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y—nD fore—lD eustr—lD nonEm—rineD —mmonitesD ™—lpionellidsD ™—l™—reous

ye—rsD —ndD more p—rti™ul—rlyD of progress m—de with n—nnofossilsD p—lynomorphsD m—gnetostr—tigr—phyF

™onsider—tion of — work—˜le ˜—se for the ferri—si—n sin™e

e˜str—™tF yur tent—tive propos—l is th—t sever—l ˜iologi™—l m—rkers

its meeting in wil—n @st—lyA in w—r™h PHHWF „his p—per is h—ve potenti—l to help define —ny put—tive ˜ound—ry in the tr—dition—l

written ˜y — fewD ˜ut on ˜eh—lf of —ll those in the ‡q

˜—s—l ferri—si—n interv—lF „h—t isD ˜etween the ˜—se of the ferri—sell— j—™o˜i

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therefore str—ddling the ˜—se of m—gnetozone wIVrF €romising mi™rop—E opportunity for theworking group —t l—rgeto sh—re

l—eontologi™—l m—rkers —re the pehs of x—nno™onus steinm—nnii minor

its thinking with — wider ™ommunityD —nd to invite p—rE

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ti™ip—tionF yur work is founded on the integr—tion of

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useful tGu str—tigr—phi™ m—rkers provided ˜y — num˜er „he testing —nd ™—li˜r—tion of this ™onstr—ining eventEm—trix in the most

of fossil groups ± eFgF ™—lpionellidsD ™—l™—reous n—nnoE ™omplete —nd fossiliferous se™tions is our t—sk for the ne—r futureF

fossilsD —mmonites —nd p—lynomorphs ± —s well —s m—gE

‚i—ssuntoF xumerosi indi™—tori ˜iologi™i h—nno il potenzi—le per

netostr—tigr—phy —nd ™y™lostr—tigr—phyF ™ontri˜uire — definire ogni ipoteti™o limite nell9interv—llo tr—dizion—le

dell— ˜—se del ferri—si—noF uesto interv—llo eÁ™ompreso tr— l— ˜—se dell— st is not —n —™™identth—t the˜—seof thegret—™E

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eous is the l—st system ˜ound—ry to h—ve — qƒƒ€X it is

nites gr—ndisD —ttr—verso l— ˜—se dell— m—gnetozon— wIVrF sndi™—tori

fr—ught with pro˜lems —nd ™ompli™—tionsF sn trying to

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torsD nor ™—n we yet give rounded —nswers to —ll the f—r—˜oshkin PHHPY rousϗ et —lF PHHUY elsen 8 wutterE

lose PHHWY ƒt—mpfli 8 ro™h—rd PHHWY weijers et —lF PHIHF questions th—t this most diffi™ult of interv—ls posesF

„he story of — ˜—s—l ˜ound—ry for the gret—™eous ‡e do not ˜elieve th—t m—gnetostr—tigr—phy —lone ™—n

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—nd northern pr—n™eF ‡e now know th—t the ferri—si—n theseF x—nnofossils —re extremely —™™ur—te str—tigr—phi™

p—rt of the €ur˜e™k porm—tion @with its p—l—eosoilsD indi™—torsD ˜ut h—ve not yet ˜een proved in — wide enE

ev—poritesD reptilesD inse™ts —nd m—mm—lsD —nd m—rine ough —re—D —nd often not where there —re plentiful —mE

inter™—l—tionsA is —˜out IHH m in thi™knessF fut for more monitesF g—lpionellids in „ethys —re widespre—dD often

th—n IHH ye—rs €ur˜e™k sequen™es —™ross northern iurE o™™urring with —mmonitesD —nd h—ve ˜een well studiedX

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h—s ˜een divided ˜y some —uthors into three re—lms si—nF es f—r —s l—ter ™orrel—tion —nd st—ge nomen™l—ture

@„ethy—nD fore—l —nd eustr—lA linked on r—re o™™—sions were ™on™ernedD the nonEm—rine —re—s seemed tot—lly

˜y n—rrow se—w—ysD —nd ™h—r—™terized ˜y the wideE ˜—rred from ™onsider—tionF „he €ur˜e™k w—s thought

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ment—ry sequen™es of m—rine „ethys —nd the different riseG –pl—tform9 —nd troughA with grime—D —nd then the

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sporesD pollen —nd m—rine dino™ysts ± fin—lly m—de ™orE ˜l—ges of the €seudosu˜pl—nites gr—ndis —nd ferri—sell—

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si—n ‘seeD for inst—n™eD horhofer 8 xorris @IWUUAD —nd È È gret—™eous ƒt—ge found—ries ‘frusselsD felgium

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nellids in „ethy—n regionsD often rel—ted to —mmonitesD

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dreini et —lF PHHUY ‚eh—Âkov—Â et —lF PHHWY €runer et —lF —mmonite su˜zones immedi—tely ˜elow —nd —˜ove @eFgF

PHIHAF roedem—eker IWVPD figF PAF „his j—™o˜iGgr—ndis —ssemE

PWV ‡im˜ledon ‡FeF€F 8 —lF

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ver— et —lF @IWVTAD rim—l—yitid—e giving w—y to ferri—E ner et —lF PHIHAF

sellid—eF

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„he origin—l ™on™eption of the ferri—si—n w—s enE went r—pid diversifi™—tion —t —˜out the tur—ssi™Ggret—™E

tirely —mmonite ˜—sedD —nd —mmonite ˜iostr—tigr—phy eous ˜ound—ryD in™luding the —ppe—r—n™e of sever—l

still h—s mu™h to ™ontri˜uteto thedefinitionof — tGu highly su™™essful —nd longEr—nging gret—™eous t—x—F sn

˜ound—ryF „he d—t—˜—se of —mmonite o™™urren™es is p—rti™ul—rD sever—l n—nnolith spe™ies —ppe—red —nd

su˜st—nti—lD mostly rim—l—y—tid—e —nd ferri—sellid—eD evolved r—pidly in the „ithoni—nD with n—nno™onid

domin—n™e ˜eginning —t the st—rt of the ferri—si—n @„reE for inst—n™eX ƒi pr—n™e @hj—neÂlidze IWPPY w—zenot

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just ˜elow —nd —˜ove the ˜ound—ry levelF x—nno™onus IWVPY ƒ—punov IWUUD IWUWAD elgeri— @‚om—n IWQTY fenE

flourished in w—rmer —nd possi˜ly more nutrientEdeE est et —lF IWUUY „™houm—t™hen™o et —lF IWWSA —nd „unisi—

pleted surf—™e w—ters th—n other gener— @ir˜— IWWRD @ernouldEƒ—get IWSQY wemmi IWTUY wemmi 8 ƒ—l—j

PHHRD PHHTAF „he r—in of he—vily ™—l™ified n—nno™onids IWUSY honze et —lF IWUSY fusn—rdo et —lF IWUTD IWVSY

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lithophoridsD —nd the tGu evolution—ry event w—s reE roedem—eker IWVID IWVPY „—ver— IWVSY „—ver— et —lF

sponsi˜lefor — ™h—ngein ˜oth ™—r˜on—te™y™ling —nd IWVTD IWWRY yloriz 8 „—ver— IWVWA —nd woro™™o @fenE

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PHHRAF ƒu™h findings suggest p—l—eo™e—nogr—phi™

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ge™™— et —lF @IWVW—D IWVW˜A —nd in—y et —lF @IWWV—D

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sm—ll ™—lpionellid spe™ies @l—te „ithoni—n frevis ƒu˜E

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grime— to wexi™oF sn —ddition to endemismD s—lient

pro˜—˜le ™—lpionellids h—ve ˜een noted in xew quine—

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—ndD dou˜tfullyD in western eustr—li—F flooms of sm—ll

B

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r—nge™h—rtsY

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B thefo™hi—nitid—e—nd ƒpiti™er—tin—e—reinurE kov—ÂIWWSY ƒkourtsisEgoroneou et —lF IWWSY ed—tte et —lFD

gent need of revisionD —nd little noti™e h—s ˜een t—ken of

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so ™—lled –longEr—nging9 t—x— of the r—plo™er—tin—eD IWWUY rousϗ et —lF IWWWD PHHRY €sz™zoÂøkowski et —lF

€hyllo™er—tin—e —nd vyto™er—tin—eY

PHHSY foughdiri et —lF PHHTY endreini et —lF PHHUY wi™h—E

B

—mmonite distri˜utions plotted ˜ed ˜y ˜ed lõÂket —lF PHHWY ‚eh—Âkov—Âet—lF PHHWAF „he phenomenon

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B dis™ontinuous distri˜ution of spe™ies through — prospe™ts for refined ™orrel—tionF „he ‡q is most inE

sequen™e @™ommon in the †o™onti—n dom—in of ƒi volved with t—x— —nd their r—ngesD the prim—ry eviden™e

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sn summ—ryD —s — first stepD the ‡q h—s —greed disputes —nd un™ert—intiesY

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wellEm—rked d—tums o™™ur in —n even shorter interv—l

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sn the first three meetings of the new ferri—si—n —ppe—r—n™e of — monospe™ifi™ —sso™i—tion of sm—llD glo˜E

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in thelower—nd middlej—™o˜iGgr—ndis oneD —nd speE —lpin— ––—™me99D or the —lpin— ––˜loom99A @‚em—ne IWVSY

È ™ifi™—lly on the ˜est m—rkers —lre—dy identified in „ethys ‚em—ne et —lF IWVTY eltiner 8 yzk—n IWWIY fu™ur

—ndD import—ntlyD some of the ˜etter ™orrel—tive tools for IWWPY v—kov—ÂIWWRY €op IWWRY „—ver— et —lF IWWRY yloriz

—™hieving ™orrel—tion with ˜oth fore—l m—rine —nd nonE et —lF IWWSY ƒkourtsisEgoroneou et —lF IWWSY qrun 8 fl—u È

m—rine @€ur˜e™kA sequen™esX wider ™orrel—tion ˜eing the IWWUY ‚eh—Âkov—Â 8 wi™h—lõÂk IWWUY rousϗ et —lF IWWWY

prim—ry —imF yne of levels for ™on™entr—ted study h—d €sz™zoÂøkowski et —lF PHHSY foughdiri et —lF PHHTY endreiE

to ˜ethe˜—seof g—lpionellid˜iozonefD ˜e™—useith—s ni et —lF PHHUY ‚eh—Âkov—Âet —lF PHHWY €runer et —lF PHIHAD QA

in re™ent ye—rs ˜e™ome — de f—™to working ˜—sefor the the peh for two su˜spe™ies of x—nno™onus @xF steinE

ferri—si—n ƒt—ge —mongst — wider group of workersF m—nnii minor —nd xF k—mptneri minorA —nd RA the˜—se

QHH ‡im˜ledon ‡FeF€F 8 —lF

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widely —nd ™onsistently re™ognizedF w—™rofossil d—tums gr—ting mi™roE —nd m—™rofossil m—rkers —nd m—gnetosE

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—minifer—lD r—diol—ri—nD geo™hemi™—l —nd ™y™lostr—tiE fore—l —nd its p—rtsF es s—idD the intermittent m—rine

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ing d—tums @pigF IA ™—n ˜elisted—s followsX ™orrel—tions dire™tly ˜etween „ethys —nd the fore—lD

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IF ˜—seof theg—lpionell— one± —lpin— ƒu˜zone ˜ound—ryAD there —re some import—nt tie points —fforded

PF –explosion9 of sm—llD glo˜ul—r g—lpionell— —lpin— ˜y p—lynologyF elthoughD in the interv—l ˜eing studiedD

QF peh x—nno™onus steinm—nnii minor —nd x—nE it is not possi˜le to ™orrel—te with —ll the sever—l l—ndE

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RF ˜—sewIVr le—st ˜e —™hieved ˜etween the western wediterr—ne—n

—nd the xorw—yEfrit—inExetherl—nds ˜ore—l m—rine

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SF ˜—seof wIWnFIn the engloEpren™h ˜—sin —nd the predomin—ntly nonE

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WF pehs of ‡—rreni— ™—liforni™—D hi™h—dogony—uE pedites prepli™omph—lus one in the xorth ƒe— f—sinD

l—x ˜ensonii —nd epi™ul—tisporis ver˜itsk—y—e —nd —lso in the €ur˜e™k sequen™e —t hurlston f—yD in the

IHF ˜—seof ƒu˜™r—spedites l—mplughi one r—rd go™kle feds @mid wIWnAF enother peh o™™urs

IIF ˜—seof €seudosu˜pl—nites gr—ndis one just ˜elow the top of wIWn —t hurlstonX th—t of h—psiE

IPF vehs of hi™h—dogony—ul—x p—nne—D igmonE lidinium w—rrenii —nd g—ntulodinium —rthuri—eD ˜ut

todinium polypl—™ophorum et™F in the l—te €ortl—nd exE this h—s yet to ˜e identified more widelyF et — higher

tin™tionF levelD the peh of w—tonisporites eleg—ns —nd eequitriE

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—dites spinulosumF gherty preshw—ter ˜eds @wIUrA —nd in the ƒu˜™r—speE

dites l—mplughi one in the xorth ƒe— ˜—sin @e˜˜ink et

„hes—mpling of n—nno™onids in northernst—lyD —lF PHHIAF es the ƒu˜™r—spedites prepli™omph—lus one

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prospe™ts for re™ognition of useful d—tumsF sn the se™E l—mplughi one h—ve ˜een ˜ro—dly equ—ted with the

tion —t „orre de9 fusiD where s—mpling h—s ˜een —t — gF nodiger one —nd higher on the ‚ussi—n pl—tform

mu™h ™loser interv—l th—n is norm—lly the ™—seD n—nnoE @acgr—spedites t—imyrensis —nd ghet—etes ™het—e zones

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m—gnetostr—tigr—phi™ ™oringAX xF steinm—nnii minor in p—lynomorph levels indi™—tedD —nd their —sso™i—ted m—gE

thetopmost portion of wIWnFIn —nd xF k—mptneri miE netozonesD m—y ˜e rel—ted to the re™ord of wIVr —t

nor in the ˜—s—l p—rt of wIVr @g—sell—to et —lF PHIHAF „hese xordvik @rousϗ et —lF PHHUAF

two d—tums @—nd other n—nno™onid m—rkers —˜ove —nd

˜elowA —re viewed —s ˜eing more —™™ur—tely —nd –™orE

re™tly9 pl—™ed here th—n in less intensively s—mpled seE

e w—y —he—d

quen™es @pigF PAF „his requires th—t e—rlierEstudied seE

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the pre™ise str—tigr—phi™ rel—tionships in this limited inE —˜le pre™ision @eFgF piume fosso —nd poz—AF enother

terv—lY th—t isD testing ™urrent —ssumptions on the seE se™tion th—t h—s re™eived ™omp—r—˜ly ™lose study —nd

quen™e of the four d—tumsD on their r—ngesD rel—tionships s—mpling is frodno @wi™h—lõÂk et —lF PHHWAF end thereD

to one —nother —nd to other d—tumsD not—˜ly the ˜—se of —lthough x—nno™onus wintereri —nd gru™iellipsis ™uvilE

thet—™o˜i —nd qr—ndis —mmonitesu˜zones@„—˜F lieri h—vethes—meposition —s —t „orrede9fusiD in mid

IAF „his work @on ™—lpionellidsD —mmonites —nd n—nnoE wIWnD xF steinm—nnii minor —nd xF k—mptneri minor

fossilsD with m—gnetostr—tigr—phyA is presently in proE h—ve their pehs —˜out IFQ m —˜ove the ˜—seD of wIVrF

gress —t sites in southern pr—n™e —nd grime—D —nd is „his m—y ˜e ˜e™—use of the o˜s™uring effe™tsD –noise9D of

extending to „unisi— —nd fulg—ri— in e—rly PHIIF qroup —˜und—nt other mi™rofossilsF

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pigF P E gomp—rison of ™riti™—l „ethy—n se™tions —t the level of wIVrF „orre de9 fusiD poz—D golme di †ignol— —nd prisoni —fter gh—nnell et —lF

PHIHD g—sell—toD PHIHY piume fosso —fter fr—lower et —lF IWVWD rousϗ et —lF PHHRY €uerto is™—no —fter „—ver— et —lF IWWRD €runer et —lF Ä

PHIHY frodno —fter wi™h—lik et —lF PHHWY ferri—s —fter q—l˜runD ‚—splus 8 ve reÂg—r—t IWVTD —nd t—n hu ghene et —lF IWWQF

fewer in num˜erF end diversity ofD for inst—n™eD mi™roE mem˜ers —re —™tive in ergentin— —nd „i˜etD —nd work is

fossilsGp—lynomorphs is ™onsider—˜ly lowerF „hough st—rting to review older results in wexi™oF sn —dditionD

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th—t ™—n only ˜e s—id of one other ˜ore—l siteD xordvik digit—ted ˜etween themD —llowing ™orrel—tion to wider

in northern ƒi˜eri— @though there is unpu˜lished d—t— on geogr—phi™—l —re—sF „hus the work of the ‡q in ™omE

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QHP ‡im˜ledon ‡FeF€F 8 —lF

GEOGRAPHIC Event VS FAD N. steinmannii FAD N. kamptneri AUTHORS AGE FAD N. wintereri FAD C. cuvillieri FAD N. colomi AREA Section minor minor M19.9n; ACME Casellato 2010; Oxfordian- M18.3r; lower Calpionella M19.5n; mid M19.4n; mid M18.6r; mid Calpionella Torre de' Busi Calpionella alpina Channell et al. 2010 Berriasian Zone C.intermedia Subzone C.intermedia Subzone Zone spherical form

Erba & Quadrio 1987 – – – – ~ base Calpionella Zone Tithonian/Berrias

Monte Pernice

lowermost g—lpionell— ian ~ $lowermost Calpionella ~ lower Crassicollaria

Casellato 2010 ~ lower Calpionella Zone ~ mid Crassicollaria Zone – Zoneone Zone

Colme di Casellato 2010; Oxfordian- M17.1r M18.9r M18.5r _ _ Vignola Channell et al. 2010 Berriasian

Casellato 2010; Kimmeridgian- Southern Alps Frisoni M17.1r M18.9r base M18n _ _ Channell et al. 2010 Berriasian (Italy)

Bralower et al. 1989 M18.8r _ M18.8r _ Callovian- Foza Casellato 2010; Berriasian M18.2n M19.9n Channell et al. 2010

Oxfordian- Kaberlaba Martire et al. 2006 base Calpionella Zone ____ Berriasian Oxfordian- Rabeschini Martire et al. 2006 base Calpionella Zone ____ Berriasian M19,7n; Upper Xausa Channell et al. 1987 J/K boundary ____ Crassicollaria Zone (Middle Bajocian) - Late Fiume Bosso Bralower et al. 1989 M18.8r M17.3r M18.5r M18.8r _ Kimmeridgian - Appennine Berriasian (Italy) Late Fonte Giordano Bralower et al. 1989 Kimmeridgian - M18r? _ Berriasian mid lowermost mid lowermost upper Rehakova et al. 2009 base elliptica Subzone __ Calpionella Zone Crassicollaria Zone Austrian Alps Nutzhof J/K boundary Pruner et al. 2009 M17r (upper?) M18n lower M19r _ _

~ FO Calpionella ~ FO Calpionella upper Durangites Tavera et al. 1994 J/K boundary elliptica; Jacobi _ elliptica; Jacobi _ Ammonite Zone Puerto Escano Ammonite Zone Ammonite Zone Spain Pruner et al., 2010 J/K boundary _ ____

Carcabuey Bralower et al. 1989 Tithonian _ ____

South France Broyon Bralower et al. 1989 J/K boundary A/B boundary mid A1 Zone mid A1 Zone A/B boundary

Western M19,6n; lower Colomi M19,6n; lower Colomi Carpathian Brodno Michalik et al. 2009 J/K boundary M18r; Calpionella Zone M18r; Calpionella Zone _ calpionellid Subzone calpionellid Subzone (Slovakia) Lower Calpionella Zone Southern (* N. steinmannii minor Thitonian - Carpathians Svinita Melinte 1991 and N. steinmannii ____ Hautervian (Rumania) steinmannii were not distinguished)

Gorodische & Volga Basin, Kashpir sections Volgian Kessel et al. 2003 no Nannoconus reported __ Russia - (Volgian stratotype stratotype)

DATA IN PROGRESS

GEOGRAPHIC Event VS FAD N. steinmannii FAD N. kamptneri AUTHORS AGE FAD N. wintereri FAD C. cuvillieri FAD N. colomi AREA Section minor minor Hoedemaker & J/K boundary lower Berriasiella Zone; __ _ _ Leereveld 1995 (section Z) Calpionella Zone;

Spain Rio Argos ~ base Beriasiella jacobi ~ base Beriasiella jacobi uppermost Beriasiella J/K boundary lower Berriasiella Zone; lower Berriasiella Zone; Gardin & Casellato Subzone; Calpionella Subzone; Calpionella jacobi Subzone; lower (section Z) Calpionella Zone Calpionella Zone Zone Zone R.cadischiana Subzone

DSDP and ODP sites

GEOGRAPHIC Event VS FAD N. steinmannii FAD N. kamptneri AUTHORS AGE FAD N. wintereri FAD C. cuvillieri FAD N. colomi AREA Section minor minor Late Bralower et al. 1989 M18.5r M18.5r M19.7n M19.5n _ DSDP 534 Kimmeridgian- Central Atlantic Casellato, 2010 Berriasian M18.4r M18.4r M19.8n – _ DSDP 105 Wilcoxon 1972 Late Jurassic reported Nannoconus ssp. _ Argo Abyssal Bown 1992; Bown & FO at 31-3, 40 (upper Plain, NW ODP site 261 Late Jurassic no Nannoconus _ Cooper 1998 M19n?) Australia Centra Pacific Ocean; Magella DSDP 167 Roth 1973 Late Jurassic _ _ _ 93 CC 94-2, 56-58 Rise De Kaenel & Bergen South Spain ODP 901 Tithonian FO at 3-1, 2 _ 1996

DSDP Site 330 Wise & Wind 1977 Late Jurassic _ ____ Falkland

DSDP Site 511 Wise 1983 Late Jurassic _ ____ „—˜F I E gomp—rison of pehs of ™—l™—reous n—nnofossil spe™ies from onshore —nd offshore lo™—litiesF

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