IEE: Bangladesh: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project

Home , Chittagong District, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Kaptai Upazila, Rangamati Sadar Upazila

Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (RRP BAN 42248)

Initial Environmental Examination for Six Sample Subprojects

February 2011

BAN: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project

Prepared by ANZDEC Ltd for the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs and the Asian Development Bank.

Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (RRP BAN 42248)

Initial Environmental Examination for the Sapchari Para, Wagga Union Subproject

February 2011

BAN: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project

Prepared by ANZDEC Ltd for the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs and the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 16 March 2011)

Currency unit – taka (Tk) Tk1.00 = $0.0140 $1.00 = Tk71.56

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CHT – Chittagong Hill Tracts CHTRC – Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council CHTRDP-I – Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project DOE – Department of Environment EARF – Environmental Assessment Review Framework EMMP – Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan HDC – Hill District Council IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IP – indigenous people LGED – Local Government Engineering Department MOCHTA – Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs O&M – operation and maintenance PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance

GLOSSARY jhum – swidden or shifting cultivation mouza – a small administrative area usually composed of a number of villages para – administrative division – subdivision of a Union Union – administrative division – subdivision of an upazila upazila – administrative division – subdivision of a district

NOTE (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.

Initial Environmental Examination for the Sapchari Para, Wagga Union Subproject (SSP1)

Table of Contents

A. Introduction 1 1. Purpose and Scope 1 2. Methodology 2 B. Description of the Project and Subproject 2 1. The Project 2 2. Resources of Chittagong Hill Tracts 4 3. The Subproject 8 C. Description of the Environment 8 1. Physical Resources 8 2. Social Characteristics 11 3. Ecological Resources 14 4. Economic Development 15 D. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 16 E. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 20 F. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 21 G. Findings and Recommendations 21 1. Findings 21 2. Recommendations 21 H. Conclusions 22

Attachment A: Photographs Supporting the Subproject IEE 23 Attachment B: List of Biological Species in the Subproject Area 27 Attachment C: Department of Environment Checklist 45 Attachment D: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 46 Attachment E: Public Consultation 47

Figure 1: Location of Subproject

Initial Environmental Examination for the Sapchari Para, Wagga Union Subproject (SSP1)

A. Introduction 1. Purpose and Scope 1. This report is the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the proposed subproject in Sapchari Para of Wagga Union, in Kaptai Upazila of Rangamati District. The subproject is one of the six subprojects identified for inclusion in the Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (the Project) during the project preparatory technical assistance undertaken between April and December 2010.1 The Project is expected to be implemented from January 2012 until December 2018 at a cost of some $55 million. The Project will build upon the successes and be guided by the lessons of the completed Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project2 (CHTRDP-I). 2. The Project will continue and enhance the work of CHTRDP-I taking into account the review of achievements and the experiences of other development initiatives in the CHT area including those of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Project will improve economic opportunities in the agriculture sector and foster regional integration. The Project will follow Government planning for major roads and institutional arrangements and will be community-driven for community infrastructure, watershed and micro agribusiness development activities, thus ensuring a mix of top-down and bottom-up planning as appropriate for the nature of the component. The roads program to be implemented by the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) and will guide the location of the other components in order to ensure a geographic overlap between all components. The Project will be implemented in parts of the three Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) districts: (i) Khagrachari; (ii) Bandarban; and (iii) Rangamati, and will include poor people in the CHT area, indigenous people (IP), women and other vulnerable groups. 3. The Project proponent is the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs (MOCHTA) and the subproject will be implemented by the Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council (CHTRC). Contact information for MOCHTA is: Contact person : Netai Chandra Sen Joint Secretary (Development) Address : Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka Telephone No. : (880) 2 7167736 Fax No. : (880) 2 9565300 E-mail : [email protected] 4. The sample subproject is one of six sample subprojects identified to support the Government strategy to improve rural livelihoods and reduce poverty in the CHT. The sample subprojects and future candidate subprojects are consistent with the ADB 2005 Country Strategy and Program for Bangladesh. 5. The IEE of this sample subproject is closely linked to the requirements and procedures of the Government‟s Environmental Conservation Act (1995) and Environmental Conservation Rules (1997). Government responsibility for environmental issues is vested with the Department

1 ADB. 2009. Technical Assistance to Bangladesh for Preparing the Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project. Manila. (TA 7432-BAN) 2 ADB. 2000. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors: Proposed Loan to the People’s Republic of Bangladesh for the Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project. Manila. Loan 1771- BAN approved in 2000 and effective in 2002 for an amount of $30.0 million.

2 of Environment under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). The IEE was conducted by consultants engaged during the preparation of the technical assistance and in consultation with key stakeholders including MOCHTA, CHTRC, Hill District Councils (HDCs), LGED, union and upazila representatives and potential beneficiary communities. During field consultations, observations were made in consultation with local officials, groups and potential beneficiaries and affected people. Support and assistance in the field were provided by the staff of CHTRC and the Rangamati HDC. The conduct of an IEE, and its subsequent approval by ADB is a prerequisite for ADB support to the subproject. 6. The objectives of the IEE are to: (i) determine the state of the environment in the subproject area; (ii) identify key environmental issues associated with the subproject; (iii) recommend appropriate mitigation measures; and (iv) develop an environmental management and monitoring plan (EMMP). 2. Methodology 7. This IEE is prepared in accordance with the Environmental Conservation Act and in accordance with the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). An Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) has been prepared for the Project and sets out guidelines for the preparation of IEEs for subsequent candidate subprojects. The EARF has been prepared as a attachment to the Project Administration Manual. 8. Data gathering and assessment of key environmental issues were undertaken using the ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment methodology which comprises: (i) review of documents including socioeconomic baseline survey undertaken during the PPTA; (ii) meetings with Project stakeholders and stakeholder representatives; (iii) identifying environmental issues which need to be addressed by the Project; and (iv) gathering of primary environmental data from field reconnaissance. B. Description of the Project and Subproject 1. The Project 9. The overall Project goal is to contribute to a reduction in the incidence of poverty in CHT, and provide suitable implementation arrangements to underpin the CHT Accord and strengthen key institutions to help meet their mandated role. The Project impact is to increase employment and income generating opportunities for the population through community participatory subproject development. The outputs of the Project will include: (i) selective rural access; (ii) small-scale water resources interventions; (iii) watershed management; (iv) community infrastructure; and (v) promotion of small agribusiness opportunities. The outcomes of the Project will include: (i) measurable increased economic opportunities for rural poor, especially women and vulnerable groups in IP communities; (ii) improved watershed conditions; and (iii) improved regional integration between the regular line agencies and CHT specific agencies. 10. In pursuit of its objectives, the Project will work through these components: (i) Component A – Institutional Development and Capacity Building; (ii) Component B – Rural Roads; (iii) Component C – Community Infrastructure; and (iv) Component D – Micro Agribusiness Development (MAD).

11. Component A: Institutional Development and Project Management. Outputs will include: (i) enhanced institutional capacity and capability of MOCHTA, CHTRC and three HDCs; (ii) project implementation supported by effective management arrangements within CHTRC and three HDCs; (iii) a Safeguards and Quality Monitoring Cell (SQMC) established and operational; (iv) all aspects of project safeguards adequately addressed; and (v) project management systems operational. 12. Component B: Rural Roads. Outputs will include: (i) completion of incomplete upazila and union roads commenced in the CHTRDP-I; (ii) planning, preparation and design of union and upazila roads that were scheduled for implementation in CHTRDP-I but not done; and 13. Component C: Community Infrastructure. Outputs will include: (i) promotion of effective watershed management; (ii) construction of small feeder roads/footpaths and steps to connect villages to union and upazila roads and between and within villages targeted under Output B; (iii) small market sheds located at existing community collection points; (iv) provision of participatory community-based small irrigation systems, and water resource interventions and other community infrastructure; and (this is minor in nature, typically ranging from 15 to 40 hectares [ha]) and village water supply; and (v) facilitation of development of community and family nurseries/ field practices for the propagation of necessary quality assured planting materials for sloping agricultural land/ bioengineering principles for improved watershed management and soil conservation. 14. Component D: Micro Agribusiness Development – sustainable micro agribusiness promoted and established. 15. The Project will adopt the following poverty reduction and rural development strategies: (i) Concentrate on improved rural access and overall Project effort in the districts and areas that are poorly connected. Along with that, villages around main roads will be connected to main roads, through village access roads and paved paths. (ii) Pay particular attention to promoting development among the more disadvantaged uphill dwelling, jhum (swidden) cultivators. (iii) Safeguard against likely negative impacts including the risk of losing long-term benefits to communities initially intended to gain from Project interventions. This is particularly important in the absence of tenurial security, for both individual and community land, and highlights the need for better safeguarding proposed investments to be made in the area. (iv) Enable rural communities to develop potential and skills in rural development and livelihood improvement, through involvement in the planning, development, operation and maintenance (O&M) activities of subprojects, while paying attention to promoting women‟s roles in community and household management. 16. The promotion of secure land tenure is a critical prerequisite for farmers to have the confidence to undertake medium-term and longer-term investments in higher value agriculture

4 production such as horticulture. Poverty reduction would take place through the increase in both net income from farmers‟ production and off farm employment generation. 17. ADB has classified the Project as environmental Category B. IEEs and Environmental Management and Mitigation Plans (EMMPs) are required to be prepared for each of the sample subprojects in accordance with the ADB Environment Policy (2002) and Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003), and the Government‟s environmental requirements as set out in the applicable laws and regulations. 2. Resources of Chittagong Hill Tracts (i) Demographics 18. The integral population (although not ethnically disaggregated) of the three districts of CHT has increased significantly over the past two decades (from 1981 to 2001) as indicated in Table 1 below. Although there has been no population census since 1991 when the population was 974,445, all subsequent estimates are based on largely dated information – in 2001 overall population of CHT was 974,445. Current estimates based on an average population growth rate for Bangladesh of 2.3% per annum would indicate a population of about 1.3 million of which approximately 67 % is rural. The ratio of IP to non-IP was indicated in 1991 to be 51:49 of which about 88% comprise Chakma, Tripura and Marma. Of interest is the demographic transition within the area particularly due to the transmigration impacts which have not only impacted on population growth but also on the ratio between IP and non-IP. The non-indigenous population in 1872 was 1.7%3, which rose to the level of around 9.1%4 by 1951, and doubled by the next p to 19.4%5 in 1974. In the absence of a (ethnically disaggregated) population census and using various socioeconomic baseline surveys of the area undertaken as part of development partner interventions, it is highly likely that the current ratio is at least 50:50 (IP to non-IP). Table 1: Population density of urban and rural in 2001 Census Total population in Total population Name of Total population Growth rate urban area in rural area district 1991 1981 1991 1981 1991 1981 Decadal Annual Bandarban 230,569 171,478 68,522 26,963 162,047 134515 34.5 3.0 Khagrachhari 342,488 278,461 109,710 70,565 232,778 207896 23.0 2.09 Rangamati 401,388 301,753 146,083 106,073 255,305 195680 33.0 2.89 Total 974,445 751,692 324,315 203,601 650,130 538091 90.5 7.98 Percentage - - 33.2 28 66.7 72 - - Source: ADB. 2010. Chittagong Hill Tracts Study on Potential for Integrated Water Resources Management. Consultants‟ report. Manila (TA 6325-REG).

19. The 2 decades of insurgency stemming from a land conflict between Bengali settlers and IPs caused damage to rural infrastructure. Increasing population and land pressures has resulted in land being intensively used with shortened fallow periods causing land degradation and other natural resources being depleted. Consequently, a shifting cultivator (jhum) farmer can now barely obtain 3-4 months of food per year from their own production. Like most of the areas of the CHT region, food security and availability of only limited cultivable areas, together, make enhanced agricultural production a high priority. (ii) Land 20. CHT lands are limited in terms of economic productivity. While about 70% of Bangladesh's soils are cultivatable and have few production limitations, only 6% of CHT land is

3 1,097 persons (Census of India, 1872). 4 26,150 persons (Census of Pakistan, 1951). 5 98,628 persons (Census of Bangladesh, 1974). 5 cultivatable and its generally poor soils and steep contours severely limit production enterprise options. The creation of Kaptai Lake in 1960 and inundation of a significant area of CHT's prime agricultural land permanently left it as a cereal deficit area. The loss of land due to Kaptai Lake was further exacerbated in the mid-1980s when the Government of Bangladesh (the Government) initiated a transmigration program with ethnic Bengalis from plain areas being settled in CHT. The insurgency internally displaced many families who are still in the process of re-establishing themselves and had significant impacts on economic growth and development of the area. 21. There are three types of land ownership in CHT: (i) common property which is recognized as a customary right of indigenous people; (ii) non-recorded traditional customary property which indicates property which may be owned by an individual, family or clan; and (iii) registered property ownership (having deeds certified by the Government). Average landholding in CHT (all households) is 0.18 hectares (ha) of plough land and 0.78 ha of jhum land. About 79%6 of IPs do not have registered private ownership of land (i.e. no security of rights to land use) – clearly a disincentive to their investing in improved farming techniques and resource management. Additionally, CHT has limited infrastructure, underdeveloped markets and the institutional support system is not oriented to address the needs of rural poor and landless. 22. Land pressures have impacted on traditional land use practices. Jhum is the dominant farming system in the lower and upper hills of CHT. Integrated shifting cultivation, or rotational agro-forestry in practice, is considered valuable for its conservation and production aspects. The fallow period of land rested from deliberate cropping, not necessarily without cultivation or grazing but without sowing, is used to rest and vitalize the soils after cropping. Forest fallows enable restoration and conservation of forest ecosystems functions, while making the land suitable for the cropping phase that follows. Pressures on land during the past 2–3 decades have forced jhum farmers to reduce the fallow period, which is crucial in order to maintain land productivity, from the traditional time period of 10 to 12 years to 3 years on average today, thereby severely affecting the fertility of the soil. As a result of the land degradation caused by reduced fallow periods, deforestation, loss of topsoil, and increased water runoff,7 has serious implications on food security and environmental sustainability. (iii) Water Resources 23. Water resources in CHT comprise surface flows from main rivers systems namely, Karnafuli, Chengi, Maini, Sangu, Matamuhuri, Feni, Raingkyong and Bagkhali with a total length of 1,400 km. Significant rivers are transboundary with: (i) Karnafuli originating in Mizoram, India; (ii) Chengi and Feni originating in Tripura, India and (iii) Sangu originating in Myanmar. In addition to perennial rivers, upland communities rely predominantly on relatively shallow (0.5m to 4.0m) subsurface flows from local springs. These are commonly found along spring-lines where the groundwater table is intersected. However, over the past 2 decades there has been a noticeable depletion in spring flows resulting in significant impacts on rural communities who rely on such sources, mainly for potable water supplies. 24. A recent study8 of water resource in the CHT states that there is an observed deterioration of spring flows over the past several years. The main underlying causes were identified as: widespread degradation of natural dense forests;

6 UNDP. 2008. Socio-economic Baseline Survey of Chittagong Hill Tracts. Dhaka. 7 ICIMOD and IFAD. 2006. Farmers Innovations in Shifting Cultivation: Debating Shifting Cultivation in the Eastern Himalayas. Kathmandu. 8 Water Aid Bangladesh. April, 2008. Assessment of the Underlying Causes for the Deterioration of Water Flow in the Natural Springs of Chittagong Hill Tracts Districts. Dhaka.

large changes in land use; changes in climate; and physical interventions constructed without understanding the effects on surrounding environment (such as road construction). 25. Degradation of forest quality and substantial loss in canopy coverage are likely to be the most significant causes behind the deteriorating flows observed in the study. Dense forest has drastically been reduced in the recent years. Between 1989 and 2003, an estimated 170,000 ha of dense forest, (approximately 50% of the total area of dense forest) was lost in the CHT. The most severe condition was observed in Khagrachari district (approximately 95% loss), a likely consequence of changes in agricultural practices and scale. This type of change facilitates fast surface runoff and thereby reduces the soils‟ water retention capacity and percolation of water into the water table. 26. It was also observed9 that there is an overall decreasing rainfall pattern in 6 of the 7 stations within CHT. Increasing trend of evaporation and sunshine hours are also important concerns. In general, there is scant data on current status of natural resources of the area, specifically in terms of current land use mapping and hydrological (there are only 7 rainfall stations in CHT) and meteorological data (only 1 Bangladesh Meteorology Department weather station at Kaptai). The Water Aid report highlights lack of data availability and requirement for establishment of a comprehensive hydro-meteorological monitoring network in the area (including stream gauging) as fundamental requirements. Changing land use and long-term climatic variations require effective monitoring to better understand spatial and temporal variation in the resource base and for sustainable natural resources planning and management. 27. Reduction in stream flows results in communities considering alternatives options for potable water. This includes accessing groundwater at greater depths which is likely to be more reliable than the highly seasonally fluctuating (or depleting) shallow subsurface flows. However, due to hard bedrock underlying much of the upland area, tube well installation at greater depths is difficult. Coupled with minimal hydrological and hydrogeological information groundwater development often results in (at best) an estimated depth of drilling and again, uncertainty in the yield potential of the aquifer. With an increasing reliance on groundwater and increasing depths for accessing potable supplies, there is a need for comprehensive monitoring of CHT water resources. This will enable a more planned and systematic basis for sector development interventions. (iv) Forests 28. By far the largest natural resource in the CHT is forest, of which about 325,000 ha (about 25% of the total area of CHT)10 is exclusively controlled by the Department of Forest (DOF) of MOEF. The region's forests may be broadly classified into tropical evergreen semi evergreen and deciduous types.11 Reserve forests include Kassalong and Sangu in Khagrachari and Banderban districts, respectively. Historically preexisting community-based land ownership system of the people in CHT was changed for the first time when in 1865 and 1878, the British introduced the colonial land policy and took off a large portion of natural forest under state ownership. Since then, the people of CHT lost their customary right on the use of certain categories of land. Thus, long-standing subsistence activities of IPs in their ancestral forested land were converted overnight into criminal offenses according to the new colonial law.12 The

9 Footnote 18. 10 Raja Devasish Roy. June 2002. Land and Forest Rights in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Dhaka. 11 Common species of CHT include: Teak, Tectona grandis, Gamari, Gmelina arborea and Bamboo, Melocana baccifera Bambusa tulda, Tynostachyum dollooa, Bambusa vulgaris. 12 Mohsin 1997:91-92, R.C.K. Roy 1996: 40 and van Schendel 1995: 134. 7 people of CHT were abruptly deprived from the traditional community ownership of lands by which they used the hilly forest as their homesteads, jhum cultivation, extraction of forest resources, hunting and gathering, etc. 29. In addition, DOF has gradually taken up lands traditionally under jhum cultivation for conversion into reserve forests, invariably failing to secure alternative livelihood options for affected communities. These “reserve forests” (RF) have been managed according to a succession of forest management plans that have set targets for timber extraction and reforestation. Their principal objectives have been to (i) replace endemic and/or natural and less commercially productive forest with more commercially valuable and productive species; (ii) manage the forests on the basis of sustained yield; (iii) keep sufficient forest cover in the watersheds to prevent denuding of the hills and the consequent erosion; and (iv) derive the highest possible financial return and ensure the maximum use of produce from these forests. However, unsustainable practices such as monoculture have resulted in serious pest and erosion problems. 30. Remaining categories of forest include protected forest, which covered about 1% of CHT but was later reclassified as RF. Private forest are owned by small-scale indigenous farmers and plantation owners – their extent is unknown. The remaining forest area is unclassified state forest (USF), which is theoretically the remainder of the land area not under DOF control. Overall, this is a residual category of forested land under the control of district collectorates which is considered by IPs to be their own forest and common lands. Considerable quantities of timber and bamboo are produced from this area. However, overall management of USF remains unclear. 31. A recent study13 undertaken by Water Aid Bangladesh, in which a combination of remote sensing, ground truthing and community consultation was undertaken, indicates that dense forest has drastically been reduced in the recent years. Between 1989 and 2003, an estimated 170,000 ha of dense forest, (approximately 50%) was lost over the CHT area. The most severe condition was observed in Khagrachari district (approximately 95% loss), a likely consequence of changes in agricultural practices and scale. This type of change facilitates fast surface runoff and thereby reducing the soils water retention capacity and percolation into water table. The study further concludes that degradation of forest quality, that is, loss in canopy coverage, is probably the most significant cause for deterioration in spring flows in CHT. 32. Overall, forest resources, their use and sustainability are complex and remain a sensitive issue in CHT. Development partner -financed sector development interventions in the late 1990s, particularly those pertaining to social forestry were unfavorable to the conditions of CHT. 33. ADB TA 7481-BAN: Land Use Mapping of CHT14 which was undertaken in parallel for the PPTA of CHTRDPII. The TA will contribute to natural resources monitoring of the area using satellite imagery and remote sensing to prepare base maps of land use and a digital elevation model for topographic information. The outputs are to be incorporated in the loan project of CHTRDPII and will be periodically updated to indicate changes in land use such as depletion of forest cover and increase in agricultural land, including expansion of road network and settlements.

13 Footnote 8. 14 The TA was implemented by Centre for Environment and Geographic Information System (CEGIS), Bangladesh. The same organization will be contracted during the loan project to undertake periodic updates of land use using satellite imagery. Periodic reviews will be undertaken in Year 4 and Year 7 of the Project, at midterm and completion respectively.

3. The Subproject 34. The population of the subproject area is overwhelmingly comprised of the Tanchangya ethnic group. Over 60% of the rural households are involved in agriculture. About 40% of all families do not own their land and 35% have their own cultivatable cereal lands. Agricultural land use comprises shifting cultivation (jhum) in the mid-hills and uplands, with intensive valley crop (mainly paddy) production and horticulture on lower slopes and valley floors. Agricultural produce includes food grain, fruit, vegetable, timber and other forms of garden produce. Like the most of the CHT region, food security and availability of drinking water have been a high priority in the subproject site area. 35. Land pressure in the subproject area has resulted from: (i) flooding of prime agricultural land following the construction of Kaptai Reservoir; (ii) influx of workers during the construction of Kaptai Reservoir; and (iii) Government sponsored in-migration program resulting in plain land Bengalis being settled in CHT. 36. The proposed interventions for the subproject are described in detail in the Subproject Feasibility Report (SFPR) and are summarized here: (i) 1 ring well with pumping to a nearby concrete storage tank and pipelines to 4 standpipes located throughout the village; and (ii) 2 km of concrete path, 1 meter (m) wide, between Sapchari village and Sapchari Moin village, including an estimated 30 m of wooden foot bridges. 37. The total cost (including contingencies) of these interventions is estimated at $48,583. A breakdown of the costs by intervention is given in Table 2. O&M costs are included at 5% of capital cost per year for water supply infrastructure and between 2% for village path. Department of Environment (DOE) project classification is orange-B group. The proposed subproject is expected to have both beneficial and adverse type of impacts. Both types of impacts will be site specific and the impact zone will remain within the immediate area of the subproject site. Moreover, all adverse impacts will be reversible and can be adjusted by the design of appropriate mitigation measures. Table 2: Estimated Subproject Cost Totals Including Contingencies ($ ‘000) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total I. Investment Costs A. Village Water Supply Ring well & Installation – 0.9 – – – – – 0.9 Reservoir tank – 4.1 – – – – – 4.1 Pipelines & distribution – 0.5 – – – – – 0.5 Electric pump (1 HP) – 0.4 – – – – – 0.4 Subtotal – 5.9 – – – – – 5.9 B. Footpath – Sapchari to – 36.7 – – – – – 36.7 Total – 42.6 – – – – – 42.6 Source: TA 7432-BAN Consultants.

C. Description of the Environment 1. Physical Resources 38. Geographic location of the subproject area is approximately between 22033.163‟- 22033.209‟ north latitudes and 92007.467‟-92007.537‟ east longitudes in the hilly terrain. The subproject area comprises Sapchari Para and Headman Para and is situated in the Wagga Union of the Kaptai Upazilla of Rangamati. It is bounded by Kawkhali upazila to the north-west; 9

Rangamati Sadar upazila to the north and north-east; Belaichari to the east; Rajasthali to the south-east, south and south-west; and the district of Chittagong to the west. The location of the subproject is provided in Figure 1 and a sketch map of subproject layout is provided in Figure 2. The subproject is situated in the west of Rangamati District, at a distance of about 23 km from Rangamatii District Headquarters, adjacent to the Rangamati-Kaptai Road, connected by a small bridge (45 m) built under CHTRDP-I, spanning the Wagga River. 39. The topography of the subproject area comprises valleys, floors and hill slopes (varying from less than 5% to over 70%). In Rangamati District, a total of 17,382 ha located along the slopes.15 The subproject area consists of soil mainly of the type composed of clay and sandy silt. Soil in the area seems to be fertile with poor organic content. Photographs of the subproject area can be found in Attachment A. 40. The subproject area has a tropical monsoon climate with temperatures ranging between a minimum 20oC in January and a maximum of 42oC in May, with a maximum average temperature of 30.5oC and a minimum average temperature of 22.1oC. Seasonal rainfall with recorded average annual rainfall (concentrated during a 5-month period between June and October) is 2,653 mm. Climatic data for the subproject area is shown in Table 3. 41. Some 95% of the total land area of the subproject area comprises slopes and the remaining 5% are villages and water ways. The existing land forms and soil types are the resultant eroded anticlines and synclines stretching along a north-south axis. Land classes range essentially from piedmont to low and medium hills to high hills with 80% comprising slopes between 30%-70%. Given the erosive monsoonal rainfall, the historical trend toward deforestation and accelerated jhum practices, such a profile of land classification makes these zones all the more difficult for sustainable management.

15 CHT Regional Development Plan.

Figure 2: Map of Subproject Area

42. Compared to the rest of the country, the air quality of the project area, specifically, that of the subproject area has suffered little disturbance. With exceptions of occasional gusts picking up dust and other suspended particles to the ambient air, the quality of air with all the parameters remains within acceptable and normal limits throughout the year. 43. Kaptai Lake is the major hydrological feature of the district, although not directly impinging on the subproject. Two water courses are prominent in the watershed system within the subproject area: (i) the Wagga Chara flowing along north-south direction along the right- hand side of the road alignment; and (ii) the Sapchari Chara flowing on an east-west alignment.

Table 3: Climatic Data for the Subproject Area Climatic Variables Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average Monthly 6.0 18.7 32.9 105.9 216.1 617.0 644.4 450.5 278.8 187.5 62.7 14.9 Rainfall in mm Average Max. 26.3 29.1 32.7 33.5 33.1 31.1 30.6 31.0 31.7 31.4 29.2 26.5 Temp in degree Celcius Average Min. Temp 15.2 17.0 20.6 23.4 24.7 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.3 24.2 20.8 17.0 in degree Celsius Aveage 3.7 4.3 4.7 4.7 2.9 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 Evaporation mm/day Relative Humidity in 75 69 67 71 77 83 85 85 83 82 80 79 % Sunshine Hour 7.6 8.1 8 7.9 6.3 4.4 3.4 4.6 5.3 6.6 7.1 7.7 Wind Speed in 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 m/sec Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Rangamati Base Station.

2. Social Characteristics 44. The Rangamati-Kaptai Road, via the CHTRDP-I built Union Road, provides access to two main „collection‟ markets, Ghagra (8 km) and Baraichari (7 km) where twice a week, farmers take their produce. The first phase Union Road is herringbone brick (HBB), currently used as a footpath as well as for bringing village produce from upstream to the main Rangamati-Kaptai Road, either by mini-truck, passenger jeep/micro-bus (chander gari) or baby taxi (three-wheeler auto rickshaw).16 Buyers from Chittagong or Dhaka or their agents come in large numbers to these markets. These two markets are very congested with narrow lanes; fruits and vegetables are sold on the road and loaded on trucks. A popular demand is to set a large spacious shed for buying/selling and parking space for trucks and this will be addressed under another component of the Project.17 45. The Para has gained importance because of the Wagga Junior High School adjacent to both the existing CHTRDP-I-built Union Road (and bridge) and the Rangamati-Kaptai Road. A few shops beside the main road and an occasional assembly market are organized to sell village produce to external buyers (Beparis). Hill Flowers, an NGO active in hill conservation supported by Arannyak Foundation, has a branch office next to the high school. This local NGO has been actively promoting horticulture in the Wagga watershed villages. By 2009, Hill Flower had supplied 1,000 fruit plants for each village along the Union Road. It also provided mahogany, gorjon timber trees to plant these in the riverbank to protect against bank sliding. The villagers and above mentioned NGO are hoping to benefit in future from marketing of mixed fruits if there is a possibility to complete the Union Road.18

16 Villagers collect their production from jhum fields to carry them to the constructed road. Then they hire vehicles according to their quantity of goods to take them to the main road or to the market places. In that respect, baby taxi and jeeps are mostly used for carrying goods. On the other hand, trucks are hired for timber and bamboo collection. In addition, there are two vans in Sapchari, owned by two villagers, which also to carry goods to the main road. 17 This section draws on the Micro Agribusiness Development (MAD) component Report, October 2010 as well as the Wagga Socioeconomic Survey conducted about the same time, as well as the ADB. 2010. Chittagong Hill Tracts Study on Potential for Integrated Water Resources Management for which a preliminary study of Sapchari Para, Wagga was prepared, focusing on the impacts of the new Union Road. 18 ADB. 2010. Chittagong Hill Tracts Study on Potential for Integrated Water Resources Management, February, preliminary study of Sapchari Para, Wagga. The number of total households and number of male female were taken from a survey by Hill Flower, a local NGO in Rangamati District Headquarters. But not all the villages were visited, due to their remote distance from the constructed union road, on difficult hill paths.

46. Sapchari Para covers about 13,000 acres of land. The villagers claim that about 4,500 acres of land is registered and the rest is used/owned by the villagers by customary right, in line with the traditional system of the IP community. According to the Wagga Socioeconomic Study, carried out in October 2010, this Para is inhibited solely by the Tanchangya ethnic group. All 48 households of this Para have homestead land and houses, but 36 families own agricultural land, and 12 families are landless, i.e., they do not have any agricultural land. Sapchari Para appears to be a reasonably well-off village in terms of income, housing, education, physical access to roads, and in terms of other important factors. Figure 3 below shows, very roughly, the existing Union Road (0.9 km) built during CHTRDP-I and the proposed new concrete footpath (2.1 km), as well as the Rangamati-Kaptai Road, Wagga River, and the new union road bridge that now traverses the river.19 47. From Sapchari Para, the proposed concrete footpath will serve villages upstream in the vicinity of Sapchari Moin which are included in Sapchari Mouza,20 the lowest unit of land administration in Bangladesh, just below the Union. These villagers have reported that they are already benefiting from the first project‟s Union Road, which has increased the price of their goods due to increased accessibility of businessmen. The villagers are growing more crops as the union road bridge has made marketing assurance for whole year; and respondents showed their interest towards planting fruit trees instead of reliance on timber, which may have positive long-term impacts for the watershed. More people are reportedly aware about the long-term environmental aspects of relying on cutting timber trees, whereas fruit trees will provide fruit in every year without destroying watershed forests. So fruit trees are thought to be good for environment and commercially beneficial as well. 48. The villages in the Sapchari Mouza, which includes the six villages in Table 4 and incorporates the watershed around the union road, are located along on the surrounding foothills or on the slope of the hills. The proposed alignment of the footpath of this subproject area is characterized by hills and undulating land with small amount of flat and gentle slope land. The proposed path will go uphill by following more or less an existing stream (Sapchari Chola) that feeds into the Wagga River, parallel to the main Rangamati-Kaptai Road, where a number of other small streams have also joined in. Table 4: Upstream Paras Potentially Served by the Concrete Footpath21 # Paras Households Population IP Group From Main Road 1 Sapchari, 48 Tanchangya 0.0 2 Tripurachari 21 Tanchangya 0.5 3 Sapchari Moin 30 Tanchangya 3.5 4 Doluchari Moin 18 Tanchangya 4.0 5 Bullayingach Moin 30 Tanchangya 8.0 6 Boradom 300 Chakma 9.0 Total 447

49. A new small-scale business community has been developed near the Wagga Junior High School, along the main road after the union road construction. The villagers report that before the bridge, there were very few people engaged in small business; but now, from the upstream villages, there are many people who have started small trading, in terms of buying and collecting goods from the villages and sell produce to the market. Both on market days, as well as non-market days, they collect vegetables and fruits from different points of the upstream villages and take the products to Rangamati, Ghagra, Boroichari and even to Chittagong.

19 These roads are superimposed on a Participatory Village Map (PVM) Board posted at the beginning of the Union Road, seen from the Rangamati-Kaptai Road. Note that in PVM exercises carried out under Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP), the PVM Boards will be in Bengali. This was a pilot exercise carried out in Sapachari Para. 20 The Mouza consists of more than two villages headed by Headman. An alternative spelling is Mauja. 21 Ibid. 13

Villagers in Sapchari Para report foot traffic through the existing bush track (which is so overgrown it is impossible to spot without a local guide, presently) at a rate of about 100 return trips (each of over one hour) per day, of which about 30 are children accessing the schools. In Sapchari Para some of the small traders collect turmeric and other goods at a cheap price and store them in their houses. Afterwards, they sell the goods to other businessmen in the nearby market towns when the price is up.22 50. The Sapchari Para inhabitants are mostly educated, and currently all their children are going to school, even with a very difficult situation reaching the school in the rainy season. Since the bush track is very difficult to follow presently, children from upstream usually walk to school by following the stream bed. The children, especially at the primary school level, face a serious problem during flash floods and heavy rainfall. 51. On the other hand, the completed section of Union Road, especially the bridge over the Wagga River, is reported by villagers to have increased easy access to schools and colleges. There are 35 students (26 female and 9 male) from Doluchari Moin and Sapchari Para who go to the Sapchari Wagga Junior High School and Rangamati College. They require 1.5 hours walking to reach school and 2 hours for returning to their villages, due to having to climb steep hills. Before the bridge construction, they needed to cross the river by wading, which was difficult for the female students, particularly in the rainy season. Now the problem has been solved. However, to ensure their regular access to school they require full implementation of another 2 km of access. 52. In spite of improved connectivity between the upstream villages due to the relatively new union road bridge, primary level students are still often deprived from regular studies. The only Government primary school is in Dulochari Moin, where students from Sapchari Para also study. There are 3 teachers including 2 assistant teachers and the headmaster. They are not local and live in Rangamati town. However, due to the difficult transport system, most of the time, the teachers are absent from the school. As a result, very often the students have to return home without attending school.23 53. All families depend mainly on agriculture as the main source of their livelihood. However, several persons work as regular employees in private enterprises or in Government departments. The whole village is hilly, with some small amounts of plain land, where homesteads, schools and other community infrastructure is located and some agricultural production takes place. The farmers of this village produce mainly ginger, turmeric and banana as cash crops. Other products are yam, brinjal, papaya etc. The Para also produces some jhum crops. Land ownership rests with the heads of the households, who are mostly men. 54. Women members of the Sapchari Para families actively participate in agriculture. The female villagers have reported that the Wagga River, prior to the union road bridge, was a big constraint for them to go outside of the village in terms of going to market, visiting relative‟s houses, hospitals and different organizations. Similarly, as most of the Hill Flower NGO workers are female, field staff was also unable to regularly visit the upstream villages due to the increased river water level. Now women are very visible on the main road. They can help their families to carry the produced goods to the main road before market day as well as other days. Now women‟s involvement with the Hill Flower NGO has increased and women report that they can more easily go to a hospital in case of pregnancy for routine checkups and for delivery.

22 Ibid. 23 Ibid.

Figure 3: Location of Sapchari Para in Rangamati District, CHT

55. Typically, in Sapchari Para, about 51% of the population is male and 63% of both sexes are under 30 years of age. Women of this subproject area do all household work as well as work in the field. 56. Negative impacts include affected persons (APs) losing their land, assets, and potentially their livelihoods. However, in this Para nobody will be displaced from their homestead or business premises. The Para will also not lose any community property. The negative land acquisition and resettlement (LAR) impacts will be minimized through providing adequate compensation, as well as through mitigation measures for preventing Project-induced impoverishment. Enhancement of socioeconomic development and protection of seriously affected persons (SAPs) are reported in the Land Acquisition and Resettlement Framework prepared for the subproject (see RRP Linked Document 13). 3. Ecological Resources 57. Terrestrial. The main and the most significant terrestrial inhabitants in the subproject area could be observed in planted homestead vegetation areas together with vegetation areas along roadside slopes and reserved forest areas. Moreover, there still exists habitation for a significant number of terrestrial as well as amphibian faunal species in this subproject area. Natural hill forests of the subproject area comprise Dipterocarp Forests, Savannas and Bamboo Forests.

58. Freshwater. The freshwater inhabitants in the subproject area have, mainly, been in charas, artesian aquifers/wells, rivers, lakes, etc. Fish cultivation in the lake is most significant. Biological productivity of these aquatic habitats depends mainly on the activities of plankton, macrophytes and, in some cases, on fauna at the bottom. The chlorophyll-bearing plants are the primary producers initiating the food-chain of the aquatic ecosystem. The vegetation thus contributes to the biological cycling and mobilization of chemical elements, allowing the ecosystem to directly support a wealth of fisheries. 59. Terrestrial and aquatic inhabitants of the subproject area support a large number of diverse biological populations, both plant and animals. Such biological diversities depend on the type and quality of habitats and level of interference of the human population and developmental activities. Various types of flora and fauna being experienced in the subproject area, according to information gathered through discussion with local people and modified through applying checklists of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Bangladesh, appears in Attachment B. 4. Economic Development 60. Since the last few years the Para villagers are gradually moving away from jhum (swidden) rice, banana, spices and vegetable production towards mainly permanent farming of fruit, such as mango, and litchi and timber plantations. Fruit and vegetable production within homesteads is also important. Landless families usually lease land (currently at the rate of Tk8,000-Tk9,000 per acre per season) or do sharecropping. Villagers are adopting modern technologies for cultivating all crops, including cereal, but mainly for horticulture. 61. The trend in the village as well as in the whole Wagga union is to convert hilly land (slopes) into mango (Amrapali and Raong varieties), litchi and guava orchards. The main incentive is the good and steady price of these fruits and regular annual income as opposed to jhum cultivation. For example, one farmer gave his estimates as follows: he earned Tk800,000 against an annual investment of Tk300,000 from his 5 acre mango orchard. All households produce ginger and turmeric but commercial production of banana is limited to about 10 families. Other products such as Arum/Yam, Brinjal (Eggplant), and papaya are produced around the homesteads or in very small pieces of land for family consumption and sold in local markets, if surplus is generated. 62. During the Rabi (Winter) Season, farmers, as in other places, opt for winter vegetables such as tomato, cauliflower, radish, bitter gourd, brinjal, and potato but only brinjal, cauliflower and potato are produced by 10-20 households at a commercial scale. Within the winter crops, brinjal, cauliflower and potato are most profitable subject to good price and disease free production season. Almost all households raise indigenous poultry birds for family consumption and occasional sale, and about 50 percent of families raise 1-5 cows for milk and calves.24 63. It is expected that implementation of the subproject will generate additional employment (including short- and long-term) and agricultural production and combined with the impacts of associated project components (such as market facility upgrade) there will be a multidimensional effect on the socioeconomic development of the area. In particular, implementation of the subproject will:

24 One farmer reported his initiative of large-scale production of local birds same as broiler but lost them due to spread of disease. But the scope for expansion using semi-scavenging technique is very good if vaccination service is ensured. Similarly, cow rearing (red Chittagong variety) is very popular and profitable because of free green grass available in the hills. Farmers report that sometimes they either do not milk the cows or use milk for family consumption and sometimes, the surplus is converted to yogurt for sale. The main objective is to fatten cows and getting calves, which are sold for good price in local and Chittagong markets.

reduce the carrying cost of and time to transport agricultural products to the market; increase the use of modern technological inputs in agricultural production; increase crop production and cropping intensity; provide farmers with a better market price; increase employment opportunities; enhance quality of life through access to health, education and other services in the vicinity. D. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 64. Using the sectoral environmental checklist of the Department of Environment25 (DOE) and the ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist, all environmental aspects of the subproject have been screened. These are summarized in Tables 7 and 8. The DOE summary checklist is set out in Attachment C. 65. As a matter of Project policy, subproject design will minimize resettlement including land and asset acquisition (as reported in RRP Linked Document 13: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Framework). 66. Potential environmental impacts of the subproject have been assessed by considering the cause-effect relationship between the proposed engineering interventions and the existing environmental conditions. The assessed results in terms of subproject stage, impact issue, impact type, and mitigation measures against anticipated issues are summarized in Table 8. These are discussed below. (i) Drinking water and sanitation arrangements for workers. (ii) Tree removal and terrestrial biodiversity loss. (iii) Noise, vibration and dust – it is likely that some noise, vibration and dust will be generated from equipment at construction sites. (iv) Proximity to forest reserve.

67. The nature and scope of these adverse environmental impacts include: (i) Drinking water and sanitation arrangements. Supply of drinking water for the workers at the construction site will be arranged by installing tube wells or utilizing existing spring sources. The need for sanitation facilities will be met by constructing temporary latrines with water sealed facilities and septic tanks. (ii) Tree removal and terrestrial biodiversity loss. Subproject construction will require removal of some of trees which at feasibility stage have been estimated as below. (iii) Noise, vibration and dust. As the subproject is located in a rural environment and construction sites are far from the residences, minimal adverse impact during construction phases is anticipated. (iv) Proximity to forestry reserve. Although the subproject area is close to a forestry reserve, the boundaries are clearly defined, and land levels in the forestry reserve are significantly higher than in the subproject area. 68. Along the right of way (ROW) some fruit orchards and timber trees will be affected. A total of 858 trees of 19 species may be affected by the subproject. Of the total, 629 are timber trees (73%) and 229 trees (27%), are fruit bearing. Considering the girth of the trees, only 19 are large, 315 are medium, 284 are small, with 241 saplings.

25 LGED introduced Environmental Assessment Guidelines in 2006, however the DOE Guidelines are considered to more appropriately address the requirements of the 1995 Environment Conservation Rule. 17

Table 5: Number of Affected Trees by Type (Timber/Fruit) and Size Category Large Medium Small Sapling Total % of Trees Timber 3 254 223 150 629 73% Fruit Trees 16 62 61 91 229 27% Total 19 315 284 241 858 100% Source: Wagga SES/LOI, October 2010.

69. The tree categories are shown in Table 6 below. Table 6: Species of the Affected Trees, by Size Name of Tree Big Middle Small Sapling Total Gamari 3 254 213 10 479 Shishu 1 0 10 40 51 Banana 0 50 0 0 50 Mahogony 0 0 0 45 45 Orange 0 0 0 35 35 Garjan 0 0 0 35 35 Guava 0 0 5 27 32 Mango 11 3 3 11 28 Tamarind 0 0 25 0 25 Amloki 0 0 20 0 20 Titia 0 0 0 15 15 Litchi 0 2 0 10 12 Bettle Nut 3 3 5 0 11 Jackfruit 3 2 3 3 10 Segun 0 0 0 5 5 Shajna 0 0 0 4 4 Lemon 0 3 0 0 3 Boroi (Kul) 0 0 0 1 1 Bel 0 0 0 1 1 Total 19 315 284 241 858 Source: Wagga SES/LOI, October 2010.

Table 7: Impact Screening Checklist for Rural Community Roads and Access Environmental Issues Nature of Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Impact (+ve, -ve, 0) NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Air -ve Regulating movement of construction vehicles; spraying of water to minimize dust emission; locating hot mix plants at least 500m from sensitive receptors (e.g., households, educational institutions, mosques/temples and health complexes); covering trucks carrying construction materials with tarpaulins to avoid spillage; completion of construction of bridges/culverts during non-monsoon period or provision of adequate temporary pipe drains in diversion; etc. Hill and Piedmont Slope -ve Protection through embankments/guide walls/geotextiles and vegetation; etc. Surface water or -ve Only during construction period, necessity of aquifers/Watersheds appropriate and adequate construction management plan. Land -ve Avoidance of damage to or loss of agricultural or other private land through redesigning or realigning of the road to be constructed/Provision of adequate compensation or rehabilitation. ECOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Ecological/Biological Resources 0 Terrestrial Habitats: Removal of -ve Minimizing tree felling/devegetation; undertaking Trees social afforestation/revegetation Aquatic/Amphibious Habitats 0 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT Economic Livelihood +ve Construction Employment +ve Targeting employment of local people, especially, Opportunities women and minority ethnic groups Agriculture +ve Construction management plan Fisheries +ve Construction management plan Small industry +ve Informal employment sector +ve Infrastructure 0 Road Access +ve Navigation 0 Noise -ve Awareness generation, construction work during off-peak hours and, in some cases, noise-baffling dense tree plantation Human Development/GDP +ve Education/Literacy +ve Health +ve Risk of Worker Accident -ve Taking adequate precautionary as well as protective measures toward preventing workers from sudden fall from steep sloped area, severe burns due to exposure to fire hazards and eventual accidental deaths of Workers. Risk due to in-migrant workers -ve Targeting employment of local people, especially, women, IPS and those from minority groups Cultural/Landscape: +ve

Environmental Issues Nature of Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Impact (+ve, -ve, 0) RISKS Road Accident -ve Undertaking awareness and training program ADB CATEGORY B (OM F1) All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ADB‟s B (OM F1) Category of projects. ECR, ’97 CATEGORY ORANGE B All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ECR, ‟97 Orange B Category of projects.

Table 8: Impact Screening Checklist for Small-Scale Village Water Supply Environmental Issues Nature of Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Impact (+ve, -ve, 0) NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Air 0 Hill and Piedmont Slope 0 Surface water or -ve Only during construction period, necessity of aquifers/Watersheds appropriate and adequate construction management plan. Land 0 ECOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Ecological/Biological Resources 0 Terrestrial Habitats: Removal of 0 Trees Aquatic/Amphibious Habitats 0 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT Economic Livelihood +ve Construction Employment +ve Targeting employment of local people, especially, Opportunities women and IPS, specifically minority groups Agriculture +ve Construction management plan Fisheries +ve Construction management plan Small industry +ve Informal employment sector +ve Infrastructure 0 Road Access 0 Navigation 0 Noise 0 Human Development/GDP +ve Education/Literacy 0 Health +ve Risk of Worker -ve Taking adequate precautionary as well as Accident/Accidental Deaths protective measures toward preventing workers from sudden fall from high altitude work area. Risk due to in-migrant workers -ve Targeting employment of local people, especially, women Cultural/Landscape: +ve

ADB CATEGORY B (OM F1) All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ADB‟s B (OM F1) Category of projects. ECR, ’97 CATEGORY ORANGE B All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ECR, ‟97 Orange B Category of projects.

70. Steps to be taken to mitigate the identified potential adverse environmental impacts will include: (i) Drinking water and sanitation arrangements. Temporary facilities will be removed later without any residual adverse impact. (ii) Tree removal and terrestrial biodiversity loss. Tree removal will be minimized and removed trees replaced ten-fold.26 (iii) Noise, vibration and dust. Workers will be supplied with, and required to wear, ear muffs when working close to machinery. Water will be sprayed to suppress dust on an as required basis. (iv) Proximity to Forest Reserve. Land levels in the forest reserve are significantly higher than in the subproject area and there will be no flow of residual water from the subproject area to the forest. During construction workers and contractors will be required to avoid infringement of forest areas.

Table 9: Summary of Potential Negative Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Sapchari, Wagga Subproject Project Stage Environmental Issue Mitigation Measure Pre-construction Interference with water resources. Prepare an effective construction management plan Avoid or reduce loss of the need for Responsible design accompanied by land or asset acquisition. field checking Construction Dust emission at construction sites Spray water at sensitive locations (schools, temples, markets etc.) Noise emission at construction sites Regulate traffic and confine work to normal working hours Tree removal Avoid tree removal where possible and replace each tree removed with 10 similar trees – and community agree to nurture these to maturity. Site Accidents Create an awareness among workers for the need for safety and create a safe and tidy work environment Post Construction The subproject implementation None required. activities are minor and no negative post-construction are anticipated.

E. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 71. Responsibilities for all agencies with respect to the mitigation of environmental impacts are set out in the EMMP. The EMMP can be found in Attachment D.

26 Government requirements are that removed trees be replaced by two trees. The Project has adopted a ten for one tree replacement policy. 21

F. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 72. Stakeholders at the Sapchari, Wagga subproject were identified under four main groups: (i) beneficiaries and affected persons (APs) in the subproject area; (ii) community leaders; (iii) Government officials at the central, district and upazila levels; and (iv) NGOs working at the local and regional levels. Stakeholder participation was completed in two steps: (i) to collect and disseminate information through briefing and discussion meetings; and (ii) receive feedback for formulating appropriate mitigation measures against the adverse impacts. In order to ensure appropriate feedback a range of information sharing techniques was used. Techniques used for different stakeholder groups included (i) the completion of checklists and questionnaires; (ii) discussion with villagers; (iii) semi-structured interviews; (iv) small group meetings; and (v) site visits. Special efforts were made to include the elderly, women, IPs and vulnerable groups and to allow them to express their views regarding the proposed subproject. Stakeholder consultation has been undertaken within the subproject area between 1 June and 31 August 2010. Details of public consultations are listed in Attachment E. 73. Once the subproject has been formally approved, details of the subproject will be published in a widely circulated local newspaper in Bangla language, and notices, in Bangla and in a local indigenous language, will be erected in a prominent public place in the subproject para. As part of the project preparation activities, a notice board informing of subproject features and proposed activities has already been placed. 74. Notifications will advise that this IEE is available for public scrutiny at offices of (i) the union parishad; (ii) the upazila parishad; (iii) the Hill District Council (HDC); and (iv) CHTRC. Notifications will invite submissions from members of the public, or organizations within the community, within a period of 2 weeks following public notification. Notification will advise that further information on the subproject may be obtained at the HDC office or the Project Directors Office within the CHTRC. The disclosure and consultation process is detailed in the EARF. G. Findings and Recommendations 1. Findings 75. The screening process carried out in the IEE, adopting the Government and the ADB environmental assessment checklists, has not identified any significant negative environmental impact that will not be adequately mitigated by the subproject. It is concluded from the environmental assessment that: (i) the subproject will not result in any unwarranted loss of national resources and any adverse impact on adjacent forests; (ii) the subproject will not cause any additional hazards to endangered species; (iii) involuntary resettlement will be minimized and land and asset acquisition, where it occurs will be duly compensated; (iv) the subproject will provide employment opportunities to the local people and will provide more reliable infrastructure, resulting in livelihood improvements and poverty reduction; (v) the subproject will improve mobility and access to social facilities especially the local primary school and to the main road to access medical facilities; (vi) the subproject will help improve the economy in the region.

2. Recommendations 76. Adverse environmental impacts resulting from subproject activities are listed above together with measures to mitigate these impacts to a satisfactory level. Subproject activities will be monitored during implementation to ensure that these measures are adopted and that

22 impacts are reduced to a satisfactory level. In addition, random monitoring will continue for a period of 3 years following subproject completion with focus on these specific issues: (i) the proper removal of temporary structures and facilities required during subproject implementation; (ii) the status of planted trees compensating tree removal during construction; and (iii) any perceived impact on adjoining forestry reserves. 77. The screening process conducted is considered adequate and no significant adverse environmental impacts exist that are considered to warrant further detailed study or an Environmental Impact Assessment. H. Conclusions 78. The proposed intervention at the subproject is upgrading of an existing 2 km of concrete path, 1 m wide, between Sapchari village and Sapchari Moin village, including an estimated 30 m of wooden footbridges. In addition, a village water supply. 79. In consideration of implementing the recommended impact mitigation measures, it is concluded that the anticipated adverse impacts of the Sapchari, Wagga subproject will remain within acceptable limits. The direct and indirect beneficial impacts from extended irrigation coverage are expected to outweigh the adverse impacts. It is anticipated that the effect of the subproject will be to create significant employment opportunity and boost economic activity in the area. Therefore, the subproject is assessed as environmentally feasible and sustainable and is accepted for implementation from an environmental viewpoint. No further studies are considered necessary.

ATTACHMENT A: PHOTOGRAPHS SUPPORTING THE SUBPROJECT IEE

Photo 1: Shows terrain typical of the subproject area..

Photo 2: Consultation with officials at the Subproject

Photo 3: Existing infrastructure at the Subproject 25

Photo 4: View of existing Wagga road constructed under CHTRDP

Photo 5: Local community carrying products along Wagga union road

Photo 6: Existing water supply in neighboring village 27

ATTACHMENT B: LIST OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIES IN THE SUBPROJECT AREA

A. FLORA

Family: Acanthaceae 1 Nillata Thunbergia grandiflora 2 Lepidagathis incurve 3 Nilghanta Thunbergia erecta 4 Bakas, Adulsa Adhatada vasica Family: Amaranthaceae 6 Am-Chundal Swintonia floribunda 7 Bhadi/Jiulbhadi Lannea coromandelica 8 Barola, Joa Holigarna Longifolia 9 Aam Mangifera indica 10 Uriam Mangifera sylvatica 11 Deshiamra Spondias pinnata 12 Bilati amra Spondias dulcis 13 Barela Holigarna caustic

Family: Apocynanceae 14 Swarpagandha Rauvolfia serpentine 15 Tugarphul Tabernaemontana 16 Chatim Alstonia scholaris 17 Kurchi, Kuteswar Holarrhena antidysenterica Family: Araceae 18 Mokaddamkachu Colocasia esculenta 19 Simcha Colocasia antiquarum 20 Kalikachu Colocasia nymphaefolia 21 Ghetkachu Typhonium trilobatum

Family: Asclepiadaceae 22 Boalilata Sarcolobus globosu 23 Pargacha Hoya parasitica Family: Bignoniaceae 24 Paruljata, Dharmara Stereospermum 25 Kawatuti, Dakrum Heterophragma Family: Bombacacae 26 Banshimul Salmalia insignis 27 Simul Tula Bombax ceiba

Family: Boraginaceae 29 Boara, Logora Cordia myxa Family: Burseraceae 30 Chitrica, Hiliabadi Bursera serrata 31 Kapila Garuga pinnata

Family: Combretaceae 32 Goachchelata Calycopteris floribunda 33 Hingori, Kosi Anogeissus lanceolata 34 Kanchoi Anogeissus acuminate 35 Bahera Terminalia belirica

36 Kawatuti, Kakrum Terminalia chebula

Family: Compositeae 37 Assamlata Eupatorium odoratum 38 Assamlata, Germanlata Chomolaena odorata 39 Assamlata, Taralata Mikania cordata 40 Taralata Mikania scandens 41 Ochunti, Fulkuri Ageratum conyzoides 42 Marhatitiga Spilanthes acmella

Family: Convolvulaceae 43 Mistialu, Mittalu Ipomoea batatus 44 Dudkalmi Ipomoea alba 45 Gandhabadhuli Paederia foetida 46 Argyreia capitata 47 Behua Cyperus difformis 48 Panimalenga Cyperus distatus 49 Barachancha Cyperus iria 50 Chancha Cyperus compressus

Family: Dilleniaceae 51 Hargaza Dillenia pentagyna 52 Chalta, Chalita Dillenia indica Family: Dipterocarpaceae 53 Silgarjan Dipterocarpus alatus 54 Boilam Anisptera scaphula 55 Baittya Garjan Dipterocarpus turbinatus 56 Telsur, Tersol Hopea odorata

Family: Dioscoriaceae 57 Rata/Pagla alu Dioscorea bulbifera 58 Susni alu, Mou alu Dioscorea esculenta 59 Shora alu Dioscorea globra 60 Banaalu Dioscorea oppsitifolia

Family: Ebenaceae 61 Gulal, Gabgulal Diospyros toposia

Family: Elaeocarpaceae 62 Jalpai, Chekio Elaeocarpus robustus

Family: Euphorbaiceae 63 Latkan, Bubi Baccaurea ramiflora 64 Lator patar Bridelia tomentosa 65 Buru Macaranga denticulate 66 Chitki, Pankushi Phyllanthus reticulates 67 Bhatam, Pitali Trewia polycarpa 68 Marulia, Latmel Sapium insigne 69 Kamkui, Kusi Bridelia retusa 70 Anguti, Bhauri Glochidion 71 Keora, Keotomi Glochidion 29

72 Alingala Cissus adnata 73 Orbori, Noar Phyllanthus acidus 74 Billa, Campata Sapium baccatum

Family: Fagaceae 75 Raibatna Quercus spicata

Family: Gesneriaceae 76 Rhyncotechum ellipticum

Family: Graminae 77 Bansush Bambosha tulda 78 kata bansh Bambosha arundinaceae 79 Farua bansh Bambosha teres 80 kali bansh Ocytenanhera nigrecilata 81 Dolu bansh Neohouzeana dullooa 82 Moli Modocanna baccifera 83 Pecha Denderocalamus hamitions 84 Dhani gas Pancun sepens 85 Chun Imperata cylindrical

Family: Guttifereae 86 Cau. Khaglichu Garcinia cowa

Family: Haloragaceae 87 Myriophllum tetrandrum

Family: Labiatae 88 Tokma Hyptis suaveolens

Family: Lauraceae 89 Karpur Cinnomomum camphora

Family: Leguminsae 90 Gilla Entada phaseoloides 91 Bandarlatia Cassia nodasa 92 Alkushi, Banda Mucuna pruriens 93 Chakunda, Galeski Cassia tora 94 Desmodium allatum 95 Lajjaboti Mimosa pudica 96 Acasmoni Acacia miliforme 97 Acasmoni Acacia nilotica 98 Bogamedula Tephorosia candiada 99 Kalilata, Panlata Derris trifoliate 100 Kalilata, Panlata Uraria hamosa

Family: Liliaceae 101 Kumarialata Smilax macrophylla 102 Bidripata Curculigo recurvata

Family: Malvaceae

103 Kureta, Urusia Sida acuta 104 Banokra, Atlera Urena labata

Family: Melastomataceae 105 Dadranga, Lutki Melastoma malabathrica

Family: Meliacae 106 Pitraj Aphanamixis polystachia Family: Moraceae 107 Chapalish Artocarpus chaplasha 108 Katal Artocurpus heteropylus 109 Kakdumur Ficus hispida 110 Butidumur Ficus lanceolata 111 Pakur, Jir Ficus bejamina 112 Jagadumur Ficus racemosa 113 Bhuidumur Ficus heterophylla 114 Assawath, Pipal Ficuls religiosa 115 Bot Ficus bengalenis 116 Asshoara Streblus asper 117 Jir Ficus microcarpa

Family: Musaceae 118 Ram Kola Musa rosacea 119 Bamangi kola Musa ornate 120 Kala Musa sarpintum 121 Kachakola Musa paradisia

Family: Myrsinaceae 122 Moricha Maesa ramantacea

Family: Myrtaceae 123 Jam Syzygium cumini 124 Khudijam Syzygium fruiticosum 125 Dhakijam Syzygium grande 126 Nalijam Syzygium claviflorum 127 Phuljam, Hanihak Syzygium formosanum

Family: Onagraceae 128 Ludwigia hyssopifolia

Family: Orchidaceae 129 Vanda teres 130 Orchid Gymbidium aloifolium

Family: Palmae 131 Golmar, Chaur Caryota urens

Family: Pandanaceae 132 Keya Pandanus foedus

Family: Passifloraceae 31

133 Gorakphal, Jhumkalata Passiflora foetida

Family: Plumbaginaceae 134 Naniagach, Dhalchaka Aegialitis rotundifolia

Family: Polygonaceae 135 Bishakatalia Polygonum hydropiper 136 Barapanimarich Polygomum orientel

Family: Pontenderiaceae 137 Nukha

Family: Rhamnaceae 138 Gotboroi

Family: Rubiaceae 139 Mankanta Xeromphis spinosa 140 Silchauri Mussaenda roxburghil 141 Pandeng Morida agustifulia 142 Kadam Anthocephalus chinensis

Family: Sapindaceae 143 Gothahorina Aphania danura 144 Bon Lichu Lepisenthes rubiginosa

Family: Solanaceae 145 Bantepari,Tepari Physalis minima 146 Titbegun Solanum torvum

Family: Sonneratiaceae 147 Kacha Duabanga grandiflora

Family: Sterculiaceae 148 Harjora Buettneria pilosa 149 Moos Pterospermum acerifolium 150 Tikiokra Melochia corchorifolia

Family: Symplocaceae 151 Lob, Puidobmator Symplocos racemosa

Family: Symplocaceae 152 Machjut, Moss Brownloia elata 153 Banokra Triumfetta rhombodea 154 Grewia laevigita 155 Assar, Patka Grewa microcos 156 Assar, Patka Microcos paniculata

Family: Ulmaceae 157 Jiban, Sunsuni Trema orintalis

Family: Urticaceae

158 Brihati, Karabi Sarchochlamys

Family: Verbenaceae 159 Bhant Clerodendrum viscosum 160 Bamunhati Clerodendrum indicum 161 Bormola Callicarpa arborea 162 Lalana, Lalong Premna esculenta 163 Arsol/Hornia Vitex peduncularis 164 Lantana, Urusia Lantana camara 165 Segun Tectona grandis 166 Sitka Clerodendrum inerme

Family: Vittaceae 167 Amallata Cissus carnopa 168 Guda, Guaria Vitis glabrata 169 Amashalata V. assamica 170 Panisandal alu V. trifolia

Family: Zingiberaceae 171 Kushtha, Kemak Costus speciosus 172 Tara Alpinio nigra 173 Sugandhabach Alpinia galangal 174 Deotara Alpinia malaccensis 175 Ban ada Zingiber purpureum

Important horticultural and forestry crops in CHT

1. Horticultural crops

Serial Vernacular/English Botanical Comments No. names Names 1. Banana/ Kola Musa spp. One of the commercially important horticultural (two local species- species in CHT for livelihood support, draught Kattoli and Champa and fire tolerant, but cooking species (tonya variety) kola variety) and sagarkola variety (exotic) is known to be not draught tolerant, needs irrigation during draught. No pesticide and chemical fertilizers are used, so cultivation is organic in nature

2. Jackfruit/Kattol Artocarpus integra One of the important commercial horticultural species in CHT, draught tolerant, multipurpose uses. Cultivation practice is organic. No pesticide and chemical fertilizers are used.

3. Pineapple/ Ananus comosus Another important commercially important Anaz/Anaros horticultural species. rainfed, no irrigation required, better on acidic soil, known to be draught and fire tolerant species. Fruit quickly decays during rainy season. Farmers do not get better price for lack of cold storage facilities 33

Serial Vernacular/English Botanical Comments No. names Names and when transportation difficulties are faced. Very recently one agro-fruit industry is growing in larger areas near Naniarchar of Rangamati district. Sometimes, hormone treatment is practiced for off-season fruiting.

4. Mango/Am Mangifera indica Another important species very recently being commercially cultivated (Rangwai variety-of Burmese origin and Amrapali variety of Indian origin) are performing better. Better production with irrigation during draught. Sometimes, insecticides are used during flowering and fruiting. Chemical fertilization also sometimes takes place.

5. Litchi/Lichu Litchi chinensis Also a commercially important species. China- 3 variety is a better performing variety. Better production performance with irrigation during draught. No insecticide is usually used. For weed eradication, sometimes herbicides are used. Chemical fertilization also sometimes takes place.

6. Orange/komola Citrus spp. In recent years, orange tree cultivation is faced with the problem of dye-back of trees, so farmers are switching over to cultivation of Malta (another variety) and Jambura.

7. Jambura Citrus reticulata? Almost each and every family grows this fruit tree in their homesteads. The fruit juice is known to have medicinal properties. Fertilization gives better sized fruits. No pesticides are used. Known to be draught tolerant.

8. Lemon/ lebu Citrus spp Each and every family likes to keep at least one plant in their kitchen gardens and homesteads due to its medicinal properties. Farmers are not yet getting good price of this fruits due to lack of buyers from agro- industries. No pesticides are used. But sometimes, fertilization is done.

9. Tamarind/Tetul Tamarindus india This is a big fruit tree like by the Marma communities. So, this tree is cultivated by them in their homesteads. Indigenous women like to take this fruit very much. The ripened fruits are easy to be preserved by sun-drying and are also marketed when in need of cash. Sometimes, the whole lot of fruits are sold to the buyers who come to the villages. Draught tolerants.

10. Coconut/Narikel Cocos nucifera This fruit tree is a part of the homestead crops.

Serial Vernacular/English Botanical Comments No. names Names The crop demands irrigation during draught for fruit production. Application of salt and fertilizers is also required. 11. Plum/Kul Zyzipus jujubi This fruit tree is recently being cultivated commercially particularly apel kul and bau kul varieties and farmers are now getting good income from this crop. Needs irrigation during draught for better fruit production.

12 Guava/Peyara Psidium guajava This fruit tree is also a part of homestead gardening and is also commercially cultivated by some farmers when seedlings of better variety (Kazi Peyara) are available in nurseries.

13. Hogplum/Amra Spondius spp. Some farmers are also cultivating some trees for fruits. Serious defoliation by insects is a problem.

14 Black berries/Jam Eugenia jambolana A few farmers also like to have this fruit tree in their homesteads and there is a market demand for fruits. No pesticide and fertilizations are used. Know to be draught tolerant.

15. Turmeric(Spice root Curcuma longa This has become an important cash earning crop- Annuals) spice crop in the hills, but very much soil eroding.

16. Zinger (spice crop)- Zingiber officinalis This is also an important cash earning spice annual root crop crop being cultivated in the hills adding soil eroding factors.

17. Aroids (annual cash Colocasia spp This is also cash earning vegetable crop earning annual root cultivated in the hill slopes adding heavy soil crop) erosion from the hills.

18. Kakrol Momordica An important cash earning climber vegetable charancia? crop cultivated in the hills in raised bamboo platforms.

2. Tree, bamboo and cane species

Serial Vernacular Botanical Name Remarks No. name 1. Teak/Segun Tectona grandis This is an exotic tree species introduced from Myanmar in 18th century for commercial cultivation. This is a long rotation (60 years maturity) tree crop, but farmers usually harvest the 30-years old trees and sell to the furniture makers for immediate need of cash. This is the most valuable timber species, fire resistant and draught tolerant and as such like by the 35

Serial Vernacular Botanical Name Remarks No. name CHT farmers. But due to gregarious nature and allelopathic effects of the trees, very few undergrowth vegetation occurs and as such, heavy soil erosion takes place under the plantations. There are innovations of mixed planting with different indigenous species like Koroi( Albizzia procera) and Gamari( Gmelina arborea). Forest department also restricts the transit of this timber which makes the farm- gate price lower compared to the market prices in Dhaka and Chittagong.

2. Gamari Gmelina arborea This is a fast growing indigenous tree species (rotation cycle is 30 years), but the farmers usually harvest timber when the tree reaches the age of 9-12 years. But, the tree gets infested with Loranthus. The species is draught tolerant, but not fire tolearnt.This species is also commercially planted by the farmers in CHT. Coppicing take place and grows to new trees after the harvest of wood.

3. Koroi Albizzia procera This is a nitrogen-fixing tree species and under this tree, a better jhum crop harvest is available. It is a draught species and a fire tolerant too. This species is also of farmers‟ choice for plantation.

4. Mahogony Macrophyla This is an exotic, slow growing species, mahogoni planted along the roadsides and sometimes planted by some farmers. This species is sometimes infested with collar rots at young age and then die-back occurs.

5. Sisso Dalbergia sisso This is also planted along the roadside. Die- back of this species is a serious problem.

6. Agar Aquilaria agallocha This species is also being planted by the CHT farmers for a scented product-Agar.

7. Rubber Hevea brasiliensis This is an exotic species commercially planted for rubber. Within 4-6 years after planting depending on the planting material, latex for rubber can be tapped from this tree. Susceptible to fire and wind damage.

8. Bamboo/ Muli/ Melocana baccifera There are three commercially important forest Mitiga/Dulloo bans Bambusa tulda bamboo (thin-walled) species Bajya bans Tynostachyum (Muli/Mitiga/Dullu) and one important village dollooa groove bamboo species (thick walled). They Bambusa vulgaris are all draught tolerant and fire resistant species. They all have soil protective features. Some farmers are cultivating different species of bamboos in their homesteads.

Serial Vernacular Botanical Name Remarks No. name

9. Canes/morisha/golak/ Calamus flagellum The canes are now almost extinct from the keret/bandari bet (Golak) forests of CHT. Some farmers are cultivating C. latifolius( Keret) some species in their homesteads C.viminalis (Marisha) C.tenuis (Bandari bet)

B. FAUNA

Abbreviation: VC = Very Common; R = Resident; C = Common; M = Migratory; O = Occasional; F = Few

1. Frogs and Toads

English name Bangla name Scientific name Status

Class: Amphibia Order: Anura 1.

Family: Bufonidae 1 Common Toad Kuna banga Bufo melanostictus F

Family: Microhylidae 2 Red Microhylid Lal china Bang Microhyla rubra O 3 China Frog China Bang M. ornate F 4 Baloon Frog Patka Bang Uperodon globulosus O

Family: Ranidae 5 Skipper Frog Kotkoti Bang Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis C 6 Indian Bull Frog Bhawa Bang Hoplobatrachus tigerina F 7 Cricket Jhiji Bang Limnonectus limnocharis VC 8 Boulenger‟s Frog Pana Bang Rana alticola O 9 R. taipehensis F

Family: Rhacophoridae 10 Tree Frog Gecho bang Rhacophorus maximus F 11 Maculated Tree Frog Polycophorus maculatus O

2. Reptiles

Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Lacertilia 2.

Family: Gekkonidae 37

1 House Lizard Tiktiki Hemidactylus brooki C 2 Spotted Lizard Tiktiki Hemidactylus frenatus C 3 Wall Lizard Tokkhak Gekko gecko C

Family: Agamidae 4 Garden Lizard Raktachusha Calotes versicolor C 5 Forest Calottes C. rouxii F

Family: Scincidae 6 Common Skink Anjoni Mabuya carinata VC 7 Snake Skink Sapanjin Lygosoma vosmaeri C

Family: Varanidae 8 Grey Lizard Gui shap Varanus bengalensis C 9 Common Lizard Shona Gui V. flavecens F

3. Suborder: Ophidia

Family: Colubridae [Natricidae] 10 Checkered keel back Dhora Xenochrophis piscator C 11 Striped keel back water Jol bora Amphiesma stolata O snake

Family: Colubridae 12 Rat snake Daraj shap Coluber mucosus O 13 Common Vine Snake Laodoga shap Ahaetulla nasutus O 14 Painted bronze backed Sutanoli Dendrelaphis pictus F snake

Family: Elapidae 15 Binocellate Cobra Khoja Gokhra Naja Naja naja F 16 Monocellate Cobra Jati shap N. n. kaouthia O 17 Banded Krait Shankhini Bungarus fasciatus C

3. Birds

English name Bangla name Species name Resident Status status Class: Aves 5. 6. 7. 8.

Order: Galliformes 9.

Family: Phasianidae 1 Red Janglefowl Bon Murag Gallus gallus R F 2 Kalij Pheasant Mathura Lophura leucomelanos R F 3 Black Francolin Shekh Farid Francolinus francolium R F

Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Phalocrocoracidae 4 Little Cormorant Choto Phalacrocarax niger R O pankawri Order: Ciloniformes Family: Ardeidae 5 Grey Heron Badami bog Ardea cinerea R C 6 Pond Heron Kani bog Ardeola grayii R VC 7 Intermediate Egret Maijja bog Meophoyx intermidita R C 8 Little Egret Jait bog Egretta garzetta R O 9 Chestnut Bittern Lal bog Ixobrychus R F cinnnamomeus Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae 10 Common Shelduck Chakha Tadorna ferruginea M F

Order: Falconiformes Family: Accipitridae 11 Pariah Kite Bhoban Chil Milvas migranas R O 12 Blackwinged Kite Dhola chill Elanus caeruleus R F 13 Bhrhiminy Kite Sankha chill Haliastur indus R C 14 Shikra Shikra Accipiter badius R C 15 Pallas Fishing Eagle Kura Haliastur leucophus M F 16 Crested Serpent Eagle Tila Eagle Spilornis cheela R O 17 Blaccested Baza Kalo baj Elanus caeruleus O 18 White backed Vulture Shukun Gyps bengalenssis R O

Family: Falconidae 19 Kestrel Turki baz Falco tinnuculus M O

Order: Galiniformes 20 White breasted Water Dahuk Amaurornis R C hen phoenicurus 21 Water Cock Kora Gallicrax cinerea R F 22 Moorhen Kalim Gallinula chioropus R F 23 Coot Kalkot Fulica atra M O

Order: Charadiformes Family: Jacanidae 24 Bronzewinged Jacana Dalpipi Metopidis indica R F Family-Charadridae 25 Little Ring Plover Jiria Charadrius dubius M C 26 Curlew Bakatoti Numenius arquata M C 27 Common Sandpiper Cha Tringohypoleucos M VC

Family: Laridae 28 River Tern Gang chil Sterna auranlia R 0

Order: Columbiformes Family: Colubidae 29 Green Pigeon Bot kol Treron apicauda R 0 39

30 Blue Rock Pigeon Kaitor Columba livia R VC 31 Spotted Dove Tila ghogu Strepolia chinensis R VC 32 Ring Dove Shada ghogu S.decaocto R C 33 Red turtle Dove Jongla Ghugu Streptopelia R 0 tranquebarica 34 Emeral Dove Sabug ghogu Chalcophaps indica R 0

Order: Pasttaciformes Family: Psittacidae 35 Reoseringed Parakeet Tia Psittacula krameri R C 36 Redbreasted Parakeet Tuta P. alexandri R VC

Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae 37 Plaintive Cuckoo Bau-kata-kau Cuculus micropterus R O 38 Peid Crested Cockoo Papya Clamator jacobinus R C 39 Brainfever Chokhgelo Hierococcyx varius R C 40 Rufousbellied Plaintive Chataka Cacomantis merulinus R C Cuckoo 41 Koel Kikil Endynamus R VC scolopacea Crow-Pheasant Kanakukh Centropus sinensis R VC 42 Larger Greenbilled Malkoha Rhopodytes tristris R C Malkoha

Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae 43 Brown fish Owl Bhutam pecha Ketupa zeylonesis R O 44 Spotted Owlet Kuthora pecha Athene brama R C

Order: Caprinulgiformes Family: Caprunulgiformes 45 Nightjar Rait chor Caprimulgus macrurus R C

Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae 46 House Swift Ababil Apus affinis R VC 47 Palm Swift Nakkati Cypsiurus balasiensis R VC

Order: Coruciformes Family: Alceinidae 48 Common Kingfisher Machranga Alcedo atthis R VC

Family: Haluyonidae 49 White breasted Machranga Halcyon smyrnensis R C Kingfisher 50 Pied Kingfisher Machranga Ceryle rudis R VC 51 Stork bill Kingfisher Megh ho Halcyon capensis R F

Family: Coraccidae 52 Indian Roller Nilkantha Coracias bengalensis R C

Family-Upupidae 53 Hoopoe Hudhud Upupaepops R C

Family: Meropidae 54 Chestnut-headed Bee Suichor Merops leschenulti R VC eater 55 Green Bee eater Suichor M. orientalis R VC

Family: Bucerotidae 56 Indian Pied Hornbill Dhanesh Anthracoeros R F albirostris 57 Pied Hornbill Raj Dhanesh Buceros biocornis R F

Order: Picifomes Family: Capitanidae 58 Blue throated Berbet Basanta Bauri Megalaima asiatica R C 59 Coppersmith Choto basanta M. haemacephalia R C Bauri 60 Lineated Barbet Basanta Bauri M. lineata R VC Family-Picidae 61 Lesser golden backed Sonali Dinopium beghalense R VC Woodpecker Kaththokra 62 Yellow napped Kaththokra Picus chlorophus VC Woodpecker 63 Stalyheaded Kaththokra Mulleripicus R F Woodpecker pulverulentus 64 Pigmy Woodpecker Bana Dendrocopos nanus R VC Kaththokra

Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae 65 Hooded Pitt Nil Phaki Pitta sordida R 0

Family: Alaudidae 66 Eastern bush Lark Chatok Alauda gulgula R F

Family: Hirundidae 67 Nepal House Martin Delichon nipalensis R VC

Family: Laniidae 68 Black headed Shrike Kashai pakhi Laninus schach R VC 69 Brown Shrike Dhushar L. critatus M C Kashai

Family: Oriolidae 70 Black headed Oriole Halod pakhi Oriolaus xathornus R VC

Family: Dicruridae 71 Black Drongo Finga Dicrurus macrocercus R VC 72 Crowbilled Drongo Finga D. annectans R F 73 Greater Racket tail Bhigraj D. paradiseus F 41

Drongo 74 Hairycrested Drongo Finga D. hottentotus R O

Family: Artamidae 75 Ashy swallow Shrike Ababil Artamus fuscus R VC

Family: Sturnidae 76 Grey headed Myna Kat shalik Sturnus malabaricus R VC 77 Pied Myna Gubra shalik S. contra R VC 78 Common Myna Bhat shalik Acridotheres tristis R VC 79 Jungle Myna Jhuti shalik A. fuscaus R C 80 Hill Myna Myna Gracula religiosa R C

Family: Corvadae 81 Tree pie Han chacha Dendrocitta R C vagabunda 82 House Crow Pati kak Corvus splendens R O 83 Jungle Crow Dar kak C. macrorhynchos R F

Family: Campephagidae 84 Wood Shrike Tephrodornis virgalus R VC 85 Black headed Cuckoo Coracina malanoplera M O Shrike 86 Scarlet Minivet Satsaili Pericrocolus solaris R C Small minivet Agoenna P. cinnamommeus R C Phakhi

Family: Irenidae 87 Common Iora Fatikial Aegithina tiphis R C

Family: Pycnonotidae 88 Red vented Bulbul Bulbuli Pycnonotus cafer R VC 89 Red whiskered Bulbul Sipahi Bulbul P. jocosus R VC 90 Black headed Yellow Halod Bulbul P. melanicleus R F Bulbul

Family: Muscicapidae 91 Jungle Babbler Satbhai Turdoides striatus R VC 92 Grey headed Fly Footfoti Culicicapa ceylonensis R C catcher 93 White throated fantail Lejnacani Raipidura albicollis R C Flycatcher 94 Orange headed ground Zoothera citrina R O thrush 95 Tailor bird Tontoni Orthotomus saturius R VC 96 Magpie Robin Doyal Copsychus saularis R C Family-Paradae 97 Grey Tit Tit phok Parus major R O

Family: Motacillidae

98 Tree pipit Anthus hodgsoni M O 99 Pied Wagtail Khanjan Motacilla alba M C 100 Yellow Wagtail M. falva M O 101 Large Pied Wagtail Kakra Khanjan M. maderasptensis M

Family: Dicaeidae 102 Tickell‟s Flowerpecker Fuljhni Dicaeum R C erythorhynchos

Family: Nectarinidae 103 Purple Sunbird Niltoni Nectarinia asiatca R VC

Family: Polceidae 104 House Sparrow Charai Passer domesticus R O 105 Baya Baboi Ploceus phippinus R O

4. Animals

English name Bangla name Scientific name Status

Class: Mammalia Order: Insectivora Family: Soricidae 1 House shrew Chika Suncus murinus VC

Order: Chiroptera Family: Pteropidae 2 Flying fox Bana Kolabadur Pieropus giganteus VC 3 Fulvous fruit bat Kolabadur Rousettus leschenaultia O 4 Sheathtailed bat Badur Taphozous longimenus F

Family: Vespertilionidae 5 Pipistrelle Chamchika Pipistrellus coromandra VC 6 Tickell‟s Bat Chamchika Hesperoptenus tickelli C

Order: Primates Family: Lorisidae 7 Slow Loris Lajjaboti Banar Nycticebus coucang F

Family: Cercopithecidae 8 Rhesus Macaque Banar Macaca mulatta C 9 Pigtailed Macaque Uloo Bandar M. nemestrina F 10 Capped languor Mukhpura Tracheypithecus pileatus C Hanuman

Family: Hylobatidae 11 Hoolock Gibbon Ullook Hylobates hoolock F(Chunati)

Order: Pholidota Family: Manidae 43

4. Animals

English name Bangla name Scientific name Status

12 Malayan ant eater Banrui Manis javanica O

Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae 13 Jackal Shial Canis aureus O 14 Bengal Fox Khek Shial Valpus bengalensis F 15 Wild dog Ram Kutta Cuon alpines F

Family: Ursidae 16 Sloth bear Bhaluk Melursus ursinus O \ Family: Mustelidae 17 Common Otter Ud Biral Luira luira O 18 Smooth coated otter Ud biral L. parspicilata F

Family: Viverridae 20 Small Indian Civet Gonda gokul Viverricula indica F 21 Large Indian Civet Khatash V. zibetha F 22 Binturong Bhallukka Bham Arctictis binturong Family: Herpestidae 23 Small Indian Choto benji Herpestes auropunctatus C Mongoose 24 Grey Mongoose Majhari benji H. edwardsi F

Family: Felidae 25 Jungle Cat Ban biral Felis chaus C 26 Leopard cat Chita biral Prionailurus bengalensis O 27 Fishing cat Messobagh P. viverrinus F 28 Rufous-tailed Hare Khargosh Lepus nigricolis F 29 Hispid Hare Khargosh Caprolagus hispidus F

Order: Rodentia Family: Sciunidae 30 Malayan Giant Kalo Kathbirali Ratufa bicolor O squirrel 31 Orange bellied Lalbuk Kathbirali Dremomys lokriah F Squirrel 32 Errawaddy squirrel Kathbirali Callosciurus pygerythrus F

Family: Muridae 33 Indian Mole Rat Indoor Bandicota indica 34 House Mouse Nengti Indoor Mzis musculus C 35 Lesser Bandicoot Dhari Indoor Bandicola bengalensis VC 36 Black rat Kala lndoor Rattus rattus F

Family: Hystricidae 37 Crested porcupine Shajaru Hystrix indica F

4. Animals

English name Bangla name Scientific name Status

48 Crestless porcupine Shajaru H. hodgsoni F

ATTACHMENT C: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT CHECKLIST

Screening questions Yes No Remark (i) Is the proposed subproject located within any conserved natural and/or planted forests on  elevated lands (Barind)/Garh areas in greater Dinajpur/ Dhaka/Mymensingh district?

(ii) Does the proposed subproject encroach on any conserved natural and/or planted forests on  mountain valleys surrounding the Indian border of greater Sylhet district?

(iii) Is the proposed subproject situated within any conserved natural and/or planted forests of hill  ranges in greater Chittagong district?

(iv) Will the proposed subproject development intervene with any conserved natural and/or  planted forests of Sundarban area and south coast of the Bay of Bengal?

(v) Is the subproject within 10 km peripheral distance of the 7,620,034 ha Sundarbon reserve  forest area in Bagerhat, Khulna & Satkhira districts?

(vi) Is the proposed subproject situated within 10,465 ha conserved area containing sand rim,  estuary, forest, wetland, etc. on either side of the Cox's Bazar-Tekhnaf sea beach in Cox‟s Bazar district?

(vii) Is the subproject proposal from Narikel Jinjira and/or Sonadia Ghoti Bhanga mouja/s of 590 ha  Saint Martin Deep and 4,916 ha Sonadia Deep in Cox‟s Bazar district?

(viii) Is the subproject located within the 18,383 ha inundation zone of Hakaluki Haor in Moulvi  Bazar/Sylhet districts and 9,727 ha Tanguar Haor in Sunamganj district?

(ix) Is the subproject situated within the 200 ha floodplain of Marjat Baor in Jhenaidah district? 

(x) Is the subproject located within any very sensitive aquatic ecosystem of Ganges floodplain  and Meghna estuaries?

46 ATTACHMENT D: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

IMPACT MITIGATION IMPACT MONITORING Project Potential Project Mitigation Implementing Mitigation Parameter Frequency Monitoring Monitoring Activity Negative Measure Responsibility Cost to be and Means Responsibility Cost Environmental Monitored of Impact Verification I. Pre-Construction Design Interference with Prepare an effective Sub-Project Included Plan Once – Safeguard and Included in water resources. Construction Office within Hill in the sub- review Quality sub-project Management Plan District Council project plans Monitoring Cell costs. (HDC) Office costs. (SQMC) Design Avoid or reduce Responsible design Sub-Project Included Design Once – SQMC Included in the need for land accompanied by Office within in the sub- review subproject and asset adequate levels of HDC Office project plans. costs. acquisition field checking, costs.

II. During Construction Sub-Project Dust emission at Spray water at Sub-Project Included Machinery Daily. Project Sub Included in Construction construction sites. sensitive locations: Office within in operational Office with spot subproject schools, mosques, HDC Office. subproject procedures check by costs. temples, markets, costs. SQMC. etc. Noise emission at 1. Machinery fitted Sub-Project Included Machinery Daily Project Sub Included in construction sites. with approved noise Office within in operational Office with spot subproject suppressor HDC Office subproject procedures check by costs. equipment and costs. SQMC maintained. 2. Machinery only operating between 0700hrs and 1900hrs 3. Workers provided with ear protection and required to wear them Tree Tree removal and tree removal will be . Sub-Project Included Design Once – . Project Sub Included in Planting/ terrestrial minimized and Office within in review Office with spot subproject Sub-Project biodiversity loss removed trees HDC Office subproject Tree plans. check by costs. Construction replaced ten fold costs. Planting SQMC Weekly

III. Post Construction None None Required

ATTACHMENT E: PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Headman Para, Wagga Union

1. Mr. Arun Tanchangya, Headman 2. Mr. Ajit Kumar Tanchangya

Sapchari Para, Wagga Union

1. Mr. Tejendralal Tanchangya, Karbari 2. Mr. Jitu Tanchangya, s/o Mr. Tejedralal Tamchangya 3. Mr. Rabichandra Tanchangya, s/o Mr. Solokdhon Thanchangya

Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (RRP BAN 42248)

Initial Environmental Examination for the Jibtoli Headman Para, Jibtoli Union Subproject

February 2011

BAN: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project

Prepared by ANZDEC Ltd for the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs and the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 16 March 2011)

Currency unit – taka (Tk) Tk1.00 = $0.0140 $1.00 = Tk71.56

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CHT – Chittagong Hill Tracts CHTRC – Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council CHTRDP-I – Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project DOE – Department of Environment EARF – Environmental Assessment Review Framework EMMP – Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IP – indigenous people LGED – Local Government Engineering Department MOCHTA – Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs O&M – operation and maintenance PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance

NOTE (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

Initial Environmental Examination for the Jibtoli Headman Para, Jibtoli Union Subproject (SSP2)

Table of Contents

A. Introduction 1 1. Purpose and Scope 1 2. Methodology 2 B. Description of the Project and Subproject 2 1. The Project 2 2. Resources of Chittagong Hill Tracts 4 3. The Subproject 8 C. Description of the Environment 8 1. Physical Resources 8 2. Ecological Resources 11 3. Economic Development 11 D. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 12 E. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 16 F. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 16 G. Findings and Recommendations 16 1. Findings 16 2. Recommendations 17 H. Conclusions 17

Attachment A: Photographs Supporting the Subproject IEE 18 Attachment B: List of Biological Species in the Subproject Area 20 Attachment C: Department of Environment Checklist 38 Attachment D: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 39 Attachment E: Public Consultation 40

Figure 1: Location of Subproject

Initial Environmental Examination for the Jibtoli Headman Para, Jibtoli Union Subproject (SSP2)

A. Introduction 1. Purpose and Scope 1. This report is the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the proposed subproject in Jibtoli Headman Para of Jibtoli Union, in Rangamati Sadar Upazila of Rangamati District. The subproject is one of the six subprojects identified for inclusion in the Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (the Project) during the project preparatory technical assistance undertaken between April and December 2010.1 The Project is expected to be implemented from January 2012 until December 2018 at a cost of some $55 million. The Project will build upon the successes and be guided by the lessons of the completed Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project2 (CHTRDP-I). 2. The Project will continue and enhance the work of CHTRDP-I taking into account the review of achievements and the experiences of other development initiatives in the CHT area including those of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Project will improve economic opportunities in the agriculture sector and foster regional integration. The Project will follow Government planning for major roads and institutional arrangements and will be community-driven for community infrastructure, watershed and micro agribusiness development activities, thus ensuring a mix of top-down and bottom-up planning as appropriate for the nature of the component. The roads program to be implemented by the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) and will guide the location of the other components in order to ensure a geographic overlap between all components. The Project will be implemented in parts of the three Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) districts: (i) Khagrachari; (ii) Bandarban; and (iii) Rangamati, and will include poor people in the CHT area, indigenous people (IP), women and other vulnerable groups. 3. The Project proponent is the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs (MOCHTA) and the subproject will be implemented by the Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council (CHTRC). Contact information for MOCHTA is: Contact person : Netai Chandra Sen Joint Secretary (Development) Address : Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka Telephone No. : (880) 2 7167736 Fax No. : (880) 2 9565300 E-mail : [email protected] 4. The sample subproject is one of six sample subprojects identified to support the Government strategy to improve rural livelihoods and reduce poverty in the CHT. The sample subprojects and future candidate subprojects are consistent with the ADB 2005 Country Strategy and Program for Bangladesh. 5. The IEE of this sample subproject is closely linked to the requirements and procedures of the Government’s Environmental Conservation Act (1995) and Environmental Conservation

Rules (1997). Government responsibility for environmental issues is vested with the Department of Environment under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). The IEE was conducted by consultants engaged during the preparation of the technical assistance and in consultation with key stakeholders including MOCHTA, CHTRC, Hill District Councils (HDCs), LGED, union and upazila representatives and potential beneficiary communities. During field consultations, observations were made in consultation with local officials, groups and potential beneficiaries and affected people. Support and assistance in the field were provided by the staff of CHTRC and the Rangamati HDC. The conduct of an IEE, and its subsequent approval by ADB is a prerequisite for ADB support to the subproject. 6. The objectives of the IEE are to: (i) determine the state of the environment in the subproject area; (ii) identify key environmental issues associated with the subproject; (iii) recommend appropriate mitigation measures; and (iv) develop an environmental management and monitoring plan (EMMP). 2. Methodology 7. This IEE is prepared in accordance with the Environmental Conservation Act and in accordance with the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). An Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) has been prepared for the Project and sets out guidelines for the preparation of IEEs for subsequent candidate subprojects. The EARF has been prepared as an attachment to the Project Administration Manual. 8. Data gathering and assessment of key environmental issues were undertaken using the ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment methodology which comprises: (i) review of documents including socioeconomic baseline survey undertaken during the PPTA; (ii) meetings with Project stakeholders and stakeholder representatives; (iii) identifying environmental issues which need to be addressed by the Project; and (iv) gathering of primary environmental data from field reconnaissance.

B. Description of the Project and Subproject 1. The Project 9. The overall Project goal is to contribute to a reduction in the incidence of poverty in CHT, and provide suitable implementation arrangements to underpin the CHT Accord and strengthen key institutions to help meet their mandated role. The Project impact is to increase employment and income generating opportunities for the population through community participatory subproject development. The outputs of the Project will include: (i) selective rural access; (ii) small-scale water resources interventions; (iii) watershed management; (iv) community infrastructure; and (v) promotion of small agribusiness opportunities. The outcomes of the Project will include: (i) measurable increased economic opportunities for rural poor, especially women and vulnerable groups in IP communities; (ii) improved watershed conditions; and (iii) improved regional integration between the regular line agencies and CHT specific agencies. 10. In pursuit of its objectives, the Project will work through these components: (i) Component A – Institutional Development and Capacity Building; (ii) Component B – Rural Roads; (iii) Component C – Community Infrastructure; and (iv) Component D – Micro Agribusiness Development (MAD). 11. Component A: Institutional Development and Project Management. Outputs will include: 3

(i) enhanced institutional capacity and capability of MOCHTA, CHTRC and three HDCs; (ii) project implementation supported by effective management arrangements within CHTRC and three HDCs; (iii) a Safeguards and Quality Monitoring Cell (SQMC) established and operational; (iv) all aspects of project safeguards adequately addressed; and (v) project management systems operational. 12. Component B: Rural Roads. Outputs will include: (i) completion of incomplete upazila and union roads commenced in the CHTRDP-I; (ii) planning, preparation and design of union and upazila roads that were scheduled for implementation in CHTRDP-I but not done; and 13. Component C: Community Infrastructure. Outputs will include: (i) promotion of effective watershed management; (ii) construction of small feeder roads/footpaths and steps to connect villages to union and upazila roads and between and within villages targeted under Output B; (iii) small market sheds located at existing community collection points; (iv) provision of participatory community-based small irrigation systems, and water resource interventions and other community infrastructure; and (this is minor in nature, typically ranging from 15 to 40 hectares [ha]) and village water supply; and (v) facilitation of development of community and family nurseries/ field practices for the propagation of necessary quality assured planting materials for sloping agricultural land/ bioengineering principles for improved watershed management and soil conservation. 14. Component D: Micro Agribusiness Development – sustainable micro agribusiness promoted and established. 15. The Project will adopt the following poverty reduction and rural development strategies: (i) Concentrate on improved rural access and overall Project effort in the districts and areas that are poorly connected. Along with that, villages around main roads will be connected to main roads, through village access roads and paved paths. (ii) Pay particular attention to promoting development among the more disadvantaged uphill dwelling, jhum (swidden) cultivators. (iii) Safeguard against likely negative impacts including the risk of losing long-term benefits to communities initially intended to gain from Project interventions. This is particularly important in the absence of tenurial security, for both individual and community land, and highlights the need for better safeguarding proposed investments to be made in the area. (iv) Enable rural communities to develop potential and skills in rural development and livelihood improvement, through involvement in the planning, development, operation and maintenance (O&M) activities of subprojects, while paying attention to promoting women’s roles in community and household management. 16. The promotion of secure land tenure is a critical prerequisite for farmers to have the confidence to undertake medium-term and longer-term investments in higher value agriculture production such as horticulture. Poverty reduction would take place through the increase in both net income from farmers’ production and off farm employment generation.

17. ADB has classified the Project as environmental Category B. IEEs and Environmental Management and Mitigation Plans (EMMPs) are required to be prepared for each of the sample subprojects in accordance with the ADB Environment Policy (2002) and Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003), and the Government’s environmental requirements as set out in the applicable laws and regulations. 2. Resources of Chittagong Hill Tracts (i) Demographics 18. The integral population (although not ethnically disaggregated) of the three districts of CHT has increased significantly over the past two decades (from 1981 to 2001) as indicated in Table 1 below. Although there has been no population census since 1991 when the population was 974,445, all subsequent estimates are based on largely dated information – in 2001 overall population of CHT was 974,445. Current estimates based on an average population growth rate for Bangladesh of 2.3% per annum would indicate a population of about 1.3 million of which approximately 67 % is rural. The ratio of IP to non-IP was indicated in 1991 to be 51:49 of which about 88% comprise Chakma, Tripura and Marma. Of interest is the demographic transition within the area particularly due to the transmigration impacts which have not only impacted on population growth but also on the ratio between IP and non-IP. The non-indigenous population in 1872 was 1.7%3, which rose to the level of around 9.1%4 by 1951, and doubled by the next 2 decades to 19.4%5 in 1974. In the absence of a (ethnically disaggregated) population census and using various socioeconomic baseline surveys of the area undertaken as part of development partner interventions, it is highly likely that the current ratio is at least 50:50 (IP to non-IP). Table 1: Population density of urban and rural in 2001 Census Total population in Total population in Name of Total population Growth rate urban area rural area district 1991 1981 1991 1981 1991 1981 Decadal Annual Bandarban 230,569 171,478 68,522 26,963 162,047 134515 34.5 3.0 Khagrachhari 342,488 278,461 109,710 70,565 232,778 207896 23.0 2.09 Rangamati 401,388 301,753 146,083 106,073 255,305 195680 33.0 2.89 Total 974,445 751,692 324,315 203,601 650,130 538091 90.5 7.98 Percentage - - 33.2 28 66.7 72 - - Source: ADB. 2010. Chittagong Hill Tracts Study on Potential for Integrated Water Resources Management. Consultants’ report. Manila (TA 6325-REG).

3 1,097 persons (Census of India, 1872). 4 26,150 persons (Census of Pakistan, 1951). 5 98,628 persons (Census of Bangladesh, 1974). 5 agricultural land permanently left it as a cereal deficit area. The loss of land due to Kaptai Lake was further exacerbated in the mid-1980s when the Government of Bangladesh (the Government) initiated a transmigration program with ethnic Bengalis from plain areas being settled in CHT. The insurgency internally displaced many families who are still in the process of re-establishing themselves and had significant impacts on economic growth and development of the area. 21. There are three types of land ownership in CHT: (i) common property which is recognized as a customary right of indigenous people; (ii) non-recorded traditional customary property which indicates property which may be owned by an individual, family or clan; and (iii) registered property ownership (having deeds certified by the Government). Average landholding in CHT (all households) is 0.18 hectares (ha) of plough land and 0.78 ha of jhum land. About 79%6 of IPs do not have registered private ownership of land (i.e. no security of rights to land use) – clearly a disincentive to their investing in improved farming techniques and resource management. Additionally, CHT has limited infrastructure, underdeveloped markets and the institutional support system is not oriented to address the needs of rural poor and landless. 22. Land pressures have impacted on traditional land use practices. Jhum is the dominant farming system in the lower and upper hills of CHT. Integrated shifting cultivation, or rotational agro-forestry in practice, is considered valuable for its conservation and production aspects. The fallow period of land rested from deliberate cropping, not necessarily without cultivation or grazing but without sowing, is used to rest and vitalize the soils after cropping. Forest fallows enable restoration and conservation of forest ecosystems functions, while making the land suitable for the cropping phase that follows. Pressures on land during the past 2–3 decades have forced jhum farmers to reduce the fallow period, which is crucial in order to maintain land productivity, from the traditional time period of 10 to 12 years to 3 years on average today, thereby severely affecting the fertility of the soil. As a result of the land degradation caused by reduced fallow periods, deforestation, loss of topsoil, and increased water runoff,7 has serious implications on food security and environmental sustainability. (iii) Water Resources 23. Water resources in CHT comprise surface flows from main rivers systems namely, Karnafuli, Chengi, Maini, Sangu, Matamuhuri, Feni, Raingkyong and Bagkhali with a total length of 1,400 km. Significant rivers are transboundary with: (i) Karnafuli originating in Mizoram, India; (ii) Chengi and Feni originating in Tripura, India and (iii) Sangu originating in Myanmar. In addition to perennial rivers, upland communities rely predominantly on relatively shallow (0.5m to 4.0m) subsurface flows from local springs. These are commonly found along spring-lines where the groundwater table is intersected. However, over the past 2 decades there has been a noticeable depletion in spring flows resulting in significant impacts on rural communities who rely on such sources, mainly for potable water supplies. 24. A recent study8 of water resource in the CHT states that there is an observed deterioration of spring flows over the past several years. The main underlying causes were identified as: widespread degradation of natural dense forests; large changes in land use; changes in climate; and

physical interventions constructed without understanding the effects on surrounding environment (such as road construction). 25. Degradation of forest quality and substantial loss in canopy coverage are likely to be the most significant causes behind the deteriorating flows observed in the study. Dense forest has drastically been reduced in the recent years. Between 1989 and 2003, an estimated 170,000 ha of dense forest, (approximately 50% of the total area of dense forest) was lost in the CHT. The most severe condition was observed in Khagrachari district (approximately 95% loss), a likely consequence of changes in agricultural practices and scale. This type of change facilitates fast surface runoff and thereby reduces the soils’ water retention capacity and percolation of water into the water table. 26. It was also observed9 that there is an overall decreasing rainfall pattern in 6 of the 7 stations within CHT. Increasing trend of evaporation and sunshine hours are also important concerns. In general, there is scant data on current status of natural resources of the area, specifically in terms of current land use mapping and hydrological (there are only 7 rainfall stations in CHT) and meteorological data (only 1 Bangladesh Meteorology Department weather station at Kaptai). The Water Aid report highlights lack of data availability and requirement for establishment of a comprehensive hydro-meteorological monitoring network in the area (including stream gauging) as fundamental requirements. Changing land use and long-term climatic variations require effective monitoring to better understand spatial and temporal variation in the resource base and for sustainable natural resources planning and management. 27. Reduction in stream flows results in communities considering alternatives options for potable water. This includes accessing groundwater at greater depths which is likely to be more reliable than the highly seasonally fluctuating (or depleting) shallow subsurface flows. However, due to hard bedrock underlying much of the upland area, tube well installation at greater depths is difficult. Coupled with minimal hydrological and hydrogeological information groundwater development often results in (at best) an estimated depth of drilling and again, uncertainty in the yield potential of the aquifer. With an increasing reliance on groundwater and increasing depths for accessing potable supplies, there is a need for comprehensive monitoring of CHT water resources. This will enable a more planned and systematic basis for sector development interventions. (iv) Forests 28. By far the largest natural resource in the CHT is forest, of which about 325,000 ha (about 25% of the total area of CHT)10 is exclusively controlled by the Department of Forest (DOF) of MOEF. The region's forests may be broadly classified into tropical evergreen semi evergreen and deciduous types.11 Reserve forests include Kassalong and Sangu in Khagrachari and Banderban districts, respectively. Historically preexisting community-based land ownership system of the people in CHT was changed for the first time when in 1865 and 1878, the British introduced the colonial land policy and took off a large portion of natural forest under state ownership. Since then, the people of CHT lost their customary right on the use of certain categories of land. Thus, long-standing subsistence activities of IPs in their ancestral forested land were converted overnight into criminal offenses according to the new colonial law.12 The people of CHT were abruptly deprived from the traditional community ownership of lands by

9 Footnote 18. 10 Raja Devasish Roy. June 2002. Land and Forest Rights in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Dhaka. 11 Common species of CHT include: Teak, Tectona grandis, Gamari, Gmelina arborea and Bamboo, Melocana baccifera Bambusa tulda, Tynostachyum dollooa, Bambusa vulgaris. 12 Mohsin 1997:91-92, R.C.K. Roy 1996: 40 and van Schendel 1995: 134. 7 which they used the hilly forest as their homesteads, jhum cultivation, extraction of forest resources, hunting and gathering, etc. 29. In addition, DOF has gradually taken up lands traditionally under jhum cultivation for conversion into reserve forests, invariably failing to secure alternative livelihood options for affected communities. These “reserve forests” (RF) have been managed according to a succession of forest management plans that have set targets for timber extraction and reforestation. Their principal objectives have been to (i) replace endemic and/or natural and less commercially productive forest with more commercially valuable and productive species; (ii) manage the forests on the basis of sustained yield; (iii) keep sufficient forest cover in the watersheds to prevent denuding of the hills and the consequent erosion; and (iv) derive the highest possible financial return and ensure the maximum use of produce from these forests. However, unsustainable practices such as monoculture have resulted in serious pest and erosion problems. 30. Remaining categories of forest include protected forest, which covered about 1% of CHT but was later reclassified as RF. Private forest are owned by small-scale indigenous farmers and plantation owners – their extent is unknown. The remaining forest area is unclassified state forest (USF), which is theoretically the remainder of the land area not under DOF control. Overall, this is a residual category of forested land under the control of district collectorates which is considered by IPs to be their own forest and common lands. Considerable quantities of timber and bamboo are produced from this area. However, overall management of USF remains unclear. 31. A recent study13 undertaken by Water Aid Bangladesh, in which a combination of remote sensing, ground truthing and community consultation was undertaken, indicates that dense forest has drastically been reduced in the recent years. Between 1989 and 2003, an estimated 170,000 ha of dense forest, (approximately 50%) was lost over the CHT area. The most severe condition was observed in Khagrachari district (approximately 95% loss), a likely consequence of changes in agricultural practices and scale. This type of change facilitates fast surface runoff and thereby reducing the soils water retention capacity and percolation into water table. The study further concludes that degradation of forest quality, that is, loss in canopy coverage, is probably the most significant cause for deterioration in spring flows in CHT. 32. Overall, forest resources, their use and sustainability are complex and remain a sensitive issue in CHT. Development partner -financed sector development interventions in the late 1990s, particularly those pertaining to social forestry were unfavorable to the conditions of CHT. 33. ADB TA 7481-BAN: Land Use Mapping of CHT14 which was undertaken in parallel for the PPTA of CHTRDPII. The TA will contribute to natural resources monitoring of the area using satellite imagery and remote sensing to prepare base maps of land use and a digital elevation model for topographic information. The outputs are to be incorporated in the loan project of CHTRDPII and will be periodically updated to indicate changes in land use such as depletion of forest cover and increase in agricultural land, including expansion of road network and settlements.

3. The Subproject 34. The population of the subproject area is overwhelmingly comprised of an ethnic community known as Chakma. Over 60% of the rural households are involved in agriculture. About 40% of all families do not own their land and 35% have their own cultivatable cereal lands. Agricultural land use comprises shifting cultivation (jhum) in the foothills and uplands, with intensive valley crop (mainly paddy) production and horticulture on lower slopes and valley floors. Agricultural produce includes foodgrain, fruit, vegetable, timber and other forms of garden produce. Like the most of the CHT region, food security and availability of drinking water have been a high priority in the subproject site area. 35. Land pressure in the subproject area has resulted from: (i) the flooding of fertile land following the construction of Kaptai Reservoir; (ii) the influx of workers during the construction of Kaptai Reservoir; and (iii) the Government led in-migration program which has seen some 250,000 Bangla immigrants arriving from the densely populated plains area. 36. It is proposed to construct an all-weather path (herring bone brick path) from the village to the ferry crossing point to facilitate villagers’ access to the mainland. The 53 households in the village currently have 4 water sources: 2 shallow and 2 deep tube wells. There are problems with supply of water during the dry season as the existing ring wells are not deep enough and the shallow tube wells are unreliable. Adding new ring wells in the village will enhance the access of all households to water and ensure adequate supplies throughout the year. The proposed subproject interventions are described in detail in the Subproject Feasibility Report (SFPR), and are summarized below: (i) three ring wells with hand pumps to enhance village water supply; (ii) a 2 meters wide, 900 meters long herring bone brick (HBB) path connecting the village to the ferry crossing; and (iii) steps connecting the shoreline to the village school. 37. The total cost of these interventions is estimated at $21,767. A breakdown of the costs by intervention is given in Table 2 below. Table 2: Estimated Subproject Cost Totals Including Contingencies ($ ‘000) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total Roads along island /a A. Village Water Supply Ring wells with hand pumps – 4.5 – – – – – 4.5 B. Village Access Road along island /a – 13.7 – – – – – 13.7 Steps from shore to school – 3.5 – – – – – 3.5 Total – 21.8 – – – – – 21.8 /a Herring bone brick (HBB) road, 2 meters wide. Source: TA 7432-BAN consultants.

C. Description of the Environment 1. Physical Resources 38. Jibtoli village is located at the opposite end of Jibtoli island to the crossing to the mainland. Geographic location of the subproject area is 22040.85 north latitude and 92014.42’ east longitude in the hilly terrain along the fringes of the Kaptai Lake. The subproject area comprises Jiptoli Headman Para and is situated in the Jiptoli Union of the Sadar Upazila of 9

Rangamati. It is bounded by upazillas Kawkhali and Nannechar, respectively, to the west and noth-west; upazillas Langdu, Barkal and Jurachari, respectively, to the north-east, east and south-east; and upazillas Belaichari and Kaptai, respectively, to the south and south-west. 39. The topography of the subproject area comprises valleys, floors and hill slopes (varying from less than 5% to over 70%). In Rangmati District, a total of 17,382 ha is located along the slopes.15 The subproject area consists of soil mainly of the type composed of clay and sandy silt. Soil in the area seems to be fertile with poor organic content. A map of the subproject area is set out in Figure 2 and photographs of the subproject area can be found in Attachment A. 40. The subproject area has a tropical monsoon climate with temperatures ranging between a minimum 20oC in January and a maximum of 42oC in May, with a maximum average temperature of 30.5oC and a minimum average temperature of 22.1oC. Seasonal rainfall with recorded average annual rainfall (concentrated during a five-month period between June and October) is 2,653mm. Climatic data for the subproject area is shown in Table 3. 41. Some 95% of the total land area of the subproject area comprises slopes and the remaining 5% are villages and water ways. The existing land forms and soil types are the resultant eroded anticlines and synclines stretching along a north-south axis. Land classes range essentially from piedmont to low and medium hills to high hills with 80% comprising slopes between 30-70%. Given the erosive monsoonal rainfall, the historical trend toward deforestation and accelerated jhum practices, such a profile of land classification makes these zones all the more difficult for sustainable management.

15 CHT Regional Development Plan

Figure 2: Map of Subproject Area

43. The Kaptai Lake and the Karnaphuli river are the major hydrology of the subproject area. Numerous charas including Phul Chara and Khanjama Chara comprise small watersheds having catchments in the hills draining to the Kaptai Lake.

Table 3: Climatic Data for the Subproject Area Climatic Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Variables Average Monthly 6.0 18.7 32.9 105.9 216.1 617.0 644.4 450.5 278.8 187.5 62.7 14.9 Rainfall in mm Average Max. Temp in degree 26.3 29.1 32.7 33.5 33.1 31.1 30.6 31.0 31.7 31.4 29.2 26.5 Celcius Average Min. Temp in degree 15.2 17.0 20.6 23.4 24.7 25.1 25.1 25.1 25.3 24.2 20.8 17.0 Celsius Aveage Evaporation 3.7 4.3 4.7 4.7 2.9 1.8 1.6 1.8 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.7 mm/day Relative 75 69 67 71 77 83 85 85 83 82 80 79 Humidity in % Sunshine Hour 7.6 8.1 8 7.9 6.3 4.4 3.4 4.6 5.3 6.6 7.1 7.7 Wind Speed in 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 m/sec Source: Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Rangamati Base Station

2. Ecological Resources 44. Terrestrial. The main and the most significant terrestrial inhabitants in the subproject area could be observed in planted homestead vegetation areas together with vegetation areas along roadside slopes and reserved forest areas. Moreover, there still exists habitation for a significant number of terrestrial as well as amphibian faunal species in this subproject area. Natural hill forests of the subproject area comprise Dipterocarp Forests, Savannas and Bamboo Forests. 45. Freshwater. The freshwater inhabitants in the subproject area have, mainly, been in charas, artesian aquifers/wells, rivers, lakes, etc. Fish cultivation in the lake is most significant. Biological productivity of these aquatic habitats depends mainly on the activities of plankton, macrophytes and, in some cases, on fauna at the bottom. The chlorophyll-bearing plants are the primary producers initiating the food-chain of the aquatic ecosystem. The vegetation thus contributes to the biological cycling and mobilization of chemical elements, allowing the ecosystem to directly support a wealth of fisheries. 46. Terrestrial and aquatic inhabitants of the subproject area support a large number of diverse biological populations, both plant and animals. Such biological diversities depend on the type and quality of habitats and level of interference of the human population and developmental activities. Various types of flora and fauna being experienced in the subproject area, according to information gathered through discussion with local people and modified through applying checklists of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Bangladesh, appears at Attachment B. 3. Economic Development 47. Economy of the focused subproject area is overwhelmingly agricultural and rural-based. Industrial activities mainly consist of timber processing, rice mills, small and cottage industry, etc. The road network in the subproject area consists of district roads, union roads and rural roads. Some of the rural roads are in bad condition. During the dry season and monsoons, the roads have been the only means of transport in the subproject area. The main sources of

12 drinking as well as irrigation water have been various charas and Jhiris, ring-wells, shallow tube wells, etc. Sanitation facilities are mostly unsatisfactory. Power distribution and telecommunication networks have undergone some recent improvements. D. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 48. Using the sectoral environmental checklist of the Department of Environment16 (DOE) and the ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist, all environmental aspects of the subproject have been screened. These are summarized in Tables 4 and 5. The DOE summary checklist is set out in Attachment C. 49. As a matter of Project policy, subproject design will minimize resettlement including land and asset acquisition (as reported in RRP Linked Document 13: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Framework [LARF]). The LARF has been prepared in draft and is annexed to the SPFR to which this IEE is also annexed. 50. Potential environmental impacts of the subproject have been assessed by considering the cause-effect relationship between the proposed engineering interventions and the existing environmental conditions. The assessed results in terms of subproject stage, impact issue, impact type, and mitigation measures against anticipated issues are summarized in Table 8. These are discussed below: (i) Drinking water and sanitation arrangements for workers.

(ii) Tree removal and terrestrial biodiversity loss. (iii) Noise, vibration and dust – it is likely that some noise, vibration and dust will be

generated from equipment at construction sites. (iv) Proximity to forest reserve.

51. The nature and scope of these adverse environmental impacts include:

(i) Drinking water and sanitation arrangements. Supply of drinking water for the workers at the construction site will be arranged by installing tube wells or utilizing existing spring sources. The need for sanitation facilities will be met by constructing temporary latrines with water sealed facilities and septic tanks. (ii) Tree removal and terrestrial biodiversity loss. Subproject construction will require removal of some of tress however, the exact numbers of trees to be

removed can only be determined following the completion of the detailed design. (iii) Noise, vibration and dust. As the subproject is located in a rural environment and construction sites are far from the residences, minimal adverse impact during

construction phases is anticipated. (iv) Proximity to forestry reserve. Although the subproject area is close to a forestry reserve, the boundaries are clearly defined, and land levels in the forestry reserve are significantly higher than in the subproject area.

16 LGED introduced Environmental Assessment Guidelines in 2006, however the DOE Guidelines are considered to more appropriately address the requirements of the 1995 Environment Conservation Rule. 13

Table 4: Impact Screening Checklist for Rural Community Roads and Access Nature of Environmental Issues Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures (+ve, -ve, 0) NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Air -ve Regulating movement of construction vehicles; spraying of water to minimize dust emission; locating hot mix plants at least 500m from sensitive receptors (e.g., households, educational institutions, mosques/temples and health complexes); covering trucks carrying construction materials with tarpaulins to avoid spillage; completion of construction of bridges/culverts during non-monsoon period or provision of adequate temporary pipe drains in diversion; etc. Hill and Piedmont Slope -ve Protection through embankments/guide walls/geotextiles and vegetation; etc. Surface water or -ve Only during construction period, necessity of aquifers/Watersheds appropriate and adequate construction management plan. Land -ve Avoidance of damage to or loss of agricultural or other private land through redesigning or realigning of the road to be constructed/Provision of adequate compensation or rehabilitation. ECOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Ecological/Biological Resources 0 Terrestrial Habitats: Removal of -ve Minimizing tree felling/devegetation; undertaking Trees social afforestation/revegetation Aquatic/Amphibious Habitats 0 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT Economic Livelihood +ve Construction Employment +ve Targeting employment of local people, especially, Opportunities women Agriculture +ve Construction management plan Fisheries +ve Construction management plan Small industry +ve Informal employment sector +ve Infrastructure 0 Road Access +ve Navigation 0 Noise -ve Awareness generation, construction work during off-peak hours and, in some cases, noise-baffling dense tree plantation Human Development/GDP +ve Education/Literacy +ve Health +ve Risk of Worker Accident -ve Taking adequate precautionary as well as protective measures toward preventing workers from sudden fall from high altitude work area, severe burns due to exposure to fire hazards and eventual accidental deaths of Workers. Risk due to in-migrant workers -ve Targeting employment of local people, especially, women Cultural/Landscape: +ve

RISKS Road Accident -ve Undertaking awareness and training program ADB CATEGORY B (OM F1) All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ADB’s B (OM F1) Category of projects. ECR, ’97 CATEGORY ORANGE B All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ECR, ’97 Orange B Category of projects.

Table 5: Impact Screening Checklist for Rural Household Small-Scale Water Supply Environmental Issues Nature of Mitigation/Enhancement Measures Impact (+ve, -ve, 0) NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Air 0 II.

Hill and Piedmont Slope 0 III.

Surface water or -ve Only during construction period, necessity of aquifers/Watersheds appropriate and adequate construction management plan. Land 0 IV.

ECOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Ecological/Biological Resources 0 V.

Terrestrial Habitats: Removal of 0 VI. Trees Aquatic/Amphibious Habitats 0 VII.

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT Economic Livelihood +ve VIII.

Construction Employment +ve Targeting employment of local people, especially, Opportunities women Agriculture +ve Construction management plan Fisheries +ve Construction management plan Small industry +ve IX.

Informal employment sector +ve X.

Infrastructure 0 XI.

Road Access 0 XII.

Navigation 0 XIII.

Noise 0 XIV.

Human Development/GDP +ve XV.

Education/Literacy 0 XVI. 15

Health +ve XVII.

Risk of Worker Accident/Accidental -ve Taking adequate precautionary as well as Deaths protective measures toward preventing workers from sudden fall from high altitude work area. Risk due to in-migrant workers -ve Targeting employment of local people, especially, women Cultural/Landscape: +ve XVIII.

ADB CATEGORY B (OM F1) All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ADB’s B (OM F1) Category of projects. ECR, ’97 CATEGORY ORANGE B All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ECR, ’97 Orange B Category of projects.

Table 6: Summary of Potential Negative Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Jibtoli Headman Para, Jibtoli Union Subproject Project Stage Environmental Issue Mitigation Measure Pre-construction Interference with water resources Prepare an effective construction management plan Avoid or reduce loss of the need for Responsible design accompanied by land or asset acquisition field checking Construction Dust emission at construction sites Spray water at sensitive locations (schools, mosques, temples, markets etc.) Noise emission at construction sites Regulate traffic and confine work to normal working hours Tree removal Avoid tree removal where possible and replace each tree removed with 10 similar trees – and community agree to nurture these to maturity Site Accidents Create an awareness among workers for the need for safety and create a safet and tidy work environment Post Construction The subproject implementation None required

17 Government requirements are that removed trees be replaced by two trees. The Project has adopted a ten for one tree replacement policy.

activities are minor and no negative post-construction are anticipated.

E. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 53. Responsibilities for all agencies with respect to the mitigation of environmental impacts are set out in the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP). The EMMP can be found in Attachment D. F. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 54. Stakeholders at the Jibtoli Headman Para subproject were identified under 4 main groups: (i) beneficiaries and affected persons (APs) in the subproject area; (ii) community leaders; (iii) Government officials at the central, district and upazila levels; and (iv) NGOs working at the local and regional levels. Stakeholder participation was completed in two steps: (i) to collect and disseminate information through briefing and discussion meetings; and (ii) to receive feedback for formulating appropriate mitigation measures against the adverse impacts. In order to ensure appropriate feedback a range of information sharing techniques was used. Techniques used for different stakeholder groups included (i) the completion of checklists and questionnaires; (ii) discussion with villagers; (iii) semi-structured interviews; (iv) small group meetings; and (v) site visits. Special efforts were made to include the elderly, women, and vulnerable groups and to allow them to express their views regarding the proposed subproject. Stakeholder consultation has been undertaken within the subproject area between 1 June and 31 August 2010. Details of public consultations are listed in Attachment E. 55. Once the subproject has been formally approved, details of the subproject will be published in a widely circulated local newspaper in Bangla language, and notices, in Bangla and in a local indigenous language, will be erected in a prominent public place in the subproject para. As part of the project preparation activities, a notice board informing of subproject features and proposed activities has already been placed.

56. Notifications will advise that this IEE is available for public scrutiny at offices of (i) the union parishad; (ii) the upazila parishad; (iii) the Hill District Council (HDC); and (iv) CHTRC. Notifications will invite submissions from members of the public, or organizations within the community, within a period of 2 weeks following public notification. Notification will advise that further information on the subproject may be obtained at the HDC office or the Project Directors Office within the CHTRC. The disclosure and consultation process is detailed in the EARF G. Findings and Recommendations 1. Findings 57. The screening process carried out in the IEE, adopting the Government and the ADB environmental assessment checklists, has not identified any significant negative environmental impact that will not be adequately mitigated by the subproject. It is concluded from the environmental assessment that: (i) the subproject will not result in any unwarranted loss of national resources and any adverse impact on adjacent forests; (ii) the subproject will not cause any additional hazards to endangered species; (iii) involuntary resettlement will be minimized and land and asset acquisition, where it occurs will be duly compensated; (iv) the subproject will provide employment opportunities to the local people and will provide more reliable infrastructure, resulting in livelihood improvements and poverty reduction; 17

(v) the subproject will improve mobility and access to social facilities especially the local primary school and to the main road to access medical facilities; (vi) the subproject will help improve the economy in the region. 2. Recommendations 58. Adverse environmental impacts resulting from subproject activities are listed above together with measures to mitigate these impacts to a satisfactory level. Subproject activities will be monitored during implementation to ensure that these measures are adopted and that impacts are reduced to a satisfactory level. In addition, random monitoring will continue for a period of 3 years following subproject completion with focus on these specific issues: (i) the proper removal of temporary structures and facilities required during subproject implementation; (ii) the status of planted trees compensating tree removal during construction; and (iii) any perceived impact on adjoining forestry reserves.

59. The screening process conducted is considered adequate and no significant adverse environmental impacts exist that are considered to warrant further detailed study or an Environmental Impact Assessment. H. Conclusions 60. In consideration of implementing the recommended impact mitigation measures, it is concluded that the anticipated adverse impacts of the Jibtoli Headman subproject will remain within acceptable limits. The direct and indirect beneficial impacts from extended irrigation coverage are expected to outweigh the adverse impacts. It is anticipated that the effect of the subproject will be to create significant employment opportunity and boost economic activity in the area. Therefore the subproject is assessed as environmentally feasible and sustainable and is accepted for implementation from an environmental viewpoint. No further studies are considered necessary.

ATTACHMENT A: PHOTOGRAPHS SUPPORTING THE SUBPROJECT IEE

Photo 1: Typical terrain at Subproject site

Photo 2: Consultations in the field

Photo 3: Consultation at Union Office

ATTACHMENT B: LIST OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIES IN THE SUBPROJECT AREA

A. FLORA

Family: Boraginaceae 29 Boara, Logora Cordia myxa Family: Burseraceae 30 Chitrica, Hiliabadi Bursera serrata 31 Kapila Garuga pinnata

Family: Combretaceae 32 Goachchelata Calycopteris floribunda 33 Hingori, Kosi Anogeissus lanceolata 34 Kanchoi Anogeissus acuminate 35 Bahera Terminalia belirica 21

36 Kawatuti, Kakrum Terminalia chebula

Family: Dioscoriaceae 57 Rata/Pagla alu Dioscorea bulbifera 58 Susni alu, Mou alu Dioscorea esculenta 59 Shora alu Dioscorea globra 60 Banaalu Dioscorea oppsitifolia

Family: Ebenaceae 61 Gulal, Gabgulal Diospyros toposia

Family: Elaeocarpaceae 62 Jalpai, Chekio Elaeocarpus robustus

72 Alingala Cissus adnata 73 Orbori, Noar Phyllanthus acidus 74 Billa, Campata Sapium baccatum

Family: Fagaceae 75 Raibatna Quercus spicata

Family: Gesneriaceae 76 Rhyncotechum ellipticum

Family: Guttifereae 86 Cau. Khaglichu Garcinia cowa

Family: Haloragaceae 87 Myriophllum tetrandrum

Family: Labiatae 88 Tokma Hyptis suaveolens

Family: Lauraceae 89 Karpur Cinnomomum camphora

Family: Liliaceae 101 Kumarialata Smilax macrophylla 102 Bidripata Curculigo recurvata

Family: Malvaceae 103 Kureta, Urusia Sida acuta 104 Banokra, Atlera Urena labata

Family: Melastomataceae 105 Dadranga, Lutki Melastoma malabathrica

Family: Musaceae 118 Ram Kola Musa rosacea 119 Bamangi kola Musa ornate 120 Kala Musa sarpintum 121 Kachakola Musa paradisia

Family: Myrsinaceae 122 Moricha Maesa ramantacea

Family: Myrtaceae 123 Jam Syzygium cumini 124 Khudijam Syzygium fruiticosum 125 Dhakijam Syzygium grande 126 Nalijam Syzygium claviflorum 127 Phuljam, Hanihak Syzygium formosanum

Family: Onagraceae 128 Ludwigia hyssopifolia

Family: Orchidaceae 129 Vanda teres 130 Orchid Gymbidium aloifolium

Family: Palmae 131 Golmar, Chaur Caryota urens

Family: Pandanaceae 132 Keya Pandanus foedus

Family: Passifloraceae 133 Gorakphal, Jhumkalata Passiflora foetida

Family: Plumbaginaceae 134 Naniagach, Dhalchaka Aegialitis rotundifolia

Family: Polygonaceae 135 Bishakatalia Polygonum hydropiper 136 Barapanimarich Polygomum orientel

Family: Pontenderiaceae 137 Nukha

Family: Rhamnaceae 138 Gotboroi

Family: Rubiaceae 139 Mankanta Xeromphis spinosa 140 Silchauri Mussaenda roxburghil 141 Pandeng Morida agustifulia 142 Kadam Anthocephalus chinensis

Family: Sapindaceae 143 Gothahorina Aphania danura 144 Bon Lichu Lepisenthes rubiginosa

Family: Solanaceae 145 Bantepari,Tepari Physalis minima 146 Titbegun Solanum torvum

Family: Sonneratiaceae 147 Kacha Duabanga grandiflora

Family: Sterculiaceae 148 Harjora Buettneria pilosa 149 Moos Pterospermum acerifolium 150 Tikiokra Melochia corchorifolia

Family: Symplocaceae 151 Lob, Puidobmator Symplocos racemosa

Family: Symplocaceae 152 Machjut, Moss Brownloia elata 153 Banokra Triumfetta rhombodea 154 Grewia laevigita 155 Assar, Patka Grewa microcos 156 Assar, Patka Microcos paniculata

Family: Ulmaceae 157 Jiban, Sunsuni Trema orintalis

Family: Urticaceae 158 Brihati, Karabi Sarchochlamys

Family: Vittaceae 167 Amallata Cissus carnopa 168 Guda, Guaria Vitis glabrata 169 Amashalata V. assamica 170 Panisandal alu V. trifolia

Family: Zingiberaceae 171 Kushtha, Kemak Costus speciosus 172 Tara Alpinio nigra 173 Sugandhabach Alpinia galangal 174 Deotara Alpinia malaccensis 175 Ban ada Zingiber purpureum

Important horticultural and forestry crops in CHT

1. Horticultural crops

Serial Vernacular/English Botanical Comments No. names Names get better price for lack of cold storage facilities and when transportation difficulties are faced. Very recently one agro-fruit industry is growing in larger areas near Naniarchar of Rangamati district. Sometimes, hormone treatment is practiced for off-season fruiting.

Serial Vernacular/English Botanical Comments No. names Names 10. Coconut/Narikel Cocos nucifera This fruit tree is a part of the homestead crops. The crop demands irrigation during draught for fruit production. Application of salt and fertilizers is also required. 11. Plum/Kul Zyzipus jujubi This fruit tree is recently being cultivated commercially particularly apel kul and bau kul varieties and farmers are now getting good income from this crop. Needs irrigation during draught for better fruit production.

13. Hogplum/Amra Spondius spp. Some farmers are also cultivating some trees for fruits. Serious defoliation by insects is a problem.

15. Turmeric(Spice root Curcuma longa This has become an important cash earning crop- Annuals) spice crop in the hills, but very much soil eroding.

16. Zinger (spice crop)- Zingiber officinalis This is also an important cash earning spice annual root crop crop being cultivated in the hills adding soil eroding factors.

17. Aroids (annual cash Colocasia spp This is also cash earning vegetable crop earning annual root cultivated in the hill slopes adding heavy soil crop) erosion from the hills.

18. Kakrol Momordica An important cash earning climber vegetable charancia? crop cultivated in the hills in raised bamboo platforms.

2. Tree, bamboo and cane species

Serial Vernacular Botanical Name Remarks No. name and draught tolerant and as such like by the CHT farmers. But due to gregarious nature and allelopathic effects of the trees, very few undergrowth vegetation occurs and as such, heavy soil erosion takes place under the plantations. There are innovations of mixed planting with different indigenous species like Koroi( Albizzia procera) and Gamari( Gmelina arborea). Forest department also restricts the transit of this timber which makes the farm- gate price lower compared to the market prices in Dhaka and Chittagong.

5. Sisso Dalbergia sisso This is also planted along the roadside. Die- back of this species is a serious problem.

6. Agar Aquilaria agallocha This species is also being planted by the CHT farmers for a scented product-Agar.

Serial Vernacular Botanical Name Remarks No. name of bamboos in their homesteads.

B. FAUNA

Abbreviation: VC = Very Common; R = Resident; C = Common; M = Migratory; O = Occasional; F = Few

1. Frogs and Toads

English name Bangla name Scientific name Status

Class: Amphibia Order: Anura 3.

Family: Bufonidae 1 Common Toad Kuna banga Bufo melanostictus F

Family: Microhylidae 2 Red Microhylid Lal china Bang Microhyla rubra O 3 China Frog China Bang M. ornate F 4 Baloon Frog Patka Bang Uperodon globulosus O

Family: Ranidae 5 Skipper Frog Kotkoti Bang Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis C 6 Indian Bull Frog Bhawa Bang Hoplobatrachus tigerina F 7 Cricket Jhiji Bang Limnonectus limnocharis VC 8 Boulenger’s Frog Pana Bang Rana alticola O 9 R. taipehensis F

Family: Rhacophoridae 10 Tree Frog Gecho bang Rhacophorus maximus F 11 Maculated Tree Frog Polycophorus maculatus O

2. Reptiles

Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Lacertilia 4.

Family: Gekkonidae 1 House Lizard Tiktiki Hemidactylus brooki C 2 Spotted Lizard Tiktiki Hemidactylus frenatus C 3 Wall Lizard Tokkhak Gekko gecko C

Family: Agamidae 4 Garden Lizard Raktachusha Calotes versicolor C 5 Forest Calottes C. rouxii F

Family: Scincidae 6 Common Skink Anjoni Mabuya carinata VC 7 Snake Skink Sapanjin Lygosoma vosmaeri C

Family: Varanidae 8 Grey Lizard Gui shap Varanus bengalensis C 9 Common Lizard Shona Gui V. flavecens F

5. Suborder: Ophidia

Family: Colubridae [Natricidae] 10 Checkered keel back Dhora Xenochrophis piscator C 11 Striped keel back water Jol bora Amphiesma stolata O snake

Family: Colubridae 12 Rat snake Daraj shap Coluber mucosus O 13 Common Vine Snake Laodoga shap Ahaetulla nasutus O 14 Painted bronze backed Sutanoli Dendrelaphis pictus F snake

Family: Elapidae 15 Binocellate Cobra Khoja Gokhra Naja Naja naja F 16 Monocellate Cobra Jati shap N. n. kaouthia O 17 Banded Krait Shankhini Bungarus fasciatus C

3. Birds

English name Bangla name Species name Resident Status status Class: Aves 7. 8. 9. 10.

Order: Galliformes 11.

Family: Phasianidae 1 Red Janglefowl Bon Murag Gallus gallus R F 2 Kalij Pheasant Mathura Lophura leucomelanos R F 3 Black Francolin Shekh Farid Francolinus francolium R F 31

Family: Falconidae 19 Kestrel Turki baz Falco tinnuculus M O

Order: Galiniformes 20 White breasted Water Dahuk Amaurornis R C hen phoenicurus 21 Water Cock Kora Gallicrax cinerea R F 22 Moorhen Kalim Gallinula chioropus R F 23 Coot Kalkot Fulica atra M O

Family: Laridae 28 River Tern Gang chil Sterna auranlia R 0

Order: Columbiformes Family: Colubidae

29 Green Pigeon Bot kol Treron apicauda R 0 30 Blue Rock Pigeon Kaitor Columba livia R VC 31 Spotted Dove Tila ghogu Strepolia chinensis R VC 32 Ring Dove Shada ghogu S.decaocto R C 33 Red turtle Dove Jongla Ghugu Streptopelia R 0 tranquebarica 34 Emeral Dove Sabug ghogu Chalcophaps indica R 0

Order: Pasttaciformes Family: Psittacidae 35 Reoseringed Parakeet Tia Psittacula krameri R C 36 Redbreasted Parakeet Tuta P. alexandri R VC

Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae 43 Brown fish Owl Bhutam pecha Ketupa zeylonesis R O 44 Spotted Owlet Kuthora pecha Athene brama R C

Order: Caprinulgiformes Family: Caprunulgiformes 45 Nightjar Rait chor Caprimulgus macrurus R C

Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae 46 House Swift Ababil Apus affinis R VC 47 Palm Swift Nakkati Cypsiurus balasiensis R VC

Order: Coruciformes Family: Alceinidae 48 Common Kingfisher Machranga Alcedo atthis R VC

Family: Haluyonidae 49 White breasted Machranga Halcyon smyrnensis R C Kingfisher 50 Pied Kingfisher Machranga Ceryle rudis R VC 33

51 Stork bill Kingfisher Megh ho Halcyon capensis R F

Family: Coraccidae 52 Indian Roller Nilkantha Coracias bengalensis R C Family-Upupidae 53 Hoopoe Hudhud Upupaepops R C

Family: Meropidae 54 Chestnut-headed Bee Suichor Merops leschenulti R VC eater 55 Green Bee eater Suichor M. orientalis R VC

Family: Bucerotidae 56 Indian Pied Hornbill Dhanesh Anthracoeros R F albirostris 57 Pied Hornbill Raj Dhanesh Buceros biocornis R F

Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae 65 Hooded Pitt Nil Phaki Pitta sordida R 0

Family: Alaudidae 66 Eastern bush Lark Chatok Alauda gulgula R F

Family: Hirundidae 67 Nepal House Martin Delichon nipalensis R VC

Family: Laniidae 68 Black headed Shrike Kashai pakhi Laninus schach R VC 69 Brown Shrike Dhushar L. critatus M C Kashai

Family: Oriolidae 70 Black headed Oriole Halod pakhi Oriolaus xathornus R VC

Family: Dicruridae 71 Black Drongo Finga Dicrurus macrocercus R VC 72 Crowbilled Drongo Finga D. annectans R F 73 Greater Racket tail Bhigraj D. paradiseus F Drongo 74 Hairycrested Drongo Finga D. hottentotus R O

Family: Artamidae 75 Ashy swallow Shrike Ababil Artamus fuscus R VC

Family: Corvadae 81 Tree pie Han chacha Dendrocitta R C vagabunda 82 House Crow Pati kak Corvus splendens R O 83 Jungle Crow Dar kak C. macrorhynchos R F

Family: Irenidae 87 Common Iora Fatikial Aegithina tiphis R C

Family: Pycnonotidae 88 Red vented Bulbul Bulbuli Pycnonotus cafer R VC 89 Red whiskered Bulbul Sipahi Bulbul P. jocosus R VC 90 Black headed Yellow Halod Bulbul P. melanicleus R F Bulbul

Family: Muscicapidae 91 Jungle Babbler Satbhai Turdoides striatus R VC 92 Grey headed Fly Footfoti Culicicapa ceylonensis R C catcher 93 White throated fantail Lejnacani Raipidura albicollis R C 35

Flycatcher 94 Orange headed ground Zoothera citrina R O thrush 95 Tailor bird Tontoni Orthotomus saturius R VC 96 Magpie Robin Doyal Copsychus saularis R C Family-Paradae 97 Grey Tit Tit phok Parus major R O

Family: Motacillidae 98 Tree pipit Anthus hodgsoni M O 99 Pied Wagtail Khanjan Motacilla alba M C 100 Yellow Wagtail M. falva M O 101 Large Pied Wagtail Kakra Khanjan M. maderasptensis M

Family: Dicaeidae 102 Tickell’s Flowerpecker Fuljhni Dicaeum R C erythorhynchos

Family: Nectarinidae 103 Purple Sunbird Niltoni Nectarinia asiatca R VC

Family: Polceidae 104 House Sparrow Charai Passer domesticus R O 105 Baya Baboi Ploceus phippinus R O

4. Animals

English name Bangla name Scientific name Status

Class: Mammalia Order: Insectivora Family: Soricidae 1 House shrew Chika Suncus murinus VC

Order: Chiroptera Family: Pteropidae 2 Flying fox Bana Kolabadur Pieropus giganteus VC 3 Fulvous fruit bat Kolabadur Rousettus leschenaultia O 4 Sheathtailed bat Badur Taphozous longimenus F

Family: Vespertilionidae 5 Pipistrelle Chamchika Pipistrellus coromandra VC 6 Tickell’s Bat Chamchika Hesperoptenus tickelli C

Order: Primates Family: Lorisidae 7 Slow Loris Lajjaboti Banar Nycticebus coucang F

Family: Cercopithecidae 8 Rhesus Macaque Banar Macaca mulatta C

4. Animals

English name Bangla name Scientific name Status

9 Pigtailed Macaque Uloo Bandar M. nemestrina F 10 Capped languor Mukhpura Tracheypithecus pileatus C Hanuman

Family: Hylobatidae 11 Hoolock Gibbon Ullook Hylobates hoolock F(Chunati)

Order: Pholidota Family: Manidae 12 Malayan ant eater Banrui Manis javanica O

Order: Carnivora Family: Canidae 13 Jackal Shial Canis aureus O 14 Bengal Fox Khek Shial Valpus bengalensis F 15 Wild dog Ram Kutta Cuon alpines F

Family: Ursidae 16 Sloth bear Bhaluk Melursus ursinus O \ Family: Mustelidae 17 Common Otter Ud Biral Luira luira O 18 Smooth coated otter Ud biral L. parspicilata F

4. Animals

English name Bangla name Scientific name Status

Family: Hystricidae 37 Crested porcupine Shajaru Hystrix indica F 48 Crestless porcupine Shajaru H. hodgsoni F

ATTACHMENT C: DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT CHECKLIST

(ii) Does the proposed subproject encroach on any conserved natural and/or planted forests on  mountain valleys surrounding the Indian border of greater Sylhet district?

(iii) Is the proposed subproject situated within any conserved natural and/or planted forests of hill  ranges in greater Chittagong district?

(iv) Will the proposed subproject development intervene with any conserved natural and/or  planted forests of Sundarban area and south coast of the Bay of Bengal?

(v) Is the subproject within 10 km peripheral distance of the 7,620,034 ha Sundarbon reserve  forest area in Bagerhat, Khulna & Satkhira districts?

(vii) Is the subproject proposal from Narikel Jinjira and/or Sonadia Ghoti Bhanga mouja/s of 590 ha  Saint Martin Deep and 4,916 ha Sonadia Deep in Cox’s Bazar district?

(viii) Is the subproject located within the 18,383 ha inundation zone of Hakaluki Haor in Moulvi  Bazar/Sylhet districts and 9,727 ha Tanguar Haor in Sunamganj district?

(ix) Is the subproject situated within the 200 ha floodplain of Marjat Baor in Jhenaidah district? 

(x) Is the subproject located within any very sensitive aquatic ecosystem of Ganges floodplain  and Meghna estuaries?

ATTACHMENT D: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

III. Post Construction

None None Required 39

ATTACHMENT E: PUBLIC CONSULTATION

Jibtoli Headman Para

1. Mr. Hitlar Dewan, Headman

Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (RRP BAN 42248)

Initial Environmental Examination for the Cemi Dulu Para, Kuhalong Union Subproject

February 2011

BAN: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project

Prepared by ANZDEC Ltd for the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs and the Asian Development Bank.

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 16 March 2011)

Currency unit – taka (Tk) Tk1.00 = $0.0140 $1.00 = Tk71.56

ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank CHT – Chittagong Hill Tracts CHTRC – Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council CHTRDP-I – Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project DOE – Department of Environment EARF – Environmental Assessment Review Framework EMMP – Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan IEE – Initial Environmental Examination IP – indigenous people LGED – Local Government Engineering Department MOCHTA – Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs O&M – operation and maintenance PPTA – project preparatory technical assistance

NOTE (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars.

Initial Environmental Examination for the Cemi Dulu Para, Kuhalong Union Subproject (SSP3)

Table of Contents

A. Introduction 1 1. Purpose and Scope 1 2. Methodology 2 B. Description of the Project and Subproject 2 1. The Project 2 2. Resources of Chittagong Hill Tracts 4 3. The Subproject 8 C. Description of the Environment 9 1. Physical Resources 9 2. Ecological Resources 11 3. Economic Development 12 D. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 12 E. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 17 F. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 17 G. Findings and Recommendations 17 1. Findings 17 2. Recommendations 18 H. Conclusions 18

Attachment A: Photographs Supporting the Subproject IEE 19 Attachment B: List of Biological Species in the Subproject Area 21 Attachment C: Department of Environment Checklist 39 Attachment D: Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 40 Attachment E: Public Consultation 41

Figure 1: Location of Subproject

Initial Environmental Examination for the Cemi Dulu Para, Kuhalong Union Subproject (SSP3)

A. Introduction 1. Purpose and Scope 1. This report is the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of the proposed subproject in Cemi Dulu Para of Kuhalong Union, in Bandarban Sadar Upazila of Bandarban District. The subproject is one of the six subprojects identified for inclusion in the Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (the Project) during the project preparatory technical assistance undertaken between April and December 2010.1 The Project is expected to be implemented from January 2012 until December 2018 at a cost of some $55 million. The Project will build upon the successes and be guided by the lessons of the completed Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project2 (CHTRDP-I). 2. The Project will continue and enhance the work of CHTRDP-I taking into account the review of achievements and the experiences of other development initiatives in the CHT area including those of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Project will improve economic opportunities in the agriculture sector and foster regional integration. The Project will follow Government planning for major roads and institutional arrangements and will be community-driven for community infrastructure, watershed and micro agribusiness development activities, thus ensuring a mix of top-down and bottom-up planning as appropriate for the nature of the component. The roads program to be implemented by the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) and will guide the location of the other components in order to ensure a geographic overlap between all components. The Project will be implemented in parts of the three Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) districts: (i) Khagrachari; (ii) Bandarban; and (iii) Rangamati, and will include poor people in the CHT area, indigenous people (IP), women and other vulnerable groups. 3. The Project proponent is the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs (MOCHTA) and the subproject will be implemented by the Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council (CHTRC). Contact information for MOCHTA is: Contact person : Netai Chandra Sen Joint Secretary (Development) Address : Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs Bangladesh Secretariat, Dhaka Telephone No. : (880) 2 7167736 Fax No. : (880) 2 9565300 E-mail : [email protected] 4. The sample subproject is one of six sample subprojects identified to support the Government strategy to improve rural livelihoods and reduce poverty in the CHT. The sample subprojects and future candidate subprojects are consistent with the ADB 2005 Country Strategy and Program for Bangladesh. 5. The IEE of this sample subproject is closely linked to the requirements and procedures of the Government’s Environmental Conservation Act (1995) and Environmental Conservation

Rules (1997). Government responsibility for environmental issues is vested with the Department of Environment (DOE) under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). The IEE was conducted by consultants engaged during the preparation of the technical assistance and in consultation with key stakeholders including MOCHTA, CHTRC, Hill District Councils (HDCs), LGED, union and upazila representatives and potential beneficiary communities. During field consultations, observations were made in consultation with local officials, groups and potential beneficiaries and affected people. Support and assistance in the field were provided by the staff of CHTRC and the Rangamati HDC. The conduct of an IEE, and its subsequent approval by ADB is a prerequisite for ADB support to the subproject. 6. The objectives of the IEE are to: (i) determine the state of the environment in the subproject area; (ii) identify key environmental issues associated with the subproject; (iii) recommend appropriate mitigation measures; and (iv) develop an environmental management and monitoring plan (EMMP). 2. Methodology 7. This IEE is prepared in accordance with the Environmental Conservation Act and in accordance with the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement (2009). An Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF) has been prepared for the Project and sets out guidelines for the preparation of IEEs for subsequent candidate subprojects. The EARF has been prepared as an attachment to the Project Administration Manual. 8. Data gathering and assessment of key environmental issues were undertaken using the ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment methodology which comprises: (i) review of documents including socioeconomic baseline survey undertaken during the PPTA; (ii) meetings with Project stakeholders and stakeholder representatives; (iii) identifying environmental issues which need to be addressed by the Project; and (iv) gathering of primary environmental data from field reconnaissance.

11. Component A: Institutional Development and Project Management. Outputs will include: (i) enhanced institutional capacity and capability of MOCHTA, CHTRC and three HDCs; (ii) project implementation supported by effective management arrangements within CHTRC and three HDCs; (iii) a Safeguards and Quality Monitoring Cell (SQMC) established and operational; (iv) all aspects of project safeguards adequately addressed; and (v) project management systems operational. 12. Component B: Rural Roads. Outputs will include: (i) completion of incomplete upazila and union roads commenced in the CHTRDP-I; (ii) planning, preparation and design of union and upazila roads that were scheduled for implementation in CHTRDP-I but not done; and 13. Component C: Community Infrastructure. Outputs will include: (i) promotion of effective watershed management; (ii) construction of small feeder roads/footpaths and steps to connect villages to union and upazila roads and between and within villages targeted under Output B; (iii) small market sheds located at existing community collection points; (iv) provision of participatory community-based small irrigation systems, and water resource interventions and other community infrastructure; and (this is minor in nature, typically ranging from 15 to 40 hectares [ha]) and village water supply; and (v) facilitation of development of community and family nurseries/ field practices for the propagation of necessary quality assured planting materials for sloping agricultural land/ bioengineering principles for improved watershed management and soil conservation. 14. Component D: Micro Agribusiness Development – sustainable micro agribusiness promoted and established. 15. The Project will adopt the following poverty reduction and rural development strategies: (i) Concentrate on improved rural access and overall Project effort in the districts and areas that are poorly connected. Along with that, villages around main roads will be connected to main roads, through village access roads and paved paths. (ii) Pay particular attention to promoting development among the more disadvantaged uphill dwelling, jhum (swidden) cultivators. (iii) Safeguard against likely negative impacts including the risk of losing long-term benefits to communities initially intended to gain from Project interventions. This is particularly important in the absence of tenurial security, for both individual and community land, and highlights the need for better safeguarding proposed investments to be made in the area. (iv) Enable rural communities to develop potential and skills in rural development and livelihood improvement, through involvement in the planning, development, operation and maintenance (O&M) activities of subprojects, while paying attention to promoting women’s roles in community and household management. 16. The promotion of secure land tenure is a critical prerequisite for farmers to have the confidence to undertake medium-term and longer-term investments in higher value agriculture

4 production such as horticulture. Poverty reduction would take place through the increase in both net income from farmers’ production and off farm employment generation. 17. ADB has classified the Project as environmental Category B. IEEs and Environmental Management and Mitigation Plans (EMMPs) are required to be prepared for each of the sample subprojects in accordance with the ADB Environment Policy (2002) and Environmental Assessment Guidelines (2003), and the Government’s environmental requirements as set out in the applicable laws and regulations. 2. Resources of Chittagong Hill Tracts (i) Demographics 18. The integral population (although not ethnically disaggregated) of the three districts of CHT has increased significantly over the past two decades (from 1981 to 2001) as indicated in Table 1 below. Although there has been no population census since 1991 when the population was 974,445, all subsequent estimates are based on largely dated information – in 2001 overall population of CHT was 974,445. Current estimates based on an average population growth rate for Bangladesh of 2.3% per annum would indicate a population of about 1.3 million of which approximately 67 % is rural. The ratio of IP to non-IP was indicated in 1991 to be 51:49 of which about 88% comprise Chakma, Tripura and Marma. Of interest is the demographic transition within the area particularly due to the transmigration impacts which have not only impacted on population growth but also on the ratio between IP and non-IP. The non-indigenous population in 1872 was 1.7%3, which rose to the level of around 9.1%4 by 1951, and doubled by the next 2 decades to 19.4%5 in 1974. In the absence of a (ethnically disaggregated) population census and using various socioeconomic baseline surveys of the area undertaken as part of development partner interventions, it is highly likely that the current ratio is at least 50:50 (IP to non-IP). Table 1: Population density of urban and rural in 2001 Census Total population in Total population in Name of Total population Growth rate urban area rural area district 1991 1981 1991 1981 1991 1981 Decadal Annual Bandarban 230,569 171,478 68,522 26,963 162,047 134515 34.5 3.0 Khagrachhari 342,488 278,461 109,710 70,565 232,778 207896 23.0 2.09 Rangamati 401,388 301,753 146,083 106,073 255,305 195680 33.0 2.89 Total 974,445 751,692 324,315 203,601 650,130 538091 90.5 7.98 Percentage - - 33.2 28 66.7 72 - - Source: ADB. 2010. Chittagong Hill Tracts Study on Potential for Integrated Water Resources Management. Consultants’ report. Manila (TA 6325-REG).

3 1,097 persons (Census of India, 1872). 4 26,150 persons (Census of Pakistan, 1951). 5 98,628 persons (Census of Bangladesh, 1974). 5

(ii) Land 20. CHT lands are limited in terms of economic productivity. While about 70% of Bangladesh's soils are cultivatable and have few production limitations, only 6% of CHT land is cultivatable and its generally poor soils and steep contours severely limit production enterprise options. The creation of Kaptai Lake in 1960 and inundation of a significant area of CHT's prime agricultural land permanently left it as a cereal deficit area. The loss of land due to Kaptai Lake was further exacerbated in the mid-1980s when the Government of Bangladesh (the Government) initiated a transmigration program with ethnic Bengalis from plain areas being settled in CHT. The insurgency internally displaced many families who are still in the process of re-establishing themselves and had significant impacts on economic growth and development of the area. 21. There are three types of land ownership in CHT: (i) common property which is recognized as a customary right of indigenous people; (ii) non-recorded traditional customary property which indicates property which may be owned by an individual, family or clan; and (iii) registered property ownership (having deeds certified by the Government). Average landholding in CHT (all households) is 0.18 hectares (ha) of plough land and 0.78 ha of jhum land. About 79%6 of IPs do not have registered private ownership of land (i.e. no security of rights to land use) – clearly a disincentive to their investing in improved farming techniques and resource management. Additionally, CHT has limited infrastructure, underdeveloped markets and the institutional support system is not oriented to address the needs of rural poor and landless. 22. Land pressures have impacted on traditional land use practices. Jhum is the dominant farming system in the lower and upper hills of CHT. Integrated shifting cultivation, or rotational agro-forestry in practice, is considered valuable for its conservation and production aspects. The fallow period of land rested from deliberate cropping, not necessarily without cultivation or grazing but without sowing, is used to rest and vitalize the soils after cropping. Forest fallows enable restoration and conservation of forest ecosystems functions, while making the land suitable for the cropping phase that follows. Pressures on land during the past 2–3 decades have forced jhum farmers to reduce the fallow period, which is crucial in order to maintain land productivity, from the traditional time period of 10 to 12 years to 3 years on average today, thereby severely affecting the fertility of the soil. As a result of the land degradation caused by reduced fallow periods, deforestation, loss of topsoil, and increased water runoff,7 has serious implications on food security and environmental sustainability. (iii) Water Resources 23. Water resources in CHT comprise surface flows from main rivers systems namely, Karnafuli, Chengi, Maini, Sangu, Matamuhuri, Feni, Raingkyong and Bagkhali with a total length of 1,400 km. Significant rivers are transboundary with: (i) Karnafuli originating in Mizoram, India; (ii) Chengi and Feni originating in Tripura, India and (iii) Sangu originating in Myanmar. In addition to perennial rivers, upland communities rely predominantly on relatively shallow (0.5m to 4.0m) subsurface flows from local springs. These are commonly found along spring-lines where the groundwater table is intersected. However, over the past 2 decades there has been a noticeable depletion in spring flows resulting in significant impacts on rural communities who rely on such sources, mainly for potable water supplies.

24. A recent study8 of water resource in the CHT states that there is an observed deterioration of spring flows over the past several years. The main underlying causes were identified as: widespread degradation of natural dense forests; large changes in land use; changes in climate; and physical interventions constructed without understanding the effects on surrounding environment (such as road construction). 25. Degradation of forest quality and substantial loss in canopy coverage are likely to be the most significant causes behind the deteriorating flows observed in the study. Dense forest has drastically been reduced in the recent years. Between 1989 and 2003, an estimated 170,000 ha of dense forest, (approximately 50% of the total area of dense forest) was lost in the CHT. The most severe condition was observed in Khagrachari district (approximately 95% loss), a likely consequence of changes in agricultural practices and scale. This type of change facilitates fast surface runoff and thereby reduces the soils’ water retention capacity and percolation of water into the water table. 26. It was also observed9 that there is an overall decreasing rainfall pattern in 6 of the 7 stations within CHT. Increasing trend of evaporation and sunshine hours are also important concerns. In general, there is scant data on current status of natural resources of the area, specifically in terms of current land use mapping and hydrological (there are only 7 rainfall stations in CHT) and meteorological data (only 1 Bangladesh Meteorology Department weather station at Kaptai). The Water Aid report highlights lack of data availability and requirement for establishment of a comprehensive hydro-meteorological monitoring network in the area (including stream gauging) as fundamental requirements. Changing land use and long-term climatic variations require effective monitoring to better understand spatial and temporal variation in the resource base and for sustainable natural resources planning and management. 27. Reduction in stream flows results in communities considering alternatives options for potable water. This includes accessing groundwater at greater depths which is likely to be more reliable than the highly seasonally fluctuating (or depleting) shallow subsurface flows. However, due to hard bedrock underlying much of the upland area, tube well installation at greater depths is difficult. Coupled with minimal hydrological and hydrogeological information groundwater development often results in (at best) an estimated depth of drilling and again, uncertainty in the yield potential of the aquifer. With an increasing reliance on groundwater and increasing depths for accessing potable supplies, there is a need for comprehensive monitoring of CHT water resources. This will enable a more planned and systematic basis for sector development interventions. (iv) Forests 28. By far the largest natural resource in the CHT is forest, of which about 325,000 ha (about 25% of the total area of CHT)10 is exclusively controlled by the Department of Forest (DOF) of MOEF. The region's forests may be broadly classified into tropical evergreen semi evergreen and deciduous types.11 Reserve forests include Kassalong and Sangu in Khagrachari and Banderban districts, respectively. Historically preexisting community-based land ownership

8 Water Aid Bangladesh. April, 2008. Assessment of the Underlying Causes for the Deterioration of Water Flow in the Natural Springs of Chittagong Hill Tracts Districts. Dhaka. 9 Footnote 18. 10 Raja Devasish Roy. June 2002. Land and Forest Rights in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Dhaka. 11 Common species of CHT include: Teak, Tectona grandis, Gamari, Gmelina arborea and Bamboo, Melocana baccifera Bambusa tulda, Tynostachyum dollooa, Bambusa vulgaris. 7 system of the people in CHT was changed for the first time when in 1865 and 1878, the British introduced the colonial land policy and took off a large portion of natural forest under state ownership. Since then, the people of CHT lost their customary right on the use of certain categories of land. Thus, long-standing subsistence activities of IPs in their ancestral forested land were converted overnight into criminal offenses according to the new colonial law.12 The people of CHT were abruptly deprived from the traditional community ownership of lands by which they used the hilly forest as their homesteads, jhum cultivation, extraction of forest resources, hunting and gathering, etc. 29. In addition, DOF has gradually taken up lands traditionally under jhum cultivation for conversion into reserve forests, invariably failing to secure alternative livelihood options for affected communities. These “reserve forests” (RF) have been managed according to a succession of forest management plans that have set targets for timber extraction and reforestation. Their principal objectives have been to (i) replace endemic and/or natural and less commercially productive forest with more commercially valuable and productive species; (ii) manage the forests on the basis of sustained yield; (iii) keep sufficient forest cover in the watersheds to prevent denuding of the hills and the consequent erosion; and (iv) derive the highest possible financial return and ensure the maximum use of produce from these forests. However, unsustainable practices such as monoculture have resulted in serious pest and erosion problems. 30. Remaining categories of forest include protected forest, which covered about 1% of CHT but was later reclassified as RF. Private forest are owned by small-scale indigenous farmers and plantation owners – their extent is unknown. The remaining forest area is unclassified state forest (USF), which is theoretically the remainder of the land area not under DOF control. Overall, this is a residual category of forested land under the control of district collectorates which is considered by IPs to be their own forest and common lands. Considerable quantities of timber and bamboo are produced from this area. However, overall management of USF remains unclear. 31. A recent study13 undertaken by Water Aid Bangladesh, in which a combination of remote sensing, ground truthing and community consultation was undertaken, indicates that dense forest has drastically been reduced in the recent years. Between 1989 and 2003, an estimated 170,000 ha of dense forest, (approximately 50%) was lost over the CHT area. The most severe condition was observed in Khagrachari district (approximately 95% loss), a likely consequence of changes in agricultural practices and scale. This type of change facilitates fast surface runoff and thereby reducing the soils water retention capacity and percolation into water table. The study further concludes that degradation of forest quality, that is, loss in canopy coverage, is probably the most significant cause for deterioration in spring flows in CHT. 32. Overall, forest resources, their use and sustainability are complex and remain a sensitive issue in CHT. Development partner -financed sector development interventions in the late 1990s, particularly those pertaining to social forestry were unfavorable to the conditions of CHT. 33. ADB TA 7481-BAN: Land Use Mapping of CHT14 which was undertaken in parallel for the PPTA of CHTRDPII. The TA will contribute to natural resources monitoring of the area using satellite imagery and remote sensing to prepare base maps of land use and a digital elevation

12 Mohsin 1997:91-92, R.C.K. Roy 1996: 40 and van Schendel 1995: 134. 13 Footnote 8. 14 The TA was implemented by Centre for Environment and Geographic Information System (CEGIS), Bangladesh. The same organization will be contracted during the loan project to undertake periodic updates of land use using satellite imagery. Periodic reviews will be undertaken in Year 4 and Year 7 of the Project, at midterm and completion respectively.

8 model for topographic information. The outputs are to be incorporated in the loan project of CHTRDPII and will be periodically updated to indicate changes in land use such as depletion of forest cover and increase in agricultural land, including expansion of road network and settlements. 3. The Subproject 34. The population of the subproject area is overwhelmingly comprised of an ethnic community known as Chakma. Over 60% of the rural households are involved in agriculture. About 40% of all families do not own their land and 35% have their own cultivatable cereal lands. Agricultural land use comprises shifting cultivation (jhum) in the foothills and uplands, with intensive valley crop (mainly paddy) production and horticulture on lower slopes and valley floors. Agricultural produce includes foodgrain, fruit, vegetable, timber and other forms of garden produce. Like the most of the CHT region, food security and availability of drinking water have been a high priority in the subproject site area. 35. Land pressure in the subproject area has resulted from: (i) the flooding of fertile land following the construction of Kaptai Reservoir; (ii) the influx of workers during the construction of Kaptai Reservoir; and (iii) the Government led in-migration program which has seen some 250,000 Bangla immigrants arriving from the densely populated plains area; 36. Project intervention intended for Cemi Dulu Para are detailed in the Subproject Feasibility Report and summarized here: (i) six short paths with a total length of 460 meters (m) and 3 flights of hillside steps with a total length of 47 m; (ii) irrigation with a command area of 35ha including a cross dam, canal and pumps; and (iii) six deep tube wells. 37. The combination of these community-driven interventions is intended to improve the livelihoods of the Cemi Dulu Para inhabitants in terms of their food security and nutrition, and reduce poverty by improving economic opportunities. Estimated cost of subproject interventions is $59,900 and these costs are detailed in Table 2. 9

Table 2: Subproject Costs Totals Including Contingencies ($ ‘000) 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Total I. Investment Costs A. Village Irrigation Improvements 1. Weir Earthworks – 0.5 – – – – – 0.5 Sand filling – 0.1 – – – – – 0.1 Brick soling – 0.1 – – – – – 0.1 Brickwork – 2.2 – – – – – 2.2 RCC 1:4 cm – 13.9 – – – – – 13.9 Plastering – 0.2 – – – – – 0.2 Reinforcement steel – 9.2 – – – – – 9.2 Back filling – 0.2 – – – – – 0.2 PCC block & laying – 0.4 – – – – – 0.4 Bailing out water – 0.0 – – – – – 0.0 Mobilization & demobilization – 0.0 0.0 – – – – 0.0 Subtotal – 26.7 0.0 – – – – 26.7 2. Lined Canal (800m) Earthworks – 0.1 0.3 – – – – 0.5 Sand filling – 0.1 0.2 – – – – 0.3 Back filling – 0.0 0.1 – – – – 0.1 Brick soling – 0.1 0.2 – – – – 0.2 Brickwork – 3.3 6.7 – – – – 10.0 Plastering – 0.2 0.4 – – – – 0.6 PCC – 1.0 2.1 – – – – 3.2 Subtotal – 4.9 9.9 – – – – 14.8 3. Pumps – – 1.0 – – – – 1.0 Subtotal – 31.5 10.9 – – – – 42.4 B. Village Water Supply – Deep tube wells with hand pumps – 6.3 – – – – – 6.3 C. Village Access Herring bone brick (HBB) paths /b – 7.0 – – – – – 7.0 Flights of steps /c – 4.2 – – – – – 4.2 Total – 49.1 10.9 – – – – 59.9 a/ Start year for the Project is assumed to be 2012. Years in tables must be adjusted accordingly. b/ Six paths totaling 460 meters; 1 meter width. c/ Three flights of steps, totaling 47 meters. Source: TA 7432-BAN consultants.

C. Description of the Environment 1. Physical Resources 38. The geographic location of the subproject is at 21044.35’ north latitude and 92022.47’ east longitude in hilly terrain. The site area comprises Cemi Dula Para situated in Tunokuhalong Union of Sadar Upazilla of Bandarban District. It is bounded by upazilas Rowanchari and Ruma, respectively, to the east and south-east; upazila Lama to the south and south-west; and Districts of Cox’s Bazar and Rangamati, respectively, to the west and the north. 39. The topography of the subproject area comprises valleys, floors and hill slopes (varying from less than 5% to over 70%). A total of 17,382 ha is located along the slopes.15 The subproject area consists of soil mainly of the type composed of clay and sandy silt. Soil in the area seems to be fertile with poor organic content. A map of the subproject area is set out in Figure 2 and photographs of the subproject area can be found in Attachment A.

15 CHT Regional Development Plan

40. The subproject area has a tropical monsoon climate with temperatures ranging between a minimum 20oC in January and a maximum of 42oC in May, with a maximum average temperature of 30.5oC and a minimum average temperature of 22.1oC. Seasonal rainfall with recorded average annual rainfall (concentrated during a five-month period between June and October) is 2,653mm. Climatic data for the subproject area is shown in Table 3.

Figure 2: Map of Subproject Area

42. Some 95% of the total land area of the subproject area comprises slopes and the rest 5% are villages and water ways. The existing land forms and soil types are the resultant eroded anticlines and synclines stretching along a north-south axis. Land classes range essentially from piedmont to low and medium hills to high hills with 80% comprising slopes between 30%-70%. Given the erosive monsoonal rainfall, the historical trend toward deforestation and accelerated jhum practices, such a profile of land classification makes these zones all the more difficult for sustainable management. A number of charas including Cemi Dulu Chara are fed by small watersheds having catchments in the hills.

2. Ecological Resources 43. Terrestrial. The main and the most significant terrestrial inhabitants in the subproject area could be observed in planted homestead vegetation areas together with vegetation areas along roadside slopes and reserved forest areas. Moreover, there still exists habitation for a significant number of terrestrial as well as amphibian faunal species in this subproject area. Natural hill forests of the subproject area comprise Dipterocarp Forests, Savannas and Bamboo Forests. 44. Freshwater. The freshwater inhabitants in the subproject area have, mainly, been in charas, artesian aquifers/wells, rivers, lakes, etc. Fish cultivation in the lake is most significant. Biological productivity of these aquatic habitats depends mainly on the activities of plankton, macrophytes and, in some cases, on fauna at the bottom. The chlorophyll-bearing plants are the primary producers initiating the food-chain of the aquatic ecosystem. The vegetation thus contributes to the biological cycling and mobilization of chemical elements, allowing the ecosystem to directly support a wealth of fisheries. 45. Terrestrial and aquatic inhabitants of the subproject area support a large number of diverse biological populations, both plant and animals. Such biological diversities depend on the type and quality of habitats and level of interference of the human population and developmental activities. Various types of flora and fauna being experienced in the subproject area, according to information gathered through discussion with local people and modified through applying checklists of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Bangladesh, appears at Attachment B.

3. Economic Development 46. Economy of the focused subproject area is overwhelmingly agricultural and rural-based. Industrial activities mainly consist of timber processing, rice mills, small and cottage industry, etc. The road network in the subproject area consists of district roads, union roads and rural roads. Some of the rural roads are in bad condition. During the dry season and monsoons, the roads have been the only means of transport in the subproject area. The main sources of drinking as well as irrigation water have been various charas and Jhiris, ring-wells, shallow tube wells, etc. Sanitation facilities are mostly unsatisfactory. Power distribution and telecommunication networks have undergone some recent improvements. D. Screening of Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures 47. Using the sectoral environmental checklist of the Department of Environment16 (DOE) and the ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist, all environmental aspects of the subproject have been screened. These are summarized in Tables 4, 5 and 6. The DOE summary checklist is set out in Attachment C. 48. As a matter of Project policy, subproject design will minimize resettlement including land and asset acquisition (as reported in RRP Linked Document 13: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Framework [LARF]). The LARF has been prepared in draft and is annexed to the SPFR to which this IEE is also annexed. 49. Potential environmental impacts of the subproject have been assessed by considering the cause-effect relationship between the proposed engineering interventions and the existing environmental conditions. The assessed results in terms of subproject stage, impact issue, impact type, and mitigation measures against anticipated issues are summarized in Table 7. These are discussed below: (i) Drinking water and sanitation arrangements for workers.

(ii) Tree removal and terrestrial biodiversity loss. (iii) Noise, vibration and dust – it is likely that some noise, vibration and dust will be

generated from equipment at construction sites. (iv) Proximity to forest reserve.

50. The nature and scope of these adverse environmental impacts include:

16 LGED introduced Environmental Assessment Guidelines in 2006, however the DOE Guidelines are considered to more appropriately address the requirements of the 1995 Environment Conservation Rule. 13

Nature of Environmental Issues Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures (+ve, -ve, 0) RISKS Road Accident -ve Undertaking awareness and training program ADB CATEGORY B (OM F1) All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ADB’s B (OM F1) Category of projects. ECR, ’97 CATEGORY ORANGE B All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ECR, ’97 Orange B Category of projects.

Table 5: Impact Screening Checklist for Rural Household Small-Scale Irrigation Nature of Environmental Issues Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures (+ve, -ve, 0) NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Air 0 Hill and Piedmont Slope 0 Surface water or -ve Only during construction period, necessity of aquifers/Watersheds appropriate and adequate construction management plan. Land -ve Avoidance of damage to or loss of agricultural or other private land through redesigning or realigning of the road to be constructed/Provision of adequate compensation or rehabilitation. Land degradation due to land-slide, erosion and land-loss during both construction and operation stages. ECOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Ecological/Biological Resources 0 Terrestrial Habitats: Removal of 0 Trees Aquatic/Amphibious Habitats 0 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT Economic Livelihood +ve Construction Employment +ve Targeting employment of local people, especially, Opportunities women Agriculture +ve Construction management plan Fisheries +ve Construction management plan Small industry +ve Informal employment sector +ve Infrastructure 0 Road Access 0 Navigation 0 Noise 0 Human Development/GDP +ve Education/Literacy 0 Health 0 Risk of Worker -ve Taking adequate precautionary as well as protective Accident/Accidental Deaths measures toward preventing workers from sudden fall from high altitude work area. Risk due to in-migrant workers -ve Targeting employment of local people, especially, women 15

Nature of Environmental Issues Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures (+ve, -ve, 0) Cultural/Landscape: +ve ADB CATEGORY B (OM F1) All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ADB’s B (OM F1) Category of projects. ECR, ’97 CATEGORY ORANGE B All the mitigation, adaptive and safeguard measures applicable to ECR, ’97 Orange B Category of projects.

Table 6: Impact Screening Checklist for Rural Household Small-scale Water Supply Nature of Environmental Issues Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures (+ve, -ve, 0) NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Air 0 II.

Hill and Piedmont Slope 0 III.

Surface water or -ve Only during construction period, necessity of aquifers/Watersheds appropriate and adequate construction management plan. Land 0 IV.

ECOLOGICAL/BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Ecological/Biological Resources 0 V.

Terrestrial Habitats: Removal of 0 VI. Trees Aquatic/Amphibious Habitats 0 VII.

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT Economic Livelihood +ve VIII.

Informal employment sector +ve X.

Infrastructure 0 XI.

Road Access 0 XII.

Navigation 0 XIII.

Noise 0 XIV.

Human Development/GDP +ve XV.

Education/Literacy 0 XVI.

Nature of Environmental Issues Impact Mitigation/Enhancement Measures (+ve, -ve, 0) Health +ve XVII.

Table 7: Summary of Potential Negative Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures for Cemi Dulu, Kuhalong Subproject Project Stage Environmental Issue Mitigation Measure Pre-construction Interference with water resources Prepare an effective construction management plan Avoid or reduce loss of the need for Responsible design accompanied by land or asset acquisition. field checking Construction Dust emission at construction sites Spray water at sensitive locations (schools, mosques, temples, markets etc.) Noise emission at construction sites Regulate traffic and confine work to normal working hours Tree removal Avoid tree removal where possible and replace each tree removed with 10 similar trees – and community agree to nurture these to maturity. Site Accidents Create an awareness among workers for the need for safety and create a safet and tidy work environment Post Construction The subproject implementation None required activities are minor and no negative post-construction are anticipated.

17 Government requirements are that removed trees be replaced by two trees. The Project has adopted a ten for one tree replacement policy. 17

(iii) Noise, vibration and dust. Workers will be supplied with, and required to wear, ear muffs when working close to machinery. Water will be sprayed to suppress dust on an as required basis. (iv) Proximity to Forest Reserve. Land levels in the forest reserve are significantly higher than in the subproject area and there will be no flow of residual water from the subproject area to the forest. During construction workers and contractors will be required to avoid infringement of forest areas. E. Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 52. Responsibilities for all agencies with respect to the mitigation of environmental impacts are set out in the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP). The EMMP can be found in Attachment D. F. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure 53. Stakeholders at the Cemi Dulu subproject were identified under 4 main groups: (i) beneficiaries and affected persons (APs) in the subproject area; (ii) community leaders; (iii) Government officials at the central, district and upazila levels; and (iv) NGOs working at the local and regional levels. Stakeholder participation was completed in two steps: (i) to collect and disseminate information through briefing and discussion meetings; and (ii) to receive feedback for formulating appropriate mitigation measures against the adverse impacts. In order to ensure appropriate feedback a range of information sharing techniques was used. Techniques used for different stakeholder groups included (i) the completion of checklists and questionnaires; (ii) discussion with villagers; (iii) semi-structured interviews; (iv) small group meetings; and (v) site visits. Special efforts were made to include the elderly, women, and vulnerable groups and to allow them to express their views regarding the proposed subproject. Stakeholder consultation has been undertaken within the subproject area between 1 June and 31 August 2010. Details of public consultations are listed in Attachment E. 54. Once the subproject has been formally approved, details of the subproject will be published in a widely circulated local newspaper in Bangla language, and notices, in Bangla and in a local indigenous language, will be erected in a prominent public place in the subproject para. As part of the project preparatory technical assistance activities, a notice board informing of subproject features and proposed activities are already in place. 55. Notifications will advise that this IEE is available for public scrutiny at offices of (i) the union parishad; (ii) the upazila parishad; (iii) the Hill District Council (HDC); and (iv) CHTRC. Notifications will invite submissions from members of the public, or organizations within the community, within a period of 2 weeks following public notification. Notification will advise that further information on the subproject may be obtained at the HDC office or the Project Directors Office within the CHTRC. The disclosure and consultation process is detailed in the EARF. G. Findings and Recommendations 1. Findings 56. The screening process carried out in the IEE, adopting the Government and the ADB environmental assessment checklists, has not identified any significant negative environmental impact that will not be adequately mitigated by the subproject. It is concluded from the environmental assessment that: (i) the subproject will not result in any unwarranted loss of national resources and any adverse impact on adjacent forests; (ii) the subproject will not cause any additional hazards to endangered species;

(iii) involuntary resettlement will be minimized and land and asset acquisition, where it occurs will be duly compensated; (iv) the subproject will provide employment opportunities to the local people and will provide more reliable infrastructure, resulting in livelihood improvements and poverty reduction; (v) the subproject will improve mobility and access to social facilities especially the local primary school and to the main road to access medical facilities; (vi) the subproject will help improve the economy in the region. 2. Recommendations 57. Adverse environmental impacts resulting from subproject activities are listed above together with measures to mitigate these impacts to a satisfactory level. Subproject activities will be monitored during implementation to ensure that these measures are adopted and that impacts are reduced to a satisfactory level. In addition, random monitoring will continue for a period of 3 years following subproject completion with focus on these specific issues: (i) the proper removal of temporary structures and facilities required during subproject implementation; (ii) the status of planted trees compensating tree removal during construction; and (iii) any perceived impact on adjoining forestry reserves.

58. The screening process conducted is considered adequate and no significant adverse environmental impacts exist that are considered to warrant further detailed study or an Environmental Impact Assessment. H. Conclusions 59. In consideration of implementing the recommended impact mitigation measures, it is concluded that the anticipated adverse impacts of the Cemi Dulu, Kuhalong subproject will remain within acceptable limits. The direct and indirect beneficial impacts from extended irrigation coverage are expected to outweigh the adverse impacts. It is anticipated that the effect of the subproject will be to create significant employment opportunity and boost economic activity in the area. Therefore the subproject is assessed as environmentally feasible and sustainable and is accepted for implementation from an environmental viewpoint. No further studies are considered necessary. 19

ATTACHMENT A: PHOTOGRAPHS SUPPORTING THE SUBPROJECT IEE

Photo 1: Typical terrain and housing at subproject site

Photo 2: Community Consultation in the Field

Photo 3: Constructing a Herring Bone Brick Path at the Subproject site

ATTACHMENT B: LIST OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIES IN THE SUBPROJECT AREA

A. FLORA

Family: Boraginaceae 29 Boara, Logora Cordia myxa Family: Burseraceae 30 Chitrica, Hiliabadi Bursera serrata 31 Kapila Garuga pinnata

Family: Combretaceae 32 Goachchelata Calycopteris floribunda 33 Hingori, Kosi Anogeissus lanceolata 34 Kanchoi Anogeissus acuminate 35 Bahera Terminalia belirica

36 Kawatuti, Kakrum Terminalia chebula

Family: Dioscoriaceae 57 Rata/Pagla alu Dioscorea bulbifera 58 Susni alu, Mou alu Dioscorea esculenta 59 Shora alu Dioscorea globra 60 Banaalu Dioscorea oppsitifolia

Family: Ebenaceae 61 Gulal, Gabgulal Diospyros toposia

Family: Elaeocarpaceae 62 Jalpai, Chekio Elaeocarpus robustus

72 Alingala Cissus adnata 73 Orbori, Noar Phyllanthus acidus 74 Billa, Campata Sapium baccatum

Family: Fagaceae 75 Raibatna Quercus spicata

Family: Gesneriaceae 76 Rhyncotechum ellipticum

Family: Guttifereae 86 Cau. Khaglichu Garcinia cowa

Family: Haloragaceae 87 Myriophllum tetrandrum

Family: Labiatae 88 Tokma Hyptis suaveolens

Family: Lauraceae 89 Karpur Cinnomomum camphora

Family: Liliaceae 101 Kumarialata Smilax macrophylla 102 Bidripata Curculigo recurvata

Family: Malvaceae

103 Kureta, Urusia Sida acuta 104 Banokra, Atlera Urena labata

Family: Melastomataceae 105 Dadranga, Lutki Melastoma malabathrica

Family: Musaceae 118 Ram Kola Musa rosacea 119 Bamangi kola Musa ornate 120 Kala Musa sarpintum 121 Kachakola Musa paradisia

Family: Myrsinaceae 122 Moricha Maesa ramantacea

Family: Myrtaceae 123 Jam Syzygium cumini 124 Khudijam Syzygium fruiticosum 125 Dhakijam Syzygium grande 126 Nalijam Syzygium claviflorum 127 Phuljam, Hanihak Syzygium formosanum

Family: Onagraceae 128 Ludwigia hyssopifolia

Family: Orchidaceae 129 Vanda teres 130 Orchid Gymbidium aloifolium

Family: Palmae 131 Golmar, Chaur Caryota urens

Family: Pandanaceae 132 Keya Pandanus foedus

Family: Passifloraceae 25

133 Gorakphal, Jhumkalata Passiflora foetida

Family: Plumbaginaceae 134 Naniagach, Dhalchaka Aegialitis rotundifolia

Family: Polygonaceae 135 Bishakatalia Polygonum hydropiper 136 Barapanimarich Polygomum orientel

Family: Pontenderiaceae 137 Nukha

Family: Rhamnaceae 138 Gotboroi

Family: Rubiaceae 139 Mankanta Xeromphis spinosa 140 Silchauri Mussaenda roxburghil 141 Pandeng Morida agustifulia 142 Kadam Anthocephalus chinensis

Family: Sapindaceae 143 Gothahorina Aphania danura 144 Bon Lichu Lepisenthes rubiginosa

Family: Solanaceae 145 Bantepari,Tepari Physalis minima 146 Titbegun Solanum torvum

Family: Sonneratiaceae 147 Kacha Duabanga grandiflora

Family: Sterculiaceae 148 Harjora Buettneria pilosa 149 Moos Pterospermum acerifolium 150 Tikiokra Melochia corchorifolia

Family: Symplocaceae 151 Lob, Puidobmator Symplocos racemosa

Family: Symplocaceae 152 Machjut, Moss Brownloia elata 153 Banokra Triumfetta rhombodea 154 Grewia laevigita 155 Assar, Patka Grewa microcos 156 Assar, Patka Microcos paniculata

Family: Ulmaceae 157 Jiban, Sunsuni Trema orintalis

Family: Urticaceae

158 Brihati, Karabi Sarchochlamys

Family: Vittaceae 167 Amallata Cissus carnopa 168 Guda, Guaria Vitis glabrata 169 Amashalata V. assamica 170 Panisandal alu V. trifolia

Family: Zingiberaceae 171 Kushtha, Kemak Costus speciosus 172 Tara Alpinio nigra 173 Sugandhabach Alpinia galangal 174 Deotara Alpinia malaccensis 175 Ban ada Zingiber purpureum

Important horticultural and forestry crops in CHT

1. Horticultural crops

10. Coconut/Narikel Cocos nucifera This fruit tree is a part of the homestead crops.

13. Hogplum/Amra Spondius spp. Some farmers are also cultivating some trees for fruits. Serious defoliation by insects is a problem.

15. Turmeric(Spice root Curcuma longa This has become an important cash earning crop- Annuals) spice crop in the hills, but very much soil eroding.

16. Zinger (spice crop)- Zingiber officinalis This is also an important cash earning spice annual root crop crop being cultivated in the hills adding soil eroding factors.

17. Aroids (annual cash Colocasia spp This is also cash earning vegetable crop earning annual root cultivated in the hill slopes adding heavy soil crop) erosion from the hills.

18. Kakrol Momordica An important cash earning climber vegetable charancia? crop cultivated in the hills in raised bamboo platforms.

2. Tree, bamboo and cane species

5. Sisso Dalbergia sisso This is also planted along the roadside. Die- back of this species is a serious problem.

6. Agar Aquilaria agallocha This species is also being planted by the CHT farmers for a scented product-Agar.

Serial Vernacular Botanical Name Remarks No. name

B. FAUNA

Abbreviation: VC = Very Common; R = Resident; C = Common; M = Migratory; O = Occasional; F = Few

1. Frogs and Toads

English name Bangla name Scientific name Status

Class: Amphibia Order: Anura 3.

Family: Bufonidae 1 Common Toad Kuna banga Bufo melanostictus F

Family: Microhylidae 2 Red Microhylid Lal china Bang Microhyla rubra O 3 China Frog China Bang M. ornate F 4 Baloon Frog Patka Bang Uperodon globulosus O

Family: Ranidae 5 Skipper Frog Kotkoti Bang Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis C 6 Indian Bull Frog Bhawa Bang Hoplobatrachus tigerina F 7 Cricket Jhiji Bang Limnonectus limnocharis VC 8 Boulenger’s Frog Pana Bang Rana alticola O 9 R. taipehensis F

Family: Rhacophoridae 10 Tree Frog Gecho bang Rhacophorus maximus F 11 Maculated Tree Frog Polycophorus maculatus O

2. Reptiles

Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Lacertilia 4.

Family: Gekkonidae 31

1 House Lizard Tiktiki Hemidactylus brooki C 2 Spotted Lizard Tiktiki Hemidactylus frenatus C 3 Wall Lizard Tokkhak Gekko gecko C

Family: Agamidae 4 Garden Lizard Raktachusha Calotes versicolor C 5 Forest Calottes C. rouxii F

Family: Scincidae 6 Common Skink Anjoni Mabuya carinata VC 7 Snake Skink Sapanjin Lygosoma vosmaeri C

Family: Varanidae 8 Grey Lizard Gui shap Varanus bengalensis C 9 Common Lizard Shona Gui V. flavecens F

5. Suborder: Ophidia

Family: Colubridae [Natricidae] 10 Checkered keel back Dhora Xenochrophis piscator C 11 Striped keel back water Jol bora Amphiesma stolata O snake

Family: Colubridae 12 Rat snake Daraj shap Coluber mucosus O 13 Common Vine Snake Laodoga shap Ahaetulla nasutus O 14 Painted bronze backed Sutanoli Dendrelaphis pictus F snake

Family: Elapidae 15 Binocellate Cobra Khoja Gokhra Naja Naja naja F 16 Monocellate Cobra Jati shap N. n. kaouthia O 17 Banded Krait Shankhini Bungarus fasciatus C

3. Birds

English name Bangla name Species name Resident Status status Class: Aves 7. 8. 9. 10.

Order: Galliformes 11.

Family: Phasianidae 1 Red Janglefowl Bon Murag Gallus gallus R F 2 Kalij Pheasant Mathura Lophura leucomelanos R F 3 Black Francolin Shekh Farid Francolinus francolium R F

Family: Falconidae 19 Kestrel Turki baz Falco tinnuculus M O

Order: Galiniformes 20 White breasted Water Dahuk Amaurornis R C hen phoenicurus 21 Water Cock Kora Gallicrax cinerea R F 22 Moorhen Kalim Gallinula chioropus R F 23 Coot Kalkot Fulica atra M O

Family: Laridae 28 River Tern Gang chil Sterna auranlia R 0

Order: Columbiformes Family: Colubidae 29 Green Pigeon Bot kol Treron apicauda R 0 33

Order: Pasttaciformes Family: Psittacidae 35 Reoseringed Parakeet Tia Psittacula krameri R C 36 Redbreasted Parakeet Tuta P. alexandri R VC

Order: Strigiformes Family: Strigidae 43 Brown fish Owl Bhutam pecha Ketupa zeylonesis R O 44 Spotted Owlet Kuthora pecha Athene brama R C

Order: Caprinulgiformes Family: Caprunulgiformes 45 Nightjar Rait chor Caprimulgus macrurus R C

Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae 46 House Swift Ababil Apus affinis R VC 47 Palm Swift Nakkati Cypsiurus balasiensis R VC

Order: Coruciformes Family: Alceinidae 48 Common Kingfisher Machranga Alcedo atthis R VC

Family: Haluyonidae 49 White breasted Machranga Halcyon smyrnensis R C Kingfisher 50 Pied Kingfisher Machranga Ceryle rudis R VC 51 Stork bill Kingfisher Megh ho Halcyon capensis R F

Family: Coraccidae 52 Indian Roller Nilkantha Coracias bengalensis R C

Family-Upupidae 53 Hoopoe Hudhud Upupaepops R C

Family: Meropidae 54 Chestnut-headed Bee Suichor Merops leschenulti R VC eater 55 Green Bee eater Suichor M. orientalis R VC

Family: Bucerotidae 56 Indian Pied Hornbill Dhanesh Anthracoeros R F albirostris 57 Pied Hornbill Raj Dhanesh Buceros biocornis R F

Order: Passeriformes Family: Pittidae 65 Hooded Pitt Nil Phaki Pitta sordida R 0

Family: Alaudidae 66 Eastern bush Lark Chatok Alauda gulgula R F

Family: Hirundidae 67 Nepal House Martin Delichon nipalensis R VC

Family: Laniidae 68 Black headed Shrike Kashai pakhi Laninus schach R VC 69 Brown Shrike Dhushar L. critatus M C Kashai

Family: Oriolidae 70 Black headed Oriole Halod pakhi Oriolaus xathornus R VC

Family: Dicruridae 71 Black Drongo Finga Dicrurus macrocercus R VC 72 Crowbilled Drongo Finga D. annectans R F 73 Greater Racket tail Bhigraj D. paradiseus F 35

Drongo 74 Hairycrested Drongo Finga D. hottentotus R O

Family: Artamidae 75 Ashy swallow Shrike Ababil Artamus fuscus R VC

Family: Corvadae 81 Tree pie Han chacha Dendrocitta R C vagabunda 82 House Crow Pati kak Corvus splendens R O 83 Jungle Crow Dar kak C. macrorhynchos R F

Family: Irenidae 87 Common Iora Fatikial Aegithina tiphis R C

Family: Pycnonotidae 88 Red vented Bulbul Bulbuli Pycnonotus cafer R VC 89 Red whiskered Bulbul Sipahi Bulbul P. jocosus R VC 90 Black headed Yellow Halod Bulbul P. melanicleus R F Bulbul

Family: Motacillidae

98 Tree pipit Anthus hodgsoni M O 99 Pied Wagtail Khanjan Motacilla alba M C 100 Yellow Wagtail M. falva M O 101 Large Pied Wagtail Kakra Khanjan M. maderasptensis M

Family: Dicaeidae 102 Tickell’s Flowerpecker Fuljhni Dicaeum R C erythorhynchos

Family: Nectarinidae 103 Purple Sunbird Niltoni Nectarinia asiatca R VC

Family: Polceidae 104 House Sparrow Charai Passer domesticus R O 105 Baya Baboi Ploceus phippinus R O

4. Animals

English name Bangla name Scientific name Status

Class: Mammalia Order: Insectivora Family: Soricidae 1 House shrew Chika Suncus murinus VC

Order: Chiroptera Family: Pteropidae 2 Flying fox Bana Kolabadur Pieropus giganteus VC 3 Fulvous fruit bat Kolabadur Rousettus leschenaultia O 4 Sheathtailed bat Badur Taphozous longimenus F

Family: Vespertilionidae 5 Pipistrelle Chamchika Pipistrellus coromandra VC 6 Tickell’s Bat Chamchika Hesperoptenus tickelli C

Order: Primates Family: Lorisidae 7 Slow Loris Lajjaboti Banar Nycticebus coucang F

Family: Cercopithecidae 8 Rhesus Macaque Banar Macaca mulatta C 9 Pigtailed Macaque Uloo Bandar M. nemestrina F 10 Capped languor Mukhpura Tracheypithecus pileatus C Hanuman

Family: Hylobatidae 11 Hoolock Gibbon Ullook Hylobates hoolock F(Chunati)

Order: Pholidota Family: Manidae 37