DOCSLIB.ORG

A Short Account of the Land Revenue and Its Administration in British India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Short Account of the Land Revenue and Its Administration in British India *.( ytXeOME! BOMBAY* yNlV-^-RSl"^ OP SAN Dl^GO 3 1822 01152 6852 LAND REVENUE AND TENURE IN BRITISH INDIA B. H. BADEN-POWELL Boniion HENRY TROWDE Oxford University Press Warehousk Amen Corner, E.C. Macmillan & Co,, 66 Fifth Avenue. A Short Account of the Lajid Revejiue aiidits Ad7ninistratio7t in British India; with a Sketch of the Land Ten^tres B. H. BADEN-POVVELL, CLE. F.R.S.E., M.R.A.S. LATE OF THE BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE; AND ONE OF THE JUDGES OF THE CHIEF COURT OF THE PUNJAB WITH MAP AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1894 <D?;forJ» PRINTED AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY . CONTENTS PART I. GENERAL CONCEPTION OF THE LAND REVENUE. PAGE Chapter I. Introductory 1-3 „ II. Features of the Country, Climate, &c., affecting the Land Revenue Administration . -4-13 ,, III. How the Provinces and Districts are Organized with Reference to the Land Revenue Administration 14-32 IV. What is the Land Revenue ? 33-50 V. What lands are liable to pay it ? 51-61 Sec. I. Lands not liable, or not liable in the ordinary way 51 Sec. II. Lands Revenue free, or of which the Revenue is assigned 52 Sec. III. The Waste Lands, and Rules for their disposal .S6 PART 11. THE LAND TENURES AND THE LAND REVENUE SYSTEMS. Chapter VI. Introductory 62-65 ,, VII. The Land Tenures 66-145 Sec. I. The Village 66 Sec. II, Landlord estates other than village-estates loi VI CONTENTS. Chapter VII. The Land Tenures {contd.) Sec, III. Formal recognition (under British rule) of rights and interests in lands . 122 Sec. IV. Subproprietary rights . .127 Sec. v. Tenants 133 VIII. The Land Revenue Settlements . 146-229 Sec. I. Of Settlements in general . 146 Sec. II. Landlord settlements. The Permanent Settlement . -154 Sec. III. Village-estate Settlements . .171 Sec. IV. Raiyatwari Settlements of Madras and Bombay 199 Sec. v. Other Settlements (in principle raiyatwari) 213 IX. The Land Revenue Administration, and public business connected with land management . 230-254 Index 255 : NOTE ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF INDIAN WORDS. In pronouncing the vernacular words which occur in this book, it is only necessary for the general student to remember, that the words are not to be read with the peculiarly English sound of vowels that is sure to be wrong. Adopt generally the Italian or ' con- tinental ' vowel list. The most prominent feature is the unaccented ' ' a, a short vowel pronounced as in org«n or as the u in \ug ; never like the a in fat. The accented a is the broad a of the French or Italian gateau, lago ; i and / are respectively, as in the English — ' words pit and peat ; u and u are ' oo — the former shorter, the latter more prolonged. In this book, the u in any Indian word is never to be sounded like the ti in ' j/^g', for that would be short a. The letter ^ is a diphthong, and sounded like / in French ; aic is like ' how,' not like ' ' is awe ; ^ always a consonant. Of consonants, it is only necessary to mention that th is never a sibilant (either as in tK\s or tlnn) but only / with a slight aspirate \ The M and^ (with a line under) are the gutturals of the Perso- Arabic (like ' loch ' and 'lough ' in Scotch or Irish). As there are two kinds of k, we use for the one k, and the other q without the conventional u added. ABBREVIATIONS. To save space, the letters L. R. are occasionally used instead of ' ' printing ' Land Revenue ' at full length ; so S. for Settlement ; and P. S. for ' Permanent Settlement.' As ' Settlement' is a word which has other meanings (e.g. it may refer to a location or place of settlement of a colony, a tribe or a family), it is written with a capital S whenever the term is used in its technical or Revenue sense. ' L. S. B. /.' refers to my Land Systems of British India, 3 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1S92.) ' In Burmese the sibilant th occurs, not in any Indian dialect. 1 KfS£T^Tr«r73i;^S5rES3s;^ms5cr^ V THE LAND REVENUE ITS ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA PART I. GENERAL CONCEPTION OF THE LAND REVENUE. Chapter I. Introductory. Features of the Country, Climate, &c., affecting the Land Revenue Administration. How the Provinces and Districts are Organized with Re- ference to the Land Revenue Administration. What is the Land Revenue ? What Lands are liable to pay it ? Sec. I. Lands not liable, or not liable in the ordinary way. Sec. II. Lands Revenue free, or of which the Revenue is assigned. Sec. III. The Waste Lands, and Rules for their disposal. 2 INTRODUCTORY. [Part I. land-valuation, rent and agricultural conditions in general, its administration invites the notice of the economist. To assess and to collect the Land Revenue has been the chief care of all past governments for many centuries ; and for this purpose territorial divisions and official agencies have been devised ; and these, however modified, still form the basis of modern arrange- ments, and naturally have affected all other departmental juris- dictions and official forms. To understand the Land Revenue system, is to gain a greater knowledge of Indian government than could be acquired in any other way. For the agricultural class, which pays this Revenue, represents about five-sixths of the entire population; and the assessment and collection of such a widely levied impost demand an intimate knowledge of land- customs and the social features of country life. And so it is that the Government of India itself requires from various depart- mental officials, e. g. those of the Forest Department, an elemen- tary knowledge of the Land systems, as essential to the discharge of their general duty. But the difficulty is to find the desired information in a suitable form and within convenient limits. My Land Systems of British India is too detailed for the ' purpose. It was designed as a kind of Gazetteer ' of Land Revenue-Systems and tenures ; and to form a series of Provincial monographs (preceded by a general summary) which I would willingly have divided into separate volumes instead of joining them in three large ones. Its object is to furnish a compendious outline of systems, giving references from which all further details can be obtained. It might be supposed that such a task was not worth attempting, because students of detail would wish to go to original sources at once. But these sources are much easier to speak of than to produce or even catalogue. In any case they are so voluminous, so scattered over reports and books now scarce and inaccessible, that a compendium of their con- tents had become desirable. But whatever may be the justifica- tion of the larger book, it contains too much for the many readers who do not care for full details, and too much for the official student who wants only the leading principles indicated, Ch. I.] INTRODUCTORY. 3 or needs only to be enlightened as to those portions of Revenue work which bear directly on his own duty. The necessity then arises to provide such a book as shall answer the purposes of the ordinary student of Indian affairs, and shall yet give sufficient practical information to serve as a text- book for Forest Officers and others outside the Land Revenue Department. The fact is that it is much easier to write a detailed account of any given Provincial system, than it is to select the precise features, and the proper amount of illustrative detail, which will give a correct view of the system in a short form and in comparatively untechnical language. If we try to be too brief and general, we simply reproduce a semblance of those loose generalized sketches of the 'village community' and the ' Land- tax of India ' with which readers of Indian histories and text- books are only too familiar, and which, from the conditions under which they were written, jnust be inadequate for any prac- tical purpose, and are, in some cases, positively misleading. The following chapters represent an attempt to describe the Land Revenue Administration of British India, and the forms of land-holding on which that administration is based, in the compass of one small volume. The attempt has been made with some misgiving ; but it has been made with care, and with the endeavour to direct attention to what is important from a general reader's point of view. I have, however, given refer- ences whence some detail on special points may be obtained. To those who are going to use the book as a text for exam- ination or otherwise, may I add, that it is expected that they will arm themselves further with (i) the Land Revenue Act and Rent or Tenancy Act, and (2) the Revenue Circular Orders, of the particular Province with which they are concerned. B 2 CHAPTER II. General Features of the Country affecting the Land Revenue Administration. There are certain general features of Provinces and districts, and certain facts regarding the soil, climate, and institutions of the country, which are often alluded to in describing the Land Revenue systems, and which, though familiar enough to residents in India, will need explanation to the reader in England. It is convenient, therefore, to open proceedings by briefly describing the facts and features alluded to. 'British India.'— In the first place it is often convenient to ' allude to British India ' as a whole ; meaning the territories subject to British Government, and to the law as enacted by the Central and Provincial Legislatures of India, and in some matters by the Imperial Parliament in England.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Poetry and History: Bengali Maṅgal-Kābya and Social Change in Precolonial Bengal David L
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR A Collection of Open Access Books and Books and Monographs Monographs 2008 Poetry and History: Bengali Maṅgal-kābya and Social Change in Precolonial Bengal David L. Curley Western Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks Part of the Near Eastern Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Curley, David L., "Poetry and History: Bengali Maṅgal-kābya and Social Change in Precolonial Bengal" (2008). A Collection of Open Access Books and Monographs. 5. https://cedar.wwu.edu/cedarbooks/5 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the Books and Monographs at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in A Collection of Open Access Books and Monographs by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Table of Contents Acknowledgements. 1. A Historian’s Introduction to Reading Mangal-Kabya. 2. Kings and Commerce on an Agrarian Frontier: Kalketu’s Story in Mukunda’s Candimangal. 3. Marriage, Honor, Agency, and Trials by Ordeal: Women’s Gender Roles in Candimangal. 4. ‘Tribute Exchange’ and the Liminality of Foreign Merchants in Mukunda’s Candimangal. 5. ‘Voluntary’ Relationships and Royal Gifts of Pan in Mughal Bengal. 6. Maharaja Krsnacandra, Hinduism and Kingship in the Contact Zone of Bengal. 7. Lost Meanings and New Stories: Candimangal after British Dominance. Index. Acknowledgements This collection of essays was made possible by the wonderful, multidisciplinary education in history and literature which I received at the University of Chicago. It is a pleasure to thank my living teachers, Herman Sinaiko, Ronald B.
    [Show full text]
  • Red Bengal's Rise and Fall
    kheya bag RED BENGAL’S RISE AND FALL he ouster of West Bengal’s Communist government after 34 years in power is no less of a watershed for having been widely predicted. For more than a generation the Party had shaped the culture, economy and society of one of the most Tpopulous provinces in India—91 million strong—and won massive majorities in the state assembly in seven consecutive elections. West Bengal had also provided the bulk of the Communist Party of India– Marxist (cpm) deputies to India’s parliament, the Lok Sabha; in the mid-90s its Chief Minister, Jyoti Basu, had been spoken of as the pos- sible Prime Minister of a centre-left coalition. The cpm’s fall from power also therefore suggests a change in the equation of Indian politics at the national level. But this cannot simply be read as a shift to the right. West Bengal has seen a high degree of popular mobilization against the cpm’s Beijing-style land grabs over the past decade. Though her origins lie in the state’s deeply conservative Congress Party, the challenger Mamata Banerjee based her campaign on an appeal to those dispossessed and alienated by the cpm’s breakneck capitalist-development policies, not least the party’s notoriously brutal treatment of poor peasants at Singur and Nandigram, and was herself accused by the Communists of being soft on the Maoists. The changing of the guard at Writers’ Building, the seat of the state gov- ernment in Calcutta, therefore raises a series of questions. First, why West Bengal? That is, how is it that the cpm succeeded in establishing
    [Show full text]
  • IPP: Bangladesh: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project
    Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (RRP BAN 42248) Indigenous Peoples Plan March 2011 BAN: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project Prepared by ANZDEC Ltd for the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs and Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 16 March 2011) Currency unit – taka (Tk) Tk1.00 = $0.0140 $1.00 = Tk71.56 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ADR – alternative dispute resolution AP – affected person CHT – Chittagong Hill Tracts CHTDF – Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Facility CHTRC – Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council CHTRDP – Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project CI – community infrastructure DC – deputy commissioner DPMO – district project management office GOB – Government of Bangladesh GPS – global positioning system GRC – grievance redress committee HDC – hill district council INGO – implementing NGO IP – indigenous people IPP – indigenous peoples plan LARF – land acquisition and resettlement framework LCS – labor contracting society LGED – Local Government Engineering Department MAD – micro agribusiness development MIS – management information system MOCHTA – Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs NOTE (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This indigenous peoples plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 1 CONTENTS Page A. Executive Summary 3 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges of Islamic Da'wah in Bangladesh: the Christian
    IIUC STUDIES ISSN 1813-7733 Vol. – 4, December 2007 Published in April 2008 (p 87-108) Challenges of Islamic Da‘wah in Bangladesh: The Christian Missions and Their Evangelization Dr. Md. Yousuf Ali∗ Abu Sadat Nurullah∗∗ Abstract: Although Bangladesh is the second largest Muslim populated country in the world, there are several challenges of Islamic da‘wah here. The Christian mission, taking the opportunity of people’s poverty and distress, is evangelizing them through financial assistance and other means. The rapidly increasing number of conversion to Christianity among the tribal population is alarming. The missionary activities are spreading around the country, chiefly in the intellectual arena, in educational institutions, and in other aspects of life. The influence of it on the culture, education, religion and lifestyle of people results into converting people to the Christian ideology. Particularly the young generations are inclining towards this lucrative dogma of the new age. Media, both print and electronic, are propagating and claiming the banning of the da‘wah movement. In these situation, the Islamic da‘wah movements require to explore and implement new methodology to face the enormous challenges to prevent Bangladesh from becoming a Christian country in future. Keywords: Islamic da‘wah, Christian mission, and evangelization. Introduction: Bangladesh has the fourth largest concentration of Muslim populations in the world with a population of about 140 billion, of which 88 percent are Muslims. However, majority of the population (74 percent according to 2001 census) reside in rural area with lower economic condition and lowest standards of living. In fact, about half of the ∗ Assistant Professor, Faculty of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, IIUM, Malaysia ∗∗ Student Department of Sociology and Anthropology, International Islamic University Malaysia IIUC Studies, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Khulna Division 11 Nov 2019
    Tour | Adventure | Nature | Food BEAUTIFUL Khulna About Bangladesh Bangladesh, country of south-cen- tral Asia, located in the delta of the Padma (Ganges [Ganga]) and Ja- muna (Brahmaputra) rivers in the northeastern part of the Indian sub- continent. The riverine country of Bangladesh (“Land of the Bengals”) is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, and its people are predominantly Muslim. With the partition of India in 1947, it became the Pakistani province of East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), one of five provinces of Pakistan, sepa- rated from the other four by 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of Indian territory. In 1971 it became the independent country of Bangladesh, with its capi- tal at Dhaka. 2 Table of contents About Bangladesh 2 Sundarban 4 Sixty Dome Mosque 10 The Shrine of Lalon Fakir 14 Shilaidaha Kuthibari 17 3 Sundarban KOIRA, KHULNA. The Sundarbans, which means ‘Beautiful Forest’, is the largest littoral mangrove belt in the world and an UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is a bewitching empire of greenery stretching 80km (50mi) into the Bangladeshi hinterland from the coast. You will be amazed to know about the mesmerizing diversified biodiversity of this mighty forest. 4 SUNDARBAN 5 SUNDARBAN 6 SUNDARBAN 7 SUNDARBAN 8 SUNDARBAN 9 Sixty Dome Mosque BAGERHAT, KHULNA. Sixty Dome Mosque is one of the largest Sultanate mosque in Bangladesh and impressive Muslim Monument in Indian subcontinent. It is a UNESCO World Her- itage Site and the most archaeological and historical mosque in Bangladesh. 10 SIXTY DOME MOSQUE 11 SIXTY DOME MOSQUE 12 SIXTY DOME MOSQUE 13 The Shrine of Lalon Fakir KUSHTIA, KHULNA.
    [Show full text]
  • Past Management History of Mangrove Forests Of
    Indian Journal of Biological Sciences, 19 : 24 – 31, 2013 PAST MANAGEMENT HISTORY OF MANGROVE FORESTS OF SUNDARBANS Prasanta Kumar Pandit Conservator of Forests Administration, Publicity and Marketing, WB Aranya Bhaban, Block-LA-10A, Sector-III, Salt Lake City Kolkata, West Bengal, India E mail : [email protected] ABSTRACT Sundarban has a long history of management and conservation starting from Mauryan period (321-226 BC). During Gupta dynasty (320-415 AD) it was well managed. In Munhall period (1575-1765 AD) Sundarban was mainly managed for revenue generation.First survey of Sundarban was carried out by Britishers in between period 1769-1773. Britishers allowed clearance of forest until 1855 before the enactment of Forest Act. First management plan Sundarban was written in the year 1871 in which regulation on harvesting of Sundari (Heritiera fomes) was prescribed. Some part of Sundarban was declared as reserve forest in the year 1878.Initially forest of Sundarban was thought to be an inexhaustible resource but gradually thought it was not to be so. So different management plan recommended restriction and regulation on use of forest based resources. After 1878 different management plan was written before and after Independence of India with various recommendations for better management and protection of unique biodiversity of Sundarbans. Out of total area (10,260 sq km) approximately 40% area falls under India rest of the part belongs to Bangladesh after independence of India. Owing to global importance of Indian Sundarban it was declared as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the year 1985 and Biosphere Reserve in the year 1989.
    [Show full text]
  • Hungry Bengal: War, Famine, Riots, and the End of Empire 1939-1946
    Hungry Bengal: War, Famine, Riots, and the End of Empire 1939-1946 By Janam Mukherjee A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology and History) In the University of Michigan 2011 Doctoral Committee: Professor Barbara D. Metcalf, Chair Emeritus Professor David W. Cohen Associate Professor Stuart Kirsch Associate Professor Christi Merrill 1 "Unknown to me the wounds of the famine of 1943, the barbarities of war, the horror of the communal riots of 1946 were impinging on my style and engraving themselves on it, till there came a time when whatever I did, whether it was chiseling a piece of wood, or burning metal with acid to create a gaping hole, or cutting and tearing with no premeditated design, it would throw up innumerable wounds, bodying forth a single theme - the figures of the deprived, the destitute and the abandoned converging on us from all directions. The first chalk marks of famine that had passed from the fingers to engrave themselves on the heart persist indelibly." 2 Somnath Hore 1 Somnath Hore. "The Holocaust." Sculpture. Indian Writing, October 3, 2006. Web (http://indianwriting.blogsome.com/2006/10/03/somnath-hore/) accessed 04/19/2011. 2 Quoted in N. Sarkar, p. 32 © Janam S. Mukherjee 2011 To my father ii Acknowledgements I would like to thank first and foremost my father, Dr. Kalinath Mukherjee, without whom this work would not have been written. This project began, in fact, as a collaborative effort, which is how it also comes to conclusion. His always gentle, thoughtful and brilliant spirit has been guiding this work since his death in May of 2002 - and this is still our work.
    [Show full text]
  • Points for Meeting with the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. May 1999
    Points for meeting with the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. May 1999 • Extend congratulations to the PM on being awarded the 1999 UNESCO Peace Prize. • Enquire about implementation of the Chittagong Hill Tracts accord and Ganges water-sharing treaty, and reaffirm willingness of UN system to assist in this regard. • Thank Bangladesh for its major contribution to PKOs. Apologize for UN arrears of over $16 m. -2- • Express appreciation for PM Hasina's efforts to defuse tensions in the region after the nuclear tests by India and Pakistan. Urge Bangladesh to ratify the CTBT as soon as possible. • Express hope that Government and opposition will work together effectively to strengthen democratic system and further economic growth. • Discuss progress in the UN's contribution to relief and rehabilitation effort following last year's flood. BRIEFING NOTE FOR THE SECRETARY-GENERAL'S MEETING WITH H.E. SHEIKH HASINA WAJED PRIME MINISTER OF BANGLADESH UNESCO Prize: On 1 April 1999, PM Sheikh Hasina was awarded the Houphouet-Boigny Peace Prize by UNESCO (along with US Senator George Mitchell), in recognition of her work for ending a national conflict in Bangladesh. In December 1997, she signed a peace agreement with the Shanti Bahini to end the 25-year insurgency in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in south-eastern Bangladesh. • Bangladesh and the UN: Bangladesh is the second largest troop contributor and participates in seven PKOs. As of March 1999, UN owed Bangladesh $9.1 m. for troop contributions and $7.7 m. for contingent-owned equipment and other claims. • Bangladesh is the candidate for the non-permanent Asian seat on the Security Council starting in 2000, replacing Bahrain.
    [Show full text]
  • LOKAY KTA HARYANA ANN AL REPORT for the PERIOD from 01.04.2013 to 31.03.2014. the Ha Yana Lokayukta Act, 2002 (He Einafte
    LOKAY KTA HARYANA ANN AL REPORT FOR THE PERIOD FROM 01.04.2013 TO 31.03.2014. The Ha yana Lokayukta Act, 2002 (he einafte efe eed as the Act) has come into fo ce w.e.f. 1.8.2004. The Lokayukta o ganization has been b ought into existence in Janua y, 2006 with avowed commitment on the pa t of State Gove nment to p ovide with the people of State an efficient t anspa ent and co uption f ee gove nance. The Lokayukta o ganization comes unde the ambit of the Ha yana Lokayukta Act, 2002 and Ha yana Lokayukta (Functions, Powe s, Inqui y and Investigation) Rules, 2008 (he einafte efe eed as the Rules) f amed the e unde . On 31.03.2013, 1023 Complaints we e pending. Du ing the pe iod f om 01.04.2013 to 31.03.2014, as many as 692 complaints have been eceived which have been listed at Annexure-I. Thus, a total No. of 807 complaints we e disposed of du ing the said Financial Yea , which have been listed at Annexure-II. A list of complaints/ g ievances in which action has been taken against the e ing officials by the depa tment conce ned du ing the cou se of p oceedings f om 01.04.2013 to 31.03.2014 is placed at Annexure-III. Besides, a list of cases/complaints in which ecommendations have been made to Ha yana Gove nment fo taking action against the delinquents du ing the pe iod f om 01.04.2013 to 31.03.2014, is appended at Annexure-IV while the Annexure-V deals with the cases pe taining f om 01.04.2013 to 31.03.2014 in which epo ts in te ms of Sec.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari Land Revenue Settlements: the Colonial Mechanisms of Surplus Extraction in 19Th Century British India
    IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (JHSS) ISSN: 2279-0837, ISBN: 2279-0845. Volume 2, Issue 4 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 16-26 www.iosrjournals.org A Comparative Study of Zamindari, Raiyatwari and Mahalwari Land Revenue Settlements: The Colonial Mechanisms of Surplus Extraction in 19th Century British India Dr. Md Hamid Husain Guest Faculty, Zakir Husain Delhi College, University of Delhi, India Firoj High Sarwar Research Scholar, Department of History (CAS), AMU, Aligarh, India Abstract: As a colonial mechanism of exploitation the British under East India Company invented and experimented different land revenue settlements in colonized India. Historically, this becomes a major issue of discussion among the scholars in the context of exploitation versus progressive mission in British India. Here, in this paper an attempt has been made to analyze and to interpret the prototype, methods, magnitudes, and far- reaching effects of the three major (Zamindari, Raiytwari and Mahalwari) land revenue settlements in a comparative way. And eventually this paper has tried to show the cause-effects relationship of different modes of revenue assessments, which in turn, how it facilitated Englishmen to provide huge economic vertebrae to the Imperial Home Country, and how it succors in altering Indian traditional society and economic set up. Keywords: Diwani (revenue collection right), Mahal (estate), Potta (lease), Raiyat (peasant), Zamindar (land lord) I. Introduction As agriculture has been the most important economic activity of the Indian people for many centuries and it is the main source of income. Naturally, land revenue management and administration needs a proper care to handle because it was the most important source of income for the state too.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sundarbans Society and Culture from Amitav Ghosh's the Hungry Tide
    Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150 The Sundarbans Society and Culture from Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide V.VEDIYAPPAN PhD Research Scholar Thiruvalluvar University Serkkadu, Vellore- 632115. Tamil Nadu Abstract: The novel The Hungry Tide offers profound social expressions and through these the novelist investigates the progressions that have come and are coming into society. Ghosh being an anthropologist uncovers the syncretist culture that existed and still exists in India by delving into revere designs that shows social absorptions prompting a sort of solidarity of social ethos. This is being smothered or tossed out of spotlight by a developing society of savagery against ethnic gatherings over the country. The novel likewise has various key women characters who offer voice to a positive feminist build which is a genuine impression of the progressions occurring in the general public. Nilima, Piyali, kusum and Moyna are a piece of a feminist cultural build through which Ghosh makes significant statements. The women introduced in The Hungry Tide are strong women for whom articulating their standards and trying them is a triumph that has been won. Projection of search sort of feminist culture is additionally a genuine picture of the changing qualities saw in the nation and right now gives a decent knowledge into the cultural changes occurring in the society and the cultural effect of such kind of women. Keywords : Society, Culture, Life, and Nature. Great literature is said to show specialty and masterful and has the ability to bring up issues, give new perspectives, and grow the comprehension of self and the world, stimulate and imagination and renew the spirit.
    [Show full text]
  • The Viability of the Chittagong Hill Tracts As a Destination for Climate Displaced Communities in Bangladesh
    The Viability of the Chittagong Hill Tracts as a destination for Climate Displaced Communities in Bangladesh 1 Table of Contents 1. Chapter 1 : Introduction 1.1 : Background 2. Chapter 2 : Historical Context of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Region 2.1 : Introduction 2.2 : Pre-British Period: Absence of Private Property Rights in Land 2.3 : British Colonial State: Ownership of all Land under State Control 2.4 : Pakistan Period: Alienation and displacement through State Sponsored and Aid Dependent Development Initiatives 2.5 : Bangladesh Period: Further Denial of Constitutional Rights, Autonomy and Safeguards 2.6 : Signing of the Peace Accord in 1997 Without Addressing the Basic Issues of the Conflict 3. Chapter 3 : Socio-Political Challenges after the Peace Accord 3.1 : Implementation of the Peace Accord 3.2 : Land grabbing after the Peace Accord: Inter-ethnic and Intra-Ethnic Land Grabbing 3.3 : The Peace Accord and Conflict between PCJSS and UPDF 3.4 : Demographic Imbalance: Ethnocide and Ecocide 4. Chapter 4 : Challenges of Environment and Poverty in the Chittagong Hill Tracts 4.1 : Poverty in the Chittagong Hill Tracts 4.2 : Relationship between Development and Poverty in the Chittagong Hill Tracts 4.3 : Issues of Environmental Degradation and Resource Depletion Mechanisms 5. Chapter 5 : Conclusion 2 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background To face the challenge of both external and internal mass migration and displacement resulting from the effects of climate change, Bangladesh must be adequately prepared so that the vast majority of those to be displaced can be supported with proper resettlement and rehabilitation schemes and projects, whilst not undermining their basic rights and entitlements.
    [Show full text]