Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor)

Adaptive identifier for uncertain complex-valued discrete-time nonlinear systems based on recurrent neural networks

M. Alfaro-Ponce · I. Salgado · A. Arguelles · I. Chairez

Received: date / Accepted: date

Abstract Recently, the study of dynamic systems and signals in the frequency domain motivates the emergence of new tools. In particular, electrophysiological and communications signals in the complex domain can be analyzed but hardly, they can be modeled. This problem promotes an attractive field of researching in system theory. As a consequence, adaptive algorithms like neural networks are interesting tools to deal with the identification problem of this kind of systems. In this study, a new learning process for recurrent neural network applied on complex-valued discrete-time nonlinear systems is proposed. The Lyapunov sta- bility framework is applied to obtain the corresponding learning laws by means of the so-called Lyapunov control functions. The region where the identification error converges is defined by the power of uncertainties and perturbations that affects the nonlinear discrete-time complex system. This zone is obtained as an alterna- tive result of the same Lyapunov analysis. An off-line training algorithm is derived in order to reduce the size of the convergence zone. The training is executed using a set of some off-line measurements coming from the uncertain system. Numerical results are developed to prove the efficiency of the methodology proposed in this study. A first example is oriented to identify the dynamics of a nonlinear discrete time complex-valued system and the second one to model the dynamics of an electrophysiological signal separated in magnitude and phase.

Keywords Complex-valued systems · Non-parametric modeling · Recurrent neural networks · Lyapunov control functions.

M. Alfaro-Ponce, I. Salgado and A. Arguelles Neural networks and non-conventional computing laboratory, Centro de Investigacion en Computacion, Instituto Politecnico Nacional I. Chairez Bioprocess Department Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologia Instituto Politecnico Nacional. E-mail: [email protected] The corresponding author. Bioresource Technology 212 (2016) 207–216

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Bioresource Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biortech

A novel culture medium designed for the simultaneous enhancement of biomass and lipid production by Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 26 ⇑ Citlally Ramírez-López, Isaac Chairez, Luis Fernández-Linares

Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico h i g h l i g h t s graphical abstract

 A new culture medium for Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 26 was designed.  Biomass and lipid concentrations were increased.  The new culture medium can be used to perform recycling cultures.  Main fatty acids from Chlorella vulgaris UTEX 26 were C16 and C18.

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: A novel culture medium to enhance the biomass and lipid production simultaneously by Chlorella vulgaris Received 20 January 2016 UTEX 26 was designed in three stages of optimization. Initially, a culture medium was inferred applying Received in revised form 16 March 2016 the response surface method to adjust six factors [NaNO3, NH4HCO3, MgSO4Á7H2O, KH2PO4,K2HPO4 and Accepted 11 April 2016 (NH ) HPO ], which were selected on the basement of BBM (Bold’s Basal Medium) and HAMGM (Highly Available online 13 April 2016 4 2 4 Assimilable Minimal Growth Medium) culture media. Afterwards, the nitrogen source compound was optimized to reduce both, ammonium and nitrate concentrations. As result of the optimization process, Keywords: À the proposed culture medium improved 40% the biomass (0.73 g L 1) compared with the BBM medium Chlorella vulgaris and 85% the lipid concentration (281 mg LÀ1), with respect to HAMGM medium. Some culture media Response surface method Culture medium components concentrations were reduced up to 50%. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that Ammonium bicarbonate C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3 were the major fatty acids produced by C. vulgaris UTEX 26. Fatty acids Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction bioelectricity, methane produced by anaerobic digestion of the algal biomass, biohydrogen produced under anaerobic conditions, Microalgae production offers the potential to produce bioen- bioethanol (sugar fermentation) and biodiesel derived from ergy as well as high value compounds, wastewater treatment, microalgal oil (Hadj-Romdhane et al., 2012; Aguirre et al., 2013; nitrogen fixing and CO2 mitigation (Hadj-Romdhane et al., 2012; Fon Sing et al., 2013; Ramanna et al., 2014). Mendoza et al., 2013). Microalgae have been taken into considera- For large-scale microalgae culture, open ponds or raceways tion as a feedstock for renewable biofuels production, such as are used by their low cost (Fon Sing et al., 2013). However, to improve the microalgae production in this kind of culture sys- tem, it is necessary to use an adequate culture medium selected ⇑ Corresponding author at: Departamento de Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional for every microalgae species, different culture strategies (contin- Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, C.P. 07340 Ciudad uous or sequenced batch) and to recycle the wasted culture de México, Mexico. E-mail address: [email protected] (L. Fernández-Linares). medium. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.051 0960-8524/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Colaboración Aspectos ambientales a considerar en vertederos: Emplazamiento y emisiones de biogás

Autores: Francisco J. Colomer-Mendoza1,3, Características del vertedero: 1 1 Superfi cie ocupada Ferrán García-Darás , Vicente Vives-Peris , Nº Declaración de Impacto Publicado en: Capacidad Lidón Herrera-Prats1, Fabián Robles-Martinez2,3 Ambiental Tipo de residuo 1 Universidad Jaume I, 2 Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Tiempo explotación Biotecnología, 3 REDISA 1 Campo de En Medio, BOC nº 39 (26/02/10) y nº -- Cantabria 54 (19/03/2010) -- RCDs -- 2 San Bartolomé de BOC nº 128, (02/07/08) y -- I Meruelo, Cantabria BOC nº 201 (17/10/08) 2.500.000 t NTRODUCCIÓN RNP El depósito de residuos -- en vertedero es la última opción en 3 Toledo DOCM nº28 (10/02/2010) -- -- la jerarquía de gestión de residuos RNP que marca la Unión Europea en sus -- programas de acción. Sin embargo, más 4 Castañeda, Cantabria BOC (07/07/09) 50 ha 7.500.000 m3 del 50% de los residuos que se generan RNP en España acaban en vertedero. En este 20-25 años trabajo se han analizando en primer 5 Reocín, Cantabria BOC nº244 (22/12/2006) -- -- lugar, 14 declaraciones de impacto RSI ambiental de proyectos de vertederos -- españoles y se han dilucidado los 6 Cubilos del Sil y BOCYL nº114 (16/06/10) -- 3 factores ambientales que se consideran Ponferrada, León 6.000.000 m RNP para permitir su ejecución. Entre 16 años ellos se destaca entre otros el uso del 7 La Tahá, Granada BOJA nº5 (08/01/07) -- suelo, la hidrología, las emisiones de 51.000 m3 RSI gases y la proximidad a poblaciones. -- En segundo lugar, se ha realizado 8 Mallabia, Vizcaya BOPV (22/12/2006) -- un inventario de los vertederos 1.318.000 m3 RNP controlados españoles y se ha estudiado -- el efecto en cada uno de los citados 9 Zaldívar, Vizcaya BOPV nº2007051 -- factores ambientales. Así mismo, se (13/03/07) 418.499 m3 RNP han buscado correlaciones entre las -- emisiones de los vertederos de cada 10 Guadalajara DOCM nº99 (24/05/11) -- una de las comunidades autónomas y -- factores como la geografía, el clima y RSI y RNP -- la densidad de población. Por último, 11 La Robla, León BOCYL nº124 (30/06/08) -- se ha contrastado esta información 2.199.800 m3 con las directrices sobre vertederos RNP 12 años que marca la normativa de la Unión 12 Tineo, Asturias BOPA nº51 (03/03/09) -- Europea, la española, la de la EPA -- (Environmental Protection Agency) RNP de EE.UU., analizando el grado de -- 13 Igorre, Vizcaya BOPV nº91 (14/05/07) -- cumplimiento. 3.328.100 m3 En la ubicación de un vertedero RSI y RNP entran en juego múltiples factores 20 años 14 Zaragoza, Aragón BOA nº76 (30/06/04) -- ambientales. Según el Real Decreto -- Legislativo 1/2008, cualquier RSU vertedero controlado que reciba más -- de 10 t/día de residuos o tenga una Tabla 1: resumen de las características de los vertederos analizados en función de su DIA correspondiente

726 Dyna Marzo - Abril 2013 • Vol. 88 nº2 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADAPTIVE CONTROL AND SIGNAL PROCESSING Int. J. Adapt. Control Signal Process. 2017; 31:83–96 Published online 25 April 2016 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI: 10.1002/acs.2685

Adaptive control of discrete-time nonlinear systems by recurrent neural networks in quasi-sliding mode like regime

Ivan Salgado1, Cornelio Yañez1, Oscar Camacho2 and Isaac Chairez3,*,†

1CIC-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico 2CIDETEC-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico 3Bioprocesses Department UPIBI-Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to design an adaptive control strategy based on recurrent neural networks (RNNs). This neural network was designed to obtain a non-parametric approximation (identification) of discrete- time uncertain nonlinear systems. A discrete-time Lyapunov candidate function was proposed to prove the convergence of the identification error. The adaptation laws to adjust the free parameters in the RNN were obtained in the same stability analysis. The control scheme used the states of the identifier, and it was developed fulfilling the necessary conditions to establish a behavior comparable with a quasi-sliding mode regime. This controller does not use the regular form of the switching function that commonly appears in the sliding mode control designs. The Lyapunov candidate function to design the controller and the identifier simultaneously requires the existence of positive definite solutions of two different matrix inequalities. As consequence, a class of separation principle was proven when the RNN-based identifier and the controller were designed by the same analysis. Simulations results were designed to show the behavior of the proposed controller solving the tracking problem for the trajectories of a direct current (DC) motor. The performance of the proposed controller was compared with the solution obtained when a classical proportional derivative controller and an adaptive first-order sliding mode controller assuming poor knowledge of the plant. In both cases, the proposed controller showed superior performance when the relation between the tracking error convergence and the energy used to reach it was evaluated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Received 23 April 2015; Revised 2 November 2015; Accepted 18 March 2016

KEY WORDS: Discrete-time nonlinear systems; recurrent neural networks; quasi-sliding mode control; adaptive discrete control; discrete-time Lyapunov stability

1. INTRODUCTION

Adaptive control theory has generated multiple tools to solve the so-called trajectory tracking prob- lem when the plant to be controlled is too complex and the basic physical processes in it are not fully understood, that means, these systems do not have complete mathematical descriptions, or they are inaccurate. Hence, control design techniques need to be complemented with an identification algorithm aimed to obtain a progressively better understanding of the plant by using non-parametric models of the uncertain system. Several adaptive control techniques have been proposed to solve the trajectory tracking for continuous time systems [1, 2]. Among others, artificial neural networks (ANN) have shown remarkable properties to obtain accurate numerical modeling approximations for uncertain nonlinear systems [3]. Then, ANNs can be used to solve identification and control problems when the nonlinear system to deal with is uncertain. Nevertheless, the design of this close- loop adaptive form remains as a challenge, if it is considered that accurate and reliable mathematical model that describes the uncertain system dynamics is the expected result [4].

*Correspondence to: Isaac Chairez, Bioprocesses, UPIBI-IPN. †E-mail: jchairez@ctrl.cinvestav.mx

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2012, 3, 298-303 doi:10.4236/jep.2012.34038 Published Online April 2012 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/jep)

Biodrying under Greenhouse Conditions as Pretreatment for Horticultural Waste

Fabián Robles-Martínez1, Elizabeth M. Silva-Rodríguez1, Teodoro Espinosa-Solares2,3, Belem Piña-Guzmán1*, Carmen Calixto-Mosqueda1, Francisco J. Colomer-Mendoza4, Enrique Durán-Páramo1 1Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; 2Gus R. Douglass Institute, West Virginia State University, South Charleston, USA; 3Departamento de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico State, Mexico; 4Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica y Construcción, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain. Email: *[email protected]

Received February 2nd, 2012; revised February 29th, 2012; accepted March 31st, 2012

ABSTRACT The biodrying process was studied as an alternative technology to reduce the mass and volume of horticultural waste. Four static piles were prepared inside a greenhouse: two containing whole waste and two consisting of shredded waste. All the piles were compared with a test pile containing whole waste and placed outside the greenhouse. In two cases, ventilation ducts were installed to improve aeration. Each greenhouse was 2.0 m wide, 3.5 m long and 1.16 m high. The air temperature and relative humidity were monitored both inside and outside the greenhouse. Mass, humidity, organic matter and total nitrogen in the waste were measured. Piles inside the greenhouse showed decreases of 80% and 75% in weight and volume, respectively, during the first 16 days. The data obtained in this work suggest that biodrying could improve the handling and transport of horticultural waste while also minimizing the impact of pollutants.

Keywords: Solid Waste; Aerobic Degradation; Stabilization; Greenhouse

1. Introduction organic waste when a high volume of waste is an issue. Furthermore, biodrying has also been proposed as an Nowadays, there are more than 60 distribution centers of effective means of eliminating some pathogens [2]. fresh food products (“Centrales de Abasto”) operating in As reported previously [3], a controlled air supply can Mexico. Together, they produce thousands of tons of be used to increase the drying rate, which in turn in- horticultural waste every day, which rots easily because creases the rate of water evaporation. However, the ve- it is organic matter and has high water content. The big- locity and temperature of the air must be controlled ade- gest distribution center of fresh food in Mexico City quately, because the aim of biodrying is to achieve satis- generates close to 585 tons of damaged and spoiled fruits, factory water loss in order to obtain a homogeneous, sta- vegetables and flowers daily. Most of this waste is dis- ble and useful product [4]. Biodrying is typically carried posed of in landfills without any kind of pretreatment or out in tunnels or biological reactors, where air is supplied recovery process [1]. and the ideal conditions of temperature and humidity are Horticultural waste can be treated by an aerobic proc- maintained to ensure a balance between the drying rate ess like composting or biodrying. Biodrying, which is a and the aerobic degradation of the organic matter [4-6]. fairly recent development in the field of waste manage- Currently, most studies dealing with the biodrying ment, is a treatment that uses forced aeration along with process focus on reducing the water content of municipal the heat generated by natural aerobic bioconversion of solid waste while preserving its calorific power, in order some organic matter to dry the waste. Most of the bio- to obtain a refuse-derived fuel [4,6-8]. Other applications logical heat produced is utilized to evaporate surface and of biodrying have also been researched; for instance, bound water associated with the waste matrix. Navaee-Ardeh et al. [9] reported that biodrying is an The most obvious advantage of biodrying is the reduc- attractive technique for drying sludge from the paper tion in odor, volume, and weight of the waste, which in industry. turn may improve handling, transport and disposal of In the last few decades, a number of researchers have *Corresponding author. studied the production and collection of biothermal en-

Copyright © 2012 SciRes. JEP This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND LEARNING SYSTEMS 1 Adaptive Neural Network Nonparametric Identifier With Normalized Learning Laws Isaac Chairez

Abstract— This paper addresses the design of a normalized a methodology leads among others to the backpropagation, convergent learning law for neural networks (NNs) with contin- Levenberg Marquardt, and momentum adaptive schemes [6]. uous dynamics. The NN is used here to obtain a nonparametric Latter on, recursive methods help to introduce the learning model for uncertain systems described by a set of ordinary differential equations. The source of uncertainties is the presence laws for recurrent NN using different least mean square (LMS) of some external perturbations and poor knowledge of the methods [5]. Recently, differential NN (DNN) used the nonlinear function describing the system dynamics. A new adap- continuous versions of the same LMS or adaptive techniques tive algorithm based on normalized algorithms was used to adjust to produce the learning laws [13]. Following this method- the weights of the NN. The adaptive algorithm was derived by ology, most of the aforementioned algorithms just provided means of a nonstandard logarithmic Lyapunov function (LLF). Two identifiers were designed using two variations of LLFs asymptotic convergence for the parameters involved in the NN leading to a normalized learning law for the first identifier and a description. variable gain normalized learning law. In the case of the second In recent years, when the NN is represented by either identifier, the inclusion of normalized learning laws yields to recurrent or differential models, the main tool to design the reduce the size of the convergence region obtained as solution of learning law is the Lyapunov stability theory. In general, both the practical stability analysis. On the other hand, the velocity of convergence for the learning laws depends on the norm of errors the recurrent NN and the DNN have been adjusted with the in inverse form. This fact avoids the peaking transient behavior learning methods that forced the asymptotic convergence of in the time evolution of weights that accelerates the convergence the NN trajectories [8], [15], [16], [19]. However, the rate of identification error. A numerical example demonstrates the of convergence depends on the identification error and some improvements achieved by the algorithm introduced in this paper free parameters that must be selected in order to achieve some compared with classical schemes with no-normalized continuous learning methods. A comparison of the identification performance convergence requirements. achieved by the no-normalized identifier and the ones developed Logarithm Lyapunov function (LLF) represents an alterna- in this paper shows the benefits of the learning law proposed tive way to achieve asymptotic convergence in the learning law in this paper. dynamics but with faster rate. In special cases, even finite- Index Terms— Learning laws, logarithmic Lyapunov time convergence can be obtained if the practical stability functions (LLFs), nonparametric identifier, normalized adaptive framework is considered. In [7], the finite-time convergence laws. was proved by a special LLF applied on a special class of nonlinear systems. I.LEARNINGIN NEURAL NETWORKS Later, in [1], the normalized adaptive stabilization of linear EARNING has been used to define a wide and controllable systems was demonstrated but with asymptotic Lno-well characterized range of activities regarding the stability convergence. neural network (NN) design. The learning concept has been LLF has not been enough exploited in the context of regularly associated to design the method to adapt the para- adaptive control or observing. Just some studies can be found meters used in the NN structure [15]. These algorithms are regarding the LLF utilization in the control theory [3]. Just strongly connected to the network topology as well as to the in the last years, LLF has been considered to design the system considered to be approximated by NN [8]. Therefore, so-called barrier Lyapunov function [18], [21]. This kind of a lot of different learning laws can be found in specialized functions has stared to attract attention, because they can be literature [2]. In classical texts, where the so-called static used to design full-state feedback controllers under variable NN are deeply described, learning algorithms are based on constrains [9]. Adaptive versions of the same kind of con- regular optimization problems such as the descendant gradi- trollers have also been developed in similar studies [26]. ent method and its variations [8]. The application of such A particular extension of adaptive LLF has been used Manuscript received January 5, 2015; revised November 1, 2015; accepted to design controllers for systems that satisfy the chain of November 2, 2015. This work was supported in part by the Consejo Nacional integrator form [11]. Even this class of LLF was successfully de Ciencia y Tecnología under Grant 221867 and in part by the National applied to control a class of switched system with state Polytechnic Institute through the Research Grant Labelled Program under Grant SIP-20150344. constrains [14]. However, to the best of our knowledge, there The author is with the Department of Bioprocesses, Unidad Profe- are no actual designs of NN learning laws based on LLF. sional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología–Instituto Politecnico Nacional, In this paper, a new method is presented to produce a Mexico City 07340, Mexico (e-mail: [email protected] and [email protected]). different type of learning law for a class of DNN that has Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TNNLS.2015.2505090 access to the whole state of the uncertain system. The method 2162-237X © 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information. Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2017) 182:452–467 DOI 10.1007/s12010-016-2337-8

Characterization of a Marine Microbial Community Used for Enhanced Sulfate Reduction and Copper Precipitation in a Two-Step Process

Octavio García-Depraect1 & Claudia Guerrero-Barajas1 & Janet Jan-Roblero 2 & Alberto Ordaz3

Received: 27 July 2016 /Accepted: 16 November 2016 / Published online: 23 November 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016

Abstract Marine microorganisms that are obtained from hydrothermal vent sediments present a great metabolic potential for applications in environmental biotechnology. However, the work done regarding their applications in engineered systems is still scarce. Hence, in this work, the sulfate reduction process carried out by a marine microbial community in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was investigated for 190 days under −1 −2 sequential batch mode. The effects of 1000 to 5500 mg L of SO4 and the chemical oxygen −2 demand (COD)/SO4 ratio were studied along with a kinetic characterization with lactate as the electron donor. Also, the feasibility of using the sulfide produced in the UASB for copper precipitation in a second column was studied under continuous mode. The system presented here is an alternative to sulfidogenesis, particularly when it is necessary to avoid toxicity to sulfide and competition with methanogens. The bioreactor performed better with relatively low −1 −2 concentrations of sulfate (up to 1100 mg L ) and COD/SO4 ratios between 1.4 and 3.6. Under the continuous regime, the biogenic sulfide was sufficient to precipitate copper at a removal rate of 234 mg L−1 day−1. Finally, the identification of the microorganisms in the sludge was carried out; some genera of microorganisms identified were Desulfitobacterium and Clostridium.

Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12010-016-2337-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

* Alberto Ordaz [email protected]

1 Departamento de Bioprocesos, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07340 México City, Mexico 2 Departamento de Microbiología, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 México City, Mexico 3 Unidad de Estudios Superiores de Tultitlan, Universidad Mexiquense del Bicentenario, Av. Ex-Hacienda de Portales s/n Villa Esmeralda C.P. 54910, Tultitlán de Mariano Escobedo, Mexico 988 Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol. 2015, 117, 988–998

Research Article Correlation of structural characterization and viscosity measurements with total unsaturation: An effective method for controlling ozonation in the preparation of ozonated grape seed and sunflower oils

Pamela Guerra-Blanco1, Tatyana Poznyak1, Isaac Chairez2 and Marco Brito-Arias2

1 Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas (ESIQIE)-IPN, México, D.F., Mexico 2 Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología (UPIBI)-IPN, México, D.F., Mexico

Ozonated oils have demonstrated promising results for clinical applications. The reaction of ozone with the unsaturated compounds of oils produces by-products such as ozonides and poly peroxides. A deeper knowledge of the dynamics of by-product formation is helpful in determining the required ozonation degree to obtain therapeutic effects. The aim of this paper is to show the relationship between ozonation degree and structural and viscositychanges during the ozonation of grape seed (GS) and sunflower (SF) oils. Structural characterization was done by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, with iso-ozonides being identified. Viscosity showed a significant increase during ozonation, a fact associated with poly peroxide formation. We have made use of the total unsaturation (TU) method to measure the ozonation degree. The TU of non-ozonated GS oil was found to be higher than for SF oil (5.94 and 4.49 mmol per g of oil, respectively), and their by-product distributions were also found to differ. In GS oil, three reaction steps were observed for double-bond conversion into iso- ozonides and poly peroxides, while the ozonides and poly peroxides were formed in parallel in SF oil. The studies we implemented characterized the differences in the reactivities of these oils with ozone.

Practical applications In this work, we propose using the TU method to measure the ozonation degree of ozonated oils. TU experimental determination is based on the ozonation of the sample, and the ozone-oxidizable substrate is quantified. Despite GS and SF oils having similar fatty acid compositions, they contain other unsaturated compounds specific to their vegetal sources. These compounds are also reactive with ozone, and are also quantified by the TU method. The differences in distributions of by- products among ozonated oils from different sources could explain why the ozonation degree need not be the same for different oils. Studies like this represent a feasibility foundation for controlling the therapeutic application of ozonated oils and correctly interpreting their well-known clinical effects.

Keywords: FT-IR spectroscopy / 1H NMR spectroscopy / Ozonated grape seed oil / Ozonated sunflower oil / Ozone / Total Unsaturation (TU) Received: June 18, 2014 / Revised: November 12, 2014 / Accepted: November 28, 2014 DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400292

1 Introduction in medicine. In fact, in some European countries, such as Germany, they can be obtained on prescription from Ozonated vegetable oils have many interesting applications in pharmacies [1]. Countries such as Cuba have developed the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as commercial ozonated oils, and they have been successfully tested for the treatment of many diseases [2–4]. Correspondence: Dr. Pamela Guerra Blanco, Edif. 8, 3er piso (SEPI- The therapeutic effects achieved by ozone’s medical ESIQIE), UPALM, C.P. 07738, México, D.F México applications depend on administration pathway and dose E-mail: [email protected] [5]. In this sense, ozonated oils provide stable ozonation by- Fax: þ52 (55) 5729 6000 EXT. 52600 products (mainly iso-ozonides, hydroperoxides, and poly Abbreviations: TU, Total Unsaturation; GS, Grape seed; SF, Sunflower; peroxides) with therapeutic potential. The medical appli- PCNA, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen; NFkB, Nuclear factor kappa B; cations of ozonated oils have been extensively studied. VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; 4-HNE, 4-Hydroxynonenal Several papers have demonstrated their bactericidal and

ß 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim www.ejlst.com Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2013, 5, 1027-1036 Published Online November 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jwarp) http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2013.511108

Coliforms and Helminth Eggs Removals by Coagulation-Flocculation Treatment Based on Natural Polymers

Evelyn Zamudio-Pérez1, Neftalí Rojas-Valencia2, Isaac Chairez1, Luis Gilberto Torres1* 1Bioprocesess Department, UPIBI-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Mexico 2Engineering Institute UNAM, Environmental Engineering Department, Coyoacán, Mexico Email: *[email protected]

Received April 16, 2013; revised May 18, 2013; accepted June 16, 2013

Copyright © 2013 Evelyn Zamudio-Pérez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ABSTRACT Wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (Mexico) was treated by a coagulation-flocculation using natural gums. The residual water was characterized in terms of organic load, and biological contaminants, i.e. total Co- liforms (TC), fecal Coliforms (FC) and helminth eggs (HE). The sample has values of 2.8 × 107 MPN/100 ml, 8.48 × 106 MPN/100 ml and 470 HE/L is regarded to TC, FC and HH, respectively. The HE identified in the wastewaters were Diphyllobothrium latum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana and Toxocara canis. From several gums, Hydroxy- propyl triammonium chloride guar gum (HPTAC-guar) was selected as the most adequate coagulant-flocculant for the class of municipal wastewater (MWW). A diminution of 82% for TC, 94% for FC and 99% for HE was obtained. Be- sides, the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removals were 46% and 39% respectively. The natural gum mixed with Ca(OH)2, obtained removals of 52% for TC, 100% for HE, 47% for COD and 30% for turbid- ity.

Keywords: Coagulation; Fecal Coliforms; Flocculation; Helminth Eggs; Total Coliforms; Wastewaters

1. Introduction dges (Table 1 gives an insight on this fact in some coun- tries). Based on epidemiological studies, the world health Recent studies of two more important Mexico City waste- organization (WHO) recommends a criterion of ” 1 HE/ water flows demonstrated that MWW is having a me- L in wastewater used for irrigation without using drip ir- dium-weak charge with strong bacteriological characteri- rigation crops eaten without cooking [4]. stics, high alkalinity and mineral content [1]. Bacterio- Many scientific studies have been focused on the re- logical factors and global epidemiological studies on the moval of bacteria (total and fecal coliforms) and HE as use of wastewater for agricultural purposes, particularly biological indicators of water microbiological quality [5]. in Latin American countries, have shown a great public Most of these works can be divided into two clear classi- health risk by gastrointestinal diseases such as diarrhea, fications. Those works are oriented to water or waste- caused by the presence of viruses, bacteria, protozoa and water disinfection with acids [6], alkalis , radiations [7], helminth eggs [2]. ozone [2], etc. The second group contains reports of the Pathogens in water infect approximately 250 million removal efficiencies for physicochemical or biological people each year, resulting in 10 ± 20 million deaths. The systems which were designed for solids, carbonaceous or microbial pathogen concentrations are different depend- nitrogenated material removals, with a no controlled de- ing of many factors such as the month in the year, the gree of elimination efficiency for bacteria and/or patho- specific zone, etc. Thus, determining the number of dif- genic parasites. ferent microbial pathogens in a sample of water or waste- Physical methods have been employed for removing water is essential to prevent or control a feasible epide- (not inactivation) many pathogens in waters and waste- mic [3]. Not all countries have HE in wastewater or slu- waters. Among others filtration, sedimentation, coagula- *Corresponding author. tion-flocculation and the use of membranes can be men-

Open Access JWARP Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 32 (Especial Residuos Sólidos) 113-122, 2016 DOI: 10.20937/RICA.2016.32.05.08

EMISIONES GASEOSAS DE UN RELLENO SANITARIO EN MÉXICO. COMPARACIÓN CON LOS MODELOS DE GENERACIÓN DE BIOGÁS

Francisco J. COLOMER MENDOZA1*, Ferran GARCÍA DARÁS1, Joan ESTEBAN ALTABELLA1, Fabián ROBLES MARTÍNEZ2 y Gil ARANDA3

1 INGRES, Ingeniería de Residuos, Universidad Jaume I. Avda. Vicent Sos Baynat, S/N. 12071 Castellón (España) 2 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaría de Biotecnología. Av. Acueducto S/N. Barrio la Laguna-Ticomán, CP 07340, México D.F. 3 CAPPY & ASSOCIATES, Mex. SA de CV. Ejercito Nacional no 373-501, Colonia Granada-Polanco. CP 11520 México D.F. *Autor para correspondencia: [email protected] (Recibido noviembre 2014; aceptado junio 2015)

Palabras clave: relleno sanitario, biogás, modelo matemático

RESUMEN

Para poder prever la generación de biogás en un relleno sanitario (vertedero) existen una serie de modelos matemáticos que calculan con mayor o menor exactitud esta previsión (Modelo Mexicano v.2.0, Modelo de Primer Orden TNO, Modelo de Primer Orden Multi-fase, Modelo EPER Francés, SWANA Orden Cero, SWANA Primer Orden Sim- SOH6:$1$3ULPHU2UGHQ0RGL¿FDGR6:$1$3ULPHU2UGHQ0XOWLIDVH/DQG*(0 v3.02 y Scholl Canyon). En este trabajo se han contrastado estos modelos aplicándolos a los datos obtenidos en la medición de la generación de biogás entre 2009 y 2011 del relleno sanitario de HASAR’S situado en el municipio de Zapopan, en el estado de Ja- lisco (México) y se ha analizado el grado de coincidencia entre los modelos y el relleno. En comparación con los valores reales, los modelos TNO, SWANA de primer orden VLPSOH\PRGL¿FDGR \/DQG*(0VREUHHVWLPDQODJHQHUDFLyQGHELRJiV/RVPRGHORV Afvalzorg Multi-fase y Scholl Canyon, en cambio, la subestiman. Los modelos de la SWANA de primer orden y el modelo LandGEM se alejan demasiado de las mediciones reales, por lo que se debería descartar su uso en este vertedero. El Modelo Mexicano, el EPER Francés y el SWANA Orden Cero son los que más se aproximan. También se han calculado los errores relativos de los resultados proporcionados por cada modelo con respecto a la generación real medida.

.H\ZRUGVVDQLWDU\ODQG¿OOELRJDVPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHO

ABSTRACT

,QRUGHUWRHVWLPDWHWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIELRJiVLQDODQG¿OOWKHUHDUHVRPHPDWKHPDWLFDO models (Modelo Mexicano v.2.0, Modelo de Primer Orden TNO, Modelo de Primer Orden Multi-fase, Modelo EPER Francés, SWANA Orden Cero, SWANA Primer Orden Simple, 6:$1$3ULPHU2UGHQ0RGL¿FDGR6:$1$3ULPHU2UGHQ0XOWLIDVH/DQG*(0Y \6FKROO&DQ\RQ ,QWKLVZRUNWKHVHPRGHOKDYHEHHQFRPSDUHGIRUWKHVDQLWDU\ODQG¿OO HASAR’S, located in Zapopan (Jalisco, México). Furthermore, the results of the models KDYHEHHQFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHUHDOGDWDPHDVXUHGLQWKHODQG¿OOIURPWR&RP- Available online at www.sciencedirect.com JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ISSN 1001-0742 CN 11-2629/X Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013, 25(5) 865–872 www.jesc.ac.cn

Effect of airflow on biodrying of gardening wastes in reactors

F. J. Colomer-Mendoza1,∗, L. Herrera-Prats1, F. Robles-Mart´ınez2, A. Gallardo-Izquierdo1, A. B. Pina-Guzm˜ an´ 2

1. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, (Universidad Jaume I) Jaume 1st University. Ave. Sos Baynat s/n, Castell´on12071, Spain 2. Biotechnology Multidisciplinary Professional Unit, (Instituto Polit´ecnicoNacional) National Politechnic Institute. Ave. Acueduct of Guadalupe s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticom´an,Gustavo A. Madero 07340, M´exicoDF. M´exico

Received 13 July 2012; revised 22 October 2012; accepted 18 December 2012

Abstract Biodrying consists of reducing moisture by using the heat from aerobic bio-degradation. The parameters that control the process are: aeration, temperature during the process, initial moisture of biowaste, and temperature and relative humidity of the input air. Lawn mowing and garden waste from the gardens of the University Jaume I, Castellon´ (Spain) were used as a substrate. Biodrying was performed in 10 reactors with known air volumes from 0.88 to 6.42 L/(min·kg dry weight). To promote aeration, 5 of the reactors had 15% of a bulking agent added. The experiment lasted 20 days. After the experiments it was found that the bulking agent led to greater weight loss. However, the increased airflow rate was not linearly proportional to the weight loss. Key words: biodrying; biowaste; stabilization; aerobic fermentation; bulking agent DOI: 10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60123-5

Introduction and (2) the evaporated water is transported through the matrix by the airflow and removed with the exhaust gases. Biodrying is a variation of aerobic decomposition, used Limited amounts of free water may seep through the waste within mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plants to matrix and be collected at the bottom of the biodrying dry and partially stabilize municipal solid wastes (MSW). reactor as leachate (Velis et al., 2009). Furthermore, there In addition, it is a drying technique that relies on the are other parameters controlling biodrying processes, such biological activity of microorganisms, both bacteria and as type of waste, microorganisms, biomass temperature, fungi, to reduce the moisture content of wet biomaterial water content, aeration, and presence of a bulking agent waste (Sadaka et al., 2010), while preserving calorific (BA). In general, biodegradable samples with moisture value (Adani et al., 2002). It is a significant alternative for below 35% on a wet weight basis will be biologically treating MSW (Velis et al., 2009). Currently, most studies dormant and consequently, their respiration index will be of biodrying processes focus on the aerobic technology, falsely low (Gomez et al., 2006). Therefore, to maintain which removes water mainly as vapor by high tempera- the growth and activity of microorganisms it is necessary tures and adequate ventilation (Zhang et al., 2008). After to add water above all in compost processes (Liang et biodrying, the refuse can be used as a source of energy, al., 2003; Tremier et al., 2005; Wagland et al., 2009) but i.e., fuel (Adani et al., 2002; Sugni et al., 2005) suitable sometimes, biodrying process water is added to promote for safe and economical combustion in a biomass boiler aerobic fermentation in the hydrolytic stage by means of (Navaee-Ardeh et al., 2010). the recirculation of a part of the leachate generated (Zhang In biodrying, the main drying mechanism is convective et al., 2009). evaporation, using heat from the aerobic biodegradation of Thus, there have been several studies on variations in waste components and facilitated by the mechanically sup- the above parameters to see how they affect the process ported airflow. The moisture content of the waste matrix of biodrying. Adani et al. (2002) in their investigations is reduced through two main steps: (1) water molecules with MSW carried out three trials at three different biomass evaporate (i.e., change of phase from liquid to gas) from temperatures, obtained by airflow rate control, concluding the surface of waste fragments into the surrounding air; that biodegradation and biodrying were inversely correlat- ed: fast biodrying produced low biological stability and * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] ISA Transactions 64 (2016) 47–55

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

ISA Transactions

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/isatrans

Control of discrete time systems based on recurrent Super-Twisting-like algorithm

I. Salgado a, S. Kamal b, B. Bandyopadhyay c, I. Chairez d,n, L. Fridman e a Centro de Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Cómputo (CIDETEC), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico b Department of Systems Innovation and Informatics, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan c SYSCON, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai, India d Departamento de Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología (UPIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico e Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: Most of the research in sliding mode theory has been carried out to in continuous time to solve the Received 14 September 2015 estimation and control problems. However, in discrete time, the results in high order sliding modes have Received in revised form been less developed. In this paper, a discrete time super-twisting-like algorithm (DSTA) was proposed to 8 February 2016 solve the problems of control and state estimation. The stability proof was developed in terms of the Accepted 23 April 2016 discrete time Lyapunov approach and the linear matrix inequalities theory. The system trajectories were Available online 29 July 2016 This paper was recommended for publica- ultimately bounded inside a small region dependent on the sampling period. Simulation results tested tion by Oscar Camacho the DSTA. The DSTA was applied as a controller for a Furuta pendulum and for a DC motor supplied by a DSTA signal differentiator. Keywords: & 2016 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Sliding mode control Discrete-time super twisting algorithm Sliding mode differentiator Electro-mechanical systems

1. Introduction for systems with relative degree one. In [7], the study of SISO nonlinear systems with relative degree more than one is treated. A Advanced control techniques such as Sliding Modes (SM) allow new definition of a QSM regime is addressed in [8], where the the control of uncertain nonlinear systems when they are affected motion of the system is restricted inside a certain band around the by modeling imprecisions or external perturbations. Classical sliding hyperplane. In [9,10], some new developments on QSM features exhibited by sliding modes are robustness with respect to have been reported for several classes of discrete-time linear external matched uncertainties and finite time convergence. A SM systems. An approach to control discrete time systems using the scheme is obtained by inducing a discontinuity in the control fast output technique is considered when the system states are not structure. The discontinuous injection must be designed such that needed on-line [11]. The idea of second order sliding mode control the trajectories of the system are forced to remain on some surface in discrete time systems has been introduced in terms of certain defined in the state space. The resulting motion on that surface is class of discretizations [12]. Although in [13,14] a sort of dis- referred as sliding mode [1]. In continuous time systems, the SM cretization has been applied on high order sliding mode con- have been extensively studied, the main theoretical results are trollers, the results are not reported in the literature so far, which presented in [1,2], and references therein. In continuous time, the deals with the concept of high-order discrete time sliding mode second order sliding mode solutions (SOSM) preserve the main control (HDSM). characteristics of classical SM while reduce the undesirable chat- In this study, a new strategy to develop a Lyapunov like func- tering effect [3,4]. tion for the so-called discrete time Super-Twisting-like Algorithm On the other hand, SM in discrete-time or discrete sliding (DSTA) is proposed. This name is used considering the similarities modes (DSM) generate the so-called quasi-sliding regime (QSM) between the Euler discretization applied on the continuous ver- and it has been less developed than the continuous case. The first sion of the super-twisting method. In this scheme, the system ideas in DSM were introduced by [5,6] where a QSM is established trajectories are confined into a boundary layer in the vicinity of the sliding surface and stays inside it forever. The upper bound for the

n Corresponding author. tracking error applying the DSTA is depending on the sampling E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Chairez). period to the square power. The stability analysis is made in terms http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2016.04.024 0019-0578/& 2016 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng (2016) 39:1151–1161 DOI 10.1007/s00449-016-1591-z

ORIGINALPAPER

Characterization of nitrogen substrate limitation on Escherichia coli’s growth by parameter identification tools

M. Rios-Lozano1 • V. Guerrero-Torres1 • A. Badillo-Corona2 • I. Chairez2 • C. Garibay-Orijel2

Received: 13 September 2015 / Accepted: 14 March 2016 / Published online: 28 March 2016 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Abstract Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (CNR) has shown to the parametric identification method was proven in both be a relevant factor in microorganisms growth and considered scenarios. metabolites production. It is usual that this factor com- promises the productivity yield of different microorgan- Keywords Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio Á Parametric isms. However, CNR has been rarely modeled and identification Á Least mean square method Á Escherichia therefore the nature of its specific influence on metabolites coli Á Step-by-step identification production has not been understood clearly. This paper describes a parametric characterization of the CNR effect on the Escherichia coli metabolism. A set of parameters Introduction was proposed to introduce a mathematical model that considers the biomass, substrate and several byproducts Nitrogen is an essential element to all microorganisms. In dynamical behavior under batch regimen and CNR influ- the case of Escherichia coli (E. coli), nitrogen is coupled ence. Identification algorithm used to calculate the to the carbon metabolism by the Krebs cycle, where the parameters considers a novel least mean square strategy alpha-ketoglutarate is used to produce glutamate and glu- that formalizes the CNR influence in E. coli metabolism. tamine which are the fundamental compounds to synthe- This scheme produced a step-by-step method that was size all other amino acids and proteins [1, 2]. suitable for obtaining the set of parameters that describes In several microorganisms with industrial applications, the model. This method was evaluated under two scenarios: nitrogen-limited batch or continuous microbiological cul- (a) using the data from a set of numerical simulations tures allow the control of the cell growth by maintaining a where the model was tested under the presence of artificial sub-optimal nitrogen level and prevent the cells from being noises and (b) the information obtained from a set of starved and to stop growing [3]. experiments under different CNR. In both cases, a leave- For example, nitrogen limitation has showed to be a one-experiment-out cross-validation study was considered relevant condition to promote efficient neutral lipids to evaluate the model prediction capabilities. Feasibility of accumulation in microalgae or increase the hydrogen rate production in photobacteria [4]. Other groups have also demonstrated that Saccharomyces cerevisiae increases ethanol yield under nitrogen limitation [5]. & I. Chairez Despite the substrate concentration, feed flow rate and [email protected] carbon bioavailability are well-known relevant issues that M. Rios-Lozano affect the microorganism metabolism. Carbon-to-nitrogen [email protected] ratio (CNR) in the microorganism’s culture media has 1 SEPI-UPIBI, Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, Mexico, DF, started to be considered also as a critical aspect that can Mexico modify entirely the microorganism behavior [6]. 2 Department of Bioprocesses, UPIBI, Instituto Polite´cnico In particular, aerobic and anaerobic cultures E. coli where Nacional, Mexico, DF, Mexico the nitrogen source is ammonia (NH4) are characterized by

123 Author's personal copy

Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2014) 173:1737–1751 DOI 10.1007/s12010-014-0961-8

Controlled Continuous Bio-Hydrogen Production Using Different Biogas Release Strategies

S. Esquivel-Elizondo & I. Chairez & E. Salgado & J. S. Aranda & G. Baquerizo & E. I. Garcia-Peña

Received: 18 February 2014 /Accepted: 14 May 2014 / Published online: 31 May 2014 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

Abstract Dark fermentation for bio-hydrogen (bio-H2) production is an easily operated and environmentally friendly technology. However, low bio-H2 production yield has been reported as its main drawback. Two strategies have been followed in the past to improve this fact: genetic modifications and adjusting the reaction conditions. In this paper, the second one is followed to regulate the bio-H2 release from the reactor. This operating condition alters the metabolic pathways and increased the bio-H2 production twice. Gas release was forced in the continuous culture to study the equilibrium in the mass transfer between the gaseous and liquid phases. This equilibrium depends on the H2, CO2, and volatile fatty acids production. The effect of reducing the bio-H2 partial pressure (bio-H2pp) to enhance bio-H2 production was evaluated in a 30 L continuous stirred tank reactor. Three bio-H2 release strategies were followed: uncon- trolled, intermittent, and constant. In the so called uncontrolled fermentation, without bio-H2pp control, a bio-H2 molar yield of 1.2 mol/mol glucose was obtained. A sustained low bio-H2pp of 0.06 atm increased the bio-H2 production rate from 16.1 to 108 mL/L/h with a stable bio-H2 percentage of 55 % (v/v) and a molar yield of 1.9 mol/mol glucose. Biogas release enhanced bio-H2 production because lower bio-H2 pp, CO2 concentration, and reduced volatile fatty acids accumulation prevented the associated inhibitions and bio-H2 consumption.

Keywords Controlled continuous culture . Continuous intermittent gas release . Hydrogen partial pressure . Dark fermentation

S. Esquivel-Elizondo : I. Chairez : E. I. Garcia-Peña (*) Bioprocesses Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, P.O. Box 07340, Mexico City, Mexico e-mail: [email protected]

E. Salgado : J. S. Aranda : G. Baquerizo Bioengineering Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, P.O. Box 07340, Mexico City, Mexico

Present Address: S. Esquivel-Elizondo Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, The Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA Applied Soft Computing 43 (2016) 633–642

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Soft Computing

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asoc

Distributed parameter system identification using finite element differential neural networks

O. Aguilar-Leal a, R.Q. Fuentes-Aguilar a,∗, I. Chairez b, A. García-González a, J.C. Huegel a a Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico b Bioprocess Department, UPIBI-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Most of the previous work on identification involves systems described by ordinary differential equations Received 17 December 2013 (ODEs). Many industrial processes and physical phenomena, however, should be modeled using partial Received in revised form 14 May 2015 differential equations (PDEs) which offer both spatial and temporal distributions that are simply not avail- Accepted 5 January 2016 able with ODE models. Systems described by a PDE belong to a class of system called distributed parameter Available online 18 February 2016 system (DPS). This article presents a method for solving the problem of identification of uncertain DPSs using a differential neural network (DNN). The DPS, assumed to be described by a PDE, is approximated Keywords: using the finite element method (FEM). The FEM discretizes the domain into a set of distributed and Distributed parameter systems Non-parametric identification connected nodes, thereby, allowing a representation of the DPS in a finite number of ODEs. The proposed Differential neural network DNN follows the same interconnection structure of the FEM, thus allowing the DNN to identify the FEM Finite element method approximation of the DPS in both 2D and 3D domains. Lyapunov’s second method was used to derive CUDA/C adaptive learning laws for the proposed DNN structure. The identification algorithm, here developed Parallel numerical solutions in Nvidia’s CUDA/C to reduce the execution time, runs mostly on the graphics processing unit (GPU). A physical experiment served to validate the 2D case. In the experiment, the DNN followed the trajectory of 57 markers that were placed on an undulating square piece of silk. The proposed DNN is compared against a method based on principal component analysis and an artificial neural network trained with group search optimization. In addition to the 2D case, a simulation validated the 3D case, where input data for the DNN was generated by solving a PDE with appropriate initial and boundary conditions over an unitary domain. Results show that the proposed FEM-based DNN approximates the dynamic behavior of both a real 2D and a simulated 3D system. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction methods finite differences [1], weighted residual procedures [2] and the finite element method (FEM) [3] are the most popular. Many industrial processes and physical phenomena belong to These techniques can give an approximate solution to the system a class of system called distributed parameter system (DPS). Heat modeled by PDEs with a certain degree of accuracy; however, the transfer, wave propagation, particle diffusion, stress analysis, elec- PDE structure must be known a priori. tric and magnetic fields are only a few examples of problems and When there is not sufficient information or insight about the real world phenomena that fall into the DPS class. Partial differen- underlying dynamics of the system such that a differential equa- tial equations (PDEs) are widely used in different fields of physics tion cannot be derived with sufficient accuracy, non-parametric and engineering to model DPSs. Systems modeled by PDEs present identification techniques based on measured data can be employed temporal and spatial distributions that are not available with ordi- to approximate the dynamic system. One modeling technique is nary differential equation (ODE) models. Analytical solutions for based on artificial neural networks which, for simplicity, will be PDEs, however, are usually very hard to obtain. When no analytical referred as neural networks (NNs), the selection of this soft comput- solution can be achieved, numerical methods can be implemented ing approach is the deepest mathematical analysis that can be done to approximate a solution to these equations. Among the available with NN instead of other methods. Previous researches have shown that a static single hidden layer feedforward NN can approximate any continuous nonlinear function arbitrarily well [4,5]. Unfortu- ∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +52 3339476711. nately, they are inadequate for system identification of dynamic E-mail address: [email protected] (R.Q. Fuentes-Aguilar). systems since they can only encode limited temporal information http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2016.01.004 1568-4946/© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. NJC

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Efficient mineralization of benzoic and phthalic acids in water by catalytic ozonation using a Cite this: NewJ. Chem., 2015, 39, 7839 nickel oxide catalyst

a ab a b Diana Magallanes, Julia L. Rodrı´guez,* Tatiana Poznyak, Miguel A. Valenzuela, Luis Lartundoc and Isaac Chairezd

Organic acids (OAs) are usually used as refractory model compounds that require prolonged reaction time for their mineralization by different treatments. In this study, benzoic and phthalic acids in aqueous solution were significantly degraded and mineralized by catalytic ozonation in the presence of nickel oxide (NiO). For instance, only 42% mineralization was obtained by direct reaction with molecular ozone, while by catalytic ozonation 98% was achieved. These surprising results led to study in depth the role of NiO in the catalytic ozonation of both organic acids. With the aim of identifying the surface species responsible for the high activity of NiO, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used as the main analytical tools. According to the results, the mineralization of both organic acids was directly influenced by the organic groups adsorbed onto the NiO surface. Therefore, NiO plays a relevant role as a catalyst forming complex surface Received (in Nottingham, UK) 1st June 2015, compounds which are subsequently decomposed increasing the mineralization efficiency. In addition, a Accepted 23rd July 2015 simplified kinetic study was conducted to characterize the effect of NiO concentration on the removal DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01385b efficiency of both organic acids and the accumulation and degradation of the main byproduct (oxalic acid). These results were explained in terms of a combination of two reaction mechanisms such as www.rsc.org/njc conventional ozonation and indirect reaction based on OH radicals.

1. Introduction degradation of organic pollutants and disinfection for several decades however, it is very difficult for this route to obtain a partial Published on 23 July 2015. Downloaded byNacionalPublished Instituto Politecnico on 05/04/2017 14:12:20. on 23 July 2015. Downloaded The increasing worldwide contamination of freshwater with mineralization of organic compounds. Accordingly, several ozone- thousands of chemicals is a serious environmental problem based advanced oxidation processes have emerged, for example to 5 facing humanity in the present century. Industrial and municipal name a few, H2O2/O3, UV/O3 and catalytic ozonation. wastewater containing numerous toxic and recalcitrant compounds Catalytic ozonation has been shown in many cases to be an seeps into rivers, lakes, groundwater and coastal seas.1,2 Nowadays, effective process to eliminate organic refractory compounds in a challenge in wastewater and drinking water treatment is to wastewater.6,7 This kind of treatment was developed to over- improve the existing processes and to design new ones, with the come the drawbacks of conventional ozonation such as the purpose of removing a larger number of pollutants from water accumulation of recalcitrant biodegradables byproducts and matrices.3 Therefore, various methods have been developed to partial mineralization.8 Commonly, activated carbons or metal capture, degrade or mineralize organic pollutants in wastewater, oxides and supported metals have been the most studied such as ion-exchange, coagulation, flocculation, adsorption, catalysts in ozonation of toxic compounds in water.9,10 chemical oxidation, ozone treatment, membrane filtration and However, until now, the mechanism of catalytic ozonation photocatalysis.4 Ozonation has been a successful method for seems elusive and with a lot of contradictions.11 The literature concerning catalytic ozonation has proposed several analytic a Lab. de Ing, Quı´mica Ambiental, ESIQIE-Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, techniques in order to establish and/or explain its reaction 5 Zacatenco 07738, Me´xico, DF, Mexico. E-mail: [email protected] mechanism. Recently, our research group has proposed X-ray b Lab. Cata´lisis y Materiales, ESIQIE–Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as a basic tool to elucidate the Zacatenco 07738, Me´xico, DF, Mexico reaction mechanism in the catalytic ozonation.10 XPS can provide c Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologı´as-Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, Zacatenco 07738, Me´xico, DF, Mexico information related to the presence and nature of functional d Departamento de Bioprocesos, UPIBI–Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, Ticoman, groups onto the surface properties of the spent catalyst during 07340 Me´xico, DF, Mexico the organic compound degradation. Our previous studies showed

This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2015 New J. Chem., 2015, 39, 7839--7848 | 7839 Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química Vol. 14, No. 3 (2015) 813-827 PolímerosPolímeros CONTENIDO

DEGRADATIONV lumen STUDY númer OF POLY(LACTIC-L( / V lume number+)-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID) IN CHLOROFORM ESTUDIO DE LA DEGRADACION´ DE POLI(ACIDO-L(´ Deri ati+)-L a aACTICO-CO-GLIC´ licati ft eStefa -Ma welle atiOLICO)´ s EN CLOROFORMO (Desarr ll a licaci elasec aci es eStefa -Ma well) C. Rueda1, I. Vallejo1, M. Corea1*, E. G. Palacios1, I. Chairez2 te e W it ker 1Instituto Polit´ecnicoNacional, ESIQIE, UPALM, Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, M´exicoD.F, C.P. 07738. 2Instituto Polit´ecnicoNacional, UPIBI, Av. Acueducto S/N. Barrio la Laguna Ticom´an,Gustavo A. Madero, M´exicoD.F. C.P. Bi tec l í / Bi tec l y 07430.

M elaRecibido ela 16i eraaci de Abril, e 2014; irreactres Aceptado el 15 sde e Julio, ircar 2015 rsttales el etrle

i tem eriza se s el s se ime t s Abstract Polymer/solvent interaction(Bi has eraati been of greatm eli interest fsl in e many ireactrs fields, fttal such etrlem as scaffold rcar processing, sweateri polymer i sil recycling and drug delivery system (DDS),a among se ime ts)others. It has been reported that the effect of solvent on polymers could determine the final physical and chemicalAMei properties -Mre in specific Hert-Oc applications. CALc -C Thus, st ti this LA article iler-Vz describes ezAJiméez- a degradation study of poly(lactic-L(+)-co-glycolicG acid), z lezyM or PLGA, G tiérrez-R in the j s presence of chloroform. The PLGA polymer was synthetized by ring opening polymerization (ROP).Crecimiet Five lactics rei/glycolic ecia a ataci acid volumetric e Bifi cteri ratios mi (90f tis/10,a c 80 ici/20, es 70 áci/30, as 60/40 and 50/50) were used to prepare PLGA. Copolymers were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning (Gr wt s r i al a a a tati f Bifi cteri mi f tis t aciicc iti s) calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and static light scattering (SLS). Copolymer degradation was induced using chloroform as the solvent.L Myr FTIR -Reyes was P Bstm used to te-Cmil follow variationsA Gtiérrez-Nv on the E functionalBrr c-Flri groups yA ofAz copolymers l- during the PLGA degradation process.Esi s The study was conducted using the evidence provided from the modifications of OH − wavelength bands (3000-3500Statisticala cm 1) obtainedrac t fromtimizati FTIR. fet A a viable lferme reaction tati schemecc r myces to explain cerevisi thee i degradation te of the copolymer was developed basedrese oncethe fValf monomolecular r®ze liteNaA constant reaction rates generated by the decomposition dynamic of OH groups. (O timizaci esta ística elaferme taci eta lica e cc r myces cerevisi e e rese cia e Keywords: poly(lactic-L(+)-co-glycolic acid), kinetic study, chloroform, degradation, biopolymers. ze lita Valf r®ze liteNaA) Resumen GIei- izkw HAVelsc-Ber GFGtiérrez-L ez HHer ez- cez La interaccion´ pol´ımero/solvente es de mucho interes´ en diversas areas,´ como la ingenier´ıa de tejidos, el reciclado de

plasticos´ y la industria deIlos eierí sistemas e rcess/Prcesse de liberacion´ ieeri de farmacos,´ entre otras. Se ha reportado que el efecto del solvente sobre los pol´ımeros puede determinarL calizaci elasa propiedades la tai strial:Re f´ısicas isi y qu crítica´ımicas aec en aci aplicaciones el scriteri especsemlea´ıficas. se As´ı, este art´ıculo describe un estudio sobre laesta degradaci ecisi on´ del poli(acido-L(´ +)-lactico-co-glic´ olico),´ PLGA, usando cloroformo como medio de degradacion.´ El PLGA se(Pla sintetiz tsiteselectio´ por :Criticalre polimerizaci iewaon´ a por e atiapertura criteria de se cadena i t is en ecisi 5 relaciones ) volumetricas´ de acido´ lactico´ /glicolico´ (90/10, 80/20,J R Me70/30, i R 60 L/40, R mer 50/ y50). G A Estos Pérez co-pol´ımeros se caracterizaron usando microscopia electronica´ de barrido, calorimetr´ıa diferencial de barrido, espectroscopia de infrarrojo por trasformada de Fourier y dispersion´ estatica´ de luz. En la degradacion´ se utilizo´ cloroformo como solvente, en donde las variaciones de los grupos funcionales se analizaron mediante espectroscopia de infrarrojo. El estudio se realizo´ a partir de la evidencia proporcionada por las − modificaciones de las bandas caracter´ısticas de los grupos OH (3000-3500 cm 1). Con estos resultados se propuso un esquema de reaccion´ de PLGA, basado en las constantes cineticas´ de degradacion´ uni-moleculares, obtenidas en la dinamica´ de descomposicion´ de los grupos OH. Palabras clave: poli(acido-L(´ +) lactico-co-glic´ olico),´ estudio cinetico,´ cloroformo, degradacion,´ biopol´ımeros.

1 Introduction to the environmental concerns and sustainability issues associated with petroleum-based polymers Natural and synthetic biocompatible and (Rasal et al., 2010). Although natural polymers biodegradable polymers are often used for the possess high degradability and negligible toxicity, preparation of particulate systems (Raval et al., synthetic polymers can be produced under controlled 2007). They have attracted much attention due conditions and exhibit reproducible and predictable * Autor para la correspondencia. E-mail: [email protected] Tel. 55-57-29-6000, Ext 55264

Publicado por la Academia Mexicana de Investigacion´ y Docencia en Ingenier´ıa Qu´ımica A.C. 813 Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 128 (2015) 65–72

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/petrol

Effects of indigenous microbial consortia for enhanced oil recovery in a fragmented calcite rocks system

I. Gaytán a, M.Á. Mejía a, R. Hernández-Gama b, L.G. Torres c, C.A. Escalante a, Ana Muñoz-Colunga a,n a Dirección de investigación, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas, Norte 152, Col. San Bartolo Atepehuacán, CP 07730, Mexico b Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Cerro Blanco 141, CP 76090, Querétaro , Mexico c Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna, Ticomán, CP 07340, D.F., Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: Two indigenous bacterial consortia, IMP-100 and IMP-200, proved to have a functional effect on heavy Received 17 October 2014 crude oil recovery, indicating a potential implementation in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR). Accepted 17 February 2015 Growth kinetics of the indigenous bacterial population was performed under anaerobic conditions at Available online 25 February 2015 À 70 1C and 33 g L 1 of salinity. It was found that both extremophile consortia were able to grow under the Keywords: latter conditions. Moreover, they synthesized metabolites that altered the surface properties of the Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) supernatants derived from cell cultures, a useful property in oil recovery processes. Ex situ fermentations heavy crude oil in the presence of crude oil-impregnated calcite rocks demonstrated that both bacterial consortia indigenous consortia enhance crude oil recovery by 8.5% and 13%. In order to identify possible phenomena responsible for bioproducts incremental oil recovery, emulsification index (E24), surface tension, cell adhesion to hydrocarbons, and surface properties crude oil viscosity were characterized. The results demonstrate that IMP-(100, 200) consortia were able to recover heavy crude oil from calcite rocks, possibly due to a decrease in crude oil viscosity, induced by the presence of metabolites and/or the interaction between bacteria and oil hydrocarbons. & 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction employed strategy for MEOR is based on the stimulation of the indigenous microbial population (which is already capable of Nowadays, crude oil is still a major energy source around the thriving under extreme conditions) by supplying suitable nutrients world. Additionally, it is used as raw material in many chemical (Marshall, 2008; Youssef et al., 2007; Shibulal et al., 2014). Local processes and also for the manufacture of a wide variety of products at microbial communities inside the oil wells can alter crude oil industrial level. The increased demand for crude oil has driven the properties allowing it to display improved flow features and implementation of enhanced recovery processes in order to maintain increased sweep efficiency, mediated by both stabilization of the the crude oil production. However, the conventional technologies interfacial tension and decreased viscosity (Lazar et al., 2007). currently used for oil resource exploitation have become less efficient, A bacterial consortium can be particularly effective for micro- since a large portion of the reserve oil is not fluid and remains trapped bial oil recovery when compared to a single bacterial species, as it within the rocks. This heavy crude oil is especially important in several displays a broader range of activities and secretes several meta- countries, including Mexico. Thus, the development of recovery bolic products (Brenner et al., 2008). Some of the products processes of heavy-crude oil is sought in order to increase it by 3% synthesized by these bacteria are potentially useful for oil recov- and 8% regarding the original oil volume (México, PEMEX, 2014). ery. These include biogas, bioacids, biosolvents, biomass, biosur- MEOR arises as a biological technology suitable to increase oil factants and biopolymers (Perfumo et al., 2010; Al-Sulaimani et al., production. This technology is based on both microbial activities 2011). Therefore, the stimulation of indigenous consortia in situ and the presence of metabolites within a reservoir. A previously could enhance oil recovery. However, the actual impact of the in situ MEOR techniques is difficult to assess because of the lack of quantitative information regarding the microbial processes itself.

Abbreviations: BATH, bacterial adhesion to hydrocarbons; E24, emulsification Taking this into account, we analyzed the feasibility of growing index; I, ionic strength; MEOR, Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery; OD, optical indigenous microorganisms and obtaining consortia ex situ by density; SCR, specific consumption rate; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; supplying suitable nutrients to support bacterial metabolism. To Y , CO yield on biomass; Y ¼, crude oil production yields; m, specific CO2 =x 2 g oil/g biomass investigate these aspects, viable bacteria were collected from a growth rate; map, apparent viscosity n Corresponding author. Mexican oil reservoir and their growth and metabolite production E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Muñoz-Colunga). were evaluated in high salinity and high temperature conditions, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2015.02.028 0920-4105/& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2013) 171:279–293 DOI 10.1007/s12010-013-0341-9

Biohydrogen Production Based on the Evaluation of Kinetic Parameters of a Mixed Microbial Culture Using Glucose and Fruit–Vegetable Waste as Feedstocks

E. I. Garcia-Peña & M. Canul-Chan & I. Chairez & E. Salgado-Manjarez & J. Aranda-Barradas

Received: 28 February 2013 /Accepted: 17 June 2013 / Published online: 6 July 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013

Abstract Hydrogen (H2) production from the organic fraction of solid waste such as fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) is a novel and feasible energy technology. Continuous application of this process would allow for the simultaneous treatment of organic residues and energy production. In this study, batch experiments were conducted using glucose as substrate, and data of H2 production obtained were successfully adjusted by a logistic model. The kinetic −1 parameters (μmax=0.101 h , Ks=2.56 g/L) of an H2-producing microbial culture determined by the Monod and Haldane–Andrews growth models were used to establish the continuous culture conditions. This strategy led to a productive steady state in continuous culture. Once the steady state was reached in the continuous reactor, a maximum H2 production of 700 mL was attained. The feasibility of producing H2 from the FVWobtained from a local market in Mexico City was also evaluated using batch conditions. The effect of the initial FVW concentration on the H2 production and waste organic material degradation was determined. The highest H2 production rate (1.7 mmol/day), the highest cumulative H2 volume (310 mL), and 25 % chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were obtained with an initial substrate (FVW) concentration of 37 g COD/L. The lowest H2 production rates were obtained with relatively low initial substrate concentrations of 5 and 11 g COD/L. The H2 production rates with FVW were also character- ized by the logistic model. Similar cumulative H2 production was obtained when glucose and FVW were used as substrates.

Keywords Continuous culture . Hydrogen production . Kinetic study. Mixed culture

E. I. Garcia-Peña (*) : M. Canul-Chan : I. Chairez Bioprocesses Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologia, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Av Acueducto s/n, P.O. Box 07340, Mexico City, Mexico e-mail: [email protected]

E. Salgado-Manjarez : J. Aranda-Barradas Bioengineering Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologia, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Av Acueducto s/n, P.O. Box 07340 Mexico City, Mexico World J Microbiol Biotechnol DOI 10.1007/s11274-009-0136-x

ORIGINALPAPER

Evaluation of enrichments of sulfate reducing bacteria from pristine hydrothermal vents sediments as potential inoculum for reducing trichloroethylene

C. Guerrero-Barajas Æ E. I. Garcı´a-Pen˜a

Received: 28 April 2009 / Accepted: 23 July 2009 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009

Abstract The evaluation of enrichments from pristine could be a new source of inoculum for bioreactors designed hydrothermal vents sediments on its capability of reducing for dechlorination purposes. trichloroethylene (TCE) under sulfate reducing conditions with lactate and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as substrates Keywords Trichloroethylene Á Sulfate reducing bacteria Á was performed. Effect of the possible TCE biodegradation Anaerobic biodegradation Á Hydrothermal vents sediments intermediates cis and trans 1,2 dichloroethenes on sulfate reduction (SR) was also evaluated. The influence of cya- nocobalamin (CNB12) and riboflavin (RF) on the SR and Introduction biodegradation of TCE was also determined. Sediments from the vents were incubated at 37°C and supplemented Hydrothermal vents are a natural source of a microbial -1 2- with 4 g l SO4 , lactate or VFAs and amended in the diversity responsible for biogeochemical cycling in regular corresponding treatments with either CNB12 or RF in and extreme conditions depending on the geology of the separated experiments. A percentage of TCE removal of 86 sites (Teske et al. 2000; 2002; Alfonso and Prol-Ledesma (150 lmol l-1 initial concentration) was attained coupled 2003; Canet and Prol-Ledesma 2003; Dhillon and Teske to 48% sulfate depletion with lactate as substrate. Up to 2003; Frankel and Bazylinski 2003). According to infor- 93% removal of TCE (300 lmol l-1 initial concentration) mation obtained from isotopic data (Ohmoto and Gold- and 40% of sulfate was reached for VFAs as electron haber 1997; Fallick et al. 2001; Alfonso and Prol-Ledesma donor. A combination of lactate and CNB12 yielded the 2003), the conditions established in that kind of sites favor best SR. The overall results suggest a syntrophic associa- the presence of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), which tion in this microbial community in which sulfate reducers, promotes the production of sulfides commonly found in the dehalogenating, and probably halorespiring bacteria may deposits of these hydrothermal regions. Shallow hydro- be interacting and taking advantage of the fermentation of thermal vents (10 m depth) located in Punta Mita, Nayarit substrates differently, but without interruption of SR in (Mexican Pacific Ocean coasts) register an average tem- spite of the fact that TCE was always present. It was also perature of 85°C, and pyrite (FeS) is present suggesting the clear that sulfate reduction must be established in the biological formation of sulfide produced by the reduction cultures before any degradation can occur. The microbial of sea water sulfate and its combination with the Fe2? community present in these hydrothermal vents sediments derived from iron oxides and the corresponding reactions with organic matter. Since sulfate reduction (SR) reactions in that region are biologically mediated, (Alfonso and Prol- Ledesma 2003) this site is potentially a large source of a C. Guerrero-Barajas (&) Á E. I. Garcı´a-Pen˜a wide variety of SRB. Dissimilatory SRB are a physiolog- Bioprocesses Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria ical group of microorganisms that are phylogenetically and de Biotecnologı´a (UPIBI)-Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, morphologically very diverse and include species in the Avenida Acueducto S/N. Col. Barrio La Laguna Ticoman, d 07340 Mexico City, Mexico Domains Bacteria ( -subdivision of Proteobacteria and e-mail: [email protected] Gram-positive group) and Archea (Widdel 1998; Frankel

123 JournalȱofȱPetroleumȱScienceȱResearchȱ(JPSR)ȱVolumeȱ2ȱIssueȱ1,ȱJanuaryȱ2013ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱwww.jpsr.orgȱ

IdentificationȱofȱCarbonȱDioxideȬProducingȱ MicroorganismsȱOriginatingȱfromȱMexicanȱ OilȱWellsȱwithȱPotentialȱApplicationȱinȱOilȱ Recoveryȱ ReginaȱHernándezȬGama*1,ȱAnaȱMuñozȬColunga2,ȱEmmaȱA.ȱHernándezȬMendoza1,ȱLuisȱTorres3,ȱandȱ NormaȱG.ȱRojasȬAvelizapa1ȱ *1Biotecnología,ȱCentroȱdeȱInvestigaciónȱenȱCienciaȱAplicadaȱyȱTecnologíaȱAvanzada,ȱCerroȱBlancoȱ141,ȱCPȱ76090,ȱ Querétaro,ȱMéxico.ȱ2Investigación,ȱInstitutoȱMexicanoȱdelȱPetróleo,ȱEjeȱCentralȱLázaroȱCárdenasȱNteȱ152,ȱCPȱ07730,ȱ D.F.,ȱMéxico.ȱ3Bioprocesos,ȱUnidadȱProfesionalȱInterdisciplinariaȱdeȱBiotecnología,ȱAv.ȱAcueductoȱs/nȱBarrioȱlaȱ Laguna,ȱTicomán,ȱC.P.ȱ07340,ȱD.F.,ȱMéxico.ȱ *[email protected];ȱ[email protected],ȱ[email protected]ȱ ȱ Abstractȱ millionȱ barrelsȱ ofȱ oilȱ andȱ 270ȱ billionȱ cubicȱ feetȱ ofȱ gas(CNH,ȱ2010;ȱPEMEX,ȱ2011).ȱTheȱChicontepecȱfieldsȱ Theȱ presentȱ studyȱ examinedȱ theȱ growthȱ andȱ theȱ CO2ȱ productionȱ ofȱ indigenousȱ microbialȱ culturesȱ collectedȱ fromȱ containȱ oilȱ fromȱ 18°ȱ toȱ 45°API,ȱ inȱ laminatedȱ threeȱzonesȱinȱChicontepecȱoilȱreservoirȱlocatedȱinȱVeracruz,ȱ sandstoneswithȱ aȱ maximumȱ porosityȱ ofȱ 14%,ȱ atȱ aȱ Mexico.ȱTwoȱmicrobialȱcultures,ȱcodedȱasȱNWȱOȱandȱCWȱO,ȱ depthȱ ofȱ aroundȱ 2500ȱ meters.ȱ Oilȱ extractionȱ inȱ showedȱ anȱ acceleratedȱ growthȱ andȱ higherȱ CO2ȱ productionȱ Chicontepecȱ isȱ aȱ complexȱ task,ȱ dueȱ toȱ theȱ whenȱ molassesȱ wereȱ usedȱ asȱ carbonȱ source.ȱ Theyȱ wereȱ heterogeneousȱ distributionȱ ofȱ sandyȱ zones,ȱ lowȱ selectedȱ andȱ identifiedȱ byȱ molecularȬbiologyȱ techniquesȱ asȱ permeabilityȱ fromȱ 0.01ȱ toȱ 10ȱ mDȱ (milliDarcies)ȱ andȱ potentialȱcandidatesȱtoȱbeȱusedȱinȱfutureȱMicrobialȱEnhancedȱ mixedȱ wettabilityȱ ofȱ theȱ rock,ȱ amongȱ othersȱ Oilȱ Recoveryȱ studies.ȱ Toȱ improveȱ CO2ȱ production,ȱ aȱ (Bermúdezȱ etȱ al.,ȱ 2006;GachuzȬMuroȱ andȱ Sellami,ȱ reformulatedȱcultureȱmediumȱwasȱevaluatedȱusingȱonlyȱtheȱ cultureȱ codedȱ asȱ NWȱ Oȱ whichȱ showedȱ theȱ betterȱ growth.ȱ 2009).ȱ Suchȱ characteristicsȱ makeȱ Chicontepecȱ beȱ aȱ Resultsȱ showedȱ thatȱ theȱ reformulatedȱ cultureȱ mediumȱ reservoirȱ ofȱ lowȱ recoveryȱ andȱ developmentȱ (CNH,ȱ causedȱanȱincreaseȱinȱtheȱproductionȱofȱCO2ȱfromȱ1.64gLȬ1toȱ 2010).ȱ Toȱ facilitateȱ theȱ extractionȱ ofȱ oilȱ inȱ aȱ 3.13ȱgLȬ1ȱbyȱtheȱNWȱOȱculture.ȱAnalysisȱofȱ16SȱrRNAȱgeneȱ heterogeneousȱ mediumȱ ofȱ lowȱ permeability,ȱ itȱ isȱ librariesȱ allowedȱ theȱ identificationȱ ofȱ fermentativeȱ necessaryȱ toȱ increaseȱ oilȱ mobility,ȱ andȱ technologiesȱ microorganisms;ȱ theȱ NWȱ Oȱ cultureȱ isȱ composedȱ ofȱ withȱaȱbiologicalȱcomponentȱhaveȱinterestingȱpotentialȱ ThermoanaerobacterpseudethanolicusȱandȱThermotoganeapolitana;ȱ inȱthisȱrespect.ȱȱ theȱ CWȱ Oȱ cultureȱ isȱ composedȱ ofȱ Caldanaerobactersubterraneus.ȱ Microbialȱ techniquesȱ knownȱ asȱ MEORȱ (microbialȱ enhancedȱ oilȱ recovery)ȱ improveȱ oilȱ recoveryȱ throughȱ Keywordsȱ theȱuseȱofȱmicroorganismsȱand/orȱtheirȱbyȬproductsȱinȱ MEOR;ȱPetroleumȱMicrobiology;ȱCO2ȱProductionȱ depletedȱoilȱreservoirsȱ(Belyaevet.ȱal.,ȱ2004;ȱBryantȱandȱ Burchfield,ȱ 1989;ȱ Thomas,ȱ 2008).ȱ Duringȱ theȱ lastȱ twoȱ Introduction decades,ȱ MEORȱ testingȱ hasȱ beenȱ reconsideredȱ inȱ theȱ Chicontepecȱ isȱ anȱ areaȱ withȱ anȱ importantȱ searchȱ forȱ highȬperformanceȱ andȱ costȬeffectiveȱ accumulationȱ ofȱ hydrocarbonsȱ inȱ Mexicoȱ (CNH,ȱ extractiveȱtechnologies.ȱTheȱsuccessȱofȱMEORȱdependsȱ 2010;GachuzȬMuroȱandȱSellami,ȱ2009;ȱRafiqueandȱAli,ȱ stronglyȱonȱtheȱmicrobialȱmetabolism,ȱwhichȱinȱturnȱisȱ 2008).ȱItȱwasȱrecognizedasȱanȱimportantȱreserve,ȱwithȱ determinedȱbyȱtheȱtypeȱofȱmicroorganismsȱpresentȱinȱ aȱ calculatedȱ originalȱ oilȱ inȱ placeofȱ 140,900ȱ millionȱ theȱreservoir.ȱMechanismsȱbyȱwhichȱbacteriaȱcanȱhelpȱ shortȱ tons(GachuzȬMuroȱ andȱ Sellami,ȱ 2009),ȱ andȱ anȱ recoverȱ theȱ trappedȱ oilȱ haveȱ beenȱ explored,ȱ butȱ theyȱ estimatedȱ originalȱ volumeȱ ofȱ 136,784ȱ millionȱ barrelsȱ areȱnotȱcompletelyȱunderstoodȱsinceȱtheyȱcanȱbeȱquiteȱ andȱanȱoriginalȱgasȱvolumeȱofȱ54,222ȱbillionȱcubicȱfeet,ȱ complexȱ andȱ mayȱ involveȱ multipleȱ biochemicalȱ butȱtotalȱcumulativeȱproductionȱhasȱonlyȱreachedȱ160ȱ processesȱ (Sen,ȱ 2008).ȱ Gasȱ productionȱ isȱ oneȱ ofȱ theȱ

ȱ ȱ 1 International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 94 (2014) 182e191

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ibiod

Enhanced sulfate reduction and trichloroethylene (TCE) biodegradation in a UASB reactor operated with a sludge developed from hydrothermal vents sediments: Process and microbial ecology

* Claudia Guerrero-Barajas a, , Alberto Ordaz a, Claudio Garibay-Orijel b, 1, Selene Montserrat García-Solares a, Fernando Bastida-Gonzalez c, 2, Paola Berenice Zarate-Segura a, c, 2 a Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Departamento de Bioprocesos, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental, Mexico City, Mexico b Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Departamento de Bioingeniería, Av. Acueducto s/n Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticoman, 07340 Mexico City, Mexico c Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Miron s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, Delegacion Miguel Hidalgo, 11340 Mexico City, Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: Most Trichloroethylene (TCE) biodegradation reports refer to methanogenic conditions, however, in this Received 7 July 2014 work, enhanced sulfidogenesis and TCE biodegradation were achieved in an upflow anaerobic sludge Received in revised form blanket (UASB) reactor in which a completely sulfidogenic sludge, from hydrothermal vents sediments, 26 July 2014 was developed. The work was divided in three stages, (i) sludge development and sulfate reducing ac- Accepted 27 July 2014 tivity (SRA) evaluation, (ii) TCE biodegradation and (iii) SRA evaluation after TCE biodegradation. For (i) Available online SR was 98 ± 0.1%, 84% as sulfide (H2S, 1200 ± 28 mg/L), sulfate reducing activity (SRA) was 188 ± 50 mg COD H S/g VSS*d. For (ii) The reactor reached 74% of TCE removal, concentrations of vinyl chloride of Keywords: 2 ± ± ± Sulfidogenic UASB reactors 16 0.3 mM (5% of the TCE added) and ethene 202 81 mM (67% of the TCE added), SRA of 161 7 mg fi Trichloroethylene biodegradation COD H2S/g VSS*d, 68% of sul de (H2S) production and 93% of COD removal. For (iii) SRA was of Sulfate reducing bacteria 248 ± 22 mg COD H2S/g VSS*d demonstrating no adverse effects due to TCE. Dehalorespiring bacteria Among the genera of the microorganisms identified in the sludge during TCE biodegradation were: Desulfovibrio sp. Dehalobacter, Desulfotomaculum, Sulfospirillum, Desulfitobacterium, Desulfovibrio and Clostridium. To the Clostridium sp. best of our knowledge, this is the first report using a sulfidogenic UASB reactor to biodegrade TCE. The overall conclusions of this work are that the reactor is efficient on both, sulfate and TCE biodegradation and it could be used to decontaminate wastewater containing organic solvents and relatively high concentrations of sulfate. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction industries, related mainly to the petrochemistry, tannery, phar- maceutical and chemical manufacturing (Lens et al., 2002; Silva High concentrations of sulfate are released to the environment et al., 2002; Boshoff et al., 2004; Thabet et al., 2009; Tang and through several anthropogenic activities such as those derived Nemati, 2009; Sarti and Zaiat, 2011). Derived from mining in- from mining and mineral processing and various other types of dustry, acid mine drainage (AMD) leads to high sulfate concentra- tions and all the related problems that this may present by increasing the total dissolved solids and heavy metals content of * Corresponding author. Av. Acueducto s/n., Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticoman, 07340 water streams (Medírcio et al., 2007; Tang and Nemati, 2009). Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, Mexico. Tel.: þ52 55 5729 6000x56386; fax: þ52 It is widely known that in northern Mexico mining activities 55 5729 6000x56305. have led to serious contamination problems in soil and water E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], (Meza-Figueroa et al., 2009). In addition to the environmental [email protected] (C. Guerrero-Barajas). 1 Tel.: þ52 55 5729 6000x56473; fax: þ52 55 5729 6000x56305. threat that the release of sulfate may cause, in many cases reported 2 Tel.: þ52 55 5729 6300. along the US-Mexico border, surface water and groundwater http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2014.07.015 0964-8305/© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Author's personal copy

Appl Biochem Biotechnol DOI 10.1007/s12010-014-1237-z

High Sulfate Reduction Efficiency in a UASB Using an Alternative Source of Sulfidogenic Sludge Derived from Hydrothermal Vent Sediments

Selene Montserrat García-Solares & Alberto Ordaz & Oscar Monroy-Hermosillo & Janet Jan-Roblero & Claudia Guerrero-Barajas

Received: 14 April 2014 /Accepted: 10 September 2014 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

Abstract Sulfidogenesis in reactors is mostly achieved through adaptation of predominantly methanogenic granular sludge to sulfidogenesis. In this work, an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor operated under sulfate-reducing conditions was inoculated with hydrothermal vent sediments to carry out sulfate reduction using volatile fatty acids (VFAs) −2 as substrate and chemical oxygen demand (COD)/SO4 ratios between 0.49 and 0.64. After a short period of adaptation, a robust non-granular sludge was capable of achieving high sulfate reduction efficiencies while avoiding competence with methanogens and toxicity to the microorganisms due to high sulfide concentration. The highest sulfide concentration (2,552 mg/L) was obtained with acetate/butyrate, and sulfate reduction efficiencies were up to 98 %. A mixture of acetate/butyrate, which produced a higher yielding of HS−, was preferred over acetate/propionate/butyrate since the consumption of COD was minimized during the process. Sludge was analyzed, and some of the microorganisms identified in the

S. M. García-Solares : C. Guerrero-Barajas Departamento de Bioprocesos, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología (UPIBI), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico

A. Ordaz Comisión de Intervención y Fortalecimiento Institucional, Universidad Técnica de Esmeraldas Luis Vargas Torres, Provincia de Esmeraldas, Ecuador

O. Monroy-Hermosillo Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186. Col. Vicentina, 09340 IztapalapaMexico City, Mexico

J. Jan-Roblero Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Col. Sto. Tomás, Mexico City 11340, Mexico

C. Guerrero-Barajas (*) Av. Acueducto s/n. Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, 07340 Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, Mexico e-mail: [email protected]

Claudia Guerrero-Barajas e-mail: [email protected] Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 32 (Especial Residuos Sólidos) 47-62, 2016 DOI: 10.20937/RICA.2016.32.05.04

HERRAMIENTAS PARA LA EVALUACIÓN DE RIESGOS SOBRE EL AMBIENTE Y SALUD, POR LA DISPOSICIÓN FINAL DE RESIDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS

Paulina Rebeca CÁRDENAS-MORENO1, Fabián ROBLES-MARTÍNEZ1, Francisco José COLOMER-MENDOZA2 y Ana Belem PIÑA-GUZMÁN1*

1 Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna, Col. Ticomán, C.P. 07340 Ciudad de México, México 2 Universidad Jaume I, Ingeniería Mecánica y Construcción, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat sn., 12071, Castellón, España *Autor para correspondencia: [email protected]

(Recibido mayo 2016; aceptado septiembre 2016)

Palabras clave: contaminantes, biogás, lixiviados, exposición laboral, relleno sanitario, tiradero a cielo abierto

RESUMEN

En el campo de la protección ambiental y de la salud pública y ocupacional, es necesario controlar, en la medida de lo posible, las fuentes de emisión de contaminantes ambientales \VXLPSDFWR3DUDWDO¿QHVLQGLVSHQVDEOHUHDOL]DULQYHVWLJDFLRQHVPXOWLGLVFLSOLQDULDV que apoyen el desarrollo de políticas públicas basadas en evidencia, encaminadas al EHQH¿FLRVRFLDO\FX\RFRVWRHFRQyPLFRDVRFLDGRSXHGDVHUPHGLGR/DHYDOXDFLyQGH riesgos (ER) es una herramienta que, aplicada al sector del manejo de residuos sólidos XUEDQRV 568 \ODRSHUDFLyQGHVLWLRVGHGLVSRVLFLyQ¿QDO 6') SXHGHD\XGDUDHVWLPDU FXDQWLWDWLYDPHQWH\DMHUDUTXL]DUORVULHVJRVRFDVLRQDGRVSRUHVRVVLWLRV/DLQIRUPDFLyQ que una ER proporciona, servirá para apoyar la elaboración de medidas normativas de prevención de riesgos, así como en la toma de decisiones de control ambiental, a través GHOVXPLQLVWURGHODPHMRULQIRUPDFLyQFLHQWt¿FDGLVSRQLEOHDODVDJHQFLDVQRUPDWLYDV y entidades de gobierno. Los estudios de ER por la operación de un SDF de RSU con ¿QHVGHLQYHVWLJDFLyQHSLGHPLROyJLFDGHEHQLQFOXLUDODSREODFLyQRFXSDFLRQDOPHQWH H[SXHVWDFRPRODSULPHUDHQHVWDUHQFRQWDFWRFRQORVFRQWDPLQDQWHVSDUDODLGHQWL¿- cación de rutas de exposición completas, la estimación y la medición de la exposición real a contaminantes, o bien, la elaboración de modelos de la exposición sobre la base de los datos existentes, avaladas por un equipo multidisciplinario de expertos en dichos VHFWRUHV(VWHWUDEDMRH[SRQHODVFRQGLFLRQHVSDUDODUHDOL]DFLyQGHFXDOTXLHUHVWXGLRGH ER al ambiente y a la salud humana por SDF de RSU, así como algunos instrumentos computacionales existentes que podrían ayudar a completar el procedimiento.

.H\ZRUGVSROOXWDQWVELRJDVOHDFKDWHRFFXSDWLRQDOH[SRVXUHODQG¿OOGXPSVLWHV

ABSTRACT

,QWKH¿HOGRIHQYLURQPHQWDOSURWHFWLRQDQGSXEOLFKHDOWKLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRFRQWUROWRWKH extent possible, emission sources of environmental pollutants and their impact. To this purpose it is essential to carry out multidisciplinary research to support the development RISXEOLFSROLFLHVHYLGHQFHEDVHGDLPHGDWVRFLDOEHQH¿WDQGZKRVHDVVRFLDWHGHFRQRPLF cost can be measured. Risk assessment (RA) is a tool that, applied to the handling of international journal of hydrogen energy 41 (2016) 14630 e1 4 6 4 0

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he

Effects of fluid dynamics on enhanced biohydrogen production in a pilot stirred tank reactor: CFD simulation and experimental studies

C. Nino-Navarro~ a, I. Chairez a, L. Torres-Bustillos a, J. Ramı´rez-Munoz~ c, * E. Salgado-Manjarrez b, E.I. Garcia-Pena~ a, a Bioprocesses Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologı´a, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, P.O. Box 07340, Mexico City, Mexico b Bioengineering Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologı´a, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, P.O. Box 07340, Mexico City, Mexico c Energy Department, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Azcapotzalco, P.O. Box 02200, Mexico City, Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The effect of the flux patterns promoted by a reactor's impeller distribution on the bio-

Received 5 April 2016 logical hydrogen (bioH2) production by a microbial consortium was determined. The flux Received in revised form patterns were analyzed and characterized by the application of computational fluid dy- 10 June 2016 namics (CFD, ANSYSS Fluent 14.5). Two different mixing systems; predominantly axial Accepted 25 June 2016 (pitched blade PB4) or radial flow (Rushton) impellers were evaluated. Based on CFD results,

Available online 18 July 2016 four different impeller configurations were experimentally assessed to produce bioH2. The

highest bioH2 productivity of 440 mL/Lh was determined with PB4 impellers, under the best

Keywords: configuration. In the second-best configuration, also obtained with the PB4, a bioH2 pro- Optimization ductivity of 407.94 mL/Lh was measured. The configurations based on Rushton impellers

Hydrogen production showed lower bioH2 productivity (177.065 mL/Lh average). Therefore, the experiments

Computer fluid dynamics where the axial pumping was favored showed the highest bioH2 production as a conse-

Pitched blade turbine quence of the enhanced transfer of the bioH2 from the liquid phase to the reactor Rushton turbine headspace. © 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hydrogen (H2) is the most promising fuel for the near Introduction future. As opposed to other alternative sources of energy, H2 does not contribute to environmental pollution because its The indiscriminate use of fossil fuels has continued to such an combustion produces only steam, water and heat [24]. Addi- extent that it has not only polluted the environment but also tionally, H2 has the highest energy ratio per weight unit exhausted the limited fuel reserves. This practice has gener- (142 kJ/g) compared to other known fuels [37]. ated the necessity to develop different alternative clean en- The production methods of H2 are broadly classified into ergy sources [8]. three major categories: thermochemical, electrochemical and

* Corresponding author. Fax: þ52 5557 296000x56305. E-mail address: [email protected] (E.I. Garcia-Pena).~ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.236 0360-3199/© 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. $IULFDQ-RXUQDORI$JULFXOWXUDO5HVHDUFK9RO  SS$XJXVW $YDLODEOHRQOLQHDWKWWSZZZDFDGHPLFMRXUQDOVRUJ$-$5 '2, $-$5 ,661;‹$FDGHPLF-RXUQDOV     Full Length Research Paper  'HJUDGDWLRQFDSDFLW\RIIXQJL Colletotrichum VS. Penicillium VS.DQGRhizopus VS  RQPDQJRHVDQGRUDQJHV  *XVWDYR0HQD1HYDUH] *XVWDYR9DOHQFLD'HO7RUR$QD%HOHP3LxD*X]PiQ 5DPyQ9LOODQXHYD$UFH(QULTXH'XUiQ3iUDPRDQG)DELiQ5REOHV0DUWtQH]  8QLGDG3URIHVLRQDO,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDULDGH%LRWHFQRORJtD,QVWLWXWR3ROLWpFQLFR1DFLRQDO$Y$FXHGXFWR61&RO %DUULR/D/DJXQD7LFRPiQ*XVWDYR$0DGHUR')&30p[LFR 8QLYHUVLGDG$XWyQRPD&KDSLQJR'HSDUWDPHQWRGH)LWRWHFQLD.P&DUUHWHUD0p[LFR7H[FRFR &KDSLQJR&30p[LFR  $FFHSWHG2FWREHU  0RVW IUXLWV IORZHUV DQG YHJHWDEOHV VKRZ GLVHDVHV FDXVHG E\ VSHFLILF PLFURRUJDQLVPV WKDW JHQHUDWH ODUJHSRVWKDUYHVWORVVHV7KHGHJUDGDWLRQFDSDFLW\RIVRPHSK\WRSDWKRJHQLFIXQJLFRXOGEHXVHIXOWR WUHDW RUJDQLF ZDVWHV IRU LQVWDQFH LQ D SUHFRPSRVWLQJ SURFHVV 7KH REMHFWLYH RI WKLV VWXG\ ZDV WR HYDOXDWH WKH FDSDFLW\ RI Colletotrichum VS Rhizopus VS DQG Colletotrichum VS  Rhizopus VS WR GHJUDGH µ3DUDtVR¶ PDQJRHV DQG Rhizopus VS Penicillium VS DQG Rhizopus VS  Penicillium VS WR GHJUDGH µ9DOHQFLD¶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olletotrichum + Rhizopus,WZDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWGHJUDGDWLRQZDVJUHDWHU LQPDQJRHVDQGRUDQJHVLQRFXODWHGZLWKDPL[WXUHRIColletotrichumDQGRhizopus, DQGPenicilliumDQG Rhizopus, UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KXV PL[WXUHV RI IXQJL DSSHDU WR KDYH JUHDW SRWHQWLDO IRU XVH LQ WKH SUH FRPSRVWLQJSURFHVV  .H\ZRUGV)UXLWGHJUDGDWLRQSRVWKDUYHVWORVVHVOHDFKDWHVVROLGZDVWH   ,1752'8&7,21  7KH PDLQ FDXVHV RI SRVWKDUYHVW ORVVHV LQ IUXLWV DQG  DQGLQSDSD\D $QRQ\PRXV 7KHPRVW YHJHWDEOHVDUHSUREOHPVGXULQJPDWXUDWLRQGHYHORSPHQW FRPPRQ DQGGHYDVWDWLQJ URWV LQFLWUXV IUXLWV DUH FDXVHG RIGLIIHUHQWGLVHDVHVDQGGDPDJHFDXVHGE\VHYHUHFROG E\ WKUHH Penicillium VSHFLHV ZKLFK DUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU H[SRVXUH &DSHOOLQL HW DO   )UXLWV IORZHUV DQG PRUH WKDQ  RI SRVWKDUYHVW ORVVHV +RQJ

Water Air Soil Pollut DOI 10.1007/s11270-012-1172-y

Enhanced Phenol and Chlorinated Phenols Removal by Combining Ozonation and Biodegradation

Elvia Inés García-Peña & Paola Zarate-Segura & Pamela Guerra-Blanco & Tatyana Poznyak & Isaac Chairez

Received: 11 September 2011 /Accepted: 3 April 2012 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012

Abstract Water treatment for wastewater containing degraded during the biological process and 2,4-DCPh phenols and their chlorinated variations has attracted was only 40 % degraded after 250 h of culture. By important research efforts. Phenol’s high toxicity makes combining the chemical (as pretreatment) and the bio- them a good model to test possible water treatment based logical processes, 85 % of 4-CPh was removed, while the on biological and/or chemical methods. High concentra- degradation of the 2,4-DCPh was enhanced from 40 to tions of phenols may be treated by pure biological 87 %. The predominant bacteria found in the preadapted schemes. However, chlorinated phenols are very toxic cultures were Xanthomonas sp., Ancylobacter sp., and for many microorganisms. Therefore, mixed treatment Rhodopseudomonas. Total treatment period was reduced trains can be proposed to solve the treatment of this class from several weeks to some days. This information of organics. In this study, the ozonation was used as reflects the benefits offered by the mixed water treatment pretreatment to decompose chlorinated phenols. Besides, train proposed in this paper. this study describes how the microbial consortiums were adapted to handle ozonation by-products. The biodegra- Keywords Ozonation . Biodegradation . Combined dation of different phenol concentrations from 50 to treatment . Phenol . Chlorophenols elimination 1,500 mg/L was evaluated using preadapted microbial consortia in batch and in a trickling packed-bed reactor (TPBR). Under batch conditions, phenol was efficiently 1 Introduction removed up to 500 mg/L. For every phenol concentration evaluated, higher degradation rates were obtained in In developing countries, pollution caused by population TPBR. The chlorophenols were found to be poorly de- growth and highly industrial activity has spurred interest graded by the pure biological treatment, 4-CPh was not in finding more efficient technologies for wastewater treatment. Aromatic compounds constitute ubiquitous : : pollutants due to their extensive use. Among others, E. I. García-Peña (*) P. Zarate-Segura I. Chairez phenol (Ph) is an aromatic compound commonly found Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria as a pollutant in industrial effluents, including pulp paper de Biotecnología (UPIBI)-IPN, Av. Acueducto s/n, PO Box 07340, Mexico, Mexico bleach, textiles, pesticides, tannery, oil, and petrochemi- e-mail: [email protected] cal products (Grau 1991; Beltrán et al. 1997; Garza 1985; : Banerjee and Ghosha 2010). This compound is recog- P. Guerra-Blanco T. Poznyak nized to be one of the most toxic and regular pollutants Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Quimica (ESIQIE)-IPN, Edif. 7, UPALM, PO Box 07738, Mexico, Mexico by the (US EPA; Saravanan et al. 2008; Wei et al. 2008) e-mail: [email protected] and by Mexican regulation, which regulate permissible Author's personal copy

international journal of hydrogen energy 39 (2014) 12541 e1 2 5 5 0

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/he

Selective adaptation of an anaerobic microbial community: Biohydrogen production by co- digestion of cheese whey and vegetables fruit waste

J. Gomez-Romero, A. Gonzalez-Garcia 1, I. Chairez, L. Torres, E.I. Garcı´a-Pena~ *

Bioprocesses Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologı´a, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, P.O. Box 07340, Mexico City, Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The co-digestion process of crude cheese whey (CCW) with fruit vegetable waste (FVW) for Received 12 March 2014 biohydrogen production was investigated in this study. Five different C/N ratios (7, 17, 21, Received in revised form 31, and 46) were tested in 2 L batch systems at a pH of 5.5 and 37 C. The highest specific

5 June 2014 biohydrogen production rate of 10.68 mmol H2/Lh and biohydrogen yield of 449.84 mL H2/g Accepted 9 June 2014 COD were determined at a C/N ratio of 21. A pyrosequencing analysis showed that the Available online 11 July 2014 main microbial population at the initial stage of the co-digestion consisted of Bifidobacte- rium, with 85.4% of predominance. Hydrogen producing bacteria such as Klebsiella (9.1%), Keywords: Lactobacillus (0.97%), Citrobacter (0.21%), Enterobacter (0.27%), and Clostridium (0.18%) were less Biohydrogen abundant at this culture period. The microbial population structure was correlated with Co-digestion the lactate, acetate, and butyrate profiles obtained. Results demonstrated that the co- Cheese whey digestion of CCW with FVW improves biohydrogen production due to a better nutrient Vegetable fruit waste balance and improvement of the system's buffering capacity. Microbial community Copyright © 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

products than water when burned [1]. For hydrogen to be Introduction considered a sustainable alternative fuel, it should be gener- ated from cheap and readily available feedstocks that are The problems of global warming and fossil fuel exhaustion renewable or potentially renewable [2,3]. caused an urgent need for the development of clean and Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation has received renewable energies. Hydrogen has been proposed as a clean broad attention, since this process can utilize renewable energy carrier and as potential replacement to fossil fuels, feedstock sources (e.g., complex wastewaters, agro-industrial since it has the highest energy content and generates no other wastes) [4]. Most of the studies have been conducted utilizing

* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ52 5557 296000x56474; fax: þ52 5557 296000x56305. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (E.I. Garcı´a-Pena).~ 1 Current address: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.06.050 0360-3199/Copyright © 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. REVISTA BIO CIENCIAS ISSN 2007-3380 http://revistabiociencias.uan.edu.mx ŚƩƉ͗ͬͬĚdž͘ĚŽŝ͘ŽƌŐͬϭϬ͘ϭϱϳϰϭͬƌĞǀďŝŽ͘Ϭϰ͘Ϭϱ͘Ϭϭ

Review/Artículo de Revisión

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La quema masiva de pirotecnia: Un espectáculo que contamina

Robles Gonzalez, I.V.1, Reyna-Velarde, R.1, Guerrero-Barajas, C.2, Robles González, V.S.3, Ordaz, A.1,*.

1Unidad de Estudios Superiores de Tultitlán, Universidad Mexiquense del Bicentenario, Av. Ex-Hacienda de Portales s/n, Villa Esmeralda, Tultitlán de Mariano Escobedo, México, 54910, México. 2Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología. Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Bioprocesos, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental, Ciudad de México, 07340, México. 3Universidad Tecnológica de Mixteca. Instituto de Agroindustrias. Huajuapán de León, Oaxaca, 69000, México.

A B S T R A C T R E S U M E N

$URXQGWKHZRUOG¿UHZRUNVGLVSOD\DUHZLGH- En diversas partes del mundo, la pirotecnia ly used for religious, cultural, sport, national and family es ampliamente usada durante celebraciones religiosas, celebrations; although these are recreational and enter- culturales, deportivas, nacionales y familiares, que aun- tainment activities, they have caused concern about the que son actividades lúdicas y de espectáculo, han gene- emission of pollutants that harm not only air quality, but rado preocupación por la emisión de contaminantes que may produce toxic effects on the ecosystems and people no solo dañan la calidad del aire, sino que pueden provo- attending such events. It has been studied that massive car efectos tóxicos en los espectadores y en los ecosiste- EXUQLQJRI¿UHZRUNVJHQHUDWHVDQLQFUHDVHLQWKHOHYHO mas. Se ha estudiado que la quema masiva de pirotecnia of atmospheric particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), genera un aumento en el nivel de material particulado this particulate matter may contain metals such as Na, (PM 2.5 y PM 10) en el aire, cuya composición incluye K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe , Co, Zn, as, Br, Sr, Sb, Pb, Cs, Ba, Ti, metales como Na, K, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Br, Sr, V and Cu; also, greenhouse gases are generated such Sb, Pb, Cs, Ba, Ti, V y Cu; además se generan gases de as ozone (O3), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen diox- efecto invernadero como ozono (O3), dióxido de carbono ide (NO2). In water bodies and soil near to the burning (CO2) y dióxido de nitrógeno (NO2). En los cuerpos de DQGSURGXFWLRQVLWHVRI¿UHZRUNVDVLJQL¿FDQWLQFUHDVH agua y suelos cercanos a sitios de quema o de produc- - in perchlorate (ClO4 ) concentration has been found, ción, se ha estudiado que se genera un incremento de - which is an important component in the formulation of perclorato (ClO4 ), que es un importante componente en ¿UHZRUNVDQGLWLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKKHDOWKSUREOHPVVXFK la formulación de pirotecnia y está asociado a problemas as thyroid problems. In Mexico, particularly in the State de salud en tiroides. En México, particularmente en el Estado de México, es una importante actividad comer- Article Info/Información del artículo cial, ya que ahí se produce alrededor del 50 % de la piro- Received/Recibido: August 16th 2016. tecnia comercializada en el país. En la Zona Metropolita- Accepted/Aceptado: December 14th 2016. na del Valle de México y durante las primeras horas del inicio de año se han registrado concentraciones de has-

*Corresponding Author: Alberto Ordaz, Unidad de Estudios Superiores de Tultitlán, Universidad Mexiquense del Bicentenario, Avenida Ex-Hacienda de Portales s/n, Villa Esmeralda, Tultitlán de Mariano Escobedo, México, C.P.54910, México. E-mail.: [email protected]

Revista Bio Ciencias 4(5), Article ID 04.05.01 Septiembre 2017 1 Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 29 (Sup. 3) 79-88, 2013

OBTENCIÓN DE UN COMBUSTIBLE ALTERNO A PARTIR DEL BIOSECADO DE RESIDUOS HORTOFRUTÍCOLAS

Fabián ROBLES MARTÍNEZ1,3*, Óscar GERARDO NIETO1, Ana Belem PIÑA GUZMÁN1, Laura MONTIEL FRAUSTO1, Francisco J. COLOMER MENDOZA2,3 y Carlos OROZCO ÁLVAREZ1

1 Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio La Laguna, Col. Ticomán, México, D.F., C.P. 07340. 2 Departamento Ingeniería Mecánica y Construcción. Universidad Jaume I. Castellón, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12071 Castellón, España. 3 Redisa (Red de Ingeniería Sanitaria y Ambiental) *Autor responsable; [email protected]

(Recibido agosto 2011, aceptado marzo 2013)

Palabras clave: degradación aeróbica, recuperación de energía, calor de combustión, fase termofílica

RESUMEN

El biosecado es un proceso biológico que permite la disminución de la humedad en los residuos. Durante el biosecado, la energía liberada por la actividad microbiana aumenta la temperatura de la masa de residuos, lo que acelera la pérdida de agua. En el presente trabajo se monitorearon, durante 40 días, cuatro pilas con un peso fresco de 75 kg; cada pila fue preparada con una mezcla de residuos hortofrutícolas. Tres de las pilas se colocaron al interior de un invernadero para mejorar la deshidratación de los materiales y una cuarta pila fue colocada fuera del invernadero. Durante el biosecado se registraron las condiciones ambientales como temperatura, humedad relativa y radiación solar, al LQWHULRU\IXHUDGHOLQYHUQDGHUR\SDUDFDGDSLODVHFXDQWL¿FyODSpUGLGDGHKXPHGDG SHVR\YROXPHQGHORVUHVLGXRVDVtPLVPRDOLQLFLR\DO¿QDOGHOSURFHVRVHGHWHUPLQy el contenido de nitrógeno, materia orgánica y calor de combustión. La temperatura en las pilas aumentó desde el primer día del biosecado, alcanzando la fase termofílica (>40 ºC) al segundo día, la cual se mantuvo por cinco días más. Posteriormente se observó una disminución sostenida de temperatura, hasta igualarse a la del ambiente (28 ºC) a partir del día siete. Después de 28 días se logró una reducción de masa de alrededor de 80 %, el volumen disminuyó alrededor de 50 % y la humedad se redujo en un 90 % con respecto a los valores iniciales. Además, el contenido de materia orgánica y nitrógeno también disminuyeron ligeramente. El calor de combustión de los residuos en todas las pilas aumentó hasta 200 %, alcanzando un valor promedio de 18000 kJ/kg, lo que es comparable con el valor calórico del carbón vegetal. Por lo tanto, se sugiere que estos residuos podrían ser utilizados como combustible alterno en calderas u hornos.

Key words: aerobic degradation, energy recovery, combustion heat, termophilic phase

ABSTRACT

Biodrying is a biological process that aims to decrease the moisture in the waste. During biodrying, the energy released by microbial activity increases the temperature of the waste Water Air Soil Pollut (2015) 226: 200 DOI 10.1007/s11270-015-2378-6

Modeling the Phenanthrene Decomposition Adsorbed in Soil by Ozone: Model Characterization and Experimental Validation

J. Rodriguez-Aguilar & A. Garcia-Gonzalez & T. Poznyak & I. Chairez & A. Poznyak

Received: 26 November 2014 /Accepted: 27 February 2015 /Published online: 28 May 2015 # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015

Abstract This paper analyzes the mathematical model- contaminant and (2) soil artificially contaminated with ing procedure to describe the decomposition of phenanthrene. In both cases, the proposed parametric adsorbed phenanthrene in prototypical and real soil identification method yields to validate the mathemati- samples (sand and agricultural soil, respectively) by cal model. This fact was confirmed by the corre- ozone. The modeling scheme considered a set of ordi- spondence between numerical simulations and ex- nary differential equations with time varying coeffi- perimental data. In particular, total decomposition cients. This model used the adsorbed ozone in the soil, of phenanthrene adsorbed in two different systems the ozone reacting with the contaminant and the phen- (ozone-sand and ozone-agricultural soil) was ob- anthrene concentration in the soil sample. The main tained after 15 and 30 min of reaction, respectively. parameters involved in the mathematical model includ- This difference was obtained as a consequence of ed a time varying ozone saturation function (ksat(t)) and soil physicochemical characteristics: specific sur- reaction constants (kr). These parameters were calculat- face area and pore volume. The ozonation reaction ed using the ozone concentration variation at the reactor rate constants of phenanthrene in the sand and output, named as ozonogram, and the measurements of agricultural soil were calculated using the same phenanthrene decomposition through ozonation. The parameter identification scheme. model was validated using two series of experiments: (1) soil saturated with ozone in the absence of the Keywords Soil ozonation . Mathematical modeling . Simulation . Phenanthrene decomposition . Kinetic parameters calculation J. Rodriguez-Aguilar : T. Poznyak (*) Superior School of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ESIQIE-IPN), Edif. 7, UPALM, C.P. 1 Introduction 07738 Mexico, DF, Mexico e-mail: [email protected] Successful applications of ozone in water treatment A. Garcia-Gonzalez have motivated researching propositions to investi- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Guadalajara, Mexico gate the potential application of this oxidant gas to I. Chairez clean up contaminated soil (Pierpoint et al. 2003). Professional Interdisciplinary Unit of Biotechnology, Instituo The main attention has been focused on eliminat- Politécnico Nacional (UPIBI-IPN), Mexico, Mexico ing adsorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soil. This family of chemical com- A. Poznyak Department of Automatic Control, CINVESTAV-IPN, pounds is highly recalcitrant, insoluble in water, Mexico, Mexico and tends to be accumulated on solid surfaces. Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 32 (Especial Residuos Sólidos) 161-171, 2016 DOI: 10.20937/RICA.2016.32.05.12

INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT AIRFLOWS AND THE PRESENCE OF BULKING AGENT ON BIODRYING OF GARDENING WASTES IN REACTORS

Francisco J. COLOMER MENDOZA1,3*, Fabián ROBLES MARTÍNEZ2,3, Ana Belem PIÑA GUZMÁN2,3, Pablo VICENTE MONSERRAT1 y Antonio GALLARDO IZQUIERDO1,3

1 Departamento Ingeniería Mecánica y Construcción. Universidad Jaume I. Avda. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, Cas- tellón, C.P. 12071 (España), Tel.: +34 964728111 2 Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología. Instituto Politécnico Nacional. México D.F. 3 REDISA, Red de Ingeniería en Saneamiento Ambiental, http://www.redisa.net/index.html *Autor para correspondencia: [email protected] (Recibido octubre 2014; aceptado mayo 2015)

Palabras clave: biorresiduo, estabilización, fermentación aeróbica, material texturizante

RESUMEN

El biosecado consiste en evaporar el agua de un sustrato biodegradable mediante el calor generado en la fermentación aerobia. Para conseguir una biomasa con baja humedad a partir de los residuos de jardinería de un campus universitario, se ha aplicado este proceso GHVHFDGRELROyJLFRDGLFKRVUHVLGXRV3RURWUDSDUWHVHTXLHUHDQDOL]DUODLQÀXHQFLDTXH tiene la adición de un agente texturizante en el proceso. El biosecado de este sustrato se realiza en 10 reactores con caudal de aire conocido entre 0.88 y 6.42 L/min• kg (d/w). Al sustrato de cinco reactores se añadió un 15 % de material texturizante (MT), y los otros FLQFRVRORFRQFpVSHG/RVSDUiPHWURVTXHLQÀX\HURQHQHOSURFHVRIXHURQDLUHDFLyQ temperatura y humedad inicial del biorresiduo. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que los ensayos con MT presentaron una mayor reducción de humedad; después de 20 días el contenido en agua se redujo entre un 50 y un 69 %, permitiendo la producción de un com- EXVWLEOHELRPiVLFRFRQXQSRGHUFDORUt¿FRLQIHULRU 3&, GHHQWUHN-NJ–1. Después de la experiencia se concluyó también con que el MT mejora la reducción de humedad, la reducción de amoniaco y permite un buen desarrollo de la fase termofílica. Sin embargo, el aumento del caudal de aire proporcionado al reactor no es linealmente proporcional a la pérdida de peso del sustrato.

Key words: biowaste, stabilization, aerobic fermentation, bulking agent

ABSTRACT

Biodrying consists on evaporating the water from a biodegradable substrate by the heat generated in the aerobic fermentation. To achieve a biomass with low humidity from garden waste of a university campus, this biological drying process has been applied. On WKHRWKHUKDQGWKHLQÀXHQFHRIEXONLQJDJHQW %$ IRULPSURYLQJWKHSURFHVVPXVWEH analyzed. In this work the effect of biodrying process on properties of lawn mowing and garden waste used as substrate was studied. Biodrying was performed in 10 reactors with known aeration rate from 0.88 to 6.42 L/min• kg d/w. Five reactors had 15 % of bulking DJHQW %$ DQG¿YHUHDFWRUVKDGRQO\JUDVV7KHSDUDPHWHUVLQÀXHQFLQJWKHSURFHVVZHUH aeration, temperature and initial moisture of biowaste. The results obtained indicate that the essays with BA presented the best reduction of moisture; after 20 days the water content of waste was reduced between 50 and 69 %, allowing the production of biodried waste Environ Sci Pollut Res DOI 10.1007/s11356-016-6134-2

4TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING-2014

Naphthalene degradation by catalytic ozonation based on nickel oxide: study of the ethanol as cosolvent

C. Marissa Aguilar1 & Julia L. Rodríguez2 & Isaac Chairez1 & Hugo Tiznado3 & Tatyana Poznyak2

Received: 2 September 2015 /Accepted: 19 January 2016 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016

Abstract Naphthalene (NA) is a polycyclic aromatic hydro- the 60 min). The by-products analysis of ozonation process carbon with toxic properties in aquatic systems. Ozonation detected oxalic and formic acids. Treatments with NiO pre-

(O3) and catalytic ozonation (O3-cat) processes are attractive sented less production of organic acids in comparison with alternatives of degradation for this kind of compound. NA conventional ozonation process. The high concentration of (20 mg L−1) degradation by conventional and catalytic ozon- ethanol has a relevant factor in the elimination of NA and ation in the presence of a cosolvent (ethanol) was the aim of formation of organic acids; samples with 50 % of cosolvent this study. This solution was proposed to simulate some as- have showed a higher concentration of organic acids. X-ray pects of real wastewaters where not only water acts as solvent. photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study of O3-cat of diluent Two proportions of the mixture ethanol/water were selected (O3-NiO control) and O3-NA-NiO showed the presence of – (30:70 and 50:50) with the purpose of studying the cosolvent CO3 absorbed on catalyst due to ethanol decomposition. effect on NA degradation system by ozonation. O3-cat process used nickel oxide as catalyst (0.1 g L−1). The degradation Keywords Naphthalene . Ozonation . Catalytic ozonation . analysis of NA by O -cat in two different proportions of 3 Nickel oxide . Cosolvent . Ethanol cosolvent showed that in the case of 30:70 (ethanol/water), a 95 % of NA elimination in 60 min was obtained, while in the case 50:50 (ethanol/water), only 55 % was achieved. The O3 process showed similar results of degradation to the initial Introduction compound in comparison with catalytic system. According to these results, there is an inhibition effect in pollutant remov- Persistent organic chemicals are present as pollutants in the al by ethanol due to the higher ethanol concentration; the majority of ecosystems due to domestic waste, industrial dis- lower elimination rate of NA was obtained (by 40 % during charges, excessive use of pesticides, and fertilizers (agrochem- icals). In this case, sewage effluents present a complex mix- ture of microorganism, suspended solids, and organic and in- Responsible editor: Santiago V. Luis organic compounds. The nature of the water matrix can strongly influence the efficiency of degradation techniques. * Julia L. Rodríguez [email protected] Generally, in the industrial discharges, it is necessary to elim- inate some organic compounds (target) which represent a dan- ger for the environment and human health. The concentrations 1 Departamento de Bioprocesos, UPIBI–Instituto Politécnico of such compounds are normally several orders of magnitude Nacional, Ticoman 07340, México, D.F., México lesser than compounds of water matrix. For instance, natural 2 Lab. Ing. Química Ambiental, ESIQIE–Instituto Politécnico organic matter (NOM) is a complex matrix of heterogeneous Nacional, Zacatenco 07738, México, D.F., México organic compounds that is recognized as waste product. Thus, 3 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de the presence of NOM in natural water sources causes wide- Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana a ranging problems in water treatment processes (Mortazavi Ensenada, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, México et al. 2010). Control Engineering Practice 58 (2017) 193–203

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Output feedback control of a skid-steered mobile robot based on the super- twisting algorithm

I. Salgadoa,⁎, D. Cruz-Ortizb, O. Camachoa, I. Chairezc a Centro de Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico b Automatic Control Department, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico c Departamento de Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico

ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: This paper presents the design and implementation of an output feedback controller based on the super twisting Skid steered mobile robot algorithm (STA) that stabilizes the trajectory tracking error of a skid steered mobile robot (SSMR). The control Super twisting algorithm scheme introduces a diffeomorphism based on the mathematical model of the SSMR to transform the original Output based controller problem into a third order chain of integrators. In this study, the available measurements are the position and Step-by-step robust differentiation orientation of the SSMR. A modified STA working as a step by step differentiator estimates the velocity and acceleration of the mobile robot. Then, a second STA enforces the tracking of a predefined trajectory. Numerical and experimental results comparing the STA with a state feedback controller (SFC) and a first order sliding mode controller (FOSM) justify the control proposal.

1. Introduction mathematical description of dynamics. This is a strong difference between SSMR and the robots that use an active steering where a Skid steering mobile robots are recognized as all-terrain robots, kinematic model is considered to design the controller. The wheel/ since they can be used in non-controlled environmental conditions ground interactions provide traction and braking forces affecting the (Trojnacki, 2015). This kind of vehicles has a robust mechanism motion stability and maneuverability. The characteristics of the wheel/ structure but they are not equipped with an explicit steering mechan- ground interaction greatly depend on the wheel slip. Because the effect ism. As a consequence, the change of orientation in the SSMR produces of lateral skidding, velocity constraints occurring in SSMRs are quite a lateral slippage between wheels and ground. This feature makes the different from the ones met in other mobile platforms where wheels are control solution of SSMRs quite different from classical wheeled mobile not supposed to skid (Kozlowski & Pazderski, 2004). This fact implies robots (Yi, Wang, Song, Jayasuriya, & Liu). The SSMR steers by that controlling this robot at the kinematic level is not sufficient and, in creating a differential of the forces generated from the actuators located general, demands the use of a properly designed control algorithm at on both sides of the longitudinal axis of the robot. This differential the dynamic level too. In Caracciolo et al. (1999), a dynamic model has force generates a non-null lateral velocity causing in turn the effect of been derived including the lateral and friction forces. From the side skidding. A controller design for a SSMR should be awarded of the modeling point of view, the equilibrium equation of the forces differential force generated from the two sides of the robot and orthogonal to the wheels should be taken into account and this therefore the amount of skidding. When a SSMR follows a curved prescribes the use of a dynamic model for control design purposes, path, its heading is not parallel to the tangent of the curved path instead of a simpler kinematic form. Several control techniques were because it laterally skids (Wang et al., 2009). The instantaneous center developed with this dynamic description (Caracciolo et al., 1999; Yi of rotation (ICR) is not fixed as in the case of active steering mobile et al.). In some of these approaches, nonlinear controllers are based on robots with ideal rolling, that may change continuously. Moreover, in the Lyapunov technique such as the ones presented in Angeles, Boulet, some cases, the ICR may be located outside the robot dimensions along Clark, Kovecses, and Siddiqi (2010, chap. 19), and Arslan and Temeltas the longitudinal axis causing some kind of instability (Caracciolo, De (2011). Nonlinear controllers using the backstepping concept have Luca, & Iannitti, 1999). been also applied to solve the problem of path tracking of SSMR. Fuzzy The skidding forces produced by the lateral friction on the wheels controllers, together with a sliding mode (SM) technique have been motivate the control design to consider the knowledge of the SSMR also designed. In Nazari and Naraghi (2008), a classical fuzzy controller

⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Salgado). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conengprac.2016.10.003 Received 13 February 2016; Received in revised form 10 August 2016; Accepted 11 October 2016 Available online 10 November 2016 0967-0661/ © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ISA Transactions 71 (2017) 304–316

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Research article Quasi-minimal active disturbance rejection control of MIMO perturbed linear systems based on differential neural networks and the attractive ellipsoid method

Iván Salgado a,n, Manuel Mera-Hernández b,c, Isaac Chairez b a Centro de Innovación y Desarrollo tecnológico en Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico b Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico c Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica (TICOMAN), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study addresses the problem of designing an output-based controller to stabilize multi-input multi- Received 3 April 2017 output (MIMO) systems in the presence of parametric disturbances as well as uncertainties in the state Received in revised form model and output noise measurements. The controller design includes a linear state transformation 26 June 2017 which separates uncertainties matched to the control input and the unmatched ones. A differential Accepted 22 August 2017 neural network (DNN) observer produces a nonlinear approximation of the matched perturbation and Available online 23 September 2017 the unknown states simultaneously in the transformed coordinates. This study proposes the use of the Keywords: Attractive Ellipsoid Method (AEM) to optimize the gains of the controller and the gain observer in the Active disturbance rejection control DNN structure. As a consequence, the obtained control input minimizes the convergence zone for the Differential neural networks estimation error. Moreover, the control design uses the estimated disturbance provided by the DNN to State estimation obtain a better performance in the stabilization task in comparison with a quasi-minimal output feed- Lyapunov control back controller based on a Luenberger observer and a sliding mode controller. Numerical results pointed out the advantages obtained by the nonlinear control based on the DNN observer. The first example deals with the stabilization of an academic linear MIMO perturbed system and the second example stabilizes the trajectories of a DC-motor into a predefined operation point. & 2017 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction estimate the unknown states and perturbations, a GPI controller uses a high-gain observer. However, its main disadvantage is the 1.1. Preliminaries overshooted solution in the estimation process [6]. Variable struc- ture techniques are another kind of solutions to deal with ADRC The stabilization of Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) perturbed [3,7]. Variable structure controllers guarantee finite/fixed time linear systems is a classical problem in control theory [1]. The ex- convergence in the presence of matched perturbations by means of isting solutions include the stabilization of a chain of integrators [2] discontinuous control signals that compensates the uncertainties if by means of linear controllers that compensate the perturbations or the upperbound is known [8]. However, the resulting solutions disturbances [3] for single-input single-output (SISO) systems. The usually contain high oscillations in the control signal [9]. chain of integrators form arises from classical transformations such Adaptive strategies seem to be an alternative to obtain smooth as the Brunovsky one for nonlinear systems [4] or defining a special continuous control signals [10]. Adaptive control theory has gen- output for flat systems [1]. The control strategies that compensate erated multiple tools to solve the trajectory tracking problem when the disturbances are commonly refereed as Active Disturbance Re- the plant to be controlled is too complex and the basic physical jection control (ADRC) [5]. Generalized Proportional Integral (GPI) processes in it are not fully understood, that means, when these controller is a well defined solution for the ADRC problem. A GPI systems do not have complete mathematical descriptions, or they controller estimates the unknown disturbance for a chain of per- are inaccurate. Among others, several controllers based on dy- turbed integrators by means of a Taylor-series expansion [1]. To namic neural networks have solved the problem of identification, estimation and control of continuous nonlinear systems [11].

n Indeed, differential neural networks (DNN) propose a system re- Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (I. Salgado), presentation of unknown systems described by differential equa- [email protected] (M. Mera-Hernández), [email protected] (I. Chairez). tions [12]. The main tool used to derive the learning laws and the http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2017.08.011 0019-0578/& 2017 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Author's personal copy

J. Med. Biol. Eng. DOI 10.1007/s40846-017-0250-4

ORIGINALARTICLE

Preclinical Biokinetic Modelling of Tc-99m Radiophamaceuticals Obtained from Semi-Automatic Image Processing

Luz G. Cornejo-Arago´n1,2 • Clara L. Santos-Cuevas2 • Blanca E. Ocampo-Garcı´a2 • Isaac Chairez-Oria3 • Lorenza Diaz-Nieto4 • Janice Garcı´a-Quiroz4

Received: 28 June 2016 / Accepted: 13 December 2016 Ó Taiwanese Society of Biomedical Engineering 2017

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a semi the activity quantification. A set of parametric identifica- automatic image processing algorithm (AIPA) based on the tion algorithms was used to obtain the biokinetic models simultaneous information provided by X-ray and that characterize the interaction between different tissues radioisotopic images to determine the biokinetic models of and the radiopharmaceuticals considered in the study. The Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals from quantification of image set of biokinetic models corresponded to the Tc-99m radiation activity in murine models. These radioisotopic biodistribution observed in different ex vivo studies. This images were obtained by a CCD (charge couple device) fact confirmed the contribution of the semi-automatic camera coupled to an ultrathin phosphorous screen in a image processing technique developed in this study. preclinical multimodal imaging system (Xtreme, Bruker). The AIPA consisted of different image processing methods Keywords Biokinetic modelling Á Medical and biological for background, scattering and attenuation correction on imaging Á Radioisotopic image processing Á Tc-99m radiopharmaceuticals

& Clara L. Santos-Cuevas [email protected]; [email protected] 1 Introduction Luz G. Cornejo-Arago´n [email protected] Small-animal imaging (SAI) systems provide non-invasive Blanca E. Ocampo-Garcı´a methods of assaying biological structure and function [email protected] in vivo, in order to characterize (spatially and temporally) Isaac Chairez-Oria ordinary or abnormal tissues (such as tumors). Taking into [email protected] account their non-invasive nature, imaging systems permit Lorenza Diaz-Nieto serial assays through rodent models of human cancer, [email protected] cardiovascular abnormalities, neurological disorders and Janice Garcı´a-Quiroz other diseases [1]. [email protected] A large number of in vivo SAI systems has become

1 available over the last decade, including optical biolumi- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares (ININ), nescence/fluorescence, single photon emission computed 52750 Ocoyoacac, Estado de Me´xico, Mexico tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography 2 ´ Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de (PET), computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), Me´xico, 50180 Toluca, Estado de Me´xico, Mexico 3 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in its different variants, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologı´a such as magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion (UPIBI), Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional (IPN), 07340 Gustavo A. Madero, D.F., Mexico tensor imaging (DTI), functional MRI (fMRI), and others. These diverse approaches differ from each other either in 4 Departamento de Biologı´a de la Reproduccio´n, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Me´dicas y Nutricio´n Salvador Zubira´n, characteristics of the imaging probes or detection tech- 14080 Tlalpan, D.F., Mexico niques. An imaging probe can be considered as a

123 ISA Transactions 62 (2016) 276–286

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Robust disturbance rejection control of a biped robotic system using high-order extended state observer$

Nadhynee Martínez-Fonseca a, Luis Ángel Castañeda b, Agustín Uranga c, Alberto Luviano-Juárez b,n, Isaac Chairez a a Department of Bioprocessess UPIBI-IPN, Av. Acueducto S/N Col., Barrio La Laguna Ticomán, C.P. 07340 México, D.F., Mexico b Instituto Politécnico Nacional - UPIITA Av. IPN 2580 Col., Barrio La Laguna Ticomán D.F. México, Mexico c Universidad Politécnica de Cuautitlán Izcalli, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Av Constitución 1000, Cumbria, 54740 Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study addressed the problem of robust control of a biped robot based on disturbance estimation. Received 7 May 2015 Active disturbance rejection control was the paradigm used for controlling the biped robot by direct Received in revised form active estimation. A robust controller was developed to implement disturbance cancelation based on a 22 January 2016 linear extended state observer of high gain class. A robust high-gain scheme was proposed for developing Accepted 3 February 2016 a state estimator of the biped robot despite poor knowledge of the plant and the presence of uncer- Available online 28 February 2016 This paper was recommended for publica- tainties. The estimated states provided by the state estimator were used to implement a feedback con- tion by Dr. Dong Lili troller that was effective in actively rejecting the perturbations as well as forcing the trajectory tracking error to within a small vicinity of the origin. The theoretical convergence of the tracking error was proven Keywords: using the Lyapunov theory. The controller was implemented by numerical simulations that showed the Active disturbance rejection convergence of the tracking error. A comparison with a high-order sliding-mode-observer-based con- Extended state observers troller confirmed the superior performance of the controller using the robust observer introduced in this Biped robot Nonlinear mechanical systems study. Finally, the proposed controller was implemented on an actual biped robot using an embedded Disturbance observers hardware-in-the-loop strategy. & 2016 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction A different type of solution emerged recently in which the climbing, running, and one-legged hopping problems have been Biped locomotion is considered an active field in robotics and tackled. These controllers consider different paradigms in which mechatronics [1]. The number of possible applications for biped the robot is modeled as a switched system affected by intense robots is continuously increasing. Among others, human inter- perturbations. Moreover, the new class of controllers used to solve active robots, military exoskeletons, gait cycle rehabilitation sys- these problems is adjusted to control biped robots in rough and/or tems, and augmented reality systems have benefited from recent difficult terrains. advances in designing, constructing, and controlling this type of Despite the nature of these new problems in control design for robotic system. biped robots, more general and more robust control laws are Automatic control design for biped robots has received special demanded. One popular approach to solve this task divides the attention because of the wide variety of challenges that this task robot into smaller and simpler subsystems; the result is usually entails. Most of the existing literature in this field has considered called a decentralized control system [3]. However, many of these the problem of generating a stable dynamical walking cycle. A studies consider the possibility of using a state feedback control large set of different control strategies has been successfully pro- form, which is not a realistic solution. Measuring the position and posed and tested on different types of biped robots [2]. velocity of biped robots is not impossible, but it is expensive and compromises their mechanical design.

☆This work was supported by the Secretaría de Investigación y Posgrado (SIP- Considering the complications in implementing state feedback IPN) and CONACyT, México, under research Grants SIP-20150279, SIP-20140274, controls as a feasible solution for biped robots, it is more natural to Conacyt CB-221867. consider output-based control strategies. Some remarkable solu- n þ Corresponding author. Tel.: 52 55 57296000x56918. tions have been developed considering this possibility. However, E-mail addresses: [email protected] (N. Martínez-Fonseca), [email protected] (L.Á. Castañeda), [email protected] (A. Uranga), many of them require an exact and unperturbed mathematical [email protected] (A. Luviano-Juárez), [email protected] (I. Chairez). representation of the biped robot. Others have used high-gain http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.isatra.2016.02.003 0019-0578/& 2016 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. OZONE: SCIENCE & ENGINEERING https://doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2017.1335185

Ozonation Degree of Vegetable Oils as the Factor of Their Anti-Inflammatory and Wound-Healing Effectiveness P. Guerra-Blancoa, T. Poznyaka, A. Pérezb, Y. M. Gómez y Gómezc, M. E. Bautista-Ramírezc, and I. Chairezc aEscuela Superior de Química e Industrias Extractivas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ESIQIE-IPN), Lab. Ing. Química Ambiental, Zacatenco, C.P. 07738, Mexico D.F., Mexico; bFacultad de Ciencias Químicas de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua Campus II, Circuito Universitario #2. C.P. 31125, Chihuahua, Mexico; cDepartamento de Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIBI –IPN), Ticomán, 07340, Mexico D.F., Mexico

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The aim of this article is to study the in vivo effect of the ozonation degree of vegetal oils on two Received 31 January 2017 related clinical tests, such as inflammation and wound-healing in healthy and diabetic mice, Accepted 13 May 2017 respectively. Ozonated grape seed (GS) and sunflower (SF) oils were used for this purpose. The KEYWORDS ozonation degree (from 0 to 44%) of oils was determined by the total unsaturation method (TU). Ozone; Anti-Inflammatory This technique served to quantify the oxidizable substrate of oils and tissue’s lipids. For inflamma- Effect; Ozonated Oils; Total tion studies, an ear edema was induced by croton oil. The latter was treated with GS and SF oils with Unsaturation (TU); Total different ozonation degree, ozonated physiological solution and indomethacin, as reference. To Unsaturation Of Lipids (TUL); evaluate the wound-healing effect, a circular section was surgically removed from the dorsal side of Wound-Healing mice. The wound was treated with ozonated oils, Furacin® ointment (nitrofurazone 2%) and their combination. The TU of lipids (TUL) extracted from inflamed tissues was proposed to identify the biochemical changes in those tissues. The results showed in this study confirmed the effectiveness of ozonated oils for both, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing effects. The better anti-inflamma- tory effect was correlated with the increasing of the TUL in treated tissues. Furthermore, the better inflammation inhibition (INI) was obtained with oils partially ozonated. The GS and SF oils ozonated up to 24% and 22% reached an INI of 25% and 29%, respectively. The complete wound-healing of diabetic mice treated with ozonated oils was obtained during the same time reported for wound- healing of non-diabetic mice. Infection signs were not observed during treatment. Overall, the application of ozonated GS and SF oils with a low ozonation degree showed promising results, compared with the application of commercial drugs.

Introduction (Campanati et al. 2013; Sánchez et al. 2012; Travagli et al. 2010; Valacchi, Fortino, and Bocci 2005). The therapeutic effects induced by ozonated oils in Although the therapeutic potential of ozonated oils diverse medical applications depend on the reaction is well-known, the required ozonation degree to reach between ozonation by-products and biological tissues. specific clinical effects has not been well established. In- They are strongly related to the accumulation of ozo- vitro tests showed an increment in bactericidal and nation by-products (iso-ozonides, hydroperoxides, and antifungal effects when the ozonation degree increases poly-peroxides) (Bailey 1978; Criegee 1975; Menéndez, up to 100% (Díaz et al. 2001, 2006). However, in-vivo Falcón, and Maqueira 2011; Razumovskiı̆ and tests reveal that, if positive effects are expected, the Efremovich Zaikov 1980; Sadowska et al. 2008) and ozonation degree must be different depending on the consequently, the ozonation degree. Thus, the differ- disease and the nature of the oil (Skalska et al. 2009; ences in the ozonation degree of oils may improve or Valacchi et al. 2011, 2013). In fact, when ozonation reverse their positive therapeutic effects, as corrobo- degree is not controlled, the positive effects of ozonated rated by some preliminary investigations (Hernández oils may be reversed. et al. 2009; Kataoka et al. 2009; Menéndez, Falcón, In (Valacchi et al. 2011), the ozonated sesame oil Simón, and Landa 2002; Valacchi et al. 2011). These with three different ozonation degrees was applied to therapeutic effects include bactericidal and antifungal treat mice. Just one of the proposed ozonation degrees properties, as well as the wound-healing modulation showed a positive effect on the wound-healing process

CONTACT P. Guerra-Blanco [email protected] Escuela Superior de Química e Industrias Extractivas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ESIQIE-IPN), Lab. Ing. Química Ambiental, Zacatenco, C.P. 07738, México D.F., México. Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/BOSE. © 2017 International Ozone Association Chemosphere 169 (2017) 53e61

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Chemosphere

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere

Phenanthrene degradation in soil by ozonation: Effect of morphological and physicochemical properties

* J. Rodriguez a, A. García b, T. Poznyak a, I. Chairez c, a Superior School of Chemical Engineering, Instituto Politecnico Nacional (ESIQIE-IPN), Mexico, D. F, Mexico b Tecnologico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico c Professional Interdisciplinary Unit of Biotechnology, Instituto Politecnico Nacional (UPIBI-IPN), Mexico D. F, Mexico graphical abstract

article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The aim of this study was to characterize the ozone reaction with phenanthrene adsorbed in two types of Received 2 May 2016 soils (sand and agricultural). The effect of soil physicochemical properties (texture, bulk density, particle Received in revised form density, porosity, elemental composition, permeability, surface area and pore volume) on the phenan- 28 October 2016 threne decomposition was evaluated. Commercial sand has a uniform morphology (spherical) with a Accepted 31 October 2016 particle size range between 0.178 and 0.150 mm in diameter, regular elemental composition SiO , specific Available online 14 November 2016 2 density of 1701.38 kg/m3, a true density of 2492.50 kg/m3, with an effective porosity of 31%. On the other Handling Editor: X. Cao hand, the agricultural soil had heterogeneous morphology, particle size between 0.1779 and 0.05 mm in diameter, elemental composition was montmorrillonite silicon oxide, apparent density of 999.52 kg/m3, 3 2 Keywords: a true density of 2673.55 kg/m , surface area of 34.92 m /g and porosity of 57%. The percentage of Phenanthrene phenanthrene decomposition in the sand was 79% after 2 h of treatment. On the other hand, the Ozonation phenanthrene degradation in the agricultural soil was 95% during the same reaction time. The pore Soil contamination volume of soil limited the crystal size of phenanthrene and increased the contact surface with ozone Physicochemical properties confirming the direct impact of physicochemical properties of soils on the decomposition kinetics of Byproduct identification phenanthrene. In the case of agricultural soil, the effect of organic matter on phenanthrene decompo- sition efficiency was also investigated. A faster decomposition of initial contaminant and byproducts formed in ozonation was obtained in natural agricultural soil compared to the sand. The partial iden- tification of intermediates and final accumulated products produced by phenanthrene decomposition in ozonation was developed. Among others, phenanthroquinone, hydroquinone, phenanthrol, catechol as well as phthalic, diphenic, maleic and oxalic acids were identified. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction * Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (T. Poznyak), [email protected], In 2010, around 161 sites were identified as potentially [email protected] (I. Chairez). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.141 0045-6535/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 0HFKDWURQLFV  ²

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Mechatronics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mechatronics

Mechatronic design and implementation of a two axes sun tracking photovoltaic system driven by a robotic sensor☆

D.A. Flores-Hernándeza, S. Palomino-Resendizb, N. Lozada-Castilloc, A. Luviano-Juárez⁎,b, I. Chairezd a Centro de Innovación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Cómputo, Av.Juan de Dios Bátiz S/N esq. Miguel Othón de Mendizábal, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México C.P. 07700, México b Instituto Politécnico Nacional - UPIITA, Av. IPN 2580 Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México C.P. 07340, México c Instituto Politécnico Nacional - ESIME. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Gustavo A. Madero, Zacatenco, Ciudad de México C.P. 07738, México d Instituto Politécnico Nacional - UPIBI, Av. Acueducto de Guadalupe S/N, Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México C.P. 07340, México

ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: In the study presented in this paper , the problem of the design and implementation of a two-axis sun tracking Photovoltaic systems system was addressed by applying a set of two robotic systems, one for the automatic orientation of the pho- Solar tracking tovoltaic modules and the second for providing the reference trajectory (robotic sensor). The design metho- Mechatronic design dology was based on mechatronic concepts, in particular the VDI 2206 standard, according to which the system Robotic systems is divided into interconnected modules to be designed, validated, and integrated. This approach provides an efficient energy collection system in terms of the mechanism, instrumentation system, energy supply, and au- tomatic trajectory tracking control. Experimental results illustrate the behavior of the proposed system, which achieves a better performance than fixed systems, as well as one-axis tracking mechanisms.

1. Introduction consist of a mechanism having one or two axes driven by a trajectory tracking controller [7,8]. The trajectory can be obtained online (using The problem of appropriately taking advantage of clean energy, as light sensors) or offline (using solar orientation computational algo- well as of its storage, has become an important challenge for human rithms [9]). In the context of online computation, methodologies based society . Currently, a principal alternative to fossil fuels as an energy on formulae and algorithms for calculating the solar trajectories in time source is sunlight [1]. have been proposed that yield acceptable results. Online trajectory Thermal generators, as well as photovoltaic (PV) systems, can be planning is normally based on arrays of light sensors with different used to collect solar energy. The effectiveness of thermal generators configurations depending on the number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) depends on the class of light concentrator, the materials, and the geo- involved in the tracking system. The type of the light sensing scheme is metry that are used (see [2,3]). The problem of maximizing the solar quite important, as some schemes are not robust on cloudy days, energy in a photovoltaic system depends on the objectives and involves yielding poor results, even for commercial devices, which need special the class of materials used, the intensity of the collected light, the operating conditions for ensuring accurate measurements [10–12]. geometry of the collector, and the energy consumption of the system, However , an automatic control scheme can make the system oper- among other factors. ationally more efficient [13,14]. Various control schemes exist, ranging Sun tracking systems have become one of the best methods to col- from open loop strategies, which are based on times programmed on lect solar energy [4,5]. In general, sun tracking systems consist of me- stepping motors, to other on-off controls based on operational ampli- chanical devices that allow the PV modules to accurately point toward fiers in comparator configurations, and to more advanced trajectory the sun, compensating for changes in both the altitude angle of the sun tracking schemes, most of which are based on proportional integral (during the day) and the latitudinal offset of the sun (during seasonal derivative (PID) laws [7], which ensure trajectory tracking while changes), and changes in the azimuth angle [6]. These systems usually eliminating external disturbance inputs. For example, in [15], a hybrid

☆ This paper was recommended for publication by Dr. Jeff Scruggs. ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: dfl[email protected] (D.A. Flores-Hernández), [email protected] (S. Palomino-Resendiz), [email protected] (N. Lozada-Castillo), [email protected] (A. Luviano-Juárez), [email protected] (I. Chairez). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechatronics.2017.09.014 Received 15 April 2017; Received in revised form 29 July 2017; Accepted 27 September 2017 ‹(OVHYLHU/WG$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG Neural Networks 79 (2016) 88–96

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Neural Networks

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neunet

Pattern recognition for electroencephalographic signals based on continuous neural networks ∗ M. Alfaro-Ponce a, A. Argüelles b, I. Chairez c, a Escuela Superior de Tizayuca, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tizayuca, Hidalgo, Mexico b Centro de Investigacion en Computacion, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico c Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologia, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study reports the design and implementation of a pattern recognition algorithm to classify Received 13 November 2015 electroencephalographic (EEG) signals based on artificial neural networks (NN) described by ordinary Received in revised form 9 March 2016 differential equations (ODEs). The training method for this kind of continuous NN (CNN) was developed Accepted 11 March 2016 according to the Lyapunov theory stability analysis. A parallel structure with fixed weights was proposed Available online 6 April 2016 to perform the classification stage. The pattern recognition efficiency was validated by two methods, a generalization–regularization and a k-fold cross validation (k = 5). The classifier was applied on two Keywords: different databases. The first one was made up by signals collected from patients suffering of epilepsy and Signal classifier Continuous neural networks it is divided in five different classes. The second database was made up by 90 single EEG trials, divided Electroencephalographic signals in three classes. Each class corresponds to a different visual evoked potential. The pattern recognition Pattern recognition algorithm achieved a maximum correct classification percentage of 97.2% using the information of the entire database. This value was similar to some results previously reported when this database was used for testing pattern classification. However, these results were obtained when only two classes were considered for the testing. The result reported in this study used the whole set of signals (five different classes). In comparison with similar pattern recognition methods that even considered less number of classes, the proposed CNN proved to achieve the same or even better correct classification results. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction In general, these pattern recognition algorithms are based on different machine learning techniques such as autoregres- Automatic detection and classification of EEG recordings have sive modeling (Ge, Srinivasan, & Krishnan, 2007), Markov chains become important fields of research for the development of (Boussemarta & Cummings, 2011), self-organizing maps (Allinson brain computer interfaces, security, interactive games and medical & Yin, 1999), fuzzy c-means clustering techniques (Roy, Char- diagnosis systems (Bashashati, Fatourechi, Ward, & Birch, 2007; bonnier, & Bonneta, 2014), neural networks (Kannathal, Rajen- Birbaumer, 2006; Goel et al., 1996; Hwang, Kim, Choi, & Im, 2013). dra, ChooMin, & Suri, 2007) and coefficients of the wavelet As a result, many algorithms for the EEG classification have been transform (Chang, Lin, Wei, Lin, & Chen, 2014), among others. Most proposed, but most of these algorithms are limited by the fact that of these algorithms implement different pre-treatment algorithms they are able to classify just one characteristic of the many that are to construct the pattern vector that is to be evaluated in the clas- codified in the EEG signals (Nicolas-Alonso & Gomez-Gil, 2012). Nevertheless that different methods have been proposed to sifier. This strategy can omit certain characteristics of the infor- classify patterns that appear in the EEG signals as, for example, mation that may be relevant to the characterization of the signal. spindles and K-complexes for sleep staging, epileptiform patterns This omission can be a consequence of the preliminary manipula- for epilepsy analysis, among others, all of them have in common an tion of EEG signals before they are evaluated by the classifier (Riaz, automatic system that uses some characteristics from the signals. Hassan, Rehman, Niazi, & Dremstrup, 2015). Moreover, the con- These characteristics are extracted from the EEG recording. tinuous nature of the EEG signal is left out in the classifier struc- ture (Akareddy & Kulkarni, 2013). Although several pattern recognition schemes have been ∗ Corresponding author. applied over the years on EEG signals, static NN (SNN) (Weng E-mail address: [email protected] (I. Chairez). & Khorasani, 1996) based pattern recognition classifiers have http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2016.03.004 0893-6080/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinforma (2016) 5:22 DOI 10.1007/s13721-016-0128-3

ORIGINALARTICLE

Parametric identifier of metabolic network associated to hydrogen production in Escherichia coli based on robust sliding-mode differentiation

Alfonso Sepu´lveda Ga´lvez1 • Jesu´s A. Badillo-Corona2 • Isaac Chairez2

Received: 8 February 2016 / Revised: 20 May 2016 / Accepted: 23 May 2016 / Published online: 10 June 2016 Ó Springer-Verlag Wien 2016

Abstract This article proposes a robust parametric iden- the STA. All the parameters were estimated with less than tifier of systems that describe metabolic networks in 5 % error. microorganisms. This identifier implements a robust decentralized parallel differentiator that recovers the time Keywords Metabolic network Á Parameter identification Á variation of the concentrations of all the substances Robust differentiation Á Super-twisting differentiator Á involved in the metabolic network. The sense of decen- Hydrogen production and Escherichia coli tralized concept used in this study regards the application of the differentiator in each node of the network without considering the effect of the surrounding nodes. This 1 Introduction solution can be obtained under the consideration of robustness provided by the kind of differentiator used in The use of mathematical tools to represent biological pro- this study. The differentiator is based on the super-twisting cesses has gained interest because its use can lead to opti- algorithm (STA) which is applied to the variation of each mize the production of compounds considering their substance that is included in the metabolic network. These industrial applications (e.g., energy, fuels, materials or derivatives are fed into a parallel nonlinear least mean chemicals, Almquist et al. 2014). In the modeling of bio- square scheme that succeeds in recovering the parameters logical systems, theoretical knowledge of metabolic or that characterize the metabolic network. This identifier is genetic network is used to propose a suitable and feasible applied to a simplified metabolic network, taken from model that represents the dynamic behavior of the network Escherichia coli that regulates hydrogen production from under study. Once the model is accepted, a parametric glucose and it is conformed by 18 reactions. The metabolic identification is performed and finally the results are vali- network is simulated with parameters obtained from pre- dated with experimental data (Ashyraliyev et al. 2009). A vious studies. Then, these parameters were estimated using problem associated with this methodology is to find the set the parametric identifier evaluated in this study based on of parameters representing each particular process, under- standing that in biological systems, the study of every single part of the system may not provide the information of the & Isaac Chairez whole system. The parametric identification of biological [email protected] processes is limited by the lack of enough experimental data Alfonso Sepu´lveda Ga´lvez obtained due to the high cost and low sensitivity of exper- [email protected] imental techniques (Selisteanu et al. 2009). Jesu´s A. Badillo-Corona Using the theoretical biological knowledge of the pro- [email protected] cess and appropriate parameters identification of the whole 1 SEPI-UPIBI, Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, system, the relation between all components of the meta- Mexico City 07340, Mexico bolic pathway can be understood in a better way. This 2 Department of Bioprocesses-UPIBI, Instituto Polite´cnico process yields to the model validation and, if this task Nacional, Mexico City 07340, Mexico could be successfully accomplished, the model proposed

123 Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2016) 179:1418–1434 DOI 10.1007/s12010-016-2074-z

Robust Parameter Identification to Perform the Modeling of pta and poxB Genes Deletion Effect on Escherichia Coli

V. Guerrero-Torres1 · M. Rios-Lozano1 · J. A. Badillo-Corona1 · I. Chairez2 · C. Garibay-Orijel2

Received: 31 October 2015 / Accepted: 3 April 2016 / Published online: 19 April 2016 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016

Abstract The aim of this study was to design a robust parameter identification algorithm to characterize the effect of gene deletion on Escherichia coli (E. coli) MG1655. Two genes (pta and poxB) in the competitive pathways were deleted from this microorganism to inhibit pyruvate consumption. This condition deviated the E. coli metabolism toward the Krebs cycle. As a consequence, the biomass, substrate (glucose), lactic, and acetate acids as well as ethanol concentrations were modified. A hybrid model was proposed to consider the effect of gene deletion on the metabolism of E. coli. The model parameters were estimated by the application of a least mean square method based on the instrument variable technique. To evaluate the parametric identifier method, a set of robust exact differentiators, based on the super-twisting algorithm, was implemented. The hybrid model was successfully char- acterized by the parameters obtained from experimental information of E. coli MG1655. The significant difference between parameters obtained with wild-type strain and the modi- fied (with deleted genes) justifies the application of the parametric identification algorithm. This characterization can be used to optimize the production of different byproducts of commercial interest.

Keywords E. coli · Gene deletion · Hybrid model · Robust exact differentiator · Parametric modeling

 I. Chairez isaac [email protected] V. Guerrero-Torres [email protected]

1 SEPI-UPIBI, Instituto Politecnico´ Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico

2 Department of Bioprocesses-UPIBI, Instituto Politecnico´ Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico (XURSHDQ3RO\PHU-RXUQDO  ²

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European Polymer Journal

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/europolj

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production by photoheterotrophic microbial consortia: Effect of culture conditions over microbial population and biopolymer yield and composition

P. Guerra-Blancoa,b, O. Cortesa, T. Poznyakb, I. Chaireza, E.I. García-Peñaa,⁎ a Bioprocesses Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07340 Mexico City, Mexico b Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Edif. 7, UPALM, 07738 Mexico City, Mexico

ARTICLEINFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: Three microbial consortia (C2, C4, C5) grown under photoheterotrophic conditions assimilated acetate and Photoheterotrophic butyrate, as individual and mixed substrates. By controlling the culture conditions, it was possible to manipulate Mixed microbial consortium the microbial population composition and thus the yield of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) accumulation. Under Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) limited ammonium conditions, pH control, and a sequential two-step process, C2 and C4 produced PHA. C4 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) showed the highest production of 44% of the cell dry mass (CDM), close to the theoretical value calculated with Poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) (P3HV) a stoichiometric balance. Analysis of the confocal microscopy images confirmed the accumulated biopolymer percentages produced by each consortium, and it was in close correlation with microbial distribution and substrate consumption pattern. 1H, 13C, NMR, and MALDI-TOF spectra identified the primary structure of the obtained biopolymers as copolymers of 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV). This composi- tion allows for better mechanical properties compared to the PHB homopolymer. Microbial characterization showed a similar microbial population with different proportions for C2 and C4. The highest PHA production in C4 was associated with higher abundances of PHA producers, including Clostridium (29%), Pseudomonas (8%) and Rhodopseudomonas (5%). Both microbial consortia showed that a portion of their microbial populations were able to perform syntrophic reactions (Dysgonomonas and Clostridium).

1. Introduction brittleness will increase during industrial processing and therefore it could limit its applications [9,10]. However, the copolymers of 3-hy- Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) constitute a category of biodegrad- droxybutyrate (3HB) and 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) have better me- able polyesters. They are produced by many prokaryotic organisms chanical properties (impact resistance, toughness, flexibility, and others with different characteristics [1–3]. One of the main advantages of that are involved in manufacturing processes) compared to those of the PHAs, compared to petroleum-derived polymers, is their biocompat- homopolymer (P3HB) [11,12]. Thus, the final physicochemical and ibility [4]. The production of PHAs in bacteria allows the potential mechanical properties of PHAs depend on their monomeric composition stereospecificity required to assure the biodegradability and bio- and the methods employed for polymer extraction and post-processing. compatibility of the polymer [3,5]. Moreover, recent regulations, such Microorganisms produce PHAs as a way to store energy when facing as the one approved in France [6], highlight the need to develop new stressing conditions, such as C:N:P ratio unbalance. The polymer is strategies to synthesize biodegradable polymers from renewable stored inside the cytoplasm in the form of granules [7]. Due to the sources, such as microbial biopolymers. specificity of the enzymes involved, the monomeric composition and Among PHAs, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) and poly(3-hydro- the yield of PHAs produced by microorganisms can be regulated by the xyvalerate) (P3HV) seem to be the most relevant for practical appli- control of culture conditions, such as substrate composition and pH. cations [7]. The mechanical properties of PHAs range from brittle to PHA production can be achieved by both pure and mixed cultures, the flexible and elastic, depending on the branched length of the monomers latter being particularly interesting for full scale technological devel- or the distance between the ester linkages in the polymer backbones opments. One of the most important factors to manipulate the compo- [5]. The homopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P3HB) has been the sition of the PHA produced by a mixed culture is the supplemented most studied PHA [8]. Because of its thermal properties, P3HB carbon source [8]. The substrate composition produces different

⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail address: [email protected] (E.I. García-Peña). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.007 Received 21 July 2017; Received in revised form 28 October 2017; Accepted 3 November 2017 $YDLODEOHRQOLQH1RYHPEHU ‹(OVHYLHU/WG$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHG         

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=+ .67% !3 8!$ !'9!: = *! !";#  ) Environ Dev Sustain DOI 10.1007/s10668-012-9369-1

Biodrying as a biological process to diminish moisture in gardening and harvest wastes

F. J. Colomer-Mendoza • F. Robles-Martinez • L. Herrera-Prats • A. Gallardo-Izquierdo • M. D. Bovea

Received: 13 March 2012 / Accepted: 12 June 2012 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012

Abstract Biodrying is a process that consists in reducing the moisture content of dif- ferent organic wastes to obtain a useful product, such as fuel, or as a previous step to landfilling. This is achieved by using the heat generated in the aerobic fermentation of organic compounds. The main parameters that control the process are aeration, the tem- perature reached in fermentation and the initial level of moisture. In this work, the sub- strate was composed of agricultural harvest and gardening waste from an area in the east of Spain. The biodrying process was carried out in a greenhouse, where both the heat gen- erated in the fermentation and the heat of the sun were used. In order to promote aeration, two factors were taken into account: One was the capacity of the shredded prunings to act as a bulking agent, and the other one was a perforated floor, which allowed air to pass through. An air outlet was installed at the top of the greenhouse to promote the ‘‘chimney effect.’’ With this setup, drying times of 12–30 days were achieved (depending on the month), together with volume reductions greater than 50 %. The time of the trial has been assessed when the waste has received 75 kW/m2 by insolation. The final waste with a low level of moisture (7–15 %) had a heating value suitable for use as fuel (around 15,000 kJ/kg).

Keywords Biodrying Á Fermentation Á Agricultural waste Á Stabilization

F. J. Colomer-Mendoza (&) Á L. Herrera-Prats Á A. Gallardo-Izquierdo Á M. D. Bovea Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universidad Jaume I, Avda. Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12071 Castello´n, Spain e-mail: [email protected] URL: www.uji.es

F. J. Colomer-Mendoza Á F. Robles-Martinez Á A. Gallardo-Izquierdo Á M. D. Bovea REDISA, Red de Ingenierı´a en Saneamiento Ambiental, Castello´n, Spain URL: www.redisa.uji.es

F. Robles-Martinez Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologı´a, Instituto Polite´cnico Nacional, Mexico, Mexico 123 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON CONTROL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 23, NO. 4, JULY 2015 1387 Robust Trajectory Tracking of a Delta Robot Through Adaptive Active Disturbance Rejection Control Luis Angel Castañeda, Alberto Luviano-Juárez, and Isaac Chairez

Abstract— This paper describes the adaptive control design On the other hand, some drawbacks of PM (with rela- to solve the trajectory tracking problem of a Delta robot with tionship to serial ones) lie on the fact that their workspaces uncertain dynamical model. This robot is a fully actuated, are more restricted, the direct kinematics as well as the parallel closed-chain device. The output-based adaptive control was designed within the active disturbance rejection framework. dynamical model computing are more complicated, and the An adaptive nonparametric representation for the uncertain dynamic model structure does not have the same structure section of the robot model was obtained using an adaptive least as the one presented in generic open kinematic chain robotic mean squares procedure. The adaptive algorithm was designed systems [9]–[11]. There are some effects due to restriction without considering the velocity measurements of the robot joints. terms which lead to structures depending on time-varying Therefore, a simultaneous observer–identifier scheme was the core of the control design. A set of experimental tests were Lagrange multipliers, among others. These last reasons may developed to prove the performance of the algorithm presented complicate the implementation of some control schemes such in this paper. Some reference trajectories were proposed which as inverse dynamics or fast proportional-integral-derivative were successfully tracked by the robot. In all the experiments, (PID)-based controls [12]. the adaptive scheme showed a better performance than the One of the most popular PM is the Delta robot [13], which regular proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with feed-forward actions as well as a nonadaptive active distur- consists of a three (or four) degrees of freedom (DOF) parallel bance rejection controller. A set of numerical simulations was arms and a moving platform which is performing a moving developed to show that even under five times faster reference sequence in terms of the actuators attached to a fixed base. trajectories, the adaptive controller showed better results than the There is a relatively easy solution for its direct kinematics PID controller. problem and the position/orientation of the moving platform Index Terms—Active disturbance rejection control (ADRC), are naturally decoupled [14]. Several designs are available adaptive observers, Delta robot, parallel robots, position control. in the literatures: from translational/rotational Delta robots to topological variations of the robot design. For instance, to I.INTRODUCTION eliminate some spherical joints, a variation of the Delta robot HE USE OF parallel manipulators (PMs), instead of with only three rotational DOFs was proposed in [11]. Tserial open-chain manipulators, has been increased in The dynamical model of the Delta robot consists of three some real-world applications as well as for academic studies. dynamic equations, with three restriction equations (further This condition has been reached by virtue of some of the information concerning the analysis of the Delta robot PM advantages such as their higher stiffness, lighter and faster dynamics can be found in [15]–[17]). This model is highly structure which leads to a better force distribution, easier in- nonlinear and the presence of constraints requires the avoid- verse kinematics computing, and so on. This class of robots is ance of overshooting effects in the joint space. ideal for a better manipulation of heavy loads which yield ac- Traditional control schemes based on classical curate positioning results [1], [2]. Some reported applications PD controllers and computed torque control [18], [19] for this class of robots are haptic devices, lifting applications have been successfully implemented. However, to obtain (even lifting of other manipulators), product transportation a good performance in regulation and trajectory tracking and classification, flight simulators, among others [3]–[8]. applications, the computed torque controllers need a complete knowledge of the robot dynamics, which may be sensitive to Manuscript received August 8, 2014; accepted October 21, 2014. Date of publication November 20, 2014; date of current version June 12, 2015. problems in the presence of uncertainties, disturbance inputs, Manuscript received in final form October 31, 2014. This work was supported nonmodeled dynamics, and even additive measurement noises by the Secretariat for Research and Graduate-National Polytechnic Institute which may lead to instabilities, as well as the necessity under Grant 20140274 and Grant 20140373. Recommended by Associate Editor C. Natale. of high processing capacities in the control hardware [20]. L. A. Castañeda and A. Luviano-Juárez are with the Interdisciplinary Profes- On the other hand, because the PD/PID-based controllers sional Unit on Engineering and Advanced Technology, National Polytechnic are designed without considering the coupling effects, their Institute, Mexico City 07340, Mexico (e-mail: [email protected]). I. Chairez is with the Professional Interdisciplinary Unit of Biotechnol- performance is normally affected by the disturbance inputs ogy, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 07340, Mexico (e-mail: from the other kinematic chains, needing additional control [email protected]). actions to reduce the tracking errors [21]. Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. As an alternative, the active disturbance rejection con- Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCST.2014.2367313 trol (ADRC) scheme avoids the complete knowledge of 1063-6536 © 2014 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information. Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 32 (Especial Residuos Sólidos) 153-160, 2016 DOI: 10.20937/RICA.2016.32.05.11

USO DE VIRUTA DE MADERA Y LIRIO ACUÁTICO (Eichhornia crassipes) COMO AGENTES ESTRUCTURANTES EN TRATAMIENTOS AEROBIOS DE RESIDUOS HORTÍCOLAS

Irwing M. RAMÍREZ-SÁNCHEZ1, Ma. Elena RIOS-SOLIS1, Marcos MORALES-CONTRERAS1, Francisco J. COLOMER-MENDOZA2,4, José C. VARGAS-SOTO3 y Fabián ROBLES-MARTÍNEZ1,4*

1 Departamento de Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Av. Acueducto S/N. Col. La Laguna, Ticomán, México, 07340, D.F. México. 2 Departamento Ingeniería Mecánica y Construcción. Universidad Jaume I. Avda. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, Cas- tellón, C.P. 12071 (España) 3 Tecnología Especializada en el Medio Ambiente S.A. de C.V. México D.F., México. 4 REDISA, Red de Ingeniería en Saneamiento Ambiental, www.redisa.uji.es *Autor para correspondencia: [email protected]

(Recibido mayo 2014; aceptado noviembre 2015)

Palabras clave: residuos sólidos, degradación aeróbica, lixiviados

RESUMEN

En procesos aerobios para tratar residuos orgánicos con alto contenido de humedad y bajo contenido de lignina y celulosa, deben emplearse agentes estructurantes para favorecer la aireación y por lo tanto el buen desarrollo del bioproceso. En este trabajo se utilizó una mezcla de viruta de madera y lirio acuático seco (Eichhornia crassipes) como agente estructurante en diferentes porcentajes (5, 10, 15 y 20 %). Cada tratamiento fue hecho por triplicado y estuvo compuesto de una mezcla que contenía los seis bioresiduos generados en mayor cantidad en la Central de Abasto de la Ciudad de México. Los experimentos se llevaron a cabo en celdas de material acrílico donde se colocó una mezcla de 1200 g de residuos y material estructurante. Durante el proceso, los parámetros medidos fueron el pH, la temperatura, la densidad, el contenido de humedad, la generación de lixiviados y la reducción de masa. Los resultados mostraron que el elevado contenido de humedad de la mezcla puede ser regulado con materiales estructurantes secos, ya que estos materiales absorben parte del lixiviado durante las primeras semanas del proceso y mejoran la tex- tura de las pilas evitando con esto que la degradación se lleve a cabo en condiciones de anaerobiosis. Tomando como base la generación de lixiviados y la reducción de masa, los mejores resultados se obtuvieron usando un 15 % de agente estructurante, el cual estaba compuesto de una mezcla de 6:1 viruta de madera y lirio acuático.

Key words: solid waste, aerobic degradation, leachates

ABSTRACT

In aerobic treatments for solid waste with high humidity content and low lignine and cellulose, bulking agents must be applied in order to improve the aeration and the per- formance of the process. In the present work, a mixture of wood shaving and dry water lily (Eichhornia crassipes) was tested as bulking agent at different percentages (5, 10, 15 and 20 %). Each assay was prepared by triplicate and was composed by a mixture of OZONE: SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2016, VOL. 38, NO. 4, 279–290 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2016.1158635

Sequential Treatment of Tequila Industry Vinasses by Biopolymer-based Coagulation/Flocculation and Catalytic Ozonation H. Ferral-Péreza, L. G. Torres Bustillosa, H. Méndezb, J. L. Rodríguez-Santillanc, and I. Chaireza aDepartamento de Bioprocesos, UPIBI- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ZP. 07430, Mexico City, México; bCentro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingeniería (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, ZP. 44430, Guadalajara Jalisco, México; cSección de Estudios de Posgrado, ESIQIE- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ZP. 07738, Mexico City, México

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY This article describes the study of the treatment of tequila industry vinasses based on the Received 24 August 2015 sequential application of coagulation-flocculation and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation. Accepted 13 January 2016 Coagulation-flocculation treatment used biopolymers to reduce the nondissolved organic matter KEYWORDS and to reduce the degree of color units in effluent. Among six different substances, chitosan was Biopolymers; Catalytic the most efficient biopolymer to remove the highest chemical organic demand (COD) concentra- Ozonation; Coagulation- tion (84.0%). The response surface technique was used to obtain the best attainable operation Flocculation; Nickel Oxide; conditions of coagulation-flocculation process. The initial organic matter concentration, the reac- Ozonation; Tequila Vinasses tion period and biopolymer concentration were selected as the independent variables. Two levels of analysis were performed: optimally and sensibility. The best reaction conditions were 3.23 × 104 − − mg L 1 of initial COD, 125.4 mg L 1 of chitosan concentration, and 60.0 min of reaction. Ozonation process was performed on the effluent of coagulation-flocculation treatment. A batch reaction with 30 mg L−1 of ozone in gaseous phase and a flow of 0.1 L min−1 was implemented. Nickel − oxide (100 mg L 1) was used as the catalyst of the ozonation reaction. Twice larger COD concentration removal was obtained when the catalyst participated in the reaction compared to the so-called conventional ozonation (12.00% in conventional case vs 26.70% in catalyst presence). An ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy study was conducted to obtain a prelimin- ary evaluation of organic compounds removal by effect of the sequential method proposed in this study. A significant total organics removal from the tequila industry wastewater (measured as the integral of UV-Vis spectrum) of 398.6 conditional units was obtained when the conventional ozonation was used after coagulation-flocculation, but that value was increased up to 1609.12 conditional units when the catalyst was inserted into the reaction.

Introduction In general, physicochemical characteristics of vinasses are low pH values, high COD, and a dark brown colora- Nowadays, the tequila industry production has increased tion. This last characteristic represents a serious environ- due to the growing popularity of tequila in many coun- mental issue in water and soil. Anoxia, water acidification tries all over the world. Tequila raw material is blue agave, and increasing of soil salinity can be considered the most Agave tequilana, which is processed to extract aguamiel a relevant affectations produced by the high degree of color kind of natural sugared beverage. It is then boiled and in vinasses (Zayas et al. 2007). fermented. Fermentation broth is distilled to get two main Several wastewater treatments have been proposed to contaminant by-products: a) bagasse, residual solids from deal with vinasse concentration. Physicochemical treat- agave and b) vinasse, which is the wastewater obtained ments, biological degradation, and advanced oxidation after the distillation process (López-López et al. 2010). processes have been considered as successful options Due to the low conversion yields of sugar to alcohol, the (López-López et al. 2010). Anaerobic digestion has shown process output is 10 to 12 L of vinasses per liter of tequila. large removal percentages of organic matter load. Lack of standards and necessary technology for tequila However, this process cannot significantly remove color wastewaters treatment has caused an environmental crisis in vinasses (Zayas et al. 2007). Mendez et al. reported the in the main producer regions where vinasses are poured application of anaerobic digestion for vinasses treatment, into rivers, lakes, and soil without any kind of treatment achieving COD removal yields of 90–95% (Méndez-Acosta (Iñiguez-Covarrubias and Peraza-Luna 2007).

CONTACT L. G. Torres Bustillos [email protected] Departamento de Bioprocesos, UPIBI- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto de Guadalupe S/ N, Col. Barrrio La Laguna Ticoman, Del. Gustavo A Madero, ZP. 07340 Ciudad de México, México. Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/BOSE. © 2016 International Ozone Association Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2013, Volume 1, Issue 2, Pages: 110-116

Enviro. Treat. Tech. ISSN:2309-1185 Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com/

Surfactant Enhanced Washing of Soil Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Treatment of Produced Wastewaters Using a Biofilter

Evelyn Zamudio-Pérez1, Erick R. Bandala2, Luis C. Fernandez1, Luis G.Torres*1

1UPIBI- Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto s.n. Colonia Barrio la Laguna Ticomán. México 07340 DF, México. 2Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental. Universidad de las Américas, Puebla. Sta. Catarina Mártir, Cholula, 72820. Puebla, México.

Abstract Wastewater generated by washing a real petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil was treated using a submerged aerobic filter. The wastewater contained petroleum hydrocarbons, surfactants, and other compounds that leached during the soil washing process. The efficiency of the biological treatment using natural or synthetic surfactants on the hydrocarbon-contaminated soil washing process, and different operation temperatures (24, 28, and 32°C) were compared and the identification of the microbial consortium present in the biofilter was carried out. The best degradation efficiency (73% hydrocarbon removal) was obtained when the wastewater from the soil washing using locust bean gum was treated at the biofilter operated at 24°C. The microorganisms found in the microbial consortium in the biofilter were B. subtillis, C. jeikeium, Pseudomonas sp., A. sobria, A. caviae, E. sakazakii.

Keywords: Surfactants, submerged aerobic filter, wastewaters treatment, soil washing.

1 Introduction1 consisting in coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation Mexico is a country with an intense petroleum coupled to activated sludge systems. Considerable activity. Only during 2007, over 3 million crude oil removal of the main contaminants has been achieved by barrels were produced daily [1]. However, besides its applying such process, nonetheless with high amount of economic preponderance, the oil industry as a whole has sludge produced [4]. Advanced oxidation process applied had a large negative environmental impact. Soil to the same kind of wastewater have generated contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons is very remarkable results for the removal of bulk contamination common [2]. Crude oil spills have produced severe [5], [6] for a quite efficient treatment process without the contamination of soils with a wide variety of toxic and/or generation of important amounts of sludge. The systems, persistent oil derivatives. The usual treatment techniques however, may require expensive chemicals and the for contaminated areas include the application of application of high amounts of energy. chemical, biological, or physical processes aimed to Biological treatment is a cost-effective method destroy the involved contaminants, modifying it to suitable for wastewater restoration. However, to our harmless by-products and/or reducing their concentration. knowledge, few works have used biodegradation as A widely used methodology for remediation is in-situ soil treatment for soil washing wastewater. Treatment of washing consisting in dragging the contaminants present wastewater containing surfactants by biological processes in soils by using a carrier solution [3]. Once the (i.e. activated sludge), has some difficulties related with hydrocarbon-contaminated soils have been washed, the low degradation rates and foam production [7]. Use of washing solution usually contains the added surfactants aerated biofilters is a promising technique due to its and the contaminants desorbed from the soil. capability to promote high biomass loads, easy operate Several processes have been reported for the and biodegradation rates higher than free cell systems [8]. treatment of such wastewater. In particular, when The use of submerged aerobic filters has advantages as surfactants are present, biological processes, ultrasonic their high capacity for contaminant removal, efficient irradiation, advanced oxidation, activated charcoal stable operation, acceptance and adaptation to organic adsorption, and activated membrane reactors have been and hydraulic load fluctuations, high biomass retention applied. Physical chemical processes are frequently used time, proper interaction between substrate and microorganism, and enough oxygen to maintain the system under aerobic conditions. The aim of this work is Corresponding autor: Luis G.Torres, UPIBI- Instituto to show our results on integral remediation process for Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto s.n. Colonia Barrio soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, la Laguna Ticomán. México 07340 DF, México. Tel: including soil characterization, the surfactant enhanced 52(55)57296000 ext 56367. FAX 52(55)57296000 ext soil washing assessments, production and 56305, E-mail: [email protected]. characterization of wastewater and its treatment in an

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Short communication Trichloroethylene (TCE) biodegradation and its effect on sulfate reducing activity in enriched sulfidogenic cultures prevenient from a UASB maintained at 20 C

Selene-Montserrat García-Solares a, Alberto Ordaz b, Oscar Monroy-Hermosillo c, Claudia Guerrero-Barajas a,* a Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Departamento de Bioprocesos, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Ambiental, Mexico City, Mexico b Universidad Politécnica de Quintana Roo, Departamento de Biotecnología, Cancún, Quintana Roo 77500, Mexico c Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Departamento de Biotecnología, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186, Col. Vicentina, 09340 Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: Enriched sulfidogenic microorganisms sampled from a UASB reactor operated at room temperature were Received 23 March 2013 evaluated on their sulfate reducing activity (SRA) in the presence of trichloroethylene (TCE) (200, 500 Received in revised form and 900 mM) in order to determine the degree of inhibition on the sulfidogenic microorganisms. The 17 April 2013 microcosms were incubated at initial sulfate ðSO À2Þ concentration of 6000 mg/L with a mixture of Accepted 18 April 2013 4 volatile fatty acids (VFA’s) as substrate (acetate, propionate and butyrate). SRA in the microcosms before Available online À1 À1 TCE addition ranged from 400 Æ 258 to 8290 Æ 630 mg COD-H2S g VSS d , after TCE addition the SRA ranged from 5 to 1500 mg COD-H S gÀ1 VSS dÀ1. The lowest SRA observed was due to the highest TCE Keywords: 2 Microbial sulfate reduction biodegradation (over 90%) yielding ethene as product of the TCE biodegradation within two weeks. The fi Sulfate reducing activity sul de (H2S) concentration in the microcosms was varied from 40 to 700 mg/L, except for the transient Hydrothermal vents sediments interruption of sulfate reduction when TCE was biodegraded. The SRA in the microcosms was low but Trichloroethylene biodegradation steadily observed in the enrichments after TCE biodegradation suggesting that it is possible to maintain a high biogenic sulfide production in the presence of the pollutant. Therefore the enrichments could be useful for further applications such as heavy metals precipitation along with biodegradation of moderate TCE concentrations. Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction anaerobic conditions (Pant and Pant, 2010). Under anaerobic con- ditions TCE biodegradation is carried out mainly through halores- Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a common toxic organic compound piration or by cometabolism under methanogenic conditions (Field found in groundwater streams in several places all over the world and Sierra-Alvarez, 2004; Pant and Pant, 2010). Biodegradation of as a result of poor planned final disposal practices derived of its TCE under sulfate reducing conditions has been reported to a minor wide usage as solvent in many types of industries (EPA, 2012). The extent compared to the other two mentioned mechanisms World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) recommends a maximum (Pavlostathis and Zhuang, 1991; Drzyzga et al., 2001; Aulenta et al., concentration of TCE of 20 mg/L in drinking water due to its high 2008). toxicity, whereas the Environment Protection Agency (EPA, 2012) Specifically in engineered systems (bioreactors), most of chlo- still has TCE in the list of priority pollutants. rinated solvents such as TCE (or PCE) biodegradation reports deal Biodegradation of TCE has been reported to occur in both, with methanogenic conditions in bioreactors inoculated with natural environments and engineered systems under aerobic and either granular sludge or anaerobic sludge coming from wastewater treatment plants (Sponza, 2003a, 2003b; Siggins et al., 2011a,b,c), being the biodegradation of these compounds poorly studied in * Corresponding author. Av. Acueducto s/n., Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, 07340 sulfidogenic bioreactors. Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City, Mexico. Tel.: þ52 55 5729 6000x56386; fax: þ52 On the other hand, the microbial ecology found in marine 55 5729 6000x56315. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected], sediments is vast and a good source of sulfate reducing bacteria [email protected] (C. Guerrero-Barajas). that could be enriched under appropriate conditions and used as

0964-8305/$ e see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.04.011 Author's personal copy

international journal of hydrogen energy 39 (2014) 12541 e1 2 5 5 0

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Selective adaptation of an anaerobic microbial community: Biohydrogen production by co- digestion of cheese whey and vegetables fruit waste

J. Gomez-Romero, A. Gonzalez-Garcia 1, I. Chairez, L. Torres, E.I. Garcı´a-Pena~ *

Bioprocesses Department, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologı´a, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, P.O. Box 07340, Mexico City, Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: The co-digestion process of crude cheese whey (CCW) with fruit vegetable waste (FVW) for Received 12 March 2014 biohydrogen production was investigated in this study. Five different C/N ratios (7, 17, 21, Received in revised form 31, and 46) were tested in 2 L batch systems at a pH of 5.5 and 37 C. The highest specific

5 June 2014 biohydrogen production rate of 10.68 mmol H2/Lh and biohydrogen yield of 449.84 mL H2/g Accepted 9 June 2014 COD were determined at a C/N ratio of 21. A pyrosequencing analysis showed that the Available online 11 July 2014 main microbial population at the initial stage of the co-digestion consisted of Bifidobacte- rium, with 85.4% of predominance. Hydrogen producing bacteria such as Klebsiella (9.1%), Keywords: Lactobacillus (0.97%), Citrobacter (0.21%), Enterobacter (0.27%), and Clostridium (0.18%) were less Biohydrogen abundant at this culture period. The microbial population structure was correlated with Co-digestion the lactate, acetate, and butyrate profiles obtained. Results demonstrated that the co- Cheese whey digestion of CCW with FVW improves biohydrogen production due to a better nutrient Vegetable fruit waste balance and improvement of the system's buffering capacity. Microbial community Copyright © 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

products than water when burned [1]. For hydrogen to be Introduction considered a sustainable alternative fuel, it should be gener- ated from cheap and readily available feedstocks that are The problems of global warming and fossil fuel exhaustion renewable or potentially renewable [2,3]. caused an urgent need for the development of clean and Biohydrogen production by dark fermentation has received renewable energies. Hydrogen has been proposed as a clean broad attention, since this process can utilize renewable energy carrier and as potential replacement to fossil fuels, feedstock sources (e.g., complex wastewaters, agro-industrial since it has the highest energy content and generates no other wastes) [4]. Most of the studies have been conducted utilizing

* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ52 5557 296000x56474; fax: þ52 5557 296000x56305. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (E.I. Garcı´a-Pena).~ 1 Current address: Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.06.050 0360-3199/Copyright © 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie. 28 Sup. (1) 59-65, 2012

SECADO DE RESIDUOS DE JARDINERÍA EN REACTORES MEDIANTE PROCESOS BIOLÓGICOS

Francisco J. COLOMER MENDOZA1,3*, Lidón HERRERA PRATS1, Fabián ROBLES MARTÍNEZ2,3, Antonio GALLARDO IZQUIERDO1,3 y Mar CARLOS ALBEROLA1,3

1 Departamento Ingeniería Mecánica y Construcción, Universidad Jaume I. Av Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón de la Plana, C.P. 12071, España 2 Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 3 Red de Ingeniería en Saneamiento Ambiental, REDISA (www.uji.redisa.es) *Autor responsable; [email protected]

(Recibido agosto 2011, aceptado enero 2012)

3DODEUDVFODYHELRVHFDGRHVWDELOL]DFLyQIHUPHQWDFLyQDHURELDSRGHUFDORUt¿FRWH[WXUL]DQWH

RESUMEN

El biosecado consiste en disminuir la humedad y estabilizar la materia biodegradable para obtener un producto útil como combustible o como paso previo a su depósito en vertedero. Para ello, se aprovecha el calor de la fermentación aerobia de la materia biodegradable. Los parámetros que controlan el proceso son: aireación, temperatura alcanzada y humedad inicial. En este trabajo, se han empleado como sustrato los re- siduos de jardinería de la Universidad Jaume I de Castellón. El biosecado se realizó en reactores de 25 litros de capacidad en los que se aprovechó el calor generado en la fermentación. La trituración de los residuos y la aireación de estos mejoraron el proceso de biosecado. Los tiempos de secado fueron de 20 días, reducciones de volumen entre HO\HO\GHSHVRGHO(OUHVLGXR¿QDOUHGXMRVXKXPHGDG KDVWDXQ\DOFDQ]yXQSRGHUFDORUt¿FR¿QDO NFDONJ DGHFXDGRSDUDVHU usado como combustible.

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ABSTRACT

Biodrying consists in both reducing moisture and stabilizing organic compounds, in order to obtain a useful product, such as fuel. It also can be applied as a previous step WRODQG¿OO7RDFKLHYHWKLVJRDOWKHKHDWJHQHUDWHGLQWKHDHURELFIHUPHQWDWLRQLVXVHG Some parameters have to be controlled in the process, such as aeration, temperature and initial moisture. In this research, gardening wastes from Universidad Jaume I of &DVWHOOyQ 6SDLQ KDYHEHHQXVHG%LRGU\LQJKDVWDNHQSODFHLQOLWHUVYROXPHUHDFWRUV ZKHUHZHWRRNDGYDQWDJHRIWKHKHDWJHQHUDWHGLQWKHDHURELFIHUPHQWDWLRQ Furthermore, GLIIHUHQWDLUÀRZVZHUHLQWURGXFHGLQWKHUHDFWRUVWRVXSSO\R[LJHQWRPLFURRUJDQLVPV So, in 20 days a reduction of 40-57 % in weight and 45.5-63.2 % in volume has been REVHUYHG7KH¿QDOZDVWHUHGXFHGLWVPRLVWXUHWRZLWKDORZKHDWLQJYDOXHRI NFDONJWKHUHIRUHLWFRXOGEHXVHGDVDIXHOLQDQLQFLQHUDWLRQSODQW Journal of Environmental Protection, 2013, *, **-** doi:10.4236/jep.2013.***** Published Online *** 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jep)

Surfactant-enhanced washing of soils contaminated with wasted-automotive oils and the quality of the produced wastewater

Montserrat Zacarias-Salinas1, Mabel Vaca2, Miguel A. Flores2, Erick R. Bandala3 and Luis G.Torres*1

1UPIBI- Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto s.n. Colonia Barrio la Laguna Ticomán. México 07340 DF, México. Tel. 52(55)57296000 ext 56367. FAX 52(55)57296000 ext 56305. *corresponding author: [email protected] 2 Laboratorio de Calidad de Agua y Residuos. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Azcapotzalco México. 3Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental Escuela de Ingeniería. Universidad de las Américas-Puebla. Sta. Catarina Mártir, Cholula, 82720. Puebla, México.

Received February 15th, (2013).

ABSTRACT An old automotive industrial site located at Mexico City with many years of operation and contaminated with heavy oil hydrocarbons, particularly spent oils, was assessed for restoration using the surfactant enhanced soil washing (SESW) process. The main goal of this study was to characterize the contaminated soil in terms of TPHs, BTEX, PAHs, and metals contents as well as microbiologically (total heterotrophs and specific degrading microorganisms). We also aimed to determine the surfactant type and concentration to be used in the SESW process for the automotive waste oil conta- minated soil. At the end, sixteen kg of contaminated soil were washed and the produced wastewater (approximately 40L) was characterized in terms of COD, BOD; solids, and other physico-chemical parameters. The soil contained about 14,000 mg of TPH/kg soil (heavy fraction), 0.13 mg benzo(k)fluoranthene and 0.07 benzo(a)pyrene mg/kg as well as traces of some metals. Metals concentrations were always under the maximum concentration levels suggested by Mexican regulations. 15 different surfactants were used to identify the one with the capability to achieve the highest TPH removal. Surfactants included 5 anionics, 2 zwitterionic, 5 nonionics and 3 natural gums. Sulfopon 30 at a concen- tration of 0.5% offered the best surfactant performance. The TPH removals employing the different surfactants were in the range from 38 to 68%, in comparison to the soil washing with water (10% of TPH removal). Once the surfactant was selected, 70 kg of soil were washed and the resulting water contained approximately 1,300 mg/L of COD, 385 mg/L of BOD (BOD/COD = 0.29), 122 mg/L of MBAS, and 212 mg/L of oil and greases, among other contaminants.

Keywords: wasted automotive oils, surfactants, soil washing, waste water.

1. Introduction compounds due to the reduction of surface tension (bel- low the surfactant’s critical micelle concentration (CMC) The restoration of soil contaminated with hydrocarbons and 2) The mobilization of hydrophobic compounds due is often difficult and complex due, among other, to the to the presence of the surfactant, at concentrations higher adsorption on the soil matrix and the low solubility of than surfactant´s CMC value [5]. these contaminants. It has been demonstrated that the more insoluble in water is the contaminant, the longer it SESW process has shown very good results, and also has remains in the soil matrix [1]. been considered as an economic and easy technique, so its application has increased in interest [3, 6, 7, 8 and 9] Many different techniques have been reported to restore as shown the literature review. Iturbe et al. [6] reported soils contaminated with hydrocarbons; among of them TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) removals over the surfactant-enhanced soil washing (SESW) have re- 92% for contaminated soil with an initial concentration cently emerged as highly cost-effective [2, 3 and 4]. up to 17 238 mg/kg, when washing contaminated soils Surfactants reduce surface tension and form aggregates using the surfactant Canarcel TW80 in concentrations of (i.e. micelles in aqueous solution), changing surface ten- about 0.5%. In other studies with SDS (sodium dodecyl sion as result of surfactant’s concentration on the solu- sulphate), TPH removals above 90% were reported when tion’s surface. Contaminants present in soil are removed treating oil-hydrocarbons contaminated soils [10]. by means of two phenomena: 1) The solubilization of

Copyright © 2013 SciRes. JEP J Nanopart Res (2017) 19:54 DOI 10.1007/s11051-017-3766-1

RESEARCH PAPER

A comparative study of alumina-supported Ni catalysts prepared by photodeposition and impregnation methods on the catalytic ozonation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Julia L. Rodríguez & Miguel A. Valenzuela & Hugo Tiznado & Tatiana Poznyak & Isaac Chairez & Diana Magallanes

Received: 14 October 2016 /Accepted: 24 January 2017 # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017

Abstract The heterogeneous catalytic ozonation on un- photodeposited catalyst (1 wt% Ni) compared to the supported and supported oxides has been successfully impregnated catalyst (3 wt% Ni). These findings sug- tested for the removal of several refractory compounds gest the use of the photodeposition method as a simple in aqueous solution. In this work, alumina-supported and reliable procedure for the preparation of supported nickel catalysts prepared by photodeposition and im- metal oxide/metal catalysts under mild operating pregnation methods were compared in the catalytic conditions. ozonation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The catalysts were characterized by high-resolution . . electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectros- Keywords Catalytic ozonation 2,4-D Nickel . . . copy. The photochemical decomposition of Ni acetylac- nanoparticles Alumina Photodeposition Impregnation etonate to produce Ni(OH)2, NiO, and traces of Ni° deposited on alumina was achieved in the presence of benzophenone as a sensitizer. A similar surface compo- sition was found with the impregnated catalyst after its Introduction reduction with hydrogen at 500 °C and exposed to ambient air. Results indicated a higher initial activity The advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been and maleic acid (byproduct) concentration with the extensively studied in the last two decades, to be includ- ed in modern industrial wastewater treatment schemes J. L. Rodríguez : T. Poznyak : D. Magallanes for improving water biodegradation and its final quality Lab. Ing. Química Ambiental. ESIQIE–Instituto Politécnico (Qi et al. 2008; Pocostales et al. 2011; Yang et al. 2009). Nacional, Zacatenco, 07738, México, D.F, Mexico Generally, AOPs generate hydroxyl radicals in adequate J. L. Rodríguez (*) : M. A. Valenzuela amount to degrade the contaminants (Gautam and Lab.Catálisis y Materiales. ESIQIE–Instituto Politécnico Chattopadhyaya 2016). The catalytic ozonation belongs Nacional. Zacatenco, 07738, México, D.F, Mexico to the group of AOP used in the degradation of toxic e-mail: [email protected] organic compounds, and its main characteristic is the H. Tiznado high efficiency achieved in the degradation and miner- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología. CNyN Universidad alization of a variety of refractory organic pollutants in Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana a water (Nie et al. 2013; Ernst et al. 2004; Ikhlaq et al. Ensenada, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico 2012; Qi et al. 2013). It was conceived to overcome the I. Chairez drawbacks of conventional ozonation, such as accumu- Departamento de Bioprocesos, UPIBI- Instituto Politécnico lation of intermediates, selective ozone reactions, and Nacional, Ticoman, 07340, México, D.F, Mexico high ozone consumption (Nawrocki 2013). MATHEMATICAL AND COMPUTER MODELLING OF DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, 2017 VOL. 23, NO. 2, 156–176 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13873954.2016.1238395

Super-twisting-based continuous neural networks modelling of second-order interconnected systems Salvador Juárez-Lópeza, Oscar Camachob and Isaac Chairezc aDepartamento de Computación, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Ecatepec, Mexico; bCentro de Investigación en Computación, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México; cUnidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY The aim of this work was to design a non-parametric model of inter- Received 9 February 2016 connected systems represented by uncertain second-order systems with Accepted 15 September incomplete information (only the generalized position vector is measur- 2016 able). Artificial neural networks appeared to be a plausible alternative to KEYWORDS get a non-parametric representation of the aforementioned intercon- Continuous neural networks; nected systems. The modelling strategy used a set of spatial distributed interconnected systems; second-order continuous neural networks (CNN). Each node in the inter- super-twisting algorithm; connected system was represented as a second-order continuous neural uncertain systems; network added by the super-twisting discontinuous sliding mode algo- distributed systems rithm. The non-parametric modelling problem was reduced to design a feasible expression for the CNN weights in order to reproduce the states (including the generalized derivative of position vector) of all the nodes dynamics together and simultaneously. The adaptive laws for the CNN weights ensured the convergence of the CNN trajectories to the states of the uncertain interconnected system. To investigate the qualitative behaviour of the suggested methodology, two numerical examples were proposed. The first one represents the interconnection of three mass–spring–damper mechanical systems. The second example consid- ers the problem of the non-parametric modelling problem for a wave partial differential equation. A set of three-dimensional graphic repre- sentations were used to demonstrate the identification abilities achieved by the CNN designed in this study for the second case.

1. Introduction

Many systems can be described as the composition of similar units that can interact with their neighbours. It is usual that individual unit has tractable well-known models and its interaction with neighbours is simple and predictable [1,2]. However, the composition of such individual units may result in a system that is complicated but richer in information than each individual system. This integrated system is referred to as the interconnected system [2]. Automated highways [3], airplane formation [4], microelectromechanical systems [5], genetic/ metabolic networks [6], the internet and organization of living organisms [7] are examples of interconnected systems. Lumped approximations of partial differential equations can also be considered as a class of interconnected systems [8]. Therefore, the possible number of systems that can be characterized as interconnected systems grows fast. One relevant characteristic that must be considered is the actuation/sensing capability of each individual unit. The assumption regarding measuring/sensing all states and control actions for each unit seems to be unrealistic. Even when the current advances in microelectronic and

CONTACT Isaac Chairez [email protected] © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Biofuel Research Journal 5 (2015) 215-221

Original Research Paper

- Simultaneous effect of nitrate (NO3 ) concentration, carbon dioxide (CO2) supply and nitrogen limitation on biomass, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins accumulation in Nannochloropsis oculata

Aarón Millán-Oropeza, Luis G. Torres -Bustillos, Luis Fernández-Linares*

Departamento de Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (UPIBI - IPN), Av. Acueducto s/n Col. Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, 07340, Mexico City, Mexico.

HIGHLIGHTS GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Ø Novel approach to simultaneously study the effects of culture conditions on Nannochloropsis oculata. Ø Comprehensive experimental study on N. oculata lipids production. Ø Importance of initial NO - concentration, 3 CO and N limitation on lipid production. 2 Ø Importance of biomass, protein and carbohydrates responses was also simultaneously evaluated.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article history: Biodiesel from microalgae is a promising technology. Nutrient limitation and the addition of CO are two strategies to increase Received 2 December 2014 2 lipid content in microalgae. There are two different types of nitrogen limitation, progressive and abrupt limitation. In this Received in revised form 8 January 2015 work, the simultaneous effect of initial nitrate concentration, addition of CO2, and nitrogen limitation on biomass, lipid, Accepted 3 February 2015 protein and carbohydrates accumulation were analyzed. An experimental design was established in which initial nitrogen Available online 1 March 2015 concentration, culture time and CO2 aeration as independent numerical variables with three levels were considered. Nitrogen limitation was taken into account as a categorical independent variable. For the experimental design, all the experiments were Keywords: performed with progressive nitrogen limitation. The dependent response variables were biomass, lipid production, Nannochloropsis oculata carbohydrates and proteins. Subsequently, comparison of both types of limitation i.e. progressive and abrupt limitation, was Biofuels performed. Nitrogen limitation in a progressive mode exerted a greater effect on lipid accumulation. Culture time, nitrogen Microalgae limitation and the interaction of initial nitrate concentration with nitrogen limitation had higher influences on lipids and Lipids biomass production. The highest lipid production and productivity were at 582 mgL-1 (49.7 % lipid, dry weight basis) and 41.5 Carbohydrates -1 -1 -1 mgL d , respectively; under the following conditions: 250 mgL of initial nitrate concentration, CO2 supply of 4% (v/v), 12 d Protein of culturing and 2 d in state of nitrogen starvation induced by progressive limitation. This work presents a novel way to perform simultaneous analysis of the effect of the initial concentration of nitrate, nitrogen limitation, and CO2 supply on growth and lipid production of Nannochloropsis oculata, with the aim to produce potential biofuels feedstock.

© 2015 BRTeam. All rights reserved.

* Corresponding author at: Tel.: +52(55) 5729-6000 (ext. 56387) E-mail address: [email protected]

Please cite this article as: Millán-Oropeza, A., Torres –Bustillos L.G., Fernández-Linares L. Simultaneous effect of nitrate (NO3-) concentration, carbon dioxide (CO2) supply and nitrogen limitation on biomass, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins accumulation in Nannochloropsis oculata. Biofuel Research Journal 5 (2015) 215-221.

Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques 2013, Volume 1, Issue 2, Pages: 110-116

Enviro. Treat. Tech. ISSN:2309-1185 Journal web link: http://www.jett.dormaj.com/

Surfactant Enhanced Washing of Soil Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Treatment of Produced Wastewaters Using a Biofilter

Evelyn Zamudio-Pérez1, Erick R. Bandala2, Luis C. Fernandez1, Luis G.Torres*1

1UPIBI- Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto s.n. Colonia Barrio la Laguna Ticomán. México 07340 DF, México. 2Departamento de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental. Universidad de las Américas, Puebla. Sta. Catarina Mártir, Cholula, 72820. Puebla, México.

Abstract Wastewater generated by washing a real petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil was treated using a submerged aerobic filter. The wastewater contained petroleum hydrocarbons, surfactants, and other compounds that leached during the soil washing process. The efficiency of the biological treatment using natural or synthetic surfactants on the hydrocarbon-contaminated soil washing process, and different operation temperatures (24, 28, and 32°C) were compared and the identification of the microbial consortium present in the biofilter was carried out. The best degradation efficiency (73% hydrocarbon removal) was obtained when the wastewater from the soil washing using locust bean gum was treated at the biofilter operated at 24°C. The microorganisms found in the microbial consortium in the biofilter were B. subtillis, C. jeikeium, Pseudomonas sp., A. sobria, A. caviae, E. sakazakii.

Keywords: Surfactants, submerged aerobic filter, wastewaters treatment, soil washing.

1 Introduction1 consisting in coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation Mexico is a country with an intense petroleum coupled to activated sludge systems. Considerable activity. Only during 2007, over 3 million crude oil removal of the main contaminants has been achieved by barrels were produced daily [1]. However, besides its applying such process, nonetheless with high amount of economic preponderance, the oil industry as a whole has sludge produced [4]. Advanced oxidation process applied had a large negative environmental impact. Soil to the same kind of wastewater have generated contamination with petroleum hydrocarbons is very remarkable results for the removal of bulk contamination common [2]. Crude oil spills have produced severe [5], [6] for a quite efficient treatment process without the contamination of soils with a wide variety of toxic and/or generation of important amounts of sludge. The systems, persistent oil derivatives. The usual treatment techniques however, may require expensive chemicals and the for contaminated areas include the application of application of high amounts of energy. chemical, biological, or physical processes aimed to Biological treatment is a cost-effective method destroy the involved contaminants, modifying it to suitable for wastewater restoration. However, to our harmless by-products and/or reducing their concentration. knowledge, few works have used biodegradation as A widely used methodology for remediation is in-situ soil treatment for soil washing wastewater. Treatment of washing consisting in dragging the contaminants present wastewater containing surfactants by biological processes in soils by using a carrier solution [3]. Once the (i.e. activated sludge), has some difficulties related with hydrocarbon-contaminated soils have been washed, the low degradation rates and foam production [7]. Use of washing solution usually contains the added surfactants aerated biofilters is a promising technique due to its and the contaminants desorbed from the soil. capability to promote high biomass loads, easy operate Several processes have been reported for the and biodegradation rates higher than free cell systems [8]. treatment of such wastewater. In particular, when The use of submerged aerobic filters has advantages as surfactants are present, biological processes, ultrasonic their high capacity for contaminant removal, efficient irradiation, advanced oxidation, activated charcoal stable operation, acceptance and adaptation to organic adsorption, and activated membrane reactors have been and hydraulic load fluctuations, high biomass retention applied. Physical chemical processes are frequently used time, proper interaction between substrate and microorganism, and enough oxygen to maintain the system under aerobic conditions. The aim of this work is Corresponding autor: Luis G.Torres, UPIBI- Instituto to show our results on integral remediation process for Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto s.n. Colonia Barrio soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, la Laguna Ticomán. México 07340 DF, México. Tel: including soil characterization, the surfactant enhanced 52(55)57296000 ext 56367. FAX 52(55)57296000 ext soil washing assessments, production and 56305, E-mail: [email protected]. characterization of wastewater and its treatment in an

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4)13 &688-9;9:13369/4)13+64 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON FUZZY SYSTEMS, VOL. 25, NO. 6, DECEMBER 2017 1601 Takagi–Sugeno Dynamic Neuro-Fuzzy Controller of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems Jorge Cervantes, Wen Yu, Sergio Salazar, and Isaac Chairez

Abstract—The identification problem incorporated in feedback nonlinear systems by using a set of IF–THEN rules and a set of control of uncertain nonlinear systems exhibiting complex behav- local linear systems. This technique is supported by the capabil- ior has been solved in different ways. Some of these solutions have ity of T–S fuzzy systems to serve as universal approximators of used artificial intelligence methods like fuzzy logic and neural net- works. However, their individual implementation suffers from cer- nonlinear systems. The approximation is constructed by taking tain drawbacks, such as the black-box nature of neural network into account two types of knowledge on the nonlinear system: and the problem of finding suitable membership functions for the qualitative factor represented by the IF–THEN fuzzy rules, and fuzzy systems. These weaknesses can be avoided by implementing the quantitative factor represented by the local linear models. a hybrid structure combining these two approaches, the so-called T–S fuzzy models are also used in control theory to design feed- neuro-fuzzy system. In this paper, a neuro-fuzzy system that im- plements differential neural networks (DNNs) as consequences of back controllers for nonlinear systems. A generic T–S model is Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) fuzzy inference rules is proposed. The DNNs understand as a collection of fuzzy rules [23] that satisfies the substitute the local linear systems that are used in the common T–S following form: method. In this paper, DNNs are used to provide an effective instru- j l l l ment for dealing with the identification of the uncertain nonlinear R : If z1 is F1 and z2 is F2 and ··· zv is Fv system, while the T–S rules are used to provide the framework of d previous knowledge of the system. The main idea is to carry out Then x (t)= f j (x (t) , u (t)) (1) an online identification process of an uncertain nonlinear system dt with the aim to design a closed-loop trajectory tracking controller. where x ∈ Rn is the state vector; u ∈ Rm (m < n) is the control The methodology developed in this study that supports the iden- l tification and trajectory control designs is based on the Lyapunov vector; j = 1, 2,...,R, R is the number of inference rules; Fj , ⊤ formalism. The DNN implementation results in a time-varying T–S l = 1 ...v (v ≤ n), are the fuzzy sets; and z := [z1 , z2 , . . . , zv ] system. As a consequence, the solution of two time-varying Riccati are some measurable variables of the system. The defuzzifica- equations was used to adjust the learning laws in the DNN as well tion output is determined as the weighted mean value over all as to adjust the gains of the controller. Two results were provided to justify the existence of positive-definite solutions for the class of R rules according to Riccati equations used in the learning laws of DNNs. A complete R description of the learning laws used for the set of DNN identifiers H j (x)f j (x,u) R j fw (x, u)= P R , P H (x) > 0 P H j (x) j=1 is also obtained. An autonomous underwater vehicle system is used j=1 j = 1 to demonstrate the performance of the controller on tracking a de- sired 3-D path by this combination of the DNN and the T–S system. where f j (x(t), u(t)) = Aj x(t)+ Bj u(t) is the local linear ap- j Rn×n j Rn×m Index Terms—Autonomous underwater vehicle, dynamic neu- proximation, the matrices A ∈ and B ∈ define ral networks (DNNs), neuro-fuzzy systems, Takagi–Sugeno (T–S) the jth local T–S model, and Hj ( ·) is the degree of relevance fuzzy systems, trajectory tracking problem. of the premise variables associated with rule Rj and function j f ( ·). The result fw (x(t), u(t)) is a weighted approximation I. INTRODUCTION of the uncertain nonlinear function f(x(t), u(t)) used to define the dynamic system: d x t f x t , u t , x x . There A. Takagi–Sugeno Fuzzy Modeling dt ( )= ( ( ) ( )) (0) = 0 exist many identification procedures to obtain the approxima- AKAGI–SUGENO (T–S) fuzzy adaptive modeling [9], tion of Aj and Bj . For instance, in the literature, there exist T [35] provides an alternative methodology to approximate basically two kinds of approaches: one is to linearize the orig- inal nonlinear system f(x(t), u(t)) in a number of operating Manuscript received January 19, 2016; revised April 29, 2016; accepted June 26, 2016. Date of publication September 22, 2016; date of current version points when the model of the system is known, and the other is November 29, 2017. based on the data generated from the original nonlinear system J. Cervantes and W. Yu are with the Departamento de Control Automatico, when its model is unknown (or in the form of black box). Here, CINVESTAV, Instituto Politecnico´ Nacional, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico j · · (e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]). we propose a new method for approximating f ( , ) using the S. Salazar is with the Laboratorio UMI-LAFMIA, CINVESTAV, Insti- so-called differential neural network (DNN) described by a con- tuto Politecnico´ Nacional, 07360 Mexico City, Mexico (e-mail: sergio. tinuous nonparametric model. The suggested algorithm belongs [email protected]). I. Chairez is with the Department of Bioprocesses, UPIBI, Instituto to the class of neuro-fuzzy systems. Politecnico´ Nacional, 07340 Mexico City, Mexico (e-mail: ichairezo@ gmail.com). B. Differential Neural Networks Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. In the literature, there are two known types of artificial neu- Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TFUZZ.2016.2612697 ral networks (ANNs): static neural networks [13] and dynamic 1063-6706 © 2016 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

ARTICLE IN PRESS JID: APM [m3Gsc;November 20, 2015;11:59]

Applied Mathematical Modelling 000 (2015) 1–18

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Applied Mathematical Modelling

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apm

Switched constrained linear adaptive identifier for the trichloroethylene elimination in sequential upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

M. Garcia-Solares a, C. Guerrero-Barajas a, I. Garcia-Peña a, I. Chairez a,∗, A. Luviano-Juárez b a Bioprocess Department, Professional Interdisciplinary Unit of Biotechnology-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Acueducto de Guadalupe S/N Col. Barrio La Laguna Ticoman, Del. Gustavo A. Madero P.Z. 07340 Mexico, D. F., Mexico b SEPI Department, Professional Interdisciplinary Unit of Advanced Engineering-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Instituto Politecnico Nacional 2580 Col. Barrio La Laguna Ticoman, Del. Gustavo A. Madero P.Z. 07340 Mexico, D. F., Mexico article info a b s t r a c t

Article history: Sequential processes appear naturally in all types of industries. Biotechnology is a good ex- Received 11 November 2014 ample of such schemes. Wastewater treatment using microbiological activity is a particular Revised 13 October 2015 case having all the characteristics of sequential methods. Sulfate reduction as pre-treatment Accepted 20 October 2015 followed by the decomposition of sulfated compounds using adapted microorganisms is the Available online xxx sequential nonlinear process with state constrains analyzed in this paper. Modeling this pro- Keywords: cedure is still a difficult task because the number of elements involved in the reaction. This Continuous neural networks paper presents an adaptive algorithm to obtain a suitable model of this process using contin- Switched systems uous neural networks. The adaptive model preserves the sequential nature of the process as Up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket well as the bounded nature of all states. The neural network is proposed as a system identifier Trichloroethylene in terms of the hybrid systems theory. The Lyapunov stability method is used to demonstrate Adaptive identifier the convergence of the identifier states to the real concentrations of the microbiological sys- tem. Experimental results and their corresponding simulation using the adaptive model based on neural networks confirm the theoretical results described in this paper. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Recent different reports indicated that sulfate reduction (SR) is an alternative to be used in wastewater treatment from many types of industrial effluents containing high sulfate concentrations [1–3]. This treatment method based on SR has been used to eliminate complex and very toxic organic pollutants such as trichloroethylene (TCE) [4]. In fact, some studies have described several experimental methodologies based on microorganisms that can be adapted to the sulfate presence that lately can be exposed to the toxic pollutant [5]. Microorganisms are adapted to increase their ability to degrade complex contaminants [6]. This strategy has shown remarkable results to eliminate different contaminants with high concentrations and cytotoxicity. In recent research studies, the biological process of SR was used for the biodegradation of TCE to

∗ Corresponding author. Tel.: +525557296000x56347. E-mail address: [email protected], [email protected] (I. Chairez).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2015.10.031 S0307-904X(15)00693-9/© 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: M. Garcia-Solares et al., Switched constrained linear adaptive identifier for the trichloroethylene elimination in sequential upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, Applied Mathematical Modelling (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2015.10.031 JCBPS; Special Issue, Section D; 30 Nov. 2014 Vol. 4, No. 5, 74-80. E- ISSN: 2249 –1929

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 Expert Systems With Applications 68 (2017) 1–10

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Expert Systems With Applications

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/eswa

Windowed electroencephalographic signal classifier based on continuous neural networks with delays in the input

∗ M. Alfaro-Ponce a, A. Argüelles b, I. Chairez c, a Escuela Superior de Tizayuca, Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Tizayuca, Hidalgo, Mexico b Centro de Investigacion en Computacion, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico c Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnologia, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study reports the design and implementation of a pattern recognition algorithm aimed to classify Received 24 February 2016 electroencephalographic (EEG) signals based on a class of dynamic neural networks (NN) described by

Revised 24 June 2016 time delay differential equations (TDNN). This kind of NN introduces the signal windowing process used Accepted 3 August 2016 in different pattern classification methods. The development of the classifier included a new set of learn- Available online 21 September 2016 ing laws that considered the impact of delayed information on the classifier structure. Both, the training Keywords: and the validation processes were completely designed and evaluated in this study. The training method Time-delay neural networks for this kind of NN was obtained by applying the Lyapunov theory stability analysis. The accuracy of train- Electroencephalographic signals ing process was characterized in terms of the number of delays. A parallel structure (similar to an associa- Pattern classification tive memory) with fixed (obtained after training) weights was used to execute the validation stage. Two

Lyapunov stability theory methods were considered to validate the pattern classification method: a generalization-regularization Epileptic seizures and the k -fold cross validation processes ( k = 5). Two different classes were considered: normal EEG and patients with previous confirmed neurological diagnosis. The first one contains the EEG signals from 100 healthy patients while the second contains information of epileptic seizures from the same num- ber of patients. The pattern classification algorithm achieved a correct classification percentage of 92.12% using the information of the entire database. In comparison with similar pattern classification methods that considered the same database, the proposed CNN proved to achieve the same or even better correct classification results without pre-treating the EEG raw signal. This new type of classifier working in con- tinuous time but using the delayed information of the input seems to be a reliable option to develop an accurate classification of windowed EEG signals. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction ing the epileptic event, EEG signal apparently becomes rhyth- mic even preceding the first detectable behavioral change ( Sierra- There are various events that occur and influence the elec- Marcos, Scheuer, & Rosseti, 2015 ). Automatic and reliable detection troencephalogram (EEG) waveform. These events can be usual at the earliest possible moment, can be used in characterizing the activities such as listening music ( Sawata, Ogata, & Haseyama, epileptic centers as well as detecting if EEG rhythmic signals are 2015 ), sleeping ( Koley & Dey, 2012 ), smelling particular odors truly coming from epileptic events or they are produced by a dif- ( Byung-Chan et al., 2003 ), using drugs ( Saletu, Anderer, SaletuZyh- ferent physiological or anatomical disorder. Long periods of time larz, Arnold, & Pascual-Marqui, 2002 ), suffering mental disorders and exhaustive signal analysis must be applied to detect epileptic ( Manchanda et al., 2014 ), detecting mood ( Yu et al., 2011 ), among characteristic waveform in EEG recordings ( Garces Correa, Orosco, others. EEG signal has been also used to detect different events Diez, & Laciar, 2015 ). Therefore, several attempts have been made occurring in certain regions deep in the brain. In particular, epilep- to develop automatic detection systems of particular EEG wave- tic seizures have been studied because they can cause a vari- form ( Ang & Chin, 2012; Hramov, Koronovskii, Makarov, Pavlov, & ety of temporal modifications in perception and behavior. Dur- Sitnikova, 2015 ). Diverse studies established certain characteristics in EEG records that can be used to classify them. Due to the fact that EEG

∗ signals exhibit complex behavior ( Stefanidis, Anogiannakis, evan- Corresponding author.

E-mail addresses: [email protected] (M. Alfaro-Ponce), [email protected] gelou, & Poulus, 2015) with strong non-linear and dynamic proper- (A. Argüelles), [email protected] (I. Chairez). ties ( Subha, Joseph, Acharya, & MinLim, 2008 ), several researchers http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2016.08.020 0957-4174/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.