestforest roadroad toto thethe salessales sitesite oror factory.factory.

PROCESSING

FOR LOCALLOCAL ARTISANALARTISANAL USESUSES Blow torchtorch bendingbending ApplicationApplication ofof heatheat toto rattanrattan canescanes toto permitpermit bendingbending themthem inin mouldsmoulds intointo various shapes for making furniturefurniture and other artisanal products; this method of bending causescauses scorching; steam bending is preferable but not feasiblefeasible for the typicaltypical backyardbackyard operation.operation. Dyeing Colouring splitsplit canes canes usedused inin makingmaking baskets,baskets, mats,mats, etc.etc. Plaiting Interweaving strandsstrands ofof rattan peel or splitsplit rattanrattan atat approximatelyapproximately rightright angles. Smoking A finishing process typically used for artisanal baskets, containerscontainers and other products wovenwoven fromfrom splitsplit canes.canes. The objectobject isis heldheld overover aa potpot containingcontaining aa slow smokysmoky firefire andand producesproduces anan intensificationintensification ofof colourcolour in in dyed dyed canes; canes; thethe termterm alsoalso isis usedused toto referrefer toto fumigation, fumigation, q.v.q.v.

Splitting Dividing lengthwise rattanrattan canescanes toto produce split rattanrattan andand cores;cores; inIII artisanal work thisthis processprocess typicallytypically isis done manuallymanually withwith aa knife.knife.

2323 The intertwiningintertwining of rattan canes or split rattanrattan inin aa varietyvariety ofof differentdifferent directions and patterns to makemake baskets, mats and an assortmentassortment of otherother hand-woven products.

INDUSTRIALINDUSTRIAL LEVEL FURNITUREFURNITURE MANUFACTURING Assembly Joining together the differentdifferent components of aa piecepiece ofof furniture,furniture, usingusing nails, screws, staple, adhesives or strips ofof rattanrattan (binding); (binding); cf. d. final final assembly,assembly, subassembly. Bending The forming ofof rattanrattan canescanes intointo variousvarious shapes.shapes. CanesCanes softenedsoftened andand mademade pliable withwith steam are forcedforced intointo mouldsmoulds andand leftleft therethere forfor 12-24 hourshours to ensure that thethe desireddesired shapeshape isis permanently formed. Binding Wrapping of rattan furniture joints with rattan peel; leather strips or other materials may also be used. Bleaching Removal of stains on rattan poles by subjecting them toto aa bleachingbleaching solution and anan elevatedelevated temperaturetemperature (60°C(60 °C for twotwo hours).hours). AA recommended recommended bleaching solution is 1 percent hydrogen peroxideperoxide andand aa 1:41:4 ratioratio ofof sodiumsodium hydroxide toto sodiumsodium silicate.silicate. Buffing The sanding of moulded and bent rattanrattan componentscomponents onon aa buffingbuffing machinemachine using pneumatic cylinders and brush heads.heads. Using split rattan or otherother materialmaterial toto weaveweave the seats of chairs and/or sidessides of rattan furniture. Coping Synonym forfor scribing,scribing, q.v.q.v. Coring Splitting of rattan canes to produce rattan cores and rattan peel.peel. Debarking Synonym forfor peeling,peeling, q.v.q.v. Decorticating Synonym forfor peeling,peeling, q.v.q.v. Dipstaining A stainingstaining process in which thethe componentcomponent oror assembledassembled furniturefurniture piecepiece is dipped into aa strainingstraining solution,solution, ratherrather thanthan havinghaving thethe stainstain appliedapplied byby spraying or brush;brush; cf.d . finishing.finishing. Dowelling A rattanrattan furniturefurniture constructionconstruction techniquetechnique forfor connectingconnecting componentscomponents byby drilling holes and insertinginserting dowelsdowels andand glue.glue. Drilling Boring holes in subassemblysubassembly components in preparation forfor finalfinal furniturefurniture assembly when screwsscrews areare used.used. End-coping Coping, q.v.q.v. Final assembly Joining togethertogether ofof basicbasic frameframe structuresstructures intointo aa finishedfinished piecepiece ofof furniture;furniture; this may be done in thethe factoryfactory oror afterafter shipment shipment ofof knockknock-down -down components; cf.d. assembly, sub-assembly. Finishing Application of surface finishes toto rattan furniture to lightenlighten oror darkendarken thethe surface; finishes can be clear , stains or pigmentedpigmented lacquers.lacquers. Grinding machinemachine Peeling machine,machine, q.v.q.v. Grooving Cutting anan indentationindentation and and drilling drilling a a series series ofof holesholes inin aa rattanrattan chairchair frame frame soso thatthat itit cancan bebe canedcaned with rattanrattan stripsstrips oror somesome otherother material.material.

24 Jointing The attachment of componentcomponent partsparts ofof rattanrattan framesframes andand seats;seats; commoncommon structural jointsjoints are:are: chuckingchucking and boringboring (mortise(mortise andand tenon);tenon); scribingscribing oror coping; cross lap joint; end half-lap joint or splicing; mitre joint; dowel joint (for seatseat frames).frames). Peeling Removal ofof thethe outer portion of the rattanrattan canecane byby eithereither manualmanual or mechanical means; also called debarking, decorticating.decorticating. Peeling machinemachine An industrialindustrial machinemachine used to peelpeel rattanrattan canes;canes; alsoalso calledcalled aa grindinggrinding machine.machine. Personal protective equipment equipment (PPE) (PPE) Protective Protective gear gear worn worn by by workers workers engaged engaged in in activities activities suchsuch as rattan furniture finishingfinishing wherewhere sprayspray gunsguns areare used.used. Plastic coating The practicepractice of applyingapplying a coating of plastic to poorpoor qualityquality rattanrattan skinskin before itit isis usedused forfor weaving.weaving. Polishing Term used to referrefer toto thethe sandingsanding (q.v.)(q.v.) ofof peeledpeeled rattanrattan poles.poles. Rattan cookercooker The term forfor aa simplesimple cylindrical metal structure withwith oneone endend closedclosed andand thethe other withwith a a swingswing door,door, withinwithin whichwhich rattanrattan canes canes areare placedplaced forfor steaming.steaming. Rattan setset A matchingmatching groupgroup ofof furniturefurniture piecespieces havinghaving thethe samesame designdesign patterns andand finish; a typical rattan parlour setset consistsconsists ofof aa sofa, one or twotwo chairs,chairs, anan end table and coffeecoffee table.table. Rattan splitting splitting machine machine An An industrial industrial machine machine used used to to split split rattan rattan canes canes toto produceproduce corecore and/or peel. Rounding machine machine An An industrial industrial machine machine used used to to peel peel rattan rattan canes; canes; cf. d. peeling. peeling. Sanding The passing of straightstraight poles through aa profileprofile sandingsanding machine.machine. AtAt leastleast three profile sanderssanders areare usedused (coarse,(coarse, medium and fine)fine) so thatthat componentscomponents can be finished inin oneone pass.pass. Scribing The most commoncommon jointing system for rattan furniture. The roundround sectionsection of rattan isis scribedscribed toto createcreate aa perfectperfect fitfit duringduring assembly;assembly; scribing is done manually withwith aa gougegouge chiselchisel or aa specially designed cutting bitbit onon anan electricelectric drill. Splitting Longitudinally dividing canes to produceproduce materialmaterial weavingweaving (caning)(caning) andand binding byby peelingpeeling away the hard outer skin; the core producedproduced isis roundedrounded to makemake roundround core,core, oror resplitresplit intointo smallersmaller sectionssections by handhand oror machine.machine. Staining changing the colour of rattan canescanes through the useuse ofof stainsstains oror pigmentedpigmented lacquers; cf.d. finishing. Standard SpecificationsSpecifications for Rattan FurnitureFurniture Details Details in in Appendix Appendix VI, VI, q.v.q.v. Steaming The processprocess of heatingheating rattan canes inin water vapour at 100100°C °C for 20-3020-30 minutes to permit bendingbending to virtuallyvirtually any curvature. Straightening The useuse of improvisedimprovised toolstools oror aa hydraulichydraulic machinemachine toto straightenstraighten bentbent canes canes before they are cut into lengthslengths for furniture components.components. Subassembly Formation ofof thethe basicbasic frameframe structuresstructures ofof aa piecepiece ofof furniture,furniture, whichwhich maymay constitute knock-down componentscomponents for shippingshipping andand finalfinal assemblyassembly by aa wholesaler; cf.d. assembly,assembly, final assembly. Weaving A synonym forfor caning.caning.

25 TRADE Atmospheric damage Damage toto packaged rattanrattan furniturefurniture by moisture, fumes, dust,dust, dirt and sunlight. This type of damagedamage can be minimized by lining export crates or boxes with bituminized paper oror polyethlenepolyethlene film,film, leavingleaving the bottom openopen to help avoidavoid condensation.condensation. Complete construction Furniture thatthat isis fullyfully constructedconstructed andand doesdoes notnot needneed anyany assemblyassembly beforebefore being sold on the market; d.cf. completelycompletely knock-down;knock-down; knock-down. Completely knock-down (CKD)(CKD) A method of furniture construction ofof flat and straight components intended to bebe assembledassembled in a factory before retail sale. Advantages of CKD furniture are convenienceconvenience of packaging andand reduced freight charges through more efficient useuse of containercontainer space. CKD construction does notnot reducereduce thethe strength oror performanceperformance ofof thethe furniture;furniture; cf.d. knock-down. Compression damage Damage to packagedpackaged rattan furniturefurniture causedcaused byby stackingstacking palletspallets tootoo highhigh resulting inin excessiveexcessive compressioncompression forcesforces onon thethe bottom pallets.pallets. This type ofof damage can be avoided by using sturdy crates that areare adequatelyadequately bracedbraced andand supported insideinside and can support up to 1010 tonnes. The best protection isis to ship in a freight container. Containerized shipment Export of rattan furniturefurniture inin aa largelarge metal container that minimizes handling, loss and damage;damage; containers cancan bebe loaded at thethe furniturefurniture factoryfactory andand transported byby trucktruck toto aa portport forfor seasea shipment.shipment. Impact damagedamage Damage to packaged rattan furniture causedcaused by cratescrates beingbeing dropped.dropped. ThisThis type of damage can be reducedreduced byby holding furniturefurniture away from the sides and edges of the crate by using corrugatedcorrugated board and padding the furniture. KnockKnock-down-down (KD) AA method method of of furniture furniture construction construction between between completelycompletely knockknock downdown andand complete construction; componentscomponents areare mademade soso thatthat theythey can can bebe assembled assembled by the retailretail customer. KDKD affordsaffords somesome efficiencyefficiency in terms of packaging and freight chargecharge savings.savings. Lampit A type ofof floorfloor matmat mademade inin IndonesiaIndonesia from rattanrattan splitssplits whichwhich areare threadedthreaded together; exportedexported toto JapanJapan wherewhere itit isis knownknown asas tatami,tatami, q.v. q.v. Middleman Trader, q.v.q.v. Semi-processors Generally small-scale operators operators who who buybuy raw rattan fromfrom collectorscollectors andand produce washedwashed andand sulphuredsulphured rattan rattan andand aa variety variety of of semi-processed semi-processed products; cf.d. trader.trader. Tatami Japanese termterm for floorfloor matsmats mademade ofof rattanrattan splitssplits joinedjoined togethertogether vvithwith strings pierced through them;them; lampit,lampit, q.v.q.v. Thick-reed furniturefurniture Term for furniture mademade ofof rattan core; not considered rattanrattan furniturefurniture inin thethe strict sense.sense. Tikar A fine floor matmat mademade inin IndonesiaIndonesia from rattanrattan splitssplits whichwhich areare threadedthreaded together; an export item.item.

2266 Trader A to-wn-based,town-based, provincial oror city-based individualindividual who purchasespurchases rattanrattan from cutters andand sellssells itit toto buyersbuyers whowho are are generally generally semi-processorssemi-processors oror manufacturers. Traders typicallytypically operateoperate underunder either informalinformal oror formalformal business arrangements withwith the cutters and buyers, and maymay dealdeal in rawraw oror partially processedprocessed canes.canes. Vibration damage Damage to packaged rattan furniture caused by rubbing of furniturefurniture partsparts against each other oror againstagainst thethe insideinside ofof thethe package.package. ThisThis typetype ofof damage damage can be eliminated by immobilizing the furniture inin itsits containercontainer andand allowingallowing as littlelittle movementmovement as possiblepossible between the finish and any any surfacesurface thatthat contacts it.

MISCELLANEOUS Atap (Malay)(Malay) Thatch mademade (usually(usually inin panels)panels) by bendingbending palmpalm leafletsleaflets over a lathlath oror thethe leaf-rachis; certain species of Calamus and DaernonoropsDaemonorops areare soso used.used. BARSTOOL Bamboo and RattanRattan ScienceScience andand TechnologyTechnology LinksLinks - Products andand Applications. A bamboo and rattan technical advisory group on products andand applications issues, initiated by INBAR. WebWeb site:site: www.smartgroups.com/www.smartgroups.com/ groups/barstool-pa Bentwood A general term referring to furniturefurmture with majormajor componentscomponents thatthat areare bentbent and not cutcut intointo shape;shape; sometimes applied to rattan furniture. Buri Common namename forfor thethe palmpalm CoryphaCorypha utanutan andand thethe splitsplit petiolespetioles fromfrom itit usedused in the Philippines to makemake rattan-like furniture. Chicks Slatted blinds sometimes made with rattan petiolespetioles from whichwhich thethe spinesspines have been removed.removed. Dragon's blood A dark-reddark-red resinresin exudedexuded fromfrom fruitfruit of of a afew few species species of of Daemonorops; Daemonorops; e.g.e.g. D. draco,draco, D. didymophylladidymophylla andand others.others. NotNot to bebe confusedconfused with aa similarsimilar product fromfrom thethe dragondragon tree,tree, DracaenaDracaena draco,draco, whichwhich isis notnot aa palm.palm. INBAR International Network forfor BambooBamboo andand Rattan.Rattan. EstablishedEstablished inin 19931993 with headquarters in New Delhi,Delhi, India;India; headquarters movedmoved toto Beijing,Beijing, China in 1998. SupportsSupports research and publishes books, studies andand aa newsnews magazine.magazine. Web site: www.inbar.intwww.inbarint Jernang (Malay)(Malay) dragon's blood,blood, q.v.q.v. Lawyer cane A variable common name applied to four differentdifferent speciesspecies ofof CalamusCalamus inin Australia: C. australis,australis, lawyerlawyer cane;cane; C.C. caryotoides,caryotoides, fishtailfishtail lawyerlawyer cane;cane; C. moti, yellow lawyerlawyer cane;cane; and C. muelleri,muelleri, southern lawyerlawyer cane. cane. Malacca cane A walkingwalking stickstick mademade fromfrom thethe stem stem of of Calamus Calamus sczPionum, scipionum, esteemedesteemed because of its long internodes; sticks made fromfrom a single internodeinternode command the highest prices; named after the export port. PCS A productionproduction toto consumptionconsumption systemsystem analysis; inin the casecase of rattansrattans itit consists of an analysis of the stock and flow of rattanrattan fromfrom thethe harvestingharvesting of the rawraw materialmaterial to the final product and market. Each point of product transformation oror processingprocessing isis examinedexamined with regardregard toto thethe stakeholders stakeholders involved, the functions performed andand thethe marketmarket linkages.linkages. Rattan Business,Business, NewsNews && Community.Community. Web Web site: site: www.rattanlink.comwww.rattanlink.com

27 RICRIC Rattan Information Centre.Centre. FoundedFounded in in 19821982 andand locatedlocated atat ForestForest ResearchResearch Institute Kepong,Kepong, Selangor,Selangor, Malaysia. Supported researchresearch andand publishedpublished books, studies and the RICRIC BulletinBulletin untiluntil 1993.1993. TheThe RICRIC Bulletin Bulletin is scheduled to be resuscitated as an e-bulletin in 2002 and published twice per year. Web site: www.frim.gov.my (Malay) AA game played played in in Southeast Southeast Asia Asia using using a a flexible flexible ballball mademade ofof split split rattan.rattan. Shoot The edibleedible apicalapical meristem, growinggrowing point point oror palm heart.heart. At leastleast threethree commercial rattanrattan species are exploited forfor this productproduct:: CalamusCalamus simplicifolius; C.C. tenuistenuis andand DaemonoropsDaemonorops jenkinsiana.jenkinsiana. Takraw (Thai) Sepak raga, q.v.q.v. Umbut (Malay)(Malay) General term in Southeast Asia forfor the soft, edible shoot of aa rattan;rattan; shoot, q.v. Wicker A general term applied to woven furniture and baskets.baskets. AmongAmong the pliantpliant raw materials used to makemake wickerwicker wareware areare rattan,rattan, bamboo,bamboo, ,willow, reeds,reeds, etc.

28 VERNACULARVERNACULAR NAMES

Language (L), Country/ VernacularVernacular name Genus/Species Geographic area (G), Region Notes Abuan Calamus diepenhorstii Philippines AinAM Korthalsia ferox Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)(L) Air Calamus erinaceuserinaceus Malaysia Daemonorops angustzfoliaangustifolia Malaysia D.D. fissa Borneo Ambalua PlectocomiopsisPlectocomiopsis geminiflorageminiflora Malaysia Kedazan (L), (G) Apas CalamusCala mus reyesianus Philippines Arichural Calamus travancoricus IndiaIndia Malayalam (L), (G) Arorog-Arorog CalamusCalaznus javensis Philippines Arug-daArugda Calamus arug-daarugda Philippines Ibanag (L) Arurug Calamus javensis Philippines (G) Babuyan Calamus usitatus Philippines Sambal (L) Baiteng Calamus tetradactylustetra dactylus China Bala mata Daemonorops fissa Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)(L) Balala Calamus multinervis Philippines Banakbo Calamus megaphyllusmegaphyllus Philippines Manobo (L) Bara bet Calamus viminalis Chittagong (G) Barahuasca Desmoncus mitis Peru Batang-Batang See: rotanrotan batang Batan?,Batang merah Daemonorops robusta Indonesia Central SulawesiSulawesi (G) BaosBatu See: rotanrotan batu Bayabong Calamus manillensismanillensis Philippines Manobo (L)(L) Be'angBe'ang- Korthalsia echinometra Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)(L) BioenganBioeng-an Daemonorops sabut Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)(L) BoranganBoran?,an CalamusCalarrzus ornatus Philippines Mindanao (G) BoroBora bet Calamus virninalisviminalis India Botet Korthalsia furtadoanafurtadoana Borneo (both) SamarindaSamarinda tradetrade K. rastratarostrata Borneo Boyukng Calamus optimusoptimus Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)(L) Butarak Calamus vidalianus Philippines Ilokano (L)(L) Cekolo Myrialepis paradoxa IndonesiaIndonesia Sumatra (G) CharabCha rab Calamus andamanicus IndiaIndia Andaman Islands (G) China bet Calamus pseudorivalispseudorivalis IndiaIndia Nicobar IslandsIslands (G)(G) Chowdah Calamus andamanicus IndiaIndia Andaman Islands (G) Coo cemeecemee Calamus blurneiblumei Malaysia Coon cemeescemees Calamus blumeiblumei Malaysia Coonk stookstook Calamus favensisjavensis Malaysia Perak (G) Da-teng Calamus wailongwailong China DagdagDag-dag- Calamus szphonospathussiphonospathus Philippines Ilokano (L)(L) DahanDaban See: rotanrotan dahan Dalimban Calamus melanorhynchusmelanorhynchus Philippines Bagobo (L) Danan Korthalsia ferox Borneo Bentian 8.c& BenuaqBenuaq Dayak (L)(L) DanDanye ye sheng-tengshengteng Calamus szmpliczfolzus simplicifolius China Hainan IslandIsland (G)(G) Dara panda Calamus scabridulusscabridulus Indonesia Datu Calamus minahassaeminahassae IndonesiaIndonesia (G) Demenai Calamus gonospermus?,onospermus Borneo KenyaliKenyah Dayak (L)(L)

2929 Language (L),

Vernacular name Genus/Species CountrylCountry! Geographic area (G),(G), Region Notes DemereDemere Calamus deërratusdeerratus Ghana Twi (L) and trade name DhanR,riDhangri bet Calamus leptospadixleptospadix IndiaIndia Ditaan Daemonorops ochrolepisochrolepis Philippines Dok See: rotanrotan dok Douung-douung Calamus cumingianuscuminf,ianus Philippines Manobo (L) Dre sekam DaemonoropsDaernonorops micracantha Malaysia PahangPahan?; (G) Duanye shengtengshengteng CalamusCalan-zas egregiusegregias China Golak bet Daemonorops jenkinsianajenk nsiana India Gonot pipit Daemonorops fissa Malaysia Hamlis Calamus discolordiscolor Philippines Hanapas Calan-susCalamus usitatus Philippines Bikol (L)(L) Hoe cacing Calamus ciliarisciliaris Indonesia Sundanese (L)(L) Hongteng Daemonorops jenkinsiana China Howe belukbuk Calamus burckianus Indonesia Western Java (G) Howe cacing Calamus heteroideus Indonesia C. javensis Indonesia Western Java (G) Howe gelang Calamus polystachyspolystachys Indonesia Western Java (G) Howe sedseel l Daemonorops melanochaetesmelanochaetes Indonesia Western Java (G) Huangteng Daemonorops jenkinsiana China Huwi pantis Calamus heridasluridus Indonesia Sumatra (G) Ilem Calamus piloselluspilosellus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)(L) Inai Ceratolobus subangulatussubanR,ulatus Borneo Bentian Dayak (L)(L) lritIr t See: rotanrotan irit Jacitara Desmoncus giganteus Brazil D. mitis Brazil D. orthacanthos Brazil D. polyacanthos Brazil Jaoei Calan-zasCalamus tomentosus Borneo Kenya Dayak (L)(L) Jarmasi Ca/amasCalamus leiocaulisleiocaulis IndonesiaIndonesia Sulawesi (G) Jati betbet Calamus tenuistenuis IndiaIndia Jehab CalarnusCalamus trachycoleustrachycoleus Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L),(L), Samarinda trade Jelayan Ca/amasCalamus ornatus Borneo Jepung Daemonorops ermitacrinita Borneo Bentian & Benuaq DayakDayak (L),(L), Samarinda trade Jungan Daemonorops sabut Indonesia East KalimantanKalimantan (G)(G)

Kalapit CalamusCalan-zas micromicroca~us carpas Philippines Bikol (L)(L) Keb KortbalsiaKorthalsia cbebcheb Malaysia Keerah Calamus densiflorusdensiflorus Thailand KebesKehes Calamus pandanosmus Borneo (both) Bentian && BenuaqBenuaq Calamus rhytidomus Borneo Dayak (L),(L), SamarindaSamarinda tradetrade

Kehes murah Calamus piloselluspilosellus Borneo Samarinda trade Keplar Daemonorops ingensingens Malaysia Kesoleg Calamus ornatus Borneo BentianBentian DayakDayak (L)(L) Kodi Eremospatha macrocarpa DR Congo Luba (L)(L) Kokop Calamus bacularisbacularis Malaysia Penan (L),(L), (G)(G) Korak bet Calamus latifoliuslatiJolius India Kotok See: rotanrotan kotok Kulakling Calan-susCalamus microsphaerion Philippines

30 Language (L), Country/ Vernacular name Genus/Species Geographic area (G), Region Notes Kumaboy Calamus discolordiscolor Philippines Tagalog (L) Kuraklinl!,Kurakling Calamus spinifoliusspinifolius Philippines Pampanga (L), Tagalog (l)(L) Labit CalamusCalamos microsphaerion Philippines Tagalog (L) Lalun Korthalsia furtadoanafurtadoana Borneo Bentian & Benuaq DayakDayak (L)(l) Lalun djengan KorthalsiaKorthalsza rostrata Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)(l) Lambutan CalamusCalamos halconensishalconensis Philippines Tagalog (L) varvar. dimorphacanthusdimorphacanthus C. microcarpus Philippines Lapa Daemonorops lamprolepis IndonesiaIndonesia Laru CalamusCalamos symphyszpussymphysipus IndonesiaIndonesia Central Sulawesi (G) Lasas Korthalsia robusta Malaysia Lasi CalamusCalamos bicolorbicolor Philippines Latea Daemonorops lamprolepis IndonesiaIndonesia Southern Sulawesi (G) Lauro sura CalamusCalamos didymocarpus Indonesia Southern Sulawesi (G) Lembulu CalamusCalamos hispidulushispidulus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L) Leme CalamusCalamos longisetuslonl!,isetus Lempinit landanl!,landang Daemonorops micracantha Malaysia (G) Lempinit pahetanpahetan Daemonorops elongata Malaysia Lempinit tingkau CalamusCalamos paspalanthus Malaysia Lempinit ular-ularular-ular CalamusCalamos javensis Malaysia Sabah (G) Leutik CalamusCalamos caesiuscaesius Sarawak Limuran CalamusCalamos ornatosornatus Philippines Luzon (G)(G) Lintokan CalamusCalamos manillensis Philippines Bagobo (L)(l) Liteng CalamusCalamos egregiosegregius China HainanHainan IslandIsland (G)(G) Litoko CalamusCalamos manillenszsmanillensis Philippines Ifugao!fugao (L)(l) Lukuan CalamosCalamus reyesianusreyesianus Philippines Lumpit Daemonorops calicarpa Malaysia Ma wewel CalamosCalamus ovoovoideus deus Sri Lankalanka Sinhala (L)(l) Mai lepe CalamosCalamus conirostrisconirostris Malaysia Makak LaccosperrnaLaccosperma secundiflorum West Africa Trade name Manau See: rotanrotan manau Manau riang CalamusCalamos oxleyanus IndonesiaIndonesia Palembang (G) Manau ti/sustikus CalamosCalamus manan Malaysia Small diameter only;only; see:see: rotan manaumanau tik tikus sis MangkawayanManl!,kawayan CalamosCalamus subinermissubinermis Borneo Kadazan/Dusun (L)(l) MantangMan tang CalamosCalamus ornatosornatus Malaysia Plectocomia clonelongata gata Malaysia Mata/estoMatakito CalamosCalamus leptostachysleptostachys IndonesiaIndonesia Buton (G)(G) Matamba Desmoncus cirrhzferuscirrhiferus Colombia Matkong CalamusCalamos mitis Philippines Ilokano (L)(L) Me'aMe 'a Korthalsia echinometra Borneo Bentian & BenuaqBenuaq DayakDayak (L)(l) Moa PlectocorniopsisPlectocomiopsis l!,eminiflorageminiflora Malaysia (L),(l), SarawakSarawak (G) Nag betta CalamusCalamos nagbettai IndiaIndia Karnataka (G) Nat CalamosCalamus andamanicus India Nicobars (G)(G) NgenauNl!,enau CalamusCalamos manan BorneoBorneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)(l) Nguay CalamusCalamos peregrinusperegrinos Thailand Nkan Laccosperma robustum Cameroon,Cameroon, Fang (L)(L) L. secundiflorum Equatorial Guinea, Gabon

3131 Language (L),(L), Country/ VernacularVernacular name Genus/Species Geographic area (G),(G), Region Notes NlongNlong Eremospatha macrocarpa Cameroon, Bulu (L), Fang (L) Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Nue waatang CalamusCa/amas didymocarpusdidymocarpus Indonesia PadaoPadao Calamus vimznalisviminalis PakoPakoee CalamusCa/amas pi/ose//aspilosellus Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)(L) PalaklakaninPa/alela/canso Daemonorops ochrolepisochrolepis Philippines Tagalog (L) sumulidsuma/id Palanog CalamusCa/amas symphyszpus symphysipus Philippines Luzon (G) PalasanPa/asan CalamusCa/amas merrillii Philippines Biko (L), Marobo (L), Tagalog (L) Palem paris CalamusCa/amas ciliarisciliaris Indonesia Horticulture Palimanok CalamusCa/amas siphonospathussiphonospathus Philippines Pampanga (L) Panlis CalamusCa/amas rama/osasramulosus Philippines Tagalog (L) Pannichural CalamusCa/amas thwaitesii India Malayalam (L)(L) Parasan CalamusCa/amas merrillii Philippines Bisaya (L) PelasPelus CalamusCa/amas javensis Borneo Bentian Dayak (L) PelusPelas belang Ceratolobus subangulatus Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)(L) Pelus djen/!,andjengan Ceratolobus suban/!,ulatussubangulatus Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)(L) Pelus lintunl!,lintung CalamusCa/amas flabellatus Borneo Bentian Dayak (L)(L) PelusPelas mingay CalamusCa/amas javensis Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L) PelusPelas susu CalamusCa/amas javensis Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L) PelasPelus tulukn Ceratolobus concolorconcalor Borneo Benuaq DayakDayak (L)(L) Penjalin cacingcacing Calamus viminalis Indonesia Bali (G) Perambu CalamusCa/amas rotang India Pitpit Daemonorops curranii Philippines Pondos alusalas CalamusCa/amas minahassae Indonesia Northern SulawesiSulawesi (G) Pondos batang CalamusCa/amas zollingeri Indonesia Sulawesi (G) PonPondos dos embel CalamusCa/amas symphyszpussymphysipus Indonesia Northern Sulawesi Sulawesi (G)(G) Pulut merah Ceratolobus conconcalor color Borneo (all) Samarinda trade C. subangulatus Borneo Daemonorops ermitacrinita Borneo Pulut putih Ca/amasCalamus flabellatusflabellatus Borneo (both) Samarinda tradetrade C. javensis Borneo Rasi CalamusCa/amas bicolorbicolor Philippines Red rattan Daemonorops jenkinsiana China Rimoran CalamusCa/amas ornatus Philippines Palawan (G) RongRon/!, CalamusCa/amas inermisinermis IndiaIndia Ronti Ca/amasCalamus leptostachysleptostachys IndonesiaIndonesia Rotan air Ca/amasCalamus blumeiblumei Borneo Samarinda trade C. tomentosus Borneo Samarinda trade C. zollingeri IndonesiaIndonesia Moluccas (G), ScramSeram (G) Rotan asasasas Korthalsia robustarobusta Malaysia Rotan bacapbacap DaemonoropsDaemonorops leptopusleptopus Malaysia Rotan bakul Daemonorops micracanthamicracantha Malaysia Negri SembilanSembilan (G) Rotan bangkorn Daemonorops elongataelongata Malaysia Sandakan (G) Rotan batangbatan/!, Ca/amasCalamus zollingerizollin/!,eri IndonesiaIndonesia

32 Language (L),(L), Country/ Vernacular name Genus/Species GeographicGeographic area (G), Region Notes Rotan batubata CalamusCa/amas convallium Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L) C. diepenhorstii Indonesia Except Sulawesi (G) C. flabellatusflabellatus Malaysia C. insignis Malaysia C. subinermis Malaysia Rotan bejungan Daemonorops fissa Indonesia Central KalimantanKalimantan (G)(G) Rotan belubu DaemonoropsDaernonorops periacantha Malaysia Sabah (G) Rotan bembanginbembanl!,in Calamus marginatus Malaysia Sandakan (G) Rotan berman CalamusCa/amas flabellatus Indonesia Rotan besi Calamus marginatus Indonesia Palembang (L) Rotan boga CalamusCa/amas koordersianuskoordersianus Indonesia Central SulawesiSulawesi (G) Rotan buku dalam CalamusCa/amas ornatus Indonesia Northern SulawesiSulawesi (G) Rotan buku hitam CalamusCa/amas palustris Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G) Rotan bulabulu CalamusCa/amas hispidulushispidulus Indonesia Rotan bulabulu rusarusa Daemonorops robusta Indonesia Western Seram (G), Ambon (G) Rotan cacingcacing CalamusCa/amas heteroheteroideus deus Indonesia Western Java (G) C. javensis Philippines C. unzfariusunifarius Indonesia Wrongly appliedapplied C. viminalis Indonesia Sumatra (G), Java (G) Rotan cucorcucor CalamusCa/amas castaneuscastaneus Malaysia Rotan dago kancil CalamusCa/amas conirostrisconirostris Indonesia Rotan dabandahan Korthalsia echechinometra nometra Malaysia K.K flagellaris Malaysia K. laciniosa Malaysia KK. rigidaril!,ida Malaysia Rotan dalem buku Ca/amasCalamus conirostrisconirostris Indonesia Rotan dampdamp Daemonorops fissa Malaysia Sandakan (G) Rotan demukdemuk Calospatha scortechiniiscortechinii Malaysia Rotan dokdok Ca/amasCalamus ornatus Malaysia Selangor (G) Rotan dudokdudok Ca/amasCalamus perakensisperakensis Malaysia C. sedens Malaysia Rotan getah Daemonorops angusttfoliaangustifolia Malaysia DD.. melanochaetes Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G) Rotan gununggunung. Ca/amasCalamus exilisexilis IndonesiaIndonesia Rotan irit Ca/amasCalamus trachycoleustrachycoleus IndonesiaIndonesia Kalimantan (G) Rotan jergang Daemonorops draco IndonesiaIndonesia Sumatra (G)(G) Rotan jermasi Ca/amasCalamus leiocaulisleiocaulis IndonesiaIndonesia Rotan jernang Daemonorops dracodraco IndonesiaIndonesia Sumatra (G) D. micracantha Malaysia D. propinpropinqua qua MalaysiaMalaysia Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia (G)(G) Rotan kerai Ca/amasCalamus conirostris conirostris MalaysiaMalaysia C. luridus MalaysiaMalaysia C.C. scabridulusscabridulus MalaysiaMalaysia Rotan kerai Ca/amasCalamus simplex simplex Malaysia l!,ununl!,gunung Rotan kerai hitam Ca/amasCalamus diepenhorstiidiepenhorstii Malaysia Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia (G) Rotan kertong Myrialepis paradoxa Malaysia Rotan kesupkesup Ca/amasCalamus ornatusornatus Indonesia Bengkulu (G)(G) Rotan kikir Ca/amasCalamus scabridulusscabridulus Malaysia Rotan koman Ca/amasCalamus diepenhorstiidiepenhorstii Malaysia Rotan kotok Daemonorops fissafissa Indonesia East KalimantanKalimantan (G)(G)

33 Language (L), Country/ Vernacular name Genus/SpeciesGenus/Species Geographic area (G),(G), Region Notes Rotan kunyunl{kunyung Calamus longispathuslonl{ispathus Malaysia Rotan lambanl{lambang Calamus ornatus Indonesia Central SulawesiSulawesi (G) Rotan legilel{i Daemonorops melanochaetes Indonesia EasternEastern Java (G) Rotan lelo Daemonorops melanochaetes Indonesia Sumatra (G), Bengkulu (G) Rotan liahbah CalamusCala miss laevigatuslaevigatus Brunei Rotan lilin Calamus exilisexilis Malaysia C. flabellatusflabellatus IndonesiaIndonesia C. javensis Indonesia Southern KalimantanKalimantan (G)(G) Rotan lintangI n ang Calamus piloselluspilosellus Indonesia Rotan manau Calamus manan General throughoutthroughout the region and trade RotanRotan manau Calamus tumidus Malaysia Northern PeninsularPeninsular MalaysiaMalaysia buku hitam (G)(G) Rotan manau padi Calamus marginatus Indonesia (G) Rotan manau Calamus manan Malaysia Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia (G) telurtelur Rotan manau Calamus tumidus Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia (G), tikusti/rus Indonesia Sumatra (G) Rotan maran Calamus mattanensis Indonesia Kalimantan (G) Rotan meiya Korthalsia echinornetraechinometra Indonesia Rotan melukut Calamus muricatus Indonesia Rotan merah Korthalsia cheb (all) Borneo (all) Samarinda trade KK. echinometra K.Kferox ferox K.K flagellaris K.K ril{idarigida Rotan minyak Calamus oxleyanus Malaysia Daemonorops angustzfoliaangustifolia Malaysia Rotan murah Calamus pogonocanthus Borneo Samarinda trade DaernonoropsDaemonorops sabut Borneo Samarinda trade Rotan ombol Calamus symphysipussymphysipus Indonesia SulawesSulawesi (G)(G) Rotan opot Calamus javensisjavensis Indonesia Sumatra (G), Bengkulu (G) Rotan pahit Calamus denszflorusdensiflorus Malaysia Rotan paku Calamus exilisexilis Malaysia Rotan pasir Calamus palustrispalustris Malaysia Perak (G)(G) Rotan patani Calamus minahassae IndonesiaIndonesia Central SulawesiSulawesi (G) Rotan patis Calamus unifarius IndonesiaIndonesia Western Java (G)(G) Rotan pche/sanpehekan CalarnusCalamus marginatus IndonesiaIndonesia Southern KalimantanKalimantan (G)(G) Rotan pipitpipit DaemonoropsDaernonorops elongataelonl{ata Malaysia Rotan pitikpitik Daemonorops oblongaoblonl!,a IndonesiaIndonesia Rotan poppoprok rok Daemonorops oblonga IndonesiaIndonesia Eastern JavaJava (G)(G) Rotan putih Calamus diepenhorstiidiepenhorstii Indonesia MalaysiaMalaysia Sabah (G) Rotan rilangrilang Plectocomiopsis geminif/orageminiflora MalaysiaMalaysia Malay (L)(L) Rotan rimanriman Calamus blumeiblumei MalaysiaMalaysia Sabah (G)(G) Rotan rua Plectocomiopsis geminif/orageminiflora Indonesia Rotan sabongsabong Calamus polystachyspolystachys MalaysiaMalaysia PeninsularPeninsular MalaysiaMalaysia (G)(G) RotanRotan sabungsabunl{ Calamus polystachys polystachys Malaysia RotanRotan sabutsabut Calamus conirostrisconirostris Malaysia Temuan (L)(L) Daemonorops sabut MalaysiaMalaysia Rotan sakat Calamus muricatusmuricatus Indonesia Kalimantan (G)(G)

3434 Language (L), Country/ Vernacular name Genus/Species Geographic area (G),(G), Region Notes RotanRotan sega CalamusCa/amas caesiuscaesius General throughoutthroughout region and in trade "Rotan"Rotan sega" C.C. rhytidomus IndonesiaIndonesia Nunukan, EastEast KalimantanKalimantan IIIin errorerror (G) RotanRotan sega airair CalamusCa/amas axillaris IndonesiaIndonesia Malaysia Rotan sega batubata CalamusCa/amas diepenhorstii IndonesiaIndonesia Except Sulawesi (G) Rotan sega CalamusCa/amas palustris Malaysia (G) beruanf!,beruang Rotan segosego CalamusCa/amas caesiitscaesius Indonesia Sumatra (G) C. optimusoptimas Indonesia Bengkulu (G) Rotan semambu CalamusCa/amas sczpionumscipionum General throughout region and in trade Rotan seznampunsemampun Ca/amasCalamus laevigatus Malaysia Name also used for C. praeterrnissuspraetermissus J. Dransf. Rotan semut Korthalsia rostrata Malaysia Rotan sendang Daemonorops grandis Rotan sepet Daemonorops hystrix Indonesia Rotan sirikis CalamusCa/amas paspalanthus Malaysia Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia (G)(G) RotanRotan sotong Plectocomiopsis geminiflorageminiflora Indonesia Sumatra (G) Rotan susususu Daemonorops robusta Indonesia Northern Sulawesi Sulawesi (G)(G) Rotan tahi ayam CalamusCa/amas tomentosustomentosus Malaysia Rotan tahi landak Daemonorops hystrix Malaysia Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia (G) Rotan taman CalamusCa/amas caesiuscaesius Indonesia Southern andand centralcentral Kalimantan (G) C. optimasoptimus Indonesia Central KalimantanKalimantan (G)(G) Rotan telingteling CalamusCa/amas palustris Malaysia Kedah/Perlis (L) Rotan tohztitohiti CalamusCa/amas inopsinops Indonesia C. subinermis Rotan tukas CalamusCa/amas blumei Malaysia Perak (G)(G) C. tomentosus Malaysia Rotan tunggal CalamusCa/amas laevigatus Malaysia Selangor (G) C. occidentalisoceidentalis Java Malay (L)(L) C. subinermis Malaysia Daemonorops didymophylladidymophylla Indonesia Rotan udangudang Korthalsia rostrata Malaysia Rotan wi jerenangjerenanf!, Daemonorops micracanthamicraeantha Malaysia Rotan wuluh CalamusCa/amas unifarius Indonesia Eastern Java (G) Rotan yuk Ca/amasCalamus muricatusmurieatus Malaysia Sabah (G) Rote batu Ca/amasCalamus javensisjavensis Thailand Runti Ca/amasCalamus leptostachysleptostachys Indonesia Sulawesi (G) Sababai Ca/amasCalamus elmerianuselmerianus Phil.ppinesPhilippines Manobo (L)(L) Saba-ong Ca/amasCalamus grandifoliusgrandifolius Philippines Tagalog (L) Samanid Ca/amasCalamus elmerianuselmerianus Philippines Bagobo (L) Sambonotan Ca/amasCalamus bicolorbieolor Philippines Bagobo (L)

SarnoleSamole Ca/amasCalamus pedicellatuspedicellatus .. IndonesiaIndonesia BugisBugis (G)(G) Sama/idSamulid Ca/amasCalamus reyesianusreyesianus Philippines Tagalog (L) Sanam Korthalsia cheb Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)(L) San/eaSanka beth Daemonorops kurzianus IndiaIndia Andaman Islands (G) Saput Ca/amasCalamus laevigatuslaevigatus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)(L)

35 Language (L),(L), Country/ Vernacular name Genus/Species Geographic areaarea (G),(G), Region Notes Sarani Calamus moseleyanus PhilippinesPhil ppines Bagobo (L) Saranoi Daemonorops curranii Philippines Tagbanva (L) Savit asaq Daemonorops sparsiflora Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G) Savit payah Daemonorops longispathalonf!,ispatha Malaysia Penan (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) Sega See: rotan segasega Sega batubato CalamusCalamos margznatusmarginatus Borneo Samarinda trade Sek batang CalamusCalamos ornatosornatus Malaysia Pahang (G) Seka CalamusCa/asnos caesiuscaesius Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)(L) Sekei udang Daemonorops melanochaetes Indonesia (G) Selutup CalamusCalamos optimus Borneo Samarinda trade SemambuSernambu See: rotanrotan semambu SemolehSernoleh CalamusCa/amos pogonocanthus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L) membatongmernbatong Semoleh timaitongtimaitong CalamusCalamos pogonocanthus Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)(L) Serinl!.anSeringan Daemonorops sabutsabot Borneo Kenyah Dayak (L)(L) Si'it CalamusCalamos marginatosmarginatus Borneo Benuaq Dayak (L)(L) Si'it batubato CalamusCalamos marginatus Borneo Bentian Dayak (L)(L) SikaSi/ea CalamusCa/asnos caesioscaesius Philippines Sika-sika CalamusCalamos microsphaerionmicrosphaerion Philip£inesPhilippines Silau-silau CalamusCalamos gibbsianus Malaysia Sabah (G) SintangSintanl!. Daemonorops hystrix Indonesia Palembang (L)(L) Sokag CalamusCalamos caesiuscaesius Borneo Bentian & Benuaq Dayak (L)(L) SudoSudu wewel CalarnusCalamus ovoideosovoideus Sinhala (L) So/soSuko CalanzusCalamus optimus IndonesiaIndonesia South Kalimantan (G)(G) Sundi bet CalamusCalamos gurubaf!,uruba IndiaIndia Takathong CalamosCalamus caesiuscaesius Thailand RangcaRangea District, Narathiva Province (G)(G) Talola Ca/amosCalamus szphonospathussiphonospathus Philippines Tagalog (L)(L) Taman See: rotanrotan taman Tandulang-glubat CalamosCalamus microcarpusmicro carpus Philippines Tagalog (L)(L) Tandulang-parang CalamosCalamus usitatus Philippines Tagalog (L) Tebdas CalamusCalamos mitis Philippines Ivatan (L)(L) Tebungan CalamusCalamos ornatusornatos Borneo Kenyah DayakDayak (L)(L) Tehri bet Plectocomia himalayana India Teland CalamusCalamos leptostachysleptostachys Indonesia South SulawesiSulawesi (G)(G) Teretes Daemonorops rubra Indonesia Western Java (G)(G) Thuda rena CalamusCalamos ovoideosovoideus Sri Lanka Sinhala (L)(L) Timai CalamusCa/asnos javensis Borneo (both) KenyahKenyah DayakDayak (L)(L) Ceratolobus concancalor color Borneo Toan pekatpekat Daemonorops sabotsabut Malaysia Sabah (G) Tohiti See: rotan tohiti Tohiti siombo CalamusCalamos didymocarpusdidJimocarpus Indonesia Central SulawesiSulawesi (G)(G) Tomani CalamusCa/amos boniensisboniensis Indonesia Southern SulawesiSulawesi (G)(G) TumalirnTumalim CalamusCalamos mindorensis Philippines Tagalog (L)(L) Tumaram CalamusCalamos mindorensis Philippines Bikol (L)(L) Tuwu CalamusCalamos scipionumscipionum Borneo Bentian & Benuaq DayakDayak (L)(L) Ubanon CalamusCalamos discolordiscolor Philippines Cebu BisayaBisaya (L)(L) Ubli CalamusCalamos multinervis Philippines IlokanoIlokano (L)(L) Udat Daemonorops didymophylladidymophylla Malaysia Penan (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G)

36 Language (L), Country/ VernacularVernacular name Genus/Species Geographic area (G), Region Notes Udom bet Calamus longisetus Bangladesh Cox's Bazar (G) Ue putiputi CalamusCa/amas albusalbas IndonesiaIndonesia Uwai beialongbelalong Retispatha dumetosa BruneiBrunei Uwai kiton CalamusCa/amas ornatus Brunei Uwai lambat Daemonorops periacantha Brunei Uwai pagit CalamusCa/amas n-zarginatusmarginatus Brunei UwaiUwaz pegit CalamusCa/amas conirostrisconirostris Brunei Uwai peladas CalamusCa/amas javensisjavensis Brunei Uwai podos CalamusCalamos javensis Brunei Uwai taut CalamusCa/amas axillaris Brunei C. pogonacanthus Brunei Uwai telongtelonR CalamusCa/amas optimasoptimus Malaysia Uwau paya CalamusCa/amas rrzarginatusmarRinatus Malaysia Sarawak (G) Uwe ahun tain CalamusCa/amas albusalbas Indonesia Ambon (G) Uwe rencerenee CalamusCa/amas minahassae Indonesia Southern SulawesiSulawesi (G) Uwe sangkayu- CalamusCa/amas symphysipussymphysipus Indonesia Southern SulawesiSulawesi (G) kayokayu Uwi huranRhurang Korthalsia echinometra Indonesia Uwi jernang kecilkecil Daemonorops didymophylla Indonesia Palembang (G) Uwi kalangkalanR Daemonorops hystrix Indonesia Uwi pahe Ca/amasCalamus exilisexilis Indonesia Palembang (G) Vara casha Desmoncus RiRanteusgiganteus Peru Velichural Ca/amasCalamus hookerianushookerianus IndiaIndia Malayalam (L) Waai chaang Ca/amasCalamus ornatosornatus Thailand Pattani (G) Waai khringkhr ng Ca/amasCalamus palustris Thailand Trang (G) Waai kunRkung Myrialepis paradoxa Thailand Trang (G) Waai maithao Ca/amasCalamus scipionumseipionum Thailand Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia (G)(G) Waai phonphon khon DaernonoropsDaemonorops sabut Thailand non Wae danRahdangah Daemonorops hystrix Malaysia Penan (L),(L), Sarawak (G)(G) Wae saput Ca/amasCalamus laevigatuslaevigatus Malaysia Sabah (G) Wae sawit usenusen Ca/amasCalamus muricatusmuricatus Malaysia PenanPen an (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) Wai boun Ca/amasCalamus rudentum Lao PDR Wai-chak Daemonorops grandis Thailand Wai-chakkao Ca/amasCalamus castaneuscastaneus Thailand Wai-dam Ca/amasCalamus oxleyanusoxleyanus Thailand Wai-hin Ca/amasCalamus insignisinsignis Thailand Wain hom Ca/amasCalamus acanthospathusacanthospathus Lao PDR C. gracilisgracilis Lao PDR Wai kaepung Ca/amasCalamus blumeiblumei Thailand SurattanSurattani (G)(G) Wai-kamphuan Ca/amasCalamus longisetuslonRisetus Thailand Wai-khao Ca/amasCalamus castaneuscastaneus Thailand Wai-khipetWai-khzpet Daemonorops didymophylladidymophylla Thailand Wai-khom Ca/amasCalamus diepenhorstiidiepenhorstii Thailand C. siamensissiamensis Lao PDR Wai kuan Ca/amasCalamus javensisjavensis Thailand Pattani (G)(G) Wai- Plectocomiopsis geminigeminifloraflora Thailand kungnampharaikunRnampharai Wai kunun Ca/amasCalamus blumeiblumei Thailand TrangTrang (G)(G) Wai lau cincincincin Ca/amasCalamus polystachyspolystachys Indonesia Sumatra (G)(G)

3737 Language (L),(L), Country!Country/ Vernacular name Genus/SpeciesGenus!Species Geographic area (G), Region Notes Wai mon CalamusCa/amas viminalis Thailand Wai-nam Daemonorops angustifolia Thailand WaiWaz namleuang namleuang CalamusCa/amas platycanthus Lao PDR WaiWai nwnnwn CalamusCa/amas nambariensis Lao PDR Wai samsam baibai taw CalamusCa/amas viminalis Thailand Wai sidekensideken CalamusCa/amas unifarius Indonesia Western Sumatra (G) Wai som CalamusCa/amas viminalis Thailand Wai-somm Daemonorops jenkinsiana Thailand Wai tata khakha thong CalamusCa/amas caesiuscaesius Thailand Wai tek CalamusCa/amas javensis Thailand Southern Thailand (G) Wai thoon CalamusCa/amas poilanei Lao PDR Wai thorkthork CalamusCa/amas solitariassolitarius Lao PDR WaiWas wanwan CalamusCa/amas rhabdocladus Lao PDR Wailong CalamusCa/amas wailong China We maliangmaliang CalamusCa/amas ornatus Malaysia Sarawak (G) Wee jematangjematang Korthalsia cheb Malaysia tengan Wee ligurligar CalamusCa/amas conirostrisconirostris Malaysia Kayan (L)(L) Wee lumbaklumbak CalamusCa/amas ruvidus Malaysia Iban (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) Wei dan:<,hdangh CalamusCa/amas rnyriacanthusmyriacanthus Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G) Wei saputsaput CalamusCa/amas mattanensismattanensis Malaysia Penan (L), Sarawak (G) White rattan CalamusCa/amas tetradactylustetra dactylus China Wi anakanak CalamusCa/amas javensis Brunei C. laevigatus Brunei Wi babutbabut CalamusCa/amas bacularis Malaysia Bidayuh (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G) Wi batubata Ca/amasCalamus diepenhorstiidiepenhorstii Malaysia Iban (L)(L) Wi belubu Daemonorops longispatha Brunei Wi buluhbulith CalamusCa/amas erioacanthus Malaysia Sarawak (G)· Wi danum CalamusCa/amas conirostrisconirostris Brunei Wi darum Daemonorops didymophylla Brunei D. ingens Malaysia Iban (L),(L), Sarawak (G) Wi dudok CalamusCa/amas myriacanthus Malaysia Daemonorops ruptilis Malaysia Iban (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G) Wi duduk Daemonorops hystrix Malaysia IbanIban (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) Wi embaembalualua Plectocomiopsis :<,emini{lorageminiflora Brunei Wi empunoh Daemonorops periacantha Malaysia Wi empunok Daemonorops periacantha Brunei Malaysia Sarawak (G) Wi empunokempunok ruai Daemonorops scapigerascapigera Malaysia IbanIban (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) Wi gemainggema ng Ca/amasCalamus axillarisaxillaris Brunei Wi jerenangjerenang Daemonorops didymophylladidymophylla Brunei Wi labu Ca/amasCalamus pi/ose//aspilosellus Brunei Wi la/ehlaleh Plectocomiopsis geminiflora Malaysia IbanIban (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) Wi lantaklantak patong Ca/amasCalamus mattanensismattanensis Malaysia IbanIban (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) Wi lemainglemaing Ca/amasCalamus axillarisaxillaris Brunei Wi lepoh Daemonorops sabut Brunei Malaysia Sarawak (G)(G) Wi lohong CalamusCa/amas paspalanthus Malaysia Sarawak (G)(G) Wi mataharimatahari CalamusCa/amas marginatitsmarginatus Brunei Wi nataharinatahari CalamusCa/amas marginatus Malaysia

38 Language (L),(L), Country/ Vernacular name Genus/Species Geographic areaarea (G),(G), Region Notes Wi ondo Daemonorops draco Malaysia Sarawak (G) Wi J!ale pale Calamuspo~onacanthusCalamos pogonacanthus Malaysia Kayan (L), Sarawak (G) Wi peladaspeladas CalamusCalamos javensis Brunei Wi ruahruah air Daemonorops sparsif7orasparsiflora Mala}'siaMalaysia Iban (L),(L), Sarawak (G) Wi ruakruak ai Daemonorops fissa Malaysia Sarawak (G) Wi sego CalamusCalamos optimus Brunei Malaysia Sarawak (G) Wi semoi CalamusCalamos semoi Malaysia Sarawak (G) Wi seruing Daemonorops ingens Malaysia Kayan (L), Sarawak (G) Wi singkau CalamosCalamus paspalanthus Brunei Malaysia Wi su~isugi CalamusCalamos laevigatuslaevi~atus Malaysia Sarawak (G) Wi takong CalamusCalamos flabellatus Brunei Iban (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G) Malaysia Wi tapah CalamusCalamos pseudoulurpseudoulor Malaysia Sarawak (G) Wi tautuk CalamusCalamos {labellatusflabellatus Malaysia Bidayuh (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) Wi tedong CalamusCalamos marginatus Malaysia Wi tibu Daemonorops longispatha Malaysia Iban (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) Wi tulang CalamusCalamos bacularis Malaysia Iban (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) C. myriacanthus Malaysia Iban (L),(L), SarawakSarawak (G)(G) Wi tunggaltunggal CalamusCalamos rnuricatusmuricatus Brunei Wi tunjunl!,tunjung CalamusCalamos muricatus Malaysia Iban (L),(L), Sarawak (G)(G) Wi tut CalamusCalamos pogonacanthus Brunei Malaysia Iban (L),(L), Sarawak (G)(G) C. semoi Brunei Malaysia Yellow rattan DaernonoropsDaemonorops jenkinsiana China

39 CROSS-LISTING:CROSS-LISTING: GENUS/SPECIES TOTO VERNACULAR VERNACULAR NAMESNAMES

Genus/Species Vernacular names CalamusCalamus acanthospathusacanthospathus WaiWai hom C.C. andamanicusandamanicus Charab,Charab, ChowdahChowdah,, Nat C.C. arul!.daarugda Arul!.daArugda C.C. axaxillaris illa ris Rotan segasel!.a air, Uwai taut, WiWi gemaing,l!.emainl!., WiWi lemainglemainl!. C. bacularis Kokop,Kokop, WiWi babut,babut, Wi tulangtulang C. bicolor Lasi,Lasi, Rasi,Rasi, SambonotanSambonotan C. blumei Coo cemee, CoonCoon cemees,cernees, Rotan .Rotan air, air, Rotan Rotan riman riman,, Rotan Rotan tukas, Wai kaepung, Wai kununkunun C. boniensis TomaniTorrzani C. burckianus HoweHowe belukbulebelukbuk C. caesius Leutik, Rotan sega, Rotan sego, Rotan taman, Se/ta,Seka, Sika, Sokag, Takathong, Wai tata khakha thong C. casteneus RotanRotan cucor, Wai-chakkao, Wai-/thaoWai-khao C. ciliaris HoeHoe cacing,cacinl!., Palem paris C. conirostris Mai lepe, Rotan dago kancil, RotanRotan dalemda/cm buku,bu/tu, Rotan kerai, RotanRotan sabut,sabut, Uwai pegit, WeeWee ligur, Wi danum C. convallium Batu C. cumingianus Douung-douung C. deerratusdeërratus Demmere C. denszflorusdensiflorus Keerah, Rotan pahit C. didymocarpus Lauro sura, Nue waatang,waatang, TohitiTohiti siombosiombo C. diepenhorstii Abuan, Rotan batu,batu, RotanRotan keraikerai hitam,hitam, RotanRotan koman,koman, RotanRotan putih, putih, RotanRotan sega sega batu, Wai-khorn,Wai-khom, Wi batu C. discolor Hamlis, Kumaboy, Ubanon C. egregius Duanye shengteng, Liteng C. elmerianus Sababai, Samanid C. erinaceus Air C. erioacanthus Wi buluhbuluh C. exilisexilis Rotan gunung, Rotan lilin,lilin, Rotan pa/tu,paku, UwiUwi pahe C. flabellatusflabellatits Pelus litung, Pulut putih, Rotan batu, RotanRotan berman,berman, RotanRotan lilin, lilin, WiWi takong,takong, WiWi tautuk C. gibbsianus Silau-silau C. gonospermus Demenai C. gracilis Wai hom C. grandzfoliusgrandi/olius Saba-ong C. guruba Sundi bet C. halconensishalconensis var.var. Lambutan dimorphacanthus C. heteroideus Howe cacing,cacing, RotanRotan cacingcacing C. hispidulushispidulus Lembulu, Rotan bulu C. hookerianus Velichural C. inermisinermis Rong C. inopsinops Rotan tohiti C. insignisinsignis Rotan batu,batu, Wai-hinWai-hin C. javensis Arorog, Arurug, CoonkCoonk stook,stook, Howe cacing,cacing, Lempinit ular-ular, Pelus,Pe/us, Pelus minmingay, gay, PelusPelus susu, susu, Pulut Pulut putih, putih, RotanRotan cacing, RotanRotan lilin, Rotan opot, Rote batu, Timai,Timai, UwaiUwai peladas, peladas, UwaiUwai podos, podos, WaiWai kuan,kuan, WaiWai tek,tek, WiWi anak,anak, WipeladasWi peladas C.C. koordersianuskoordersianus Rotan bogaboga C.C. laevigatuslaevigatus Rotan liah,liah, RotanRotan semampun,semampun, RotanRotan tunggal, tunggal, Saput, Saput ,Wae Wae saput,saput, WiWi anak,anak, Wi sugi

4040 Genus/Species Vernacular names C. latifolius Korak bet C. leiocaulis Jarmasi,Jarmasi, Rotan jermasi C. leptospadix Dhangri bet C. leptostachys Matakito, Ronti, Runti,Runti, TelandTeland C. longisetus Leme,Lerne, Udom bet, Wai-kamphuan C. Ion,.lon?,ispathus ispathus Rotan kunytingkunyunf!, C. luridus HHuwi uwi pantis, Rotan keraikerai C. manan ManauManan tikus, Ngenau, RotanRotan manau,manan, RotanRotan manaumanan telur C.C. manillensis BayabonJ!.,Bayabong, Lintokan, LitokoLitoko C. marginatus Rotan bembangin, Rotan bes,besi, RotanRotan mananmanau padi,padi, RotanRotan pehekan,pehekan, SegaSega batu,batu, Si'it, Si'it batubatu,, Uwai pagit, Uwau paya, Wi matahari,mataban, WiWi natahari, WiWi tedong C. mattanensis Rotan maran, WeiWei saput, Wi lantaklantak patong C. megaphyllus Banakbo C. melanorhynchus Dalimban C. merrillii Palasan, Parasan C. microcarpus Kalapit, Lambutan, Tandulang-glubat C. microsphaerion Kulakling, Labit,Labit, Si/ea-si/ea Sika-sika C. minahassae Datu,Da tu, Pondos alus,alus, Rotan patani, UwerenceUwerence C. mindorensis Tumalim, Tumaram C. mitis Matkong, TebdasTebdas C. moseleyanttsmoseleyanus Sarani C. multinervis Balata,Balala, Ubli C. muricatus Rotan melukut, RotanRotan sakat,sakat, RotanRotan yuk,yuk, WaeWae sawitsawit usen,usen, WiWi tunggal, Wi tunjunJ!.tunjung C. myriacanthus Wei dangh,dangh, Wi dudo/e,dudok, Wi tulang C. nagbettai Nag betta C. nambariensis Wai nwn C. optimus BoyuknJ!.,Boyukng, Rotan sego,seJ!.o, Rotan taman, Selutup,Selutup, Su/ea,Suko, Uwai telong,telonJ!., WiWi segoseJ!.o C. ornatus Borangan, Jelayan,Jelayan, Kesoleg,Kesoleg, Limuran, Limitran, Mantang, Mantang, Rimoran, Rimaran, RotanRotan bukubuku dalam,da/am, Rotan do/e,dok, Rotan kesup, Rotan lambanlambang, g, SekSek batangbatan g,, Tebungan,Tebungan, Uwai kiton, Waai chaang, WeWe maliang C. ovoideus Ma wewel, Sudu wewel, Thuda rena C. oxleyanus Manau riang, Rotan minyak,minyak, Wai-damWai-dam C. palustris Rotan bu/enbuku hitam, Rotan pasir, Rotan sega beruang, Rotan teling,teling, WaaiWaai khringkhring C. pandanosmus Kehes C. paspalanthus LempinitLempinzt tingkau, Rotan sirikis,sirikis, WiWi lohong, WiWi singkau C. pedicellatus Samole C. perakensis Rotan dudok C. peregrpere?,rinus nus N?,uayNguay C. pilosellus Ilem,Ilern, Kehes murah,murah, Pakoe, Rotan lintang, WiWi labu C. platyacanthus Wai namleuangnarrileuang C. pogonocanthus Rotan murah,murah, Semoleh Semoleh membatong,membatong, SemolehSemoleh timaitong, UwaiUwai taut, taut, Wi Wi pale, pale, Wi tut C. popoilanei lanei Wai thoon C. polystachys Howe gelang, Rotan sabong,sa bong, Rotan sabung,sabung, WaiWai taulau cincincincin C. pseudorivalis China bet C. pseudoulur Wi tapah C. ramulosus PanlisPan/es C. reyesianusreyesianus Apas, Lukuan, Samulid C. rhabdocladus Wai wan C. rhytidomus Kehes, Rotan segasega C. rotang Perambu C. rudentum Wai boun

41 Genus/Species Vernacular names C. ruvidus Wee lumbaklumbak C. scabridulus Dara panda,panda, Rotan kerai,kerai, Rotan kikir C. scipionum Rotan semambit,semambu, Tuwu, WaalWaai maithao C. sedens Rotan dudok C. semoi Wi semoi,semoi, Wi tuttut C. siamensis Wai khom C. simplex Rotan kerai gunung C. simplicifoliussimplicifolius Danye shengteng C. szphonospathussiphonospathus Dagdag, Pa/imano/e,Palimanok, TalolaTalala C. solitariassolitarius Wai thork C. spinzfoliusspinifolius Kuraklin?,Kurakling C. subinermis Mangkawayan, Rotan batu, Rotan tunggaltun?,?,al C. symphysipus Laru,Lara, Palanog, PondosPandas embel, RotanRotan ombol, Uwe sangkayu-kayu C. tenuis Jati bet C. tetradactylus Baiteng, White rattanrattan C. thwaitesiithwaite sii Pannichural C. tomentosus Rotan air, Rotan tahi ayam, RotanRotan tu/rastukas C. trachycoleus Jehab, RotanRotan iritirit C. travancoricus Arichural C. turnidustumidus Rotan mananmanau buku hitam, Rotan mananmanau tikus C. unifarius Rotan cacing, Rotan patis, Rotan wuluh, WaiWai sideken C.C. usitatus Babuyan, Hanapas, Tandulang-parang C. vidalianus Butarak C. viminalisvim ina lis Bara bet, BoroBora bet,bet, Padao,Padao, PenjalinPenjalin cacing,cacing, RotanRotan cacing, cacing, WaiWai mon,man, WaiWai samsam baibai taw, WaiWai somsam C. wailongwailon?, Da-ten?"Da-ten g, WailongWailon?, C. zollingeri PandasPondos batan?"batan g, RotanRotan air,air, RotanRotan batan?,batang

Calospatha scortechinii Rotan demuk

Ceratolobus concolor Pelus tulukn, Pulut merah,merah, TimaiTimai C. subangulatus Inai, PelusPelus beland, Pelus djengan, Pulut merah

Daemonorops angustifolia Air, Rotan getah,?,etah, Rotan minyak,minyak, Wai-namWai-nam D. calicarpacalicarpa Lumpit D. o-initacrinita Jepun?"Jepung, Pulut merah D.D. curranii Pitpit, Saranoi D. didymophylla Rotan tunggal,tunggal, Udat,Udat, UwiUwi jernang jernang kecil, kecil, Wai-khzpet,Wai-khipet, WiWi darum,darum, WiWi jerenangjerenang D.D. dracodraco Rotan jergang,jer?,an?" RatanRotan jernang,jernan?" WiWi ondoondo D. elongata Lempinit pahetan, Rotan bangkorn,ban?,korn, Rotan pipit D. fissafissa Air, Bala mata, Gonot pipit, Rotan bejungan, Rotan damp,damp, RotanRotan kotok,kotok, Wi ruakruak ai D. ?,randisgrandis Rotan sendang,sendan?" Wai-chakWa chak DD.. hystrix Rotan sepet,sepet, Rotan tahi landak,landak, Sintang,Sintang, UwiUwi kalang,kalang, WaeWae dangah,dangah, WiWi dudukduduk DD.. ingens Keplar, Wi darum, WiWi seruing DD.. jenkinsiana Golak bet, Hongteng, Huangteng, Red rattan, YellowYellow rattan D. kurzianus SankaSan/ea beth DD.. lamprolepis Lapa, Latea D.D.leptopus leptopus Rotan bacap D. longispatha Savit payah, WiWi belubu, WiWi tibu D. melanochaetes Howe seel, Rotan getah, Rotan legi,legi, Rotan lelo,, Sekei udang D. micracantha Dre sekam, Lempinit landan?"landang, Rotan bakul, Rotan jernang, Rotan wi jerenangjerenanK

42 Genus/Species Vernacular names D.D.oblonga oblonga Rotan pitik, Rotan poprokpoprok D.D. ochrolepis Ditaan, PalaklakaninPalaklakanin sumulidsumulid D. periacantha Rotan belubu, UwaiUwai lambat,lambat, WiWi empunoh,empunoh, WiWi empunok D. propinpropinqua qua Rotan jernangjernanf!. D. robusta Batanf!.Batang merah, Rotan bulu rusa, Rotan susususu D. rubra Teretes D. ruptilis Wi dudokdudok D.D. sabut Bioengan, Jungan,Jungan, Rotan rnurah,murah, RotanRotan sabia,sabut, Seringan,Seringan ,Toan Toan pekat,pekat, Waai Waai phonphon khon non, WiWi lepoh D. scapigera Wi empunokernpunok ruai D. schmidtiana Wai-somm DD.. sparsiflorasparsif/ora Savit asaq, Wi ruahruah air

Desmoncus cirrhiJerusc rrhi erus Matamba D. giganteus Jacitara, VaraVara cashacasha DD.. mitis BaraBarahuasca, huasca, JacitaraJacitara D. orthacanthos Jacitara D. polyacanthos Jacitara

Eremospatha macrocarpamacrocarpa Kodi, Nlonf!.Nlong

Korthalsia chebcheb Keb, Sanam, Rotan merah, WeeWee jematang tengan K. ecbinometraechinometra Be'ang,Be'an?" Me'a, Rotan daban,dahan, Rotan meiya, Rotan merah, Uwi huran?,hurang K. ferox Ain, Danan, Rotan merabmerah K. f/agellarisflagellaris Rotan daban,dahan, RotanRotan merahmerah K. Jurtadoanafurtadoana Botet, LalunLa/un KK. laciniosalaciniosa Rotan dahandaban K. rigida Rotan daban,dahan, Rotan merabmerah K.K robustarobusta Lasas, Rotan asas K.K rostratarostrata Botet, LalunLa/un djengan,djenf!.an, Rotan semut, Rotan udangudanf!.

Laccosperma robustum Nkan L. secundiflorum Makak, Nkan

Myrialepis paparadoxa ra doxa Cekolo, Rotan kertong,kertong, WaaiWaai kung

Plectocomia elonelon?,ata gata Mantang PP. himalayanahimalayana Tehri bet

Plectocomiopsis geminif/orageminiflora Ambalua, Moa,Moa, RotanRotan rilang,rilang, RotanRotan rua,rua, RotanRotan sotong, sotong, Wai-kungnampharaz,Wai-kungnampharai, Wi embalua,embalua, WiWi laleh

RetispatbaRetispatha dumetosa Uwai belalongbelalon?,

43 Appendix I

CLASSIFICATION OFOF PALM PALM FAMILYFAMILY (PALMAE9(PALMAEl) RATTAN GENERA

Subfamilies Calamoideae'Calamoideae2 Calamoideae Calamoideae Calamoideae Arecoideae Tribes Calameae Calameae Calameae Lepidocaryeae Cocoeae Subtribes Calaminae Korthalsiinae PlectocomiinaePlectocomiinae Ancistrophyllinae6 Bactridinae Genera Calamus'Ca1amus3 KorthalsiaKorthalsid4 MyrialepisMyrialepiss5 Eremospatha Desmoncus8Desmoncus' Calospatha Plectocomia Laccosperma'Laccosperma7 Ceratolobus Plectocomiopsis Oncocalamus Daemonorops Pogonotium Retispatha

1 Alternate name Arecaceae 'Syn.Syn. Lepidocaryoideae J Syn. Comera,Cornera, Palmtjuncus,Palmijuncus, Rotang, Rotanga,Rotanga, Schizospatha, Schizospatha, ZalaccellaZalaccella •4 SynSyn.. CalamosagusCalamosagus ,'Syn. Syn. BejaudiaBejaudia 6 SynSyn.. OncocalaminaeOncocalaminae (was(was separateseparate fromfrom Ancistrophyllinae now submerged into former, hence not aa synonymsynonym asas such)such)

7' Syn.Syn. Ancistrophyllum, Neoancistrophyllum 8 SynSyn.. AtitaraAtitara

SourceSource:: Baker,Baker, DransfieldDransfield andand Hedderson, 2000; Uhl & Dransfield, 1999.1999.

4444 Appendix II

RATTAN GENERA, SPECIES ANDAND GEOGRAPHICGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Genus Number of of species species Geographic distribution Calamus L.L. 370-400 Equatorial Africa, India, southern China,China, (Latin -a cane or reed)reed) south to AustraliaAustralia andand thethe westernwestern PacificPacific

Calospatha Becc.Becc. 1 Peninsular MalaysiaMalaysia (Greek - beautiful bract) Ceratolobus Bl.B!. 6 Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java (Greek - horned capsule)capsule) Daemonorops Bl.B!. 115 India, southern China, southsouth throughthrough MalayMalay (Greek - demon bush). Archipelago to western Desmoncus Mart. -77 Southern Mexico to southern BrazilBrazil andand (Greek - banded hooks) Bolivia Eremospatha (Mann(Mann && Wendl.)Wend!.) 11 (one new speciesspecies Humid tropicaltropical WestWest Africa and into Congo Wendi,Wend!. recently described; Basin (Latin - spatheless) another newnew speciesspecies in press Korthalsia Bl.B!. - 26 Indochina and Myanmar toto NewNew GuineaGuinea (P.W. Korthals Korthals 1807-1892,1807-1892, DutchDutch botanist). Laccosperma (G. Mann 8c& H. Wendl.)Wend!.) 6 (another new Humid tropical West, Southern and East Drude species in press) Africa (Latin - hole-in-the-seed)

Myrialepis Becc.Becc. 1 Indo-China,Indo-China, Thailand, Myanmar,Myanmar, Peninsular (Greek - countless scales)scales) Malaysia and Sumatra Oncocalamus (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)Wend!.) 4 (one newnew speciesspecies Humid tropicaltropical Africa:Africa: SESE westwest H. Wendl.Wend!. Hooker recently described) and south to Cameroon, Gabon, Equatorial (Latin - hooked cane)cane) Guinea and northern Congo Plectocomia Mart. ex Bl.B!. - 16 Himalayas and southern China to western (Greek - plaited hair) Malesia Plectocomiopsis Becc. 5 Thailand, PeninsularPeninsular Malaysia,Malaysia, Sumatra,Sumatra, (like Plectocomia) Borneo, Lao PDR Pogonotium J. DransfDransf.. 3 Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo (Greek - bearded ears, referring to the auricles)

Retispatha J. Dransf. 1 Borneo (Latin - net-like bracts)

Source: Uhl ez& Dransfield, 1987;1987; Dransfield, 1992.1992.

45 Appendix III

UTILIZEDUTILIZED CALAMUSCALAMUS SPECIES

Species Utilization notes

CalamusCalanaus acanthospathusacanthospathus Griff. Canes for bridge cables, basketry C. andamanicus Kurz Excellent large-diameter canes harvestedharvested forfor furniture ;industry; leavesleaves forfor thatching C. aruensis Becc. Excellent quality medium- to large-diameter canes for furniture C. arugda Becc.Becc. Entire canes for handicrafts, furniture, basketry,basketry, etc.,etc., locallocal andand exportexport markets C. axillaris Becc.Becc. Small-diameter canes forfor basketry, fishfish trapstraps and tying C. bacularis Becc. Canes for walking-stickswalking-sticks C. bicolor Becc. Ornamental use of young plantsplants C. blumei Becc.Becc. Canes of good quality but quantquantities t es insufficientinsufficient forfor commercialcommercial use;use; canes for baskets and matsmats C. boniensisbon ensis Becc.Becc. exex HeyneHeyne Probably sold together withwith otherother small-diameter small-diameter canes canes C. burckianus Becc.Becc. Canes for broom handleshandles C. caesius Bl.B!. Canes for commercial and traditional usesuses C. castaneus Becc. Leaves forfor thatch; immature in traditional medicinemedicine C. ciliaris Bl.B!. Slender canes for weaving and binding; seedlingsseedlings used asas ornamentalsornamentals C. conconirostris rostris Becc.Becc. Canes of poor quality,quality, rarely used; fruit eaten C. convallium J. Dransf. Canes C. curningianuscumingianus Becc. Entire canes made into handicrafts, furniture andand basketsbaskets C. deerratusdeërratus G. Mann && H.H. Wendt.Wend!. Canes for construction andand weavingweaving C. densiflorus Becc.Becc. Canes for makingmaking furniture andand basketsbaskets C. didymocarpus Warb.Warb. exex Becc.Becc. Canes inferior but usedused for locallocal furniture-making C. diepenhorstii Miq. Canes for tying, cordage, basketry, fishfish trapstraps and noose traps C. dimorphacanthus Becc.Becc. Canes used for baskets, bags, tying,tying, etc.etc. forfor home industries var. dimorphacanthusdimorphacanthus C. discolor Becc.Becc. Young plants as ornamentals; canescanes forfor bindingbinding or tying C. egregius Burr. Excellent small- toto medium-diameter canes for binding andand weavingweaving in furniture; new shoots edibleedible C. elmerianus Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture, handicrafts and home industriesindustries C. erioacanthus Becc.Becc. Canes of good quality C. exilisexilis Griff.Griff. Canes for binding, weaving, basketry, handicrafts C. flabellatusf/abellatus Becc.Becc. Canes for tying, binding andand weavingweaving C. ?,ambleigamblei Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture C. ?,ibbsianusgibbsianus Becc.Becc. Canes for tying and weavingweaving C. gonospermus Becc. Edible fruit C. gracilis?,racilis Roxb..Roxb .. Canes for handicrafts C. grandifoliusgrandifalius Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture C. guruba (Buch-Ham)(Buch-Ham) exex Mart.Mart. Canes for basketry,basketry, chairchair seatsseats C. halconensishalconensis (Becc.)(Becc.) Canes for chair frames, cables for ferry boats, haulinghauling logslogs andand asas Baja-Lapis rigging on small sailboats; splitsplit canescanes forfor mats, basketry, fishfish traps,traps, var.var. dimorphacanthus Becc.Becc. chair seats C. heteroideusheteroideus Bl.B!. Canes for cordage C. hispidulus Becc.Becc. Canes for weavingweaving C. hookerianus Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture, basketrybasketry

46 Species Utilization notes C. huegelianushuel!,elianus Mart. Canes for basketry,basketry, chairchair frames,frames, etcetc C. znermisinermis T. Anders. Canes forpolicefor police sticks, chair frames C. inops Becc. ex Heyne Actual use of small- to medium-diameter canes not known C. insignis Becc.Becc. Split canes for basketry, cordage; spiny leaf-sheaths as food gratersgraters C. javensis Bl.B!. Canes for cordage, basketry, noose traps, musicalmusical instruments; edibleedible raw cabbage asas medicine; spinyspiny leaf-sheathsleaf-sheaths formerlyformerly used to make food graters C. koordersianus Becc.Becc. Canes locally for framesframes C. laevigatus Mart.Mart. Extensively collected asas small-diametersmall-diameter cane,cane, end-usesend-uses notnot documented C. latifoliuslatiJolius Roxb. Canes for basketry, walking-sticks, furniture frames;frames; splitsplit canescanes for chair seats C. leiocaulis Becc.Becc. exex HeyneHeyne Small-diameter canes extensivelyextensively used used toto makemake furniturefurniture for local and export markets C. leptospadix Griff. Canes for basketry andand chairchair seatsseats C. leptostachys Becc. exex HeyneHeyne Excellent small-diameter canes forfor furniture and handicraftshandicrafts forfor locallocal and export marketsmarkets C. longisetuslonl!,isetus Griff. Coarse cane for furniture; leaves forfor thatch; edible fruit C. longispathus Ridl.Rid!. Young leaves occasionallyoccasionally asas cigarettecigarette paper;paper; fruits as medicine C. luridus Becc.Becc. Canes split for tying and binding C. manan Miq.Miq. Most desirable large-diameter canescanes forfor furniturefurniture C. mandlensismanillensis (Mart.) H. Wendl.Wend!. Edible fruit; canes of inferior quality for tying C. marginatus (B1.) (B!.) Mart. Poor qualityquality butbut durabledurable canescanes forfor basketbasket framesframes andand walking-stickswalking-sticks C. mattanensis Becc.Becc. Canes occasionally used to makemake coarse baskets C. megaphyllusmegaphyllus Becc.Becc. Canes for basketry andand tyingtying C. melanorhynchus Becc.Becc. Canes for basketry and handicraftshandicrafts C. merrillii Becc.Becc. Entire canes for chair frames, ferry boat cables,cables, hauling logs, sailboat rigging; splitsplit canes forfor basketry, chairs, fish traps, etcetc C. micromicro caspascarpus Becc.Becc. Canes for basketry C. microsphaerion Becc.Becc. Entire canes for basketry C. minahassae Becc.Becc. Canes as cordage C. mindorensis Becc. Popular large-diameter canes for furniture; splitsplit canescanes forfor basketry,basketry, cordage C. mitis Becc. Canes for basketry and tying C. moseleyanus Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture C. multinervis Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture C. muricatus Becc.Becc. Cabbage eaten C. myriacanthus Becc.Becc. Canes for walking-sticks,walking-sticks, cages,cages, basket framesframes C. nagbettai Fernandez & Dey Canes for basketry C. narnbariensisnambariensis Becc.Becc. Canes for handicrafts C. optimasoptimus Becc.Becc. Canes used to make mats, for weaving, to bind furniture andand cordagecordage C. ornatus Bl.B!. Major use of canes for furniture; also for walking-sticks, handles for implements andand flooring;flooring; leaves,leaves, cabbage and rootsroots asas medicine;medicine; fruitsfruits occasionally eaten C. ovoideusovoideas Thwaites ex Trimen Split canes forfor basketry;basketry; entireentire canes forfor furniture frames;frames; split cane cores for crude woven products C. oxleyanitsoxleyanus Teysm.Teysm. & Binnend. ex Canes for walking-sticks Miq. C. palustris Griff. Canes excellent forfor furniture frames C. pandanosmus Furt. Canes C. paspalanthus Becc. Seedlings asas potential potential ornamental; ornamental; ripe ripe fruit fruit pickledpickled andand youngyoung shootshoot eaten C. pedicellatus Becc. ex Heyne Canes apparently of good quality for furniture C. peraperakensis kensis Becc. Canes occasionally used for walking-sticks

47 Species Utilization notesnotes C. peregrperel!,rinus nus Furt. Robust canes of good quality for furniture C.C.~ilosellus pilosellus Becc.Becc. Canes of good appearance butbut probably only forfor locallocal useuse C. pogonacanthus Becc.Becc. Canes of good quality for tying, binding and makingmaking coarsecoarse mats ex H. Winkler C. poilanei Conrad Canes for handicrafts C. polystachys Becc.Becc. Coarse canes used for broom handleshandles C. pseudorivalis Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture C. pseudotenuis Becc.Becc. Canes for basketry C. pseudoulur Becc. Becc. Canes for basketry, etc.etc. C. ramulosus Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture C. reyesianusreyesianus Becc.Becc. Canes of small diameterdiameter useuse forfor furniturefurniture and basketry, local and international C. rhomboideus Bl.B!. Canes possibly used to make baskets and mats C. rhytidomus Becc.Becc. Canes used locally for binding C. rotangrotanl!, Linn.Linn. Canes for basketry,basketry, chairchair seatsseats C. rudentum Lour.Lour. Canes for handicrafts; edible fruit C. ruvidus Becc.Becc. Canes used for basketry and tying C. scabridulus Becc.Becc. Canes split for tying, thatching and cordage C. sctpionumscipionum Lour. Canes for making moderate-quality furniture; walking-sticks,walking-sticks, umbrella handles, etc. C. sedens J.J. Dransf. Canes sometimes used to makemake walking-sticks C. semoi Becc. Excellent quality cane; under cultivation inin gardensgardens C. simplex Becc.Becc. Canes for basketry C. simplicifolius Wei Good medium-diameter cane for furnfurniture, ture, binding,binding, weaving,weaving, basketry, etc; new shoots edible C. szphonospathussiphonospathus Mart. Canes for basketry andand tyingtying C. solitarius T. Evans et al. Canes for handicrafts C. spinifolius Becc. Canes for basketry and tying C. subinermis H.H . Wendl.Wend!. Canes for furniture frames;frames; cabbage cooked asas a vegetable; fruit ex Becc. sometimes eaten C. symphysipus Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture C. tenuis Roxb. Canes for basketry; fruitsfruits and youngyoung shoots eaten C. tetradactylus Hance Small-diameter canescanes for for handicrafts,handicrafts, basketry basketry andand furniturefurniture C. thwaitesii Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture C. tomentosus Becc.Becc. Canes for tying and binding C. trachycoleustrachycoleus Becc.Becc. Canes used as skin peels for weaving chair seats and back; unsplit for furniture; basketry, mats, fish traps, cordage C. travancoricus Bedd. Canes for handicrafts and furniture ex Becc. && HookHook C. trispermus Becc. Canes for furniture C. tumidus Furt. Canes for furniture C. ulur Becc.Becc. Split canes for cordage C. untfariusunifarius H. Wendl.Wend!. Canes locally for furniture C. usitatus Becc. Canes for basketry, furniture and handicrafts C. vidalianus Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture C. viminalis Willd. Canes locally for basketry and matting C. wailongwailong S.J. Pei & S.Y. ChenChen Canes for weaving and furniture C. warburl!,iiwarburgii K.K. Schum.Schum. Canes locally for basketbasket framesframes C. zollingeri Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture framesframes

48 Appendix IV

UTILIZED DAEMONOROPS SPECIES

Species Utilization notes

Daemonorops angustifolia (Griff.)(Griff.) Mart.Mart. Canes for low-quality furniture, for coring and binding DD.. calicarpa (Griff(Griff.).) MartMart.. Leaves forfor thatching;thatching; outerouter part of rachisrachis stripped for basketrybasketry D. clemensiana Becc. Canes for basketry and tying D. crinita (Miq.) Bl. Canes for coarse basketry and cordagecordage D. curranii Becc.Becc. Canes for basketry and tying D. didymophylla Becc.Becc. Fruit yields red (dragon's(dragon's blood); fruit sometimessometimes eaten;eaten; canes used as split rattan DD.. draco (Willd.)(Willd.) Bl. Fruit yields red resin (dragon's blood) DD.. elongataelonf!,ata Bl.Bl. Leaves for thatching D. fissa (Miq.) Bl.Bl. Canes for local low-quality furniture; cabbagecabbage eateneaten DD.. grandis (Griff.)(Griff.) Mart.Mart. Leaves forfor thatching;thatching; outerouter layer of petipetioleole and rachisrachis peeled and split for basketry; rachis for fishing rods D. hystrix (Griff.)Griff.) Mart.Mart. Canes for furniture frames, but ofof lowlow quality;quality; riperipe fruitsfruits eateneaten D. ingens J. Dransf.Dransf. Fruit eaten;eaten; leaves for thatching D. jenkinsiana (Griff.)(Griff.) Mart. ImportantImportant medium-large diameter cane in China; canes forfor basketry andand weaving;weaving; seeds made intointo necklaces;necklaces; freshfresh shootsshoots eaten as vegetable D. kurziana Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture D. lamprolepis Becc. Canes for bindingbinding materialmaterial D. leptopus (Griff.) Mart. Canes for basketry andand tying;tying; leafletsleaflets usedused locallylocally asas cigarettecigarette paper D. longispathalonf!,ispatha Becc.Becc. Cabbage eaten; canes for tying D. melanochaetes Bl.Bl. Cabbage eaten; cane core used for broom handleshandles andand coarsecoarse furniture D.D. micracantha (Griff.)(Griff.) Becc.Becc. Canes split for tying; fruit source of redred resinresin (dragon's(dragon's blood)blood) D.D. oblongaoblonga (Reinw.(Reinw. exex Bl.)Bl.) Bl.Bl. Canes for basket frames,frames, brush handleshandles andand coarsecoarse weavingweaving D.D. ochrolepisochrolepis Becc.Becc. Canes for furniture, baskets,baskets, bags, etc.etc. for home industriesindustries and local commercial useuse D. periacanthaperiacantha Miq. Canes split for sewingsewing up fishfish traps;traps; cabbagecabbage andand fruitfruit edibleedible D. propinpropinqua qua Becc. Fruits yield red resin (dragon's(dragon's blood) D. robusta Warb.Warb. Canes used locally for furniture frames ofof moderate qualityquality DD.. rubra (Reinw.(Reinw. exex Bl.)Bl.) Bl. Fruits yield red resin (dragon's blood) D. ruptilisruptilis Becc.Becc. Fruits eateneaten D. sabutsabut Becc.Becc. Canes split for basketry,basketry, matsmats andand tying;tying; fruits yield red resinresin (dragon's blood) D. scapigera Becc.Becc. Canes for walking sticks; fruits andand cabbagecabbage eateneaten D. sparsiflorasparsif/ora Becc.Becc. Canes for tying;tying; shoots eateneaten

4949 Appendix V

OTHER UTILIZEDUTILIZED CANECANE SPECIESSPECIES

Genus andand speciesspecies Utilization notes

Calospatha scortechinii Becc.Becc. Ripe fruits eaten

Ceratolobus concolor Bl.B!. Canes C. subanf!,ulatussubangulatus (Miq.) Becc. Canes

Desmoncus cirrhiferuscirrhzferus Gentry 8c& Zandini Basketry and fish traps; edible fruit D.D. giganteus Henderson Various woven items D. mitis Kuntze Basketry and tying house beamsbeams D.D. orthacanthos Mart.Mart. Basketry D. polyacanthos Mart. Basketry, sieves andand for tying

Eremospatha haullevilleanahaullevilleana De Wild Chewing sticks (native toothbrush) andand canecane roperope E. macrocarpa (G. Mann & H. Wendt.)Wend!.) H.Wendl.H.Wend!.

Korthalsia chebcheb Becc.Becc. Canes K. echinometra Becc.Becc. Basketry K. ferox Becc.Becc. Canes K. flagellaris MiqMiq.. Canes K. furtadoana J. Dransf. Canes K. rigida Bl.B!. Canes K.K rostratarostrata Bl.B!. Binding, handicrafts

Laccosperma robustumrobustum (Burr.) J. Dransf. Walking sticks, furniturefurniture frames, basket frames and L. secundiflorum (P.(P. Beauv.) KuntzeKiintze cane

Myrialepis paradoxaparadoxa (Kurz) J. Dransf. Coarse basketry

Oncocalamus manniirnannii Cane rope

(G. Mann && H. Wendl.)Wend!.) H.H. WendLWendl.

Plectocomia himalayanahimalayana Griff. Canes for tying and basketry

Plectocomiopsis geminigeminzfloraflora (Griff(Griff.).) Becc.Becc. Coarse basketry, cordage, fish traps and chickenchicken coops;coops; heart edible though bitter

Note: nono locallocal useuse isis recorded forfor thethe generagenera PogonottumPogonotium or Retispatha.Retispatha.

50 Appendix VIVI

PHILIPPINE STANDARDSTANDARD SPECIFICATIONSSPECIFICATIONS FORFOR RATTAN RATTAN AND WICKER FURNITURE

This standardstandard specificationspecification is herebyhereby promulgatedpromulgated underunder aa fixedfixed designation,designation, PSPS (Philippine(Philippine Standard) No. 821-09.03;821-09.03; 1976.1976. This standard was prepared byby thethe TechnicalTechnical Committee on Furniture andand FixturesFixtures withwith thethe fullfull cooperation of the ChamberChamber ofof FurnitureFurniture IndustriesIndustries ofof thethe Philippines.Philippines. Suggestions forfor revision should be addressedaddressed to thethe PhilippinesPhilippines BureauBureau ofof Standards,Standards, POPO Box Box 3719, Manila.

1. Scope 1.1 This standard specifiesspecifies requirements for rattan and wicker furniture.

2. Definition 2.1 ForFor the the purposepurpose of of this this standard, standard, the the following following definitions definitions shall shall apply:apply: (a) Rattan Poles.Poles. A common termterm thatthat applies applies toto the the various various species species ofof tropicaltropical climbingclimbing palmspalms composing the generagenera CalamusCalamus andand DaemonoropsDaemonorops ofof thethe familyfamily Palmae.Palmae. (b) Rattan RoundRound Core.Core. SometimesSometimes called "wicker", refers toto round-shaped material, with size ranging fromfrom 2 to 1010 mmmm inin diameter,diameter, processed fromfrom thethe core of the rattan pole,pole, usually used for weaving.weaving. (c) Rattan FlatFlat Core.Core. RefersRefers toto thethe flat-shapedflat-shaped material,material, with sizesize ranging from 2 to 10 mm in width, processed fromfrom thethe corecore ofof a a polepole andand usedused forfor weavingweaving andand binding.binding. (d) Rattan Peel.Peel. Also "rattan"rattan split",split". refersrefers toto flat-shapedflat-shaped material,material, stripped fromfrom thethe skinskin ofof aa rattan pole,pole, withwith sizesize rangingranging fromfrom 22 toto 1010 mmmm oror widerwider inin width,width, usuallyusually forfor weavingweaving andand binding. (e) Check. AA separation of fibres along the pole forming a crack or fissure in the rattan, not extending through thethe piecepiece from oneone surfacesurface to thethe other.other. (f) Shake. A separation ofof the fibres along the pole, caused by stress developed in the gathering and cutting, or due toto improperimproper processing.processing. (g) Break. A separation of the fibres, which extends throughthrough a piece fromfrom one surface toto the other usually perpendicular or atat rightright angleangle to the directions of thethe grains.grains. (h) Blemishes. DarkDark spotsspots or discolorations inin rattanrattan polespoles causedcaused byby stainingstaining fungifungi oror mineralmineral stains.

3. Material requirements 3.1 RattanRattan Poles. Poles. TheThe rattanrattan usedused inin thethe constructionconstruction ofof furniturefurniture shallshall bebe thethe "palasan""palasan" oror similarsimilar variety and shallshall be ofof goodgood gradegrade poles:poles: mature, clean, scraped, thoroughly seasoned.seasoned. (a) Rattan poles used for locallocal andand exportexport marketmarket shallshall bebe treatedtreated againstagainst fungifungi andand insectinsect infestations, and thusthus freefree fromfrom mineralmineral andand fungalfungal blemishes,blemishes, scar,scar, bruisebruise andand speciallyspecially pinholes. (b) All poles are to be treated withwith pentachlorophenolpentachlorophenol oror saline saline solutionsolution toto safeguard safeguard againstagainst insect-borers. (c) Checks, Shakes and Breaks. ChecksChecks andand shakesshakes shallshall be be permitted permitted providedprovided thatthat theythey do not exist in close proximity toto holesholes andand groovesgrooves as to affect the strength. Breaks, however, shall not be permitted;

51 33.2.2 RattanRattan CoreCore and and Peel. Peel. TheThe rattan rattan core core and and peel peel used used for for weaving weaving andand binding binding furniture furniture shall shall be of good quality processedprocessed from gradegrade rattan polespoles preferably of the "sika" variety.variety. Rattan core or peel used shallshall bebe ofof uniformuniform diameterdiameter oror widthwidth respectively. respectively. 3.3 Wood.Wood. All wood materialsmaterials used oror incorporatedincorporated intointo rattanrattan furniturefurniture suchsuch as as seatseat frames, frames, doors, cabinet, etc.etc. shallshall conform toto PSPS SpecificationSpecification for Wooden Furniture, SectionSection 3.

4. Construction 4.1 All furniture complyingcomplying withwith thisthis standardstandard shallshall bebe of good workmanship andand allall components includingincluding thosethose not specificallyspecifically referredreferred to to in thisthis standardstandard suchsuch asas materialsmaterials usedused inin constructing thethe metalmetal andand woodenwooden parts,parts, springs,springs, cushions,cushions, upholstery shallshall be of a quality at least equal to thatthat usedused inin recognizedrecognized goodgood practicespractices inin thethe trade.trade. (a) Rattan joints forfor mainmain membersmembers andand stressstress jointsjoints shallshall bebe snuglysnugly fittedfitted andand securedsecured toto adjoin members by nails,nails, screw or bolts,bolts, and bound withwith rattanrattan flatflat peelpeel oror core,core, oror otherother binding materials glued on to thethe rattan,rattan, soso asas to withstandwithstand normalnormal dailydaily wearwear andand tear.tear. (b) All main members andand stressstress joints shallshall be of the concave-cut fitted type oror dowelleddowelled typetype of construction. (c) Al!All joints of rattan ringsrings usedused forfor thethe seatsseats oror forfor supportsupport purposes purposes shallshall bebe thethe half-laphalf-lap type nailednailed andand gluedglued together.together. (d) All wood jointingsjointings shallshall followfollow thethe PSPS SpecificationSpecification for WoodenWooden Furniture,Furniture, Section Section 4. 4.

5. Finish 5.1 AllAll rattanrattan andand wood wood surfaces surfaces shall shall bebe sanded sanded smoothsmooth and and all all exposedexposed edgesedges andand cornerscorners shallshall be eased. AllAl! holes, checks andand shakes shallshall bebe filledfilled andand stainedstained oror toned to matchmatch colorcolor ofof rattan parts. ExposedExposed nails,nails, screwsscrews and bolts shall be countersunk withwith thethe holesholes withwith plasticplastic wood fillers and/or woodenwooden oror rattan rattan plugs plugs flushed flushed andand sandedsanded smoothsmooth before before finishing.finishing. 5.2 FurnitureFurniture finishfinish shallshall bebe inin accordanceaccordance withwith anyany ofof thethe following:following: (a) or nitro-basednitro-based clearclear finishes;finishes; (b) butyratebutyrate (CAB); (c) acid catalyst clear lacquers;lacquers; (d) polyurethane; (e) oil or ;wax; (f) . 5.3 AllAll materialsmaterials used for juvenilejuvenile furniture shall be of the nontoxic type. 5.4 AllAll polished,polished, painted oror otherwiseotherwise finishedfinished surfacessurfaces shall be of good workmanship and brought toto aa durabledurable finish.finish. 5.5 ThereThere shallshall bebe nono excessiveexcessive stickiness or surface disfigurement of any typetypc such as blistering, markingmarking oror change ofof color when the furniturefurniture is subjectedsubjected to drydry heat.heat. (See(See Specification for Wooden FurnitureFurniture PS PS 821-01.09; 821-01.09; 1976),1976).

6. Sampling 6.1 UpUp toto threethree [pieces[pieces of]of] furniturefurniture shallshall bebe selectedselected at random for testing.testing. Should one of these fail to passpass thethe tests,tests, thethe inspectorinspector may may select select asas manymany additionaladditional [pieces[pieces of]of] furniturefurniture asas areare necessary withinwithin reasonable limits, to satisfy himself ofof the manufacturer's normal standards of production.

77.. Performance tests 7.1 The mainmain objectiveobjective of thesethese seriesseries of teststests isis toto determine,determine, byby thethe applicationapplication ofof simulatedsimulated loads and related stresses,stresses, whether aa givengiven manufacturer'smanufacturer's products,products, specificallyspecifically load-bearingload-bearing members and joints hereof,hereof, cancan reasonablyreasonably withstand normalnormal use.use. (a) TheThe mannermanner of of testing testing herein herein described described representsrepresents thethe mostmost simple simple procedureprocedure thatthat hashas been found workable inin aa majoritymajority ofof furniture, furniture, especially especially chairs.chairs. ThereThere will,will, however,however, be cases inin whichwhich the design precludes the use ofof this particularparticular procedure. In such cases, thethe

52 tests to which thethe furniturefurniture are are toto be be submitted submitted shall shall bebe derivedderived fromfrom thethe same same principleprinciple asas the standard test,test, usingusing otherother means means ofof applyingapplying eithereither thethe samesame loadload oror loadsloads thatthat havehave aa similar effect.effect. 7.2 InspectionInspection beforebefore testingtesting (a) Immediately beforebefore testing,testing, eacheach samplesample shall be inspectedinspected and any apparent defects noted, so that theythey shallshall notnot laterlater bebe recordedrecorded asas havinghaving been caused byby the tests.tests. A report on such defects shall accompany the report on thethe performanceperformance teststests andand thesethese shallshall be taken into accountaccount inin assessingassessing whether the articlearticle has complied withwith the requirements of this standard.standard. 7.3 Test procedure (a) Each sample shall be subjected toto thethe seriesseries ofof teststests specifiedspecified inin SectionSection 7.4,7.4, the tests beingbeing carried out inin thatthat sequence.sequence. (b) IfIf during or afterafter anyany ofof thethe teststests describeddescribed inin 7.47.4 relativerelative movement is apparent between the members of any joint and itit isis established thatthat the joint is broken in such a way aass toto impair its serviceability, the furniturefurniture shallshall be deemed to have failed toto pass thethe performanceperformance tests. (c)I f failure of a joint is recorded,recorded, or ifif for any other reasonreason thethe furniturefurniture selectedselected for testingtesting is deemed toto have failed toto pass the Performance TestsTests ofof thisthis standard,standard, thethe testing of that article shall bebe discontinueddiscontinued and no further sections of the test procedure shallshall be applied to it.it. (d) If any ofof thethe teststests specifiedspecified inin 7.47.4 wouldwould causecause locallocal damage or is inappropriate for anyany other reason,reason, itit shallshall bebe replacedreplaced byby aa testtest oror teststests basedbased onon thethe samesame principleprinciple (see(see 7.1). 77.1.1 TestsTests (a) Test Samples.Samples. SamplesSamples selectedselected atat randomrandom inin accordance with 6.1 shall be tested as specified hereinherein.. (b) Level Test (all(all items). CastersCasters oror glides shallshall bebe removed.removed. ItemsItems shallshall be placed onon a flat level surfacesurface plate.plate. All legslegs shallshall simultaneouslysimultaneously restrest onon thethe surface plate. Any evidence of rocking when lightlight forceforce isis appliedapplied atat anyany cornercorner shallshall be cause for rejection.rejection. (c) Sand Bag TestTest (chairs and sofa frames). TheseThese items shall withstandwithstand six impacts of aa 29.529.5 kg (65 pounds) sand bag,bag, 30.4830.48 cm (12 inches)inches) inin diameterdiameter atat droppeddropped end, a distance of 106.68 cmcm (3.5(3.5 feet)feet) inin eacheach ofof thethe following locations: (a) directlydirectly over a leg, (b) midway between the legslegs on thethe sideside frameframe membersmembers and (c) on front frameframe railrail atat midpoint.midpoint. (d) Impact Test.Test. Chairs shallshall withstand 1212 dropsdrops fromfrom aa heightheight ofof 91.44 91.44 cmcm (3(3 feet)feet) aboveabove aa concrete floor. The chairchair shallshall bebe tilted toto anan angleangle of 12 degrees diagonallydiagonally across the plane of the feetfeet toto insureinsure that that one one leg leg receives receives thethe initialinitial impact.impact. (e) Diagonal Load Test.Test. Chair shall be laid back in such a wayway that the front edgeedge of the seatseat is directly aboveabove thethe feetfeet oror the the rear rear legs. legs. ApplyApply a a vertical vertical loadload of of 68.04 68.04 kgkg (150(150 pounds)pounds) to thethe frontfront edge edge ofof the the seat. seat. The The force force shall shall bebe appliedapplied andand completely completely removed removed steadily steadily during periodsperiods ofof notnot less less thanthan 5 5 seconds seconds forfor 2020 times.times. (f) Static Load TestTest (chair frame withwith deck).deck). AA staticstatic loadload ofof a a 68.0468.04 kgkg (150(150 pounds) sandsand bagbag shall be appliedapplied verticallyvertically over aa 30.4830.48 cm (12 inches) diameterdiameter areaarea inin the center of thethe deck and allowedallowed toto remainremain forfor 1515 minutes.minutes. UponUpon removalremoval ofof thethe load,load, therethere shallshall bebe nono evidence of breakage or looseningloosening oror separationseparation ofof frame frame joints;joints; (g) Static Load TestTest (tables). The height ofof thethe tabletable shallshall bebe measuredmeasured accurately.accurately. AA staticstatic loadload of 45.36 kg (100 pounds) shallshall be appliedapplied vertically over a 30.48 cm (12 inches) diameter area in the centre of the tabletable top andand allowedallowed to remainremain for 3030 minutes. Upon removalremoval of the load, the heightheight shallshall not havehave decreased by more than 0.31 cm (1/8 inch) and there shall be no evidence of breakage or separationseparation ofof joints.joints. 7.5 CriteriaCriteria forfor successsuccess (a) NoNo part part of of the the furniture furniture or or its its components components or or fittings fittings shallshall developdevelop anyany fracture,fracture, or anyany apparent loosening of a jointjoint intendedintended toto bebe rigid,rigid, oror any any deformations deformations whichwhich wouldwould adversely affect any of its functions.functions.

53 (b)(6) EachEach sample sample testedtested shall shall fulfillfulfill thethe conditionsconditions ofof thethe testtest describeddescribed inin 7.37.3 (b). (c) EachEach sample sample tested tested shall shall sustain sustain each each of of the the forces forces describeddescribed inin 7.4. 7.4.

8. Marking 8.1 EachEach furniturefurniture complyingcomplying with with this this standard standard shall shall bebe markedmarked withwith the the PS PS CertificationCertification mark.mark.

Note: TheThe useuse ofof thethe PS PS Certification Certification MarkMark isis governedgoverned byby thethe provisions provisions ofof Standards Standards Administrative OrderOrder No.No. 20,20, seriesseries ofof 1968,1968, "Rules and Regulations forfor the Marking of Goods Standardized byby thethe Bureau of Standards andand forfor OtherOther Purposes." ThisThis mark on a product/product/ producer is a guarantee that the product isis in conformity with the standard.standard. Details of conditions under which a licencelicence to useuse thethe PSPS CertificationCertification MarkMark maymay bebe grantedgranted areare obtainableobtainable fromfrom thethe Bureau of Standards, POPO BoxBox 3719, 3719, Manila.Manila.

54 Appendix VII

A CHRONOLOGY OF OF MAJOR MAJOR RATTAN RATTAN MEETINGSMEETINGS (WITH(WITH PROCEEDINGSPROCEEDINGS REFERENCESREFERENCES IFIF PUBLISHED)PUBLISHED)

2000. 5-7 December. Rome, Italy. Rattan Development: FAO Expert ConsultationConsultation organizedorganized in collaboration withwith INBARINBAR (FAO, (FAO, 2001a; 2001a; 2002).2002). 2000. 12-2212-22 April. Hainan andand Yunnan,Yunnan, China. GTZ/INBARGTZ/INBAR InternationalInternational WorkshopWorkshop onon Bamboo and Rattan. (Zhu,(Zhu, 2001)2001) 2000. 1-3 February. Cameroon. The InternationalInternational Rattan Workshop, Limbe Botanic Garden funded by CARPECARPE (Sunderland (Sunderland andand Profizi,Profizi, 2003).2003). 1999. April. Beijing. INBARINBAR Bamboo and Rattan in Member Countries Workshop. 1998. 12-14 May. , Malaysia. Rattan Cultivation: Achievements, Problems and Prospects. An InternationalInternational ConsultationConsultation of ExpertsExperts forfor thethe Project:Project: Conservation,Conservation, Genetic Improvement, andand SilvicultureSilviculture of Rattans inin South-EastSouth-East AsiaAsia (Bacilieri(Bacilieri and Appanah, 1999).1999). 1996. 14-26 April. Kuching,Kuching, SarawakSarawak andand Luasong,Luasong, Sabah.Sabah. RattanRattan -- Taxonomy,Taxonomy, Ecology,Ecology, Silviculture, Conservation, GeneticGenetic ImprovementImprovement andand Biotechnology.Biotechnology. TrainingTraining CoursesCourses cum Workshops (Rao(Rao andand RamanathaRamanatha Rao,Rao, 1997).1997). 1995. 28-30 November.November. Jogjakarta,Jogjakarta, Indonesia;Indonesia; AprilApril 26-29.26-29. Serpong,Serpong, Indonesia.Indonesia. BambooBamboo and RattanRattan GeneticGenetic ResourcesResources andand Use.Use. SecondSecond INBAR-IPGRIINBAR-IPGRI Biodiversity, Biodiversity, GeneticGenetic Resources and ConservationConservation Working Group Meeting;Meeting; Workshop Meeting on RattanRattan Resources and their DevelopmentDevelopment inin IndonesiaIndonesia (Ramanatha(Ramanatha RaoRao andand Rao,Rao, 1996).1996). 1995. 24-25 August. Manila,Manila, Philippines.Philippines. Third NationalNational RattanRattan ConferenceConference (ATI, (ATI, 1995).1995). 1995. 8-11 May. Los Barios,Banos, Philippines. ExpertExpert ConsultationConsultation on GeneticGenetic EnhancementEnhancement of Bamboo andand RattanRattan (Williams, (Williams, RamanujaRamanuja RaoRao andand Rao,Rao, 1995).1995). 1995. 27-28 March. Kepong,Kepong, Selangor,Selangor, Malaysia. InternationalInternational Meeting of Experts on Inventory Techniques and Assessment of Rattan and Bamboo inin Tropical Forests (Williams,(Williams, Noor and Ramanuja Rao,Rao, 1999).1999). 1994. 7-9 November. Singapore. Bamboo and Rattan Genetic Resources and Use. First INBAR Biodiversity, GeneticGenetic Resources andand Conservation Working Group Meeting (Ramanatha Rao and Rao,Rao, 1995).1995). 1994. 9-13 May. Bangalore, India.India. ConsultationConsultation on Constraints to ProductionProduction ofof BambooBamboo andand Rattan (INBAR,(INBAR, 1994a). 1994a). 1994. 23-25 February.February. Serdang,Serdang, Selangor,Selangor, Malaysia.Malaysia. Consultative Meeting onon MethodologiesMethodologies for TrialsTrials of Bamboo andand RattanRattan (INBAR,(INBAR, 1994b). 1994b). 1993. 6-9 December. Dehra Dun, India.India. ConsultativeConsultative MeetingMeeting onon PriorityPriority SpeciesSpecies of Bamboo and Rattan (Williams(Williams andand RamanathaRamanatha Rao,Rao, 1994).1994). 1992. 29-31 January. Trichur, India. RattanRattan ManagementManagement and Utilisation:Utilisation: RattanRattan (Cane)(Cane) Seminar India (Chand(Chand Basha Basha andand Bhat,Bhat, 1993).1993). 1991. 22-26 July. Lae, Papua New Guinea. National Rattan Workshop. (Konabe and Sastry,Sastry, 1991). 1989. 6-17 March. Jakarta, Indonesia. Workshop on Design and Manufacture ofof BambooBamboo and Rattan Furniture,Furniture, Asia Asia Pacific Pacific Region Region (FAO, (FAO, 1990). 1990). 1988. 1-3 June. Cebu City, Philippines. National Symposium/Workshop on Rattan (PCARRD, 1990). 1987. 12-14 November.November. Chiangmai,Chiangmai, Thailand.Thailand. Recent Research on Rattans:Rattans: InternationalInternational Rattan Seminar.Seminar. (Rao(Rao andand Vongkaluang, Vongkaluang, 1989). 1989).

55ss 1987. 19-22 January. Kota Kinabalu,Kinabalu, Sabah,Sabah, Malaysia. ColloquiumColloquium on RattanRattan PropagationPropagation (Dhanarajan andand Manokaran,Manokaran, 1988). 1988). 1984. 2-4 October.October. Kuala Kuala Lumpur, Lumpur, Malaysia. Malaysia. RattanRattan Seminar Seminar (Wong (Wong andand Manokaran, Manokaran, 1985). 1985). 1979. 4-64- 6 June. Singapore.Singapore. Rattan WorkshopWorkshop (IDRC,(IDRC, 1980). 1980).

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AA manualmanual ofof the the rattansrattans of of Andaman Andaman and and Nicobar Nicobar islands. islands. Peechi,Peechi, India,India, KeralaKerala Forest Research Institute. Renuka, C.C. 2000.2000. FieldField identificationidentification keykey for rattansrattans ofof Kerala. Kerala. Peechi,Peechi, India, KeralaKerala ForestForest ResearchResearch Institute. Renuka, C., c., Bhat,Bhat, K.M. K.M. & & Nambiar,Nambiar, V.P.K. V.P.K. 1987. 1987. Morphological, Morphological, anatomicalanatomical and and physical physical properties of Calamus species ofof KeralaKerala forests. forests. Peechi, Peechi, India, India, KeralaKerala Forest Forest ResearchResearch Institute.Institute. Renuka, C.,C., Indira,Indira, E.P. E.P. && Muralidharan,Muralidharan, E.M. E.M. 1998. 1998. Genetric Genetric diversity diversity and and conservation conservation of of certain certain species of of rattans rattans inin AndamanAndaman and NicobarNicobar IslandsIslands and southernsouthern India.India. Peechi,Peechi, India,India, KeralaKerala ForestForest Research InstituteInstitute.. Schwartz, H. H. Rattan: Rattan: tropical tropical comfort comfort throughout throughout the the house. house. Atglen Atglen PA, PA, Schiffer. Schiffer. Shim, P.S.P.S. 1995.1995. Domestication and and improvementimprovement of of rattan. rattan. WorkingWorking PaperPaper N°N° 5.5. NewNew Delhi,Delhi, INBAR.

59 Steiner, H. TheThe insectinsect faunafauna of rattan. Eschborn, GTZ. Sunderland, T.C.H.T.C.H. [in[in press]. press]. Indigenous Indigenous nomenclature, nomenclature, classificationclassification andand utilisationutilisation ofof AfricanAfrican rattans. InIn T.T. CarlsonCarlson & & L. L. Maffi, Maffi, eds. eds. Ethnobotany Ethnobotany and and conservation conservation of of biocultural biocultural diversity. diversity. Advances in Economic Botany,Botany, Vol.Vol. 15. The New York Botanical Gardens, Press. Bronx. Sunderland, T.C.H. T.C.H. & & Profizi, Profizi, J.P. J.P. 2003. 2003. New New research research on on African African rattans. rattans. Proceedings Proceedings No. No 9.. 9. Beijing, Beijing, ININBAR. BAR. 154154 pp.pp. Tan, C.F.c.F. 1992. ProspectsProspects for for rattan rattan plantingplanting andand aa field manual forfor rattan cultivationcultivation in thethe SouthSouth Pacific. PortPort Vila, South Pacific Forestry Development Programme.Programme. Tuley, P. 1995. TheThe palmspalms ofof Africa.Africa. Cornwall,Cornwall, UK, The Trendrine Press.Press. Uhl, N.W.N.W. && Dransfield,Dransfield, J. J. 1987. 1987 .Genera Genera palmarum. palmarum. Lawrence, Lawrence, Kansas,Kansas, USA,USA, InternationalInternational PalmPalm Society. Uhl, N.W.N.W. && Dransfield,Dransfield, J. J. 1999. 1999. GeneraGenera palmarumpalmarum afterafter tenten years.years. In A.A. HendersonHenderson & & F.F. Borchsenius, eds. Evolution, variation, andand classification classification of palms.palms. MemoirsMemoirs ofof TheThe NewNew York Botanical Garden, 83: 245-253245-253.. UNIDO. 1996.1996. DesignDesign andand manufacturemanufacture ofof bamboo bamboo andand rattanrattan furniture. furniture. Vienna,Vienna, UnitedUnited NationsNations Industrial Development Organization. Wakker, E.J.E.]. 1991.1991. From canecane to cory-set: the economic valuevalue andand sustainability of rattan tradetrade in in RegionRegion 2, The Philippines.Philippines, Report.Report. Leiden/Cabagan/Nijmegen,Leiden/Cabagan/Nijmegen, Cagayan Valley ProgrammeProgramme onon EnvironmentEnvironment and Development.Development. Wan Razali,Razali, W.M.,W.M., Dransfield, ].J. && Manokaran,Manokaran, N. N. eds. eds. 1992.1992. AA guideguide toto thethe cultivationcultivation ofof rattan.rattan. Kepong, Malaysia, Forest ResearchResearch InstituteInstitute Malaysia.Malaysia. Wan Razali, W.M.,W.M., Dransfield, J. J. & & Manokaran,Manokaran, N. N. eds. eds. 1994. 1994. Nursery Nursery techniques techniques for for rattan. rattan. Technical Technical Report N° 2. New Delhi,Delhi, INBAR. Weiner, G. 1992. Zur Stammanatomie der Rattanpalrnen.Rattanpalmen. Doctoral Dissertation,Dissertation, FacultyFaculty ofof Biology,Biology, University of Hamburg. Williams, J.T. & Ramanatha Rao, Rao, V. V. eds. eds. 1994. 1994. PriorityPriority speciesspecies ofof bamboobamboo and and rattan.rattan. Technical ReportReport N° 1.1. New Delhi,Delhi, INBAR.INBAR. Williams, J.T., Noor,Noor, N.S.M. & Ramanuja Rao, Rao, I.V. LV. eds.eds. 1999.1999. InventoryInventory techniques techniques andand assessment assessment of rattan && bamboo.bamboo. TechnicalTechnical ReportReport N°N ° 11. 11. Beijing,Beijing, INBAR.INBAR. Williams, J.T.,J.T., RamanujaRamanuja Rao,Rao, I.V.LV. && Rao,Rao, A.N. A.N. eds. eds. 1995. 1995. GeneticGenetic enhancementenhancement ofof bamboobamboo andand rattan. TechnicalTechnical Report N° 7.7. New Delhi,Delhi, INBAR. Wong, K.M. & Manokaran,Manokaran, N. N. 1985. 1985. Proceedings Proceedings ofof thethe rattanrattan seminar.seminar. 2-42-4 OctoberOctober 1984. 1984. KualaKuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Kepong, Malaysia, Rattan Information Centre. Wulijarni-Soitjipto, N. N. & & Danimihardja, Danimihardja, S. eds.S. eds 1995.. 1995. Plant Plant resources resources of of south-east south-east Asia. Asia .Bibliography Bibliography 6. Rattans. Bogor,Bogor, Indonesia, Prosea.Prosea. Xu, H.,H., Zeng,Zeng, B., B., Yin, Yin, G. G. & & Liu,Liu, Y. Y. 1996. 1996. RattanRattan resources resources ofof China China andand current current status status of of conservation. conservation. Working Paper N° 7. New Delhi,Delhi, INBAR. Zhu, Zhaohua.Zhaohua. ed. ed. 2001. 2001. Sustainable Sustainable developmentdevelopment ofof the the bamboobamboo andand rattan rattan sectors sectors inin tropicaltropical China.China. Proceedings N° 6.6. Beijing,Beijing, INBAR.

60 COMPENDIUM GLOSSARY GLOSSARY ONON RATTAN RATTAN TERMSTERMS IN AFRICAAFRICA

Note: ThisThis compendiumcompendium glossary glossary ofof termsterms andand definitionsdefinitions used inin rattan researchresearch and development with aa specialspecial emphasisemphasis on AfricaAfrica isis intendedintended toto complementcomplement thethe RattanRattan GlossaryGlossary throughthrough providing additional definitions from thethe rattanrattan sectorsector inin Africa.Africa.

RATTAN RESOURCES

BIOLOGY ANDAND SYSTEMATICS SYSTEMATICS

Adaptation Any morphological,morphological, physiological,physiological, developmentaldevelopmental ofof behaviouralbehavioural charactercharacter thatthat enhancesenhances survivalsurvival andand reproductivereproductive successsuccess ofof anan organism.organism. Allopatric Species occupying different and disjunct populations.populations. Aggregate inflorescenceinflorescence AA seeminglyseemingly singlesingle largelarge inflorescenceinflorescence actuallyactually comprisedcomprised ofof manymany individual .inflorescences. Common inin hapaxanthichapaxanthic (q.v.) (q.v.) taxa.taxa. Ancistrophyllum A synonym ofof the the rattanrattan genus, genus, Laccosperma.Laccosperma.

Calamus A predominantlypredominantly AsianAsian genusgenus of rattansrattans withwith aa single single representativerepresentative in10 Africa. Centre ofof diversitydiversity The The point point at atwhich which organisms organisms exhibit exhibit their their greatest greatest diversity. diversity. Cincinnus A flowerflower clustercluster whereinwherein eacheach successivesuccessive flowerflower arises inin the axilaxil ofof thethe bracteole onon thethe precedingpreceding flowerflower stalk.stalk. Congo BasinBasin The watershed of the CongoCongo RiverRiver which contains the largestlargest single tract of forest inin thethe world outsideoutside ofof Amazonia.Amazonia. Endemic Native to,to, andand restrictedrestricted to,to, aa particularparticular biogeographicalbiogeographical region.region. Eremospatha Genus ofof rattanrattan endemic endemic toto Africa, Africa, representedrepresented by by eleven eleven species. species. Exsiccatae An index of herbarium collections for a particularlyparticularly taxonomic group usuallyusually listed by collector.collector. Exserted Protruding beyondbeyond thethe surroundingsurrounding parts.parts. Guineo-Congolian A Aphytochorian phytochorian of of African African vegetation vegetation representing representing the the humid humid lowland lowland forestforest of the Congo Basin.Basin. Inflorescence unitunit A single inflorescence within an aggregatedaggregated inflorescence (q.v). Juvenile A young individualindividual that maymay possesspossess morphology distinct from thethe adult.adult. Laccosperma A genus of rattan endemicendemic toto AfricaAfrica representedrepresented byby six six species.species. Monospecific Of aa genus,genus, oftenoften containingcontaining aa singlesingle species but also often usedused toto describedescribe extensive groups ofof aa singlesingle species within a habitat. Monotypic Having only oneone representative.representative. Neotype A specimen assigned asas thethe typetype in the absence ofof thethe holotype. Onococalamineae Palm subtribesub tribe whichwhich includesincludes thethe genusgenus Oncocalamus.Oncocalamus. Oncocalamus A rattan genusgenus endemicendemic to AfricaAfrica represented byby fourfour species.species. Polymorphic Consisting ofof manymany forms,forms, highlyhighly variable.variable.

61 Polytypic Having manymany representatives.representatives. Sympatric Species occurring together inin thethe samesame geographicalgeographical area.area. Terre firmafirma Land thatthat isis notnot seasonally seasonally inundated.inundated. Trilete Describing aa narrow flowerflower openingopening withwith threethree lobes.lobes. Upper Guinea The forested regionregion from Eastern Nigeria to Guinea.Guinea. Vicariance The existenceexistence of closely-related taxa in different geographical areas that have been separated by the formation ofof aa naturalnatural barrier.barrier.

ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY Aerial branching The productionproduction of of shoots shoots in in the the aerial aerial axils,axils, producingproducing branches.branches. Aphlebiae A term formerly usedused toto describedescribe the reducedreduced lowermostlowermost leafletsleaflets of a rattan that oftenoften reflexreflex andand claspclasp thethe stem.stem. Attenuate Drawn outout andand graduallygradually narrowing.narrowing. Baccate -like. Basal At the basebase ofof anan organ.organ. Caducous Falling offoff early.early. "Cat's claw"claw" Flagella are often armed with groups ofof recurvedrecurved pricklesprickles resemblingresembling aa cat's claw. Ciliate Fringed with longlong hairs.hairs. Concolorous Having the samesame colour throughout. Cuneate Wedge-shaped. Discolorous Having two oror moremore shadesshades of colour throughout. Elaminate rachis A rachis devoiddevoid ofof truetrue leaflets.leaflets. Equidistant Occurring atat regularregular intervals.intervals. Flabellate Fan shaped. Geniculus Technical term for the "knee"."knee". Inequidistant Occurring atat irregularirregular intervals.intervals. Lanceolate Lance-shaped. Lobe Any division of an organ, particularly if thethe part is rounded. Monosulcate Referring toto pollenpollen grains;grains; havinghaving aa singlesingle groove.groove. Mucilage A sticky or slimyslimy substancesubstance or solution.solution. Oblanceolate Inversely lanceolatelanceolate (q.v.).(q.v.). Obovate Inversely ovateovate (q.v.).(q.v.). Orbicular Circular. Ovate With an egg-shapedegg-shaped outline.outline. Orthotropic Growing directly towards toto sourcesource ofof thethe stimulusstimulus (positively(positively orthotropic) or awayaway from thethe sourcesource ofof thethe stimulusstimulus (negatively orthotropic). Papillose Bearing minute rounded projections.projections.

62 Papyraceous Thin, membranous,membranous, paper-like.paper-like. Plumose Feathery. Praemorse Irregularly truncate,truncate, appearingappearing asas if bitten off at thethe apex.apex. Proximal Situated closest to the point ofof attachment.attachment. Reflexed Bent abruptly backwards.backwards. Ruminate Refers to endosperm, where in-foldingin-folding of seed coat causes discolorationdiscoloration.. Spathulate SpatulaSpatula-shaped. -shaped. Spear leaf The emergingemerging apicalapical leaf.leaf. Striate Lined.Lined. Trapeziform Shaped like a trapezium i.e.i.e. with onlyonly twotwo ofof its its sidessides parallel.parallel. Truncate Appearing asas ifif cut offoff atat thethe base.base. Velamen The outerouter layerlayer ofof aerialaerial roots.roots.

Vestigial Imperfect development ofof anan organ which waswas fullyfully developeddeveloped in10 somesome ancestral form. "Wrinkle" A linear ridge of the ocreaocrea of a number ofof speciesspecies of Eremospatha. Warty Pitted.

PHYSIOLOGY Iteroparus An ecological term synonymous with polycarpy. Primary axisaxis The main vegetative structure. Semelparous An ecological termterm synonymoussynonymous with monocarpy

MANAGEMENT AND PLANTATIONSPLANTATIONS Abundance The total numbernumber ofof individuals individuals ofof aa speciesspecies in an area (volume, population of community). Beating up The replacement ofof deaddead seedlingsseedlings post-planting. CertificationCertifica tion The process of formal accreditation in recognition ofof sustainable, ethical and equitable harvest and trade. Cutting grassgrass A rodentrodent (Thryonomys(Thryonomys swinderianus); thethe mostmost commoncommon pest of rattan inin cultivation inin Africa.Africa. Inventory The processprocess ofof evaluatingevaluating stocking of aa resource. Natural regeneration regeneration The The process process by by which which successive successive populationspopulations replacereplace through reproductive events (recruitment) in natural environmental conditions. Parent cropcrop The treetree cropcrop usedused asas shade or support. Permanent samplesample plotsplots PermanentlyPermanently demarcateddemarcated samplesample plots ofof variablevariable size,size, whichwhich areare enumerated and re-measuredre-measured at pre-defined intervalsintervals to determinedetermine changeschanges in ecological and dynamic processes. Production-to-consumption A A study study of of the the chain chain of of custody custody of of rattan rattan fromfrom harvestharvest toto thethe salesale of the final product. Provenance The place of origin.origin.

63 Skid trailtrail A linear disturbance inin forestforest wherewhere logslogs havehave beenbeen mechanicallymechanically dragged through thethe vegetation. Stool management TheThe management management of of individual individual rattan rattan clusters. clusters.

HARVESTING Community forestryforestry TheThe formal formal and and legally legally recognized recognized managementmanagement of forestforest resourcesresources by communities in their proximity. Customary lawslaws Local rules and regulations applying to the use of forest resource.resource. Cutlass A sturdy hand-heldhand-held longlong bladeblade used throughout Africa.Africa. Harvest regime The prescribedprescribed management processprocess by by whichwhich harvest is controlled to maximize yield while ensuring future supplies. Harvestable cane length TheThe proportionproportion ofof the the length length ofof a asingle single cane cane stemstem ofof commercial commercial value. Informal taxation The process by whichwhich moneymoney changeschanges hands informally (e.g.(e.g. bribe). Land tenure The rights of an individual or group to own andand managemanage land. Libation A ceremony consisting of the sprinkling and drinking ofof alcoholalcohol toto appeaseappease thethe ancestors prior to enteringentering the forest.forest. Common throughoutthroughout WestWest and Central Africa.Africa. Machete Another wordword forfor a a cutlass cutlass (q.v.).(q.v.). Open-access Unregulated accessaccess to a forest resource. Resource tenure The rightsrights ofof anan individualindividual or groupgroup toto ownown and and manage manage aa particular particular resource. Sloughing Refers to thethe gradualgradual flakingflaking off of the sheath as the rattanrattan stemstem matures.matures. Stranger Common termterm inin AnglophoneAnglophone AfricaAfrica for aa person notnot fromfrom thethe area.area. Sustainable harvestharvest TheThe utilization ofof a resource inin such a way that futurefuture suppliessupplies are not deleteriously affected.affected.

RATTAN AS A RAW MATERIAL

ThADETRADE Artisan An individual craftsman.craftsman. Cottage industry Often unregulated,unregulated, small-scale,small-scale, processing or manufacturingmanufacturing businesses.businesses. MarchéMarche des £leursfleurs Central rattan marketmarket andand processingprocessing centre, Douala, Cameroon. Maryland Central rattanrattan marketmarket and and processing processing centrecentre inin Lagos,Lagos, Nigeria.Nigeria. Mvog-Mbi Central rattanrattan marketmarket and and processing processing centrecentre inin Yaounde,Yaounde, Cameroon.Cameroon. Non-timber forest product (NTFP) (NTFP) Forest Forest products products other other than than timber, timber, such such asas rattan.rattan.

TRANSPORTThANSPORT Head-portering The transportation ofof productsproducts onon thethe head.head.

64 PROCESSING

AT LOCALLOCAL ARTISANALARTISANAL LEVELLEVEL Atelier (French) Workshop. Cintrage (French)(French) Word for bendingbending ofof large-diameterlarge-diameter cane using a blow torch. Raclage (French)(French) Word from strippingstripping andand cleaningcleaning thethe cane.cane. Raw cane Natural untreateduntreated rattan.rattan. Transformation All processes applied to rattan stems in order toto produceproduce finished finished goods.goods. Vannier (French) Word for weaver,weaver, but colloquially referring to artisan.artisan. Weaver Rattan artisansartisans whowho areare specialisedspecialised inin weaving,weaving, especiallyespecially baskets.

MISCELLANEOUS African Rattan ResearchResearch Programme Programme A A research research initiative initiative ofof University University College,College, LondonLondon andand the Royal Botanic Gardens,Gardens, Kew.Kew. Chewing stick A vegetative portionportion of a plant used in dental hygiene. Domatia Small structuresstructures made by on host plants. Kenja Common namename for traditionaltraditional rattanrattan farmfarm basket.basket. Myrmecodomatia Structures provided by plants for colonization.

Hammock bridge Single-span wovenwoven bridgesbridges mademade fromfrom rattan cane commoncommon inIII CentralCentral Africa. Herbivory The consumption ofof vegetative vegetative materialmaterial byby faunalfaunal agents.agents. Hornbills A groupgroup ofof birdsbirds comprisedcomprised ofof manymany species,species, commonlycommonly citedcited asas beingbeing thethe greatest dispersal agent of rattan seed.seed. Palm heart The soft growinggrowing point inin thethe apicalapical bud which is often edible. Pradera (Spanish)(Spanish) Term for deepdeep whitewhite sandsand savannahssavannahs characteristiccharacteristic ofof coastalcoastal areasareas ofof thethe Congo Basin.Basin. Predation The consumption (and(and oftenoften destruction)destruction) ofof seed seed byby fauna! faunal agents.agents. Sanaga River A well-known biogeographicalbiogeographical barrier bisecting Cameroon. Socio-economic status DifferentiationDifferentiation ofof farmers farmers accordingaccording toto differentdifferent wealth wealth categories categories andand social backgroundsbackgrounds.. Yam-ban Shelf constructedconstructed withwith rattan cane used for storagestorage ofof yamsyams commoncommon inin Nigeria. Yam-tie Strips of split cane suedsued toto tietie youngyoung yamyam shootsshoots to supporting poles.

VERNACULAR NAMES Bantu The namename applied to aa group ofof languageslanguages of tribal groups dispersed fromfrom SESE Nigeria to KenyaKenya and thethe UnitedUnited RepublicRepublic of Tanzania and southwards to South Africa.Africa.

65 Eastern Bantu Tribal groups of the BantuBantu family occurring in East Africa.Africa. Kinship metaphors The use ofof vernacularvernacular names forfor plants that impart relationshipsrelationships to other species. Niger-Congo The family of languages that dominates the forest zonezone fromfrom SenegalSenegal to Lake ChadChad.. Non-Bantu Tribal groups withinwithin thethe Niger-CongoNiger-Congo linguistic linguistic family family (q.v.). (q.v.). Pidgin English A corruptedcorrupted formform ofof EnglishEnglish similarsimilar to Creole used asas form of communication particularly inin AnglophoneAnglophone Africa.Africa. Polysemous A vernacular name for an organism that is the equivalent of a product. Western Bantu Tribal groups of the BantuBantu languagelanguage family common inin sub-Saharansub-Saharan Africa.Africa.

66 THETHE RATTANS OFOF AFRICAAFRICA -SUMMARYSUMMARY OFOF TAXONOMYTAXONOMY AND UTILIZATION'UTILIZATION'

Genus Species Description Distribution Cane useuse Non- cane usesuses Calamus deerratusdeeTratus Clustering flagellateflagellate species;species; SeneSenegalgal ttoo YesYes,, butbut ononlyly MManyany G. Mann 8c&H H.. stems to 20 m long up to 3535 AngolaAngola,, westwest in ababsencesence ooff Wend!.Wendl. mm in diameter; leavesleaves ecirrate to UgandaUganda other, moremore desirabldesirablee speciesspecies EremospathaErernospatha barendii Clustering; stems to 30m long, Southern None recordedrecorded NoneN one SuSunderland nderland up to 25 mm inin diameter;diameter; Cameroon recordedrecorded conspicuous knee and bractbractss oonn inflorescence cabrae (De Wild.Wild. Clustering; stems to 50 m Gabon 8c& Yes, FewFew 8c& Th.Th. Dur.) De long,long, up to 2525 mm inin diameter;diameter; DR Congo Wild.Wild, leaflets obovate; papillosepapillose to northernnorthern inflorescence Angola dransfieldii sp.sp. Clustering; stems to 30 m, up Upper GuineaGuinea YeYes,s, pparticularlyarticularly Few nov. to 30 mm in diameter;diameter; knee foreforestssts (Sierra(Sierra traded inin GhanaGhana conspicuous; lowermost leafletsleaflets LeoneLeone toto W.W. clasping stem Nigeria) cuspidata Clustering; stemsstems to 1515 m long, Congo BasinBas in FewFew NoneN one (G. MannMann 8c. & 25 cm in diameter; leaflets with rerecordedcorded H. Wendl.)Wend!.) H. conspicuous apiculum Wendl.Wend!. haullevilleana Clustering; stemsstems toto 2525 mm Congo Basin Yes, hihighlyghly Many De Wild,Wild. long,long, up to 25 mm in diameter; prized andand ocrea striate; leaflets spathulate widelwidelyy ttradedraded - ovate hookeri Clustering; stems to 30 m, up Eastern No Few (G. Mann 8c& to 30 mm inin diameter;diameter; kneeknee NigeriaNigeria toto H. Wendl.)Wend!.) H. conspicuous, leafletsleaflets rhomboid Gabon Wend!.Wendl. to obovateobovate laurentii Clustering; stemsstems to 3030 m,m, up Congo BasinBasin Few recordedrecorded NoneNone De Wild.Wild. to 3030 mmmm inin diameter;diameter; kneeknee with outliersoutliers recordedrecorded conspicuous; lowermostlowermost leafletsleaflets in Upper clasping stem Guinea forest macrocarpa Clustering; stemsstems toto 5050 mm long,long, Senegal toto DR Yes, juvenilejuvenile ManyMany (G. Mann 8c& 10-lSmm10-18mm inin diameter; juvenilejuvenile Congo form reputedreputed H. Wendl.)Wend!.) H.H . leaves bifidbifid,, adult leaflets linear to be thethe bestbes t Wend!.Wendl. lanceolate smallsmall-diameter-diameter cane in Africa.Africa. Widely tradtradeded quinquecostulataq uinq uecostulata Clustering; stems to 1515 m long, SE NigeriNigeriaa Few NoneN one Becc. 10 mm in diameter to southern recordedrecorded CameroonCameroon tessmanniana Clustering; stems toto 100100 mm Southern NoneN one recordedrecorded NoneN one Becc. long (although branchingbranching isis Cameroon to recordedrecorded common), up toto 1515 cmcm inin E. Guinea diameter; glaucous grey-green leaflets wendlandiana Clustering; stemsstems toto 6060 m,m, SE NiNigeriageria to Yes, but poorpoor Dammer ex up to 3030 mmmm inin diameter;diameter; Gabon qualityquality canecane Becc. conspicuous kneeknee andand rhomboid leafletsleaflets

,' Disclaimer: This paper is not aa taxonomictaxonomic work andand shouldshould notnot bebe consideredconsidered thethe place place ofof firstfirst publicationpublication forfor anyany new taxon or synonym itit contains.contains.

67 Genus Species Description Distribution Cane use Non- cane uses LaccospermaLaccosperrna acutiflorum Clustering; stems to 70 m, up to Upper Guinea NNone one recorded None (Becc.) J.J. Dransf. 60 mm in diameter; yellowish to DR Congo recorded appearance; non-pendulous leafletsleaflets korupensis sp. Clustering; stems often Coastal forests None recordedrecorded None novnov.. branching, toto 110 10m, m, upup to 1515 of Cameroon recorded mm in diameter; acanthophylls absent laeve (G. Mann Clustering; stems often Upper Guinea None Few 8t.& HH.. Wend!.)Wendl.) H. branching, to 1010 m, up toto 1515 to DR Congo Wend!.Wendl. mm in diameter; leaflet margins unarmed; seeds smooth opacum (G. Clustering; stems often Upper Guinea Yes, butbut poor Few Mann 8c.& HH.. branching, to 10 m, up to to DR Congo quality canecane Wendl.)Wend!.) Drude 1515 mmmm in diameter; leaflet margins armed; seeds warty robustum (Becc.)(Becc.) Clustering; stems to 4545 m, SE Nigeria to Yes, highly Many J. DransfDransf.. 50 mm in diameter;diameter; leafletsleaflets DR Congo prized cane;cane; conspicuously pendulous, tradedtraded widelywidely I glaucous blue-green secundiflorum (P.(P. Clustering; stems to 30 m, up Senegal toto DR Yes, highly Many Beauv.) KuntzeKuntze to 35 mm inin diameter; leafletsleaflets Congo prized cane;cane; sigmoid, dark green traded widely Oncocalamus macrospathusmacrospathus Clustering; stems to 35 m, up to Southern No; poor None BurrBurr.. 30 mm in diameter, sheaths well Cameroon quality cane recorded armed; rachillae bright yellow, to northern seeds smooth. Angola mannii (H. Clustering; stems to 30m,30m, 2828 Southern No; poor None Wend!.)Wendl.) HH.. mm in diameter, sheaths well- Cameroon to quality canecane recorded Wendl.Wend!. armed; rachillae bright crimson, Gabon seeds warty tuleyi Clustering; stems to 30 m, up SE Nigera and No; poor None Sunderland to 45 mm inin diameter,diameter, sheathssheaths SW Cameroon quality canecane recorded sparsely or unarmed; seedsseeds smooth wrightianus Clustering ?;?; stems to 1010 m, up Southern Yes, but for Few Hutch. to 1010 mm inin diameter;diameter; leafletsleaflets Nigeria cane rope and sigmoid twinetwine only

68 CROSS-LISTING OFOF RATTAN RATTAN GENUS/SPECIESGENUS/SPECIES TOTO VERNACULARVERNACULAR NAMES NAMES BY COUNTRYCOUNTRY (language in parentheses)

Calamus de&ratusdeerratus BENINBENIN:: akete (Defi); dekun wewwéwée (Gun-Gbe) G. Mann & H.H . Wendl.Wend!. CAMEROON: ndingnding (Bulu)(Bulu) CENTRAL AFRICANAFRICAN REPUBLIC: REPUBLIC: bioh bioh (Banda-Yangere): (Banda-Yangere): C6TECOTE D'IVOIRE:D'IVOIRE: ailé-mlé aile-mle (Anyin);(Anyin); gapapagapapa (Godié)(Godie) DR CONGO: kpude kpude (Zande);(Zande); ma-ndakele (Ngbaka-Ma'bo);(Ngbaka-Ma'bo); ikongaikonga (Lombo); babio (Mongo-Nkundu); lekwelekwe (BaMbuti)(BaMbuti) GAMBIA: tambo (Mandinka) GHANAGHANA: :demmeré demmere (Twi,(Twi, alsoalso tradetrade name);name); néné,nene, (Akan);(Akan); ayekaayeka (Anufo); ayeka (Sehwi); ketekuketeku (1~we);(Ewé); ayekeayeké (Nzema)(Nzema) GUINEA: tambotambo (Mandinka);(Mandinka); tabitdbi (Malinke)(Malinke) GUINEA-BISSAU:GUINEA-BISSAU: quitite (Balanta);(Balanta); batanou (Biafada);(Biafada); manmantampa tampa de sera (Crioulo, Upper Guinea);Guinea); tambem (Fulfulde-Pulaar);(Fulfulde-Pulaar); tambotambo (Mandinka); ecapate (Mandyak); quito (Papel)(Papel) EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA :nzing nzing (Fang)(Fang) LIBERIA: kpa kala (Mano)(Mano) NIGERIA: erogbo,erogbo, erugboerugbo (Edo);(Edo); ekwe-oji,ekwe-oji, iyeiye (Igbo);(Igbo); apiéapie (the(the plantplant itself, or the cane-rope made from it) (Ijo-Izon), bwalambwdlam (a(a cane)cane) (Pero); erogbo, erugbo (Yoruba)(Yoruba) SENEGAL: ki tid (Balanta);(Balanta); kintem (Bainouk); manmantampa tampa da serasera (Crioulo, Upper Guinea);Guinea); bu kètaoketao bu ketav,ketav,Ju fu fiaf,fiaf, kaka kèt,ket, kaka tay,tay, ke hiya, kékiyakekiya (Jola-Fogny);Qola-Fogny); tambem (Fula-Pulaar);(Fula-Pulaar); tambitambi (Tukulor); (Tukulor); tambo (Mandinka);(Mandinka); tabitJ.bi (Malinke);(Malinke); e kapat (Mandyak);(Mandyak); rattanratlan (Wolof) (Wolof) SIERRA LEONE: lumboinyo-landolumboinyo-lando (Kisi);(Kisi); kanga-mese (Kono); tambe (Loko); tambi (Maninka);(Maninka); tamba (def.(def. tembui)tembui) (Mende);(Mende); tambitambi (Susu); (Susu); ra-gbet (Themne);(Themne); tambu-na (Yalunka)(Yalunka) UGANDA:UGANDA: bi-lekwebi-lekwe (Amba)(Amba) Eremospatha barendii Sunderland none recorded Eremospatha cabrae ANGOLA: m'bambam'bamba (Mbundu-Luanda)(Mbundu-Luanda) (De Wild.Wild. & Th. Dur.)Dur.) De Wild.Wild. DR CONGO:CONGO :li-findo li-findo (Lombo);(Lombo); lu-bambilu-bambi (Kituba);(Kituba); e-safae-safa (Mongo- Nkundu); ki-sakataki-sakata (Kete)(Kete) GABON: osonoosono (Tsogo);(Tsogo); osono (Pinji); ozono (Myene); li-bamba (Vili);(ViIi); nkolénkole (Kélé);(Kele); nkolunkolu (Seki); du-bambadu-bamba (Barama); du-bambadu-bamba (Lumbu);(Lumbu); ivétaiveta (Duma);(Duma); ild-Idngoito-longo (Kota); u-16ngou-longo (Benga);(Benga); le-mbumulé-mburnu (Ndumu);(Ndumu); nlong (Fang)(Fang)

Eremospatha cuspidata EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA: nderandera (Fang)(Fang) (G. Mann & H.H. Wendl.)Wend!.) H.H. Wendl.Wend!. Eremospatha dransfieldii sp. nov. GHANA: MfiaMfia (Twi)(Twi) NIGERIA: epa-emeleepa-emele (Yoruba); inima bon;ború (Ijo-Izon) SIERRA LEONELEONE:: balu (Kono); mbalu (def. -ui) (Mende); ra-thamp (Themne) Eremospatha haullevilleana CENTRAL AFRICANAFRICAN REPUBLIC: REPUBLIC: pon pongbo gbo (Ngombe) De Wild.Wild. CONGO: mbaama mbaama (Téké)(Teke) DR CONGO: li-findo li-findo (Lombo);(Lombo); mbowembowe (Zande);(Zande); lu-popi ((Nandi)); n'kele (Bangala); m'bio (Bangi); lo-kolilo-koli (Kele); ke-keleke-kele (Lingala); lu-lu- kodi (Luba-Shari); lu-busi (Tembo); lu-bubi (Lega-Mwenga);(Lega-Mwenga); yofokoyofoko (Mungo-Nkundu); lo-kekolo-keko (Lusengo);(Lusengo); kodi (Luba-Kasai);(Luba-Kasai); tukpuru (Bhele) TANZANIA: urugageurugage (Ha) UGANDA: bibbobbibibbobbi (Amba); (Amba); engaenga (Luganda)(Luganda) Eremospatha hookeri CAMEROON: ki-yince ki-yince (Balundu-Bima);(Balundu-Bima); mbunden (Bakundu-Balue)(Bakundu-Balue) (G(G.. Mann & H.H . Wendl.)Wend!.) H. Wendl.Wend!. EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA: alua-nlongalua-nlong (Fang)(Fang) GABON: gigorulagigorula (Sira)(Sira) NIGERIA: itomiitomi (Ekit)

69 Eremospatha laurentii CAMEROON: kpakpakpakpa (Ewondo)(Ewondo) De Wild. CENTRAL AFRICANAFRICAN REPUBLIC: REPUBLIC: bo-kondi bo-kondi (Banda-Yangere) (Banda-Yangere) DR CONGO: bo-ngale bo-ngale (Mongo-Nkundu);(Mongo-Nkundu); ikongaikonga (Lombo);(Lombo); nkelelenkelele mo-none (Lingala);(Lingala); nkoli (Bali)(Bali) EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA: ebuatebuat (Fang)(Fang) SIERRA LEONE: bongeibongei (Mende) Eremospatha macrocarpa BENIN: dekondekon (Defi); dekun vovo (Gun-Gbe) (G.(G. Mann & H. Wendl.)Wend!.) H.H. Wendl.Wend!. CAMEROON:CAMEROON:filet filet (Trade); (Trade); cane cane roperope (Pidgin);(Pidgin); echiéechie (Denya);(Denya); nlong (indef.) melong (def.)(def.) (Bulu);(Bulu); bana bana ndongondongo == youngyoung cane (bana = child) (Balundu-Bima); nloun (Baasa)(Baasa) COTE D'IVOIRE:D'IVOIRE: ailè-mléaile-mle (Anyin) EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA: nlong nlong (indef.) (indef.) mi-longmi-Iong (def.)(def.) = juvenile stems, ongam = adult (Fang)(Fang) GABON:GABON :ke-gèma ke-gema (Lumbu);(Lumbu); nyèvilanyevila (Sira);(Sira); ongamongam (Fang);(Fang); ndètèsendetese (Kota); iganga-tsungu (Punu);(Punu); songusongu (Vumbu);(Vumbu); tongotonga (Tsogo);(Tsogo); mbubi (Ndumu) GHANA: mfiamfia (Akan-Asanti);(Akan-Asanti); nénénene (Nzima) LIBERIA: bele de bele (Mano) NIGERIA:NIGERIA :dean ikan (Edo); (Edo); odu-ana odu-ana (Igbo); (Igbo); 126?-14 boru (Ijo-Izon); (Ijo-Izon); ukanukan (Yoruba); ekakieri = male (i.e(i.e.. withwith no fruits), irrumka == female female (with(with fruits) (Ekit); ira (Esan)(Esan) SIERRA LEONE: penden (Kissi);(Kissi); balu (Kono); mbalu (Loko);(Loko); mbalu,mbalu, koto mbalu = juvenile (Mende); ra-thampra-thamp (Themne) Eremospatha quinquecostulata CAMEROON: calumé-echié calume-echie (Denya) Becc. GABON: di-buladi-bula (Sira)(Sira) Eremospatha tessmanniana CAMEROON: calumécalume echiéechie (Denya) Becc. EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA: ongarn-akoton%,am-akot (Fang)(Fang) Eremospatha wendlandiana CAMEROON: cane cane basketbasket (Pidgin);(Pidgin); mua-echiémua-echie (Denya)(Denya) Dammer exex Becc.Becc. CONGO: ma-buluma-bulu (Téké) (Teke) EQUATORIAL GUINEA: akot (Fang)(Fang) GABON: égooegoo (Tsogo); ngundjungundju (Punu);(Punu); ngundjungundju (Vumbu) NIGERIA: eghounkaeRhounka (Ekit) Laccosperma acutiflorum CAMEROON: giantgiant canecane (Pidgin)(Pidgin) (Becc.) J.J. Dransf. EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA: ekwassekwass (Fang) NIGERIA: ukpekpeukpekpe (Ekit)(Ekit) Laccosperma korupensis sp. nov. None recorded Laccosperma laeve CAMEROONCAMEROON: :ge- ge- nomé-echiénome-echie = "slave to cane rope" (Denya) (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)Wend!.) H. Wendl.Wend!. CENTRAL AFRICANAFRICAN REPUBLIC: REPUBLIC: gao gao (Banda-Yangeri)(Banda-Yangeri) COTE D'IVOIRE: ailé-mlaaile-mla (Anyin)(Anyin) EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA: ndelendele (Fang)(Fang) GABONGABON: :munyengi munyengi (Sira); (Sira); tèkèteke (Tsogo)(Tsogo) GHANA: nguninguni (Wasa);(Wasa); tenantenan muhunu = "it lives in the world for nothing" (Twi)(Twi) NIGERIA: itunibia (Ekit) LaccosperrnaLaccosperma opacum CAMEROON: likoliko ko'koko'ko == "close "close toto cane"cane" (Mokpwe);(Mokpwe); ge-ge- nomé-echiénome-echie (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)Wend!.) Drude = "slave to cane rope" (Denya) CONGO: kimbana ki mukaanamukaana (Teke) (MO EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA: npue-nkannpue-nkan (Fang)(Fang) GABON: ibuluibulu (Myene);(Myene); di-buludi-bulu (Sira);(Sira); di-bulu (Lumbu);(Lumbu); abuloabulo (Kele);(Kele); eboaéboa (Tsogo) ulongo-mwa-ikiulóng6-rnwa-iki (Benga) GHANA: eholobakaeholobaka (Nzema);(Nzema); sayaisayai (Akan-Asanti);(Akan-Asanti); edemedem (Kwawu)(Kwawu) NIGERIA:NIGERIA: abuabu (Edo);(Edo); ekweekwe oyaoya = cane for tie-tie (Igbo) Laccosperma robustum CAMEROON: eka eka (Ewondo);(Ewondo); nkan,nkan, aka aka = = cleaned cleaned cane cane (Bulu);(Bulu); dikahdikah (Burr.) J.J. Dransf. (indef.) mekah (def.) (Bakundu-Balue); gekwiya (Denya); makak (Trade) CENTRAL AFRICANAFRICAN REPUBLIC: REPUBLIC: gao gao (Banda-Yangere)(Banda-Yangere) DR CONGO:CONGO: ekpale-ekpale ekpale-ekpale (Bwa): (Bwa): li-seleli-sele (Lombo);(Lombo); nkaonkao (Ngbaka-(Ngbaka- Ma'bo); ikoonga (Lombo) EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA: nkan,nkan, akaaka == cleaned cleaned canecane (Fang) GABON: aspergeasperRe (nom forestier)

70 Laccosperma secunclzflorumsecundiflorum ANGOLA: rni-caumi-cau (Mbundu-Luanda) (P. Beauv.) KuntzeKiintze BENIN: kpanonkpanon (Defi);(Defi); kpacha (Gun-Gbe) CAMEROON: ka-kawa ka-kawa (Baka): (Baka): ekwosekwos (Balundu-Bima);(Balundu-Bima); nde-gekwiya (Denya) CONGO: rnukaanamukaana a nguomonguorrio (Teke) (MO COTE D'IVOIRE:D'IVOIRE :kumh kumh (Attié); (Attie); agué ague (Ebrié); (Ebrie); djoho, djoho, djolodjolo (Krumen);(Krumen); ahika (Anyin);(Anyin); gblégble (Godié)(Godie) DR CONGO: ma-kauw, ma-kauw, bo-kauw bo-kauw (def.) (def. )(Lingala); (Lingala); bo-ngangabo-nganga (Mongo-Nkundu); nkau (Kongo)(Kongo) GABON: nkannkan (Fang);(Fang); nkanda (Kélé);(Kele); ikandji (Kota); okana (Ndumu); mokangemokangé (Pinji); mokangemokangé (Tsogo); mukandamukanda (Sira); mukandamukanda (Duma); mukanda (Lumbu);(Lumbu); nkogunkogu (Myene);(My en e); nkanyi (Seki)(Seki) GHANA: willowwillow (Trade);(Trade); ayiéayie (Akan-Asanti); ayike == largelarge rattanrattan (Nzema) GUINEA-BISSAU: tarribem-hadjetambem-hadje (Fulfulde-Pulaar); tambendjom (indef.), tambendjom-otambendjom-ô (def.)(def.) (Mandinka) NIGERIA: ohwara (Urhobo); okankan == wholewhole cane, ukukwen wen = when split (Edo); ob6ngòbóng (Efik);(Efik); ukpeukpé = cane rope mademade ofof thisthis speciesspecies (Ijo-(Ijo- Izon); iga (Ekpeye); anaaiià (Igbo); epe-nla, ikan-ike,ikan-ik6 = a hook (Yoruba)(Yoruba) SENEGAL: ka-likut (fola-Fogny)Qola-Fogny) SIERRA LEONE: lumboinyo-piandolumboinyo-piando (Kisi);(Kisi); kankangane gane (Kono); kafo (Loko); ¡sayokavo (def.(def. kavui)kavui) (Mende); ka-gbesu¡ea-gbesu == wholewhole stems,stems, e-gbake-gbak = leafless partpart of the stem (Themne)(Themne) Oncocalamus macrospathus CAMEROON: ebotieboti (Ewondo)(Ewondo) Burr. Oncocalamus mannii CAMEROON: mfopmfop n'Ionn'lon (Bulu)(Bulu) H. Wendt.)Wend!.) H. WendlWendl CONGO: mituo mituo (Téké) (Teke) EQUATORIAL GUINEA:GUINEA: asa-nlong asa-nlong (juvenile), (juvenile), ndorondoro (adult)(adult) (Fang)(Fang) Oncocalamus tuleyi CAMEROON: madame madame (Trade/Pidgin); (Trade/Pidgin); mo'ap mo'ap (Balundu-Bima); (Balundu-Bima); edjuedju Sunderland (Bakundu-Balue); moa-echiémoa-echie (Denya) NIGERIA: ibohiboh (Ekit)(Ekit) Oncocalamus wrightianus BENIN: hof7ehofle (Defi); gbe-dekungbe-dekun (Gun-Gbe) Hutch NIGERIA: akwal"akwal' (Igbo);(Igbo); pankerepankéré (Yoruba).(Yoruba).

71 LIFELIFE FORMFORIVI AND AND INTERMEDIATE INTERMEDIATE FOLKFOLK CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION OFOF RATTANRATTAN CANESCANES ININ SELECTED AFRICAN LANGUAGE GROUPS

Folk namename (-root)(-root) Language Language Ethnobiological (country) subgroup' category -aile-ailé (all spp. except large diameter LaccospermaLaccosperma spp.)spp.) Anyin (Cote(Côte non-Bantu IntermediateIntermediate -ahike-ahike (large diameter Laccosperma spp.) d'Ivoire) Generic -nwatia (all(all climbingclimbing palms)palms) Akan-Asanti non-Bantu Life form (Ghana) -dekun (all(all climbing palms) Gun-Gbe (Benin)(Benin) non-Bantu Life form -i/san-ikan (all climbing palms) Edo (Nigeria) non-Bantu Life form -egbéé-egbee (all climbing palms)palms) Yoruba (Nigeria) non-Bantu Life form -kogiri (all climbing palms)palms) Fulfulde non-Bantu Life form -kwagir-kwaRiri (all (all climbingclimbing palms)palms) Hausa non-Bantu Life form -uga-uga (all climbing palms) Igbo (Nigeria) non-Bantu Life form -echie-echié (all(all spp.spp. except large diameter LaccospermaLaccosperma spp.)spp.) Denya (Cameroon) Bantu Intermediate -gekwiya-gekwiya (large diameter LaccospermaLaccosperma sppspp.).) Generic -edju (Oncocalamus spp.) Oroko languagelanguage non-Bantu Generic -ndongo (Eremospatha spp.) group (Cameroon) Generic -mekah (large(large diameter LaccospermaLaccosperma spp.) Generic -nloun (all(all spp.spp. exceptexcept largelarge diameterdiameter Laccosperma Laccosperma Bassa (Cameroon) Bantu Intermediate spp.) Generic -? (large diameter LaccospermaLaccosperma spp.)spp.) -mokolo (small diameter canes)canes) Bakossi (Cameroon)(Cameroon) BantuBantu Intermediate -mekah (large(large diameterdiameter LaccospermaLaccosperma spp.)spp.) Generic -nlon (all spp. except largelarge diameter LaccospermaLaccosperma sppspp.).) Bulu (Cameroon) Bantu Intermediate -nkan-n/san (all(all Laccosperma spp.)spp.) Generic -nlong (all(all spp. exceptexcept largelarge diameterdiameter Laccosperma Laccosperma Fang (Equatorial Bantu Intermediate spp.) Guinea 8c& Gabon) Generic -n/san-nkan (all(all Laccosperma spp.)spp.) -mikaana (all(all climbingclimbing palms)palms) TékéTeke (Congo) Bantu Life form -kekelé-keke!e (small(small diameter canes)canes) Zande,Zan de, Lingala,Lingala, Bantu Intermediate -likaw (large(large diameterdiameter LaccospermaLaccosperma spp.)spp.) Swahili-DRC Generic

2 Bantu linguistics is characterized by the possession of root terms that areare distinguished into singular/pluralsingular/plural byby independent prefixes. These root termsterms areare commonlycommonly sharedshared betweenbetween relatedrelated languageslanguages and it is variation within the prefixes that is reflected in thethe variationvariation inin namesnames forfor plants,plants, forfor example.example.

72 SELECTED CANECANE PRODUCTSPRODUCTS AND THEIR NOMENCLATURE

Product Name Language (country) Notes Palm heart mekahmeleah*':· Balundu-Bima (Cameroon) Apex of LL. robustum baa ndanga TekeTéké (Congo) Apex of E. haullevilleana mukaana a ngornu*ngomu':· TekeTélté (Congo)(Congo) Apex ooff L.L secundiflorumsecundiflorum mukaana a buulu*buulu':· TekeTéké (Congo) Apex of E. wendlandiana ngodji Lomdo (DR Congo) Apex of LL. robustum Cane and akaaka Fang (Equatorial Guinea) Cleaned stems of LL. robustum / L.L cane rope secundiflorum ukpa Ijo-Izon (Nigeria)(Nigeria) Split stems of L.L secundiflorum ukwen Edo (Nigeria) Split stems of L.L secundiflorumsecundiflc;rum ekwe oya*oya':· Igbo (Nigeria)(Nigeria) Split stems of LL. opacum for tie-tie ekwele / alewalaakwala Igbo (Nigeria)(Nigeria) Split stems of 0.O. wrightianus (coarse cordage) udo Igbo (Nigeria)(Nigeria) Split stems of O.o. wrightianuswrightianus (fine(fine twine)twine) elilieldi Igbo (Nigeria)(Nigeria) Split stems of o.O. wrightianus (string or thread) apie'apié*:· Igbo (Nigeria)(Nigeria) Cane rope of C.C deérratusdeiirratus Baskets kenten Akan-Asanti (Ghana) Long baskets made from stemsstems ofof L.L opacum penja Bakossi (Cameroon) All cane baskets mbaka Denya (Cameroon) Farm baskets made from E.E. macrocarpamacrocarpa bi-dong Fang (Equatorial Guinea)Guinea) Fish baskets made from splitsplit stemsstems ofof L.L robustum & E. macrocarpa be-koro Fang (Equatorial Guinea)Guinea) Fish traps mademade from splitsplit stemsstems ofof L. L robustum 8c& E. macrocarpa nkeuiii Fang (Equatorial Guinea)Guinea) Farm baskets mademade fromfrom splitsplit stemsstems ofof L. L robustum 8z.& E.E. macrocarpa maa kutu TékéTeke (Congo) Baskets made from E. haullevilleana (baana == small; small; rnwanamwana kutu kutu -= = medium;medium; lejanakiana = large)large)

'i·" indicates the product namename thatthat isis alsoalso thethe genericgeneric category, oror derivedderived directlydirectly fromfrom itit

7373 SUMMARY OF OF THETHE NON-CANENON-CANE USESUSES OF AFRICAN RATTANSRATTANS

Species UseUse Region Calamus deerratusdeërratus PalmPalm heart eaten GhanaGhana,, Sierra Leone

Young shoots roasted and eaten Ghana

GrilledGrilled leaves macerated andand made intointo tea to Senegal promote weightweight lossloss and toto treattreat oedemaoedema causedcaused vitvitaminamin deficiencies

Ash from burned rootsroots usedused asas salt substitute Guinea-Bissau

SheathSheath twisted and used to cleanclean cooking pans Ghana

Sheath twisted to make rope Nigeria Eremospatha cabrae BaseBase ofof leaf sheathsheath used as a chewschewstick tick DR Congo E. haullevilleana Palm heart eaten Congo

Fruits used for decoration DR Congo

Acanthophylls used as fish hooks DR Congo

Sap usedused as arbortifacient DR Congo E. macrocarpa Powdered root used to treattreat syphilissyphilis Ghana, Nigeria E. wendlandiana Palm heart eaten Congo

Base ofof leaf sheath used as a chewschewstick tick Cameroon Laccosperma laeve Roasted roots eateneaten to improveimprove virilityvirility Central AfricanAfrican Republic L. opacum potablepotable and drunk byby forestforest workersworkers Gabon

Palm heart eaten Congo L. robustum Palm heart eaten Cameroon to Gabon

Young leaves eaten in stews Equatorial GuineaGuinea L. secundiflorum Palm heart eateneaten Throughout itsits rangerange

Young shoots eaten Throughout itsits rangerange

Sap potable and drunkdnink by forestforest workers Senegal, Gabon

Tea from young shootsshoots usedused asas vermifugevermifuge Ghana, Gabon

Sap, when mixed with other species, usedused to treat DR CongoCongo dysentary Oncocalamus tuleyituleyi Base of leaf sheath used as a chewstickchews tick Cameroon O.O. wrightianuswrif!.htianus Base of leaf sheath used as a chewstick Nigeria

7474 CURRENTLY RECOGNIZED NAMES NAMES ANDAND SYNONYMSSYNONYMS FOR AFRICANAFRICAN RATTANS'RATTANS}

CALAMUS

Calamus deerratusdeërratus G. Mann & H. Wendl.Wend!.

EREMOSPATHA

Eremospatha barendii SunderlandSunderland

EremospatbaEremospatha cabraecabrae (De(De Wild.Wild. && Th.Th. Dur.)Dur.) DeDe Wild. Wild. syn. Calamus cabrae De Wild. & Th. Dur. Eremospatha rhomhoidearhomboidea Burr. Eremospatha suborbicularis Burr.

EremospatbaEremospatha cuspidata (G.(G. MannMann && H.H. Wendl.) Wendl.) H.H .Wendl. Wend!. syn. Calamus (Eremospatha) cusindatuscuspidatus G. Mann & H. Wendl.Wend!.

EremospathaEremospatba dransfieldii sp.sp. nov.nov.

EremospathaEremospatba baullevilleanahaullevilleana DeDe Wild.Wild.

Eremospatha bookerihookeri (G.(G. MannMann && H.H. Wendl.)Wend!.) H. Wendl.Wend!. syn. Calamus (Eremospatha)(Eremospatha) hookerihookeri G.G. MannMann && H.H. Wendl.Wend!.

Eremospatha laurentii DeDe Wild.Wild.

EremospatbaEremospatha macrocarpa (G.(G. MannMann && H.H. Wendl.) Wend!.) H.H. Wendl.Wend!. syn. Calamus (Eremospatha)(Eremospatha) macrocarpusmacrocarpus G. Mann & H. Wendl.Wend!. Eremospatha sapinisapini De Wild.Wild.

EremospatbaEremospatha quinquecostulata Becc.Becc.

Eremospatha tessmannianatessmanniana Becc.Becc.

Eremospatha wendlandiana DammerDammer ex ex Becc.Becc. syn. Eremospatha korthalsiaefoliakorthalsiaefolia Becc.Becc.

LACCOSPERMA

Laccosperma acutzflorumacutiflorum (Becc.)(Becc.) J. Dransf. syn. Ancistrophyllum acutiflorum Becc.Becc.

Laccosperma korupensis sp.sp. nov.nov.

} Disclaimer: ThisThis paper is not a taxonomic work andand shouldshould notnot bebe consideredconsidered thethe placeplace ofof firstfirst publicationpublication forfor anyany new taxon or synonym itit contains.contains.

75 Laccosperma laeve (G. MannMann && H.H. Wendl.)Wendl.) H.H. Wendl.Wendl. syn. Ancistrophyllum laevelaeve (G. Mann & H. Wendl.)Wend!.) Drude Calamus (subgen.(sub gen. Laccosperma)Laccosperma) laevis G. Mann & H. Wendl.Wendl.

Laccosperma opacum (G. Mann && H.H. Wendl.)Wendl.) Drude syn. Ancistrophyllum opacumopacum (G.(G. MannMann && H.H. Wendl.) DrudeDrude Calamus (subgen.(sub gen. Laccosperma)Laccosperma) opacusopacus G. Mann && H.H. Wendl.Wendl.

Laccosperma robustum (Burr.)(Burr.) J. Dransf. syn. Ancistrophyllum robustum Burr.

Laccosperma secundiflorumsecundiflorum (P. (P. Beauv.)Beauv.) KiintzeKuntze syn. Ancistrophyllum secundiflorumsecundiflorum (P.(P. Beauv.)Beauv.) H. Wendl. Calamus (subgen. Ancistrophyllum) secundiflorussecundiflorus G. Mann & H.H. Wendl.Wendl. Calamus secundiflorussecundiflorus P.P. Beauv.Beauv. Laccosperma laurentiilaurentii (De Wild.) J. Dransf.Dransf. Ancistrophyllum laurentii DeDe Wild.Wild. AncistropbyllumAncistrophyllum majusmajus Burr.Burr.

ONCOCALAMUS

Oncocalamus macrospatbusmacrospathus Burr.

Oncocalamus mannii (H.(H. Wendl.)Wendl.) H.H. Wendl.Wendl. syn. Calamus (Oncocalamus) mannii H.H. Wendl.Wendl. Oncocalamus acanthocnemisacanthocnemis DrudeDrude Oncocalamus phaeobalanusphaeobalanus Burr.Burr. Calamus niger Braun && Schum.Schum.

Oncocalamus tuleyi Sunderland

Oncocalamus wrightianuswrigbtianus Hutch.

76 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Defo, L. 1999. Rattan or porcupine?porcupine? BenefitsBenefits and limitations of a high value non-wood forestforest productproduct for conservationconservation in thethe YaoundeYaounde regionregion of Cameroon.Cameroon. In T.C.H.TC.H. Sunderland,Sunderland, L.E. Clark && P.P. Vantomme, eds. Non-wood forest forest productsproducts ofof Central Central Africa: Africa: currentcurrent research research issues issues andand prospects prospects for conservation and development,development, pppp 237-244.237-244. Rome,Rome, FAO.FAO. Hedin,Hédin, L.L. 1929.1929. LesLes rotinsrotins au au Cameroun. Cameroun. Rev. Rev. Bot. Bot. Appl., Appl., 9: 9: 502-507.502-507. Minga, M.D. 2003.2003. The impactimpact of rattanrattan exploitationexploitation on thethe preservationpreservation ofof forestsforests II Kinshasa.Kinshasa. InIn TC.H.T.C.H. Sunderland && J.-P. Profizi, eds.eds. New research on AfricanAfrican rattans,rattans, pp. 91-96. Proceedings No. 99.. Beijing, INBAR.INBAR. Morakinyo, A.B.A.B. 1995.1995. TheThe commercialcommercial rattanrattan tradetrade in in Nigeria Nigeria forests. forests .Trees Trees andand People People Newsletter,Newsletter, No. 25. Oteng-Amoako, A.A.A.A. && Obiri-Darko,Obiri-Darko, B. B. 2003. 2003. RattanRattan asas aa sustainable sustainable cottagecottage industryindustry inin Ghana:Ghana: the need for developmentdevelopment interventions.interventions. InIn T.C.H. TC.H. Sunderland Sunderland 8c & J.-P.J.-P. Profizi,Profizi, eds.eds. NewNew research research onon African rattans, pp.pp. 105-114.105-114. ProceedingsProceedings No.No.9 9.. Beijing,Beijing, INBAR. Profizi, J.-P. 1986. Notes onon WestWest AfricanAfrican rattans.rattans. RICRIC Bulletin, Bulletin, 5(1):5(1): 1-3.1-3. Sunderland, T.C.H. 2001.2001. TheThe taxonomy,taxonomy, ecologyecology and utilisationutilisation of AfricanAfrican rattansrattans (Palmae:(Palmae: Calamoideae)Calamoideae).. PhD thesis.thesis. UniversityUniversity College,College, LondonLondon andand RoyalRoyal BotanicBotanic Gardens,Gardens, Kew,Kew, UK.UK. Sunderland, T.C.H.T.C.H. [in[in press].press]. IndigenousIndigenous nomenclature,nomenclature, classificationclassification and utilisationutilisation ofof AfricanAfrican rattans. In T.T CarlsonCarlson 8c& L.L. Maffi,Maffi, eds.eds. EthnobotanyEthnobotany andand conservation conservation ofof biocultural biocultural diversity.diversity. Advances inin Economic Botany, Vol. 15.15. The The New New YorkYork Botanical Botanical Gardens, Gardens, Press. Press. Bronx. Sunderland, T.C.H.,T.C.H., Defo,Defo, L.,L., Ndam,Ndam, N., N., Abwe, Abwe, M. M. && Tamnjong, Tamnjong, I. I. 2003. 2003. AA socio-economicsocio-economic profileprofile of the rattan tradetrade inin Cameroon.Cameroon. InIn T.C.H. T.C.H. Sunderland Sunderland & & J.-P. J.-P. Profizi,Profizi, eds.eds. NewNew researchresearch on African rattans, pp. 115-140.115-140. ProceedingsProceedings No.No.9. 9. Beijing,Beijing, INBAR.

77 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Defo, L. 1999. Rattan or porcupine? Benefits and limitations of a high value non-wood forest product for conservation in the Yaounde region of Cameroon. In TC.H. Sunderland, L.E. Clark & P. Vantomme, eds. Non-wood forest products of Central Africa: current research issues and prospects for conservation and development, pp 237-244. Rome, FAO. Hedin, L. 1929. Les rotins au Cameroun. Rev. Bot. Appl., 9: 502-507. Minga, M.D. 2003. The impact of rattan exploitation on the preservation of forests I Kinshasa. In TC.H. Sunderland & J.-P. Profizi, eds. New research on African rattans, pp. 91-96. Proceedings No. 9. Beijing, INBAR. Morakinyo, A.B. 1995. The commercial rattan trade in Nigeria forests. Trees and People Newsletter, No. 25. Oteng-Amoako, A.A. & Obiri-Darko, B. 2003. Rattan as a sustainable cottage industry in Ghana: the need for development interventions. In TC.H. Sunderland & J.-P. Profizi, eds. New research on African rattans, pp. 105-114. Proceedings No.9. Beijing, INBAR. Profizi, J.-P. 1986. Notes on West African rattans. RIC Bulletin, 5(1): 1-3. Sunderland, T.C.H. 2001. The taxonomy, ecology and utilisation of African rattans (Palmae: Calamoideae). PhD thesis. University College, London and Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK. Sunderland, T.C.H. [in press]. Indigenous nomenclature, classification and utilisation of African rattans. In T Carlson & L. Maffi, eds. Ethnobotany and conservation of biocultural diversity. Advances in Economic Botany, Vol. 15. The New York Botanical Gardens, Press. Bronx. Sunderland, T.C.H., Defo, L., Ndam, N., Abwe, M. & Tamnjong, I. 2003. A socio-economic profile of the rattan trade in Cameroon. In T.C.H. Sunderland & J.-P. Profizi, eds. New research on African rattans, pp. 115-140. Proceedings No.9. Beijing, INBAR.

77 FAOFAO TECHNICALTECHNICAL PAPERS

NON-WOOD\ ON-WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTS

1. Flavours and fragrances of plant origin (1995)(1995)

2. Gum : andand rosinrosin fromfrom pinepine resinresin (1995)(1995)

3. Report of the International ExpertExpert ConsultationConsultation onon Non-WoodNon-Wood Forest Products (1995)

4. Natural colourants and dyestuffsdyestuffs (1995)(1995)

5. Edible nuts (1995)

6. Gums, and latexes of plantplant originorigin (1995)(1995)

7. Non-wood forest products for ruralrural incomeincome andand sustainablesustainable forestryforestry (1995)(1995)

8. Trade restrictions affecting internationalinternational tradetrade inin non-woodnon-wood forestforest productsproducts (1995)(1995)

9. Domestication and commercialization of non-timber forest products in agroforestry systems (1996)

10. Tropical palms (1998)(1998)

11. Medicinal plants for forest conservationconservation andand healthhealth carecare (1997)(1997)

12. Non-wood forest products fromfrom conifersconifers (1998)(1998)

13. Resource assessment of non-woodnon-wood forestforest productsproducts Experience and biometric principlesprinciples (2001)(2001)

14. Rattan - Current researchresearch issuesissues andand prospectsprospects forfor conservationconservation andand sustainablesustainable development (2002)(2002)

15. Non-wood forest products from temperatetemperate broad-leavedbroad-leaved trees (2002)(2002)

16. Rattan glossaryglossary and Compendium glossary with emphasis on Africa (2004)(2004)

The FAOFAO Technical Papers are available through the authorized FAO Sales Agents

[email protected] ;(pt,

,.

This volume contains aa glossary on terms and terminologies used in the rattan sector. The glossary isis sstructuredtructured according to thethe followingfollowing major major sections: sections: rattanrattan resourcesresources (biology,(biology, management, plantations, harvesting); rattan as a raw material (transport, storage,storage, grading and post-harvest handling,handling, rattanrattan trade); rattan processingprocessing (for locallocal artisanalartisanal useuse and for industrial levellevel furniturefurniture manufacturing);manufacturing); andand tradetrade inin rawraw rattan, furniture andand otherother products.products. InIn orderorder toto givegive specialspecial emphasis toto the emerging rattan sectorsector inin Africa,Africa, a a separate separate compilation ofof terms terms specificallyspecifically focusingfocusing onon thosethose used in Africa is provided.provided.

A: 4

IISBNSBN 92-5-92-5 105095-305095-3 ISSNISSN 1020-33701020-3370

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