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A Virtuous Grand Vizier: Politics and Patronage in the Ottoman Empire During the Grand Vizierate of Fazil Ahmed Pasha (1661-1676)

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A Virtuous Grand Vizier: Politics and Patronage in the Ottoman Empire During the Grand Vizierate of Fazil Ahmed Pasha (1661-1676) A VIRTUOUS GRAND VIZIER: POLITICS AND PATRONAGE IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE GRAND VIZIERATE OF FAZIL AHMED PASHA (1661-1676) A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History By Muhammed Fatih Calisir, M.A. Washington, D.C. August 30, 2016 Copyright 2016 by Muhammed Fatih Calisir All Rights Reserved ii A VIRTUOUS GRAND VIZIER: POLITICS AND PATRONAGE IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE DURING THE GRAND VIZIERATE OF FAZIL AHMED PASHA (1661-1676) Muhammed Fatih Calisir, M. A. Thesis Advisor: Gábor Ágoston, Ph. D. ABSTRACT This dissertation offers a contextual examination of the political and intellectual history of the Ottoman Empire in the 1660s and 1670s through the lens of the biography of Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (d. 1676, 1661-1676 in office), the second grand vizier from the famous Köprülü family. It stresses that the Ottoman Empire saw a period of revival and reform in the 1660s and 1670s when the ruling elite found ways and means to respond to new political, social, economic, and intellectual challenges. Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, an ex-müderris (professor), a calligrapher, a bibliophile, and a leading patron of arts and sciences, had a dynamic vision, not just in his political and military designs but also in his patronage of various scientific and cultural projects. His administration, military leadership, and patronage of intellectual activities helped him to earn the epithet of “Fazıl” (fāḍıl in Arabic) or virtuous during his lifetime. Based on extensive primary sources, this dissertation provides a new perspective to challenge and revise traditional views of the period, which tend to characterize it as a time of stagnation, decline, and inward- looking conservatism in Ottoman history. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Throughout the research and writing process of this dissertation, I received support and guidance from several professors, colleagues, and friends. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor and mentor Prof. Gábor Ágoston. He has been a consistent source of encouragement and motivation and helped me to overcome many difficulties along the way. His profound insights into Ottoman history and contextualization of historical problems helped me to understand the seventeenth-century Ottoman history in a new light. I would also like to express my heartfelt appreciation to Prof. Rhoads Murphey who agreed to be a member of the dissertation committee without any hesitation and supported this project, providing wisdom and encouragement. I count it a great privilege to work with him closely and to benefit from his expertise in the Ottoman world. Without the supervision and constant support of Prof. Ágoston and Prof. Murphey, this dissertation would not have been possible. I am also grateful to Prof. Judith Tucker who served as the third member of the committee and shared her insightful comments with me both during and after the defense. I thank them all. I had the privilege to meet and attend the lectures of several leading professors during my doctoral study at Georgetown. It is my pleasure to acknowledge the overt contributions of Andrzej Kaminski, John R. McNeill, David J. Collins, Amy E. Leonard, David Goldfrank, Felicitas Opwis, and Jonathan Brown to my intellectual development. My warm thanks go to Emrah Safa Gürkan, Onur İşçi, Selim Güngörürler, Said Salih Kaymakçı, Michal Polczynski, Faisal Husain, Salih Sayılgan, Cafer Orman, Yasir Yılmaz, Metin Atmaca, Mustafa Öksüz, M. Ali Kılıç, and Faruk Yaslıçimen for their valuable friendship and their timely support. I would also like to thank Carolina Madinaveitia, the Graduate Programs Manager, for her diligence and coordination. Finally, I would like to acknowledge with gratitude, the support and love of iv my family (my father Hayrullah and my mother Fatma, my father-in-law Gholamreza and my mother-in-law Sakineh, my sisters Sultan and Hilal Nur, and my brother Mehmet). I am particularly grateful to my dear wife Narges, who blessed me with a life of joy. She kept me going with her patience and faith. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 - The Köprülü Family .................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 A Historiographical Survey .................................................................................................................................. 7 1.2 The Rise of the Köprülüs ................................................................................................................................... 17 1.2.1 The Origins of the Family ......................................................................................................................... 19 1.2.2 The Köprülüs as a Household .................................................................................................................. 24 1.2.3 Köprülü Mehmed Pasha in the Service of the Ottoman Empire ................................................... 27 1.2.4 Other Members of the Köprülü Family ................................................................................................. 45 Chapter 2 - Fazıl Ahmed Pasha: His Life and Career before His Grand Vizierate ................................... 56 2.1. Early Years and Scholarly Career .................................................................................................................. 59 2.2 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha in the Ottoman Provincial Administration ............................................................. 67 2.2.1 Pasha of Erzurum Province ....................................................................................................................... 72 2.2.2 Pasha of Damascus Province .................................................................................................................... 77 2.3 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha: The Deputy Grand Vizier ........................................................................................... 89 Chapter 3 - Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, the Grand Vizier ................................................................................................ 92 3.1 The Office of Grand Vizier in the Mid-Seventeenth Century ................................................................ 92 3.2 The Grand Vizierate of Fazıl Ahmed Pasha ...............................................................................................100 3.3 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha’s Encounter with Sabbatai Sevi ...............................................................................108 3.4 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha’s Contributions to Izmir .............................................................................................115 Chapter 4 - Science, Politics, and Patronage in the Ottoman Empire in the 1660s and 1670s ............119 4.1 Istanbul: A Vibrant Hub for Inter- and Intra-Communal Intellectual Exchange ............................122 4.2 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha: Patron of Sciences and Arts.....................................................................................133 4.3 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha’s Patronage of Translations ......................................................................................151 4.4 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha’s Manuscript Collection .............................................................................................160 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................................................169 Appendix .........................................................................................................................................................................172 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................................173 vi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AE. Ali Emîri AKMB Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Başkanlığı AKMY Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayını BOA Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, İstanbul D. Defter DH. Dahiliye DİA Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi E. Evrak EI2 Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed. EV. Evkaf IJMES International Journal of Middle East Studies İA Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı İslam Ansiklopedisi İE. İbnü’l-Emin İÜNEK İstanbul Üniversitesi Nadir Eserler Kütüphanesi KK. Kamil Kepeci MD. Mühimme Defteri MAD. Maliyeden Müdevver Defterler SLUB Sächsische Landesbibliothek/Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Dresden SYEK Süleymaniye Yazma Eser Kütüphanesi, İstanbul TKGM Tapu Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü Kuyud-ı Kadim Arşivi, Ankara TSMA Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Arşivi TSMK Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Yazma Eserler Kütüphanesi TTD. Tapu Tahrir Defterleri TTK Türk Tarih Kurumu VGMA Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Metin Kunt’s List for the Endowments of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha .............................. 35 Table 2. Sultan Murat Topçu’s List for the Endowments of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha .............. 35 Table 3. Fazıl Ahmed Pasha’s Appointments to the Ottoman Madrasas ....................................... 61 Table 4. A List of Ottoman Scholars Presented Their Works to Fazıl Ahmed Pasha .............. 150 Table 5. A List of Endowments of Fazıl Ahmed Pasha ...................................................................
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