DOCSLIB.ORG

The Indigeneity Question: State Violence, Forced Displacement and Women's Narratives in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Indigeneity Question: State Violence, Forced Displacement and Women's Narratives in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh Durham E-Theses The Indigeneity question: State Violence, Forced Displacement and Women's Narratives in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh NASREEN, ZOBAIDA How to cite: NASREEN, ZOBAIDA (2017) The Indigeneity question: State Violence, Forced Displacement and Women's Narratives in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12063/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 The Indigeneity question: State Violence, Forced Displacement and Women's Narratives in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh A poster on display at the Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka promoting tourism in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. Caption: Women of Chittagong Hill Tract. Zobaida Nasreen Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Department of Anthropology Durham University 2017 The Indigeneity question: State Violence, Forced Displacement and Women's Narratives in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh Zobaida Nasreen Abstract This research aims to examine the experiences of forced displacement arising out of decades of militarisation and land grabbing perpetrated by the Bangladesh Army and Bengali settlers on the indigenous communities in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh. Situated within the context of the anthropology of violence, displacement, indigeneity and South Asia this is rooted in the paradigm of historical and social anthropology. The approach of the study is multi-sited, discursive, uses qualitative methodology and is based on nine months of ethnographic research between 2012 and 2013 in two districts in the CHT among four indigenous groups. I focus on ordinary (non-activist) indigenous hill women‘s narratives of violence and forced displacement in the pre- and post- peace accord (signed in 1997) periods. Ordinary indigenous people were drawn into the armed conflict between the Bangladesh army and the Shanti Bahini (SB), the armed wing of Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti (PCJSS). Women‘s participation was in the form of direct and organised resistance as well as unorganised, everyday resistance and negotiation, yet none of it is acknowledged in the peace process. While there is some work on the narratives of indigenous woman activists there is little documentation of ordinary (often assumed to be passive) indigenous women’s narratives of violence and everyday forms of protest and negotiation. Instead, I argue that the various kinds of non-activist women’s everyday experience of terror as a result of Forced Displacement in the CHT is not a singular experience. Their experience can only be understood through the confluence of their encounter with state and army violence; as well as through interactions with activists, infra-politics in the local community and at the conjuncture of their own various locations. In the process, the ethnography of the ordinary indigenous women interrogates and challenge the concept of indigeneity. Table of Contents List of photos and Illustrations vi List of tables vii Acknowledgments x Abbreviation xi ‘Beautiful Bangladesh’ has no Indigenous communities: Introduction 1 Representation of Indigenous Communities in Bangladesh Bangladesh and the 'Indigenous' Women of the CHT Different Indigenous Communities Chakma Marma Tripura Santal Conflict, Gendered Displacement and State Violence Chapter outline Chapter One ‘Desperate to identify themselves as “Adibasi”’: Theoretical Overviews 26 State Discourses on CHT Everyday violence Everyday Fear Bodily memory Conclusion Chapter Two A Bangali anthropologist among 'Pahari' communities: Locating oneself and the field 45 Introduction Background of My Interest Re-shaping the Self in the Field Bangalis in the Field Areas i Negotiating Academic and Activist Identities Multi-sited field People to Whom I Spoke Amount of Land Education Marital Status Method, sources and Ethics Conclusion Chapter Three CHT kothon (Stories of the CHT) 70 History of the CHT and Its Place in Bangladesh The CHT Administration Colonial Period (1760-1947) Colonial Hangover State Discourse on CHT (Bangladesh Period) Nationalism and Militarisation Militarisation Peace Initiative and the 1997 Accord Contrasting Discourses: 'Indigenous' Women’s Socio-Economic Status Succession and 'Inheritance' rights Politics and Power Structure Conclusion Chapter Four Kalpana Chakma: Symbolic of the State’s Physical Violence and Women’s Activism 94 Introduction Location of Violence Sexual violence Physical Violence Kalpana Chakma: Symbol of Victim and Protest 'Indigenous' Protest and Women’s Organisation against Sexual Violence in the CHT Genesis of Mahila Samiti ii Hill Women Federation (HWF) Witnessing and Trajectories of Protest Women’s Protest Arms Training Medical Training Mahila panchayat Gender dimension of the accord Women’s Organisation: Autonomous Agency? Everyday activism National and International level Activists and Activism Conclusion Chapter Five ‘DoledaleTheith See Huhui Thigthigi’ (Lizard is everywhere): State Violence and the Everyday – Suspicion and Distrust 119 Introduction Mapping the Violence Every day Forms of Violence: Fear and Distrust Discarding Memory and Suspicion Self-Surveillance of 'Indigenous' People Semantic Oomination and Protest Conclusion Chapter Six Apnar cheye por bhalo (‘Other’ is better than ‘my own’): Friends and Traitors 138 Introduction Contesting 'we' and ' they' Role of Army and Complicity Enemy within and between CHT, Government Perspectives and the Dynamics of Relationship Love with 'enemies' Conclusion Chapter Seven iii ‘Mainy is not only a river to us, it has saved our lives many times’: State violence, Forced Displacement and Locating Home 158 Introduction Violence and Displacement The day of fire and black smoke Gender division of work Abandoning children Everyday life in forest Bodily memory Memory and Artefacts Conclusion Chapter Eight Lost lives, lives in the Camps and beyond 181 Introduction Camp Life Dwelling and difficulties Education Health Adaptation, Assertion and Changes Challenges of Survival Camp Management Identity Crisis Organisation and Identity: Overcoming and Reconfiguring Child Adoption Benefits of being a refugee Conclusion Chapter Nine "I am always frightened because I am a Chakma Woman": Semantic Politics of Indigeneity and 'Indigenous' Women’s Encounter 200 Introduction Debating Indigeneity Being 'indigenous' and the politics of indigeneity iv UN Understanding of Indigeneity: An analysis Construction of Indigeneity in Bangladesh. ‘Tribe’ ‘Adibasi’ ‘Upajati’ ‘Khudro Nri-goshthhi’ Small Ethnic Groups Minorities Jumma Gendered Trajectory from ‘Jumma’ to being 'Indigenious’ Conclusion: The Indigeneity Question 214 Kalpana’s Warriors: An Exhibition Remapping ‘The Indigeniety Question’: Contours of violence and resistance Paradoxes of women’s agency Bibliography 233 Glossary of local terms 264 v List of Photos and Illustrations Photo 1: Two posters on display at the Bangladesh Embassy in Lisbon 4 Photo 2: Indigenous peoples of Bangladesh in stamps 5 Photo 3: Map of Bangladesh 10 Photo 4: A scanned copy of a secret letter issued by the CHT Affairs Ministry on December 21, 2009 26 Photo 5: Map of Khagrachari district 59 Photo 6: Sixth century Portuguese map 71 Photo 7: Kalpana’s abduction, an illustration by Pragyan Chakma 103 Photo 8: An ethnic Chakma soldier patrols a Chakma village 127 Photo 9: A mapping of the contested relationships among different agents in the CHT 144 Photo 10: ‘Aarong’ used the indigenous theme in their poster ‘Tribal Craze’ 200 Photo 11: The portraits of Kalpana’s Warriors 215 vi List of Tables Table 1: Number of the respondents 60 Table 2: Amount of Land 61 Table 3: Educational Status. 61 Table 4: Profession 62 Table 5: Marital Status 62 Table 6: Changed Names of Various Places in Khagrachari 123 vii Copyright The copyright of this thesis belongs to the author. No quotation from the thesis should be published without the author’s prior written consent and information copied from it should be acknowledged. viii Acknowledgments This study would never have been possible without extensive aid and support – both mental and material – from various institutions and people at different stages in the process. My most profound debt of gratitude is to the people and friends (I cannot mention their name for reasons of security) of my field areas, my host families, especially Mashima. Foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. Nayanika Mookherjee and Dr. Stephen M. Lyon without whom I could never have completed the research. From the beginning, their unhesitating support and friendliness has encouraged and motivated me to continue this project. Their comments, advice and criticism have enabled me to clarify both my writing and the analysis of the data. My special thanks to Dhana Hugues for her feedbacks on my draft thesis. I owe special
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Jtc1/Sc2/Wg2 N3645r L2/09-187R
    JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3645R L2/09-187R 2009-07-28 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Doc Type: Working Group Document Title: Proposal for encoding the Chakma script in the UCS Source: UC Berkeley Script Encoding Initiative (Universal Scripts Project) Authors: Michael Everson and Martin Hosken Status: Liaison Contribution Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Date: 2009-07-28 Replaces: N3428 1. Introduction. The Chakma people were in origin Tibeto-Burman, related to the Burmese. The language which they now speak is Indo-European, part of the Southeastern Bengali branch of Eastern Indo-Aryan. Its better-known closest relatives are Bengali, Assamese, Chittagonian, Bishnupriya, and Sylheti. It is spoken by 312,000 people in southeast Bangladesh near Chittagong City, and another 176,000 in India in Mizoram, Assam, Tripura, and Arunachal Pradesh. Literacy in Chakma script is low. The script itself is also called Ajhā pāṭh, sometimes romanized Ojhopath. There is a certain amount of glyph variation between the script as used in India and Bangladesh. Some fonts are rounder, similar to the style used in Myanmar; compare a similar variation in the Tai Tham script as used in Khün Tai. The glyphs used in this proposal are based on the Chadigang font, with some alterations toward more “generic” shapes for some characters. The Chakma script is currently being adapted for use in Tanchangya, a language which is closely related to Chakma. An effort to develop the orthography is currently underway, and it appears that there may be additional letters, vowel signs, and tone marks added to cover this script.
    [Show full text]
  • Kirtan Leelaarth Amrutdhaara
    KIRTAN LEELAARTH AMRUTDHAARA INSPIRERS Param Pujya Dharma Dhurandhar 1008 Acharya Shree Koshalendraprasadji Maharaj Ahmedabad Diocese Aksharnivasi Param Pujya Mahant Sadguru Purani Swami Hariswaroopdasji Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Bhuj (Kutch) Param Pujya Mahant Sadguru Purani Swami Dharmanandandasji Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Bhuj (Kutch) PUBLISHER Shree Kutch Satsang Swaminarayan Temple (Kenton-Harrow) (Affiliated to Shree Swaminarayan Mandir Bhuj – Kutch) PUBLISHED 4th May 2008 (Chaitra Vad 14, Samvat 2064) Produced by: Shree Kutch Satsang Swaminarayan Temple - Kenton Harrow All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. © Copyright 2008 Artwork designed by: SKSS Temple I.T. Centre © Copyright 2008 Shree Kutch Satsang Swaminarayan Temple - Kenton, Harrow Shree Kutch Satsang Swaminarayan Temple Westfield Lane, Kenton, Harrow Middlesex, HA3 9EA, UK Tel: 020 8909 9899 Fax: 020 8909 9897 www.sksst.org [email protected] Registered Charity Number: 271034 i ii Forword Jay Shree Swaminarayan, The Swaminarayan Sampraday (faith) is supported by its four pillars; Mandir (Temple), Shastra (Holy Books), Acharya (Guru) and Santos (Holy Saints & Devotees). The growth, strength and inter- supportiveness of these four pillars are key to spreading of the Swaminarayan Faith. Lord Shree Swaminarayan has acknowledged these pillars and laid down the key responsibilities for each of the pillars. He instructed his Nand-Santos to write Shastras which helped the devotees to perform devotion (Bhakti), acquire true knowledge (Gnan), practice righteous living (Dharma) and develop non- attachment to every thing material except Supreme God, Lord Shree Swaminarayan (Vairagya). There are nine types of bhakti, of which, Lord Shree Swaminarayan has singled out Kirtan Bhakti as one of the most important and fundamental in our devotion to God.
    [Show full text]
  • IPP: Bangladesh: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project
    Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (RRP BAN 42248) Indigenous Peoples Plan March 2011 BAN: Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project Prepared by ANZDEC Ltd for the Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs and Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 16 March 2011) Currency unit – taka (Tk) Tk1.00 = $0.0140 $1.00 = Tk71.56 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank ADR – alternative dispute resolution AP – affected person CHT – Chittagong Hill Tracts CHTDF – Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Facility CHTRC – Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council CHTRDP – Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project CI – community infrastructure DC – deputy commissioner DPMO – district project management office GOB – Government of Bangladesh GPS – global positioning system GRC – grievance redress committee HDC – hill district council INGO – implementing NGO IP – indigenous people IPP – indigenous peoples plan LARF – land acquisition and resettlement framework LCS – labor contracting society LGED – Local Government Engineering Department MAD – micro agribusiness development MIS – management information system MOCHTA – Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs NOTE (i) In this report, "$" refers to US dollars. This indigenous peoples plan is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 1 CONTENTS Page A. Executive Summary 3 B.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges of Islamic Da'wah in Bangladesh: the Christian
    IIUC STUDIES ISSN 1813-7733 Vol. – 4, December 2007 Published in April 2008 (p 87-108) Challenges of Islamic Da‘wah in Bangladesh: The Christian Missions and Their Evangelization Dr. Md. Yousuf Ali∗ Abu Sadat Nurullah∗∗ Abstract: Although Bangladesh is the second largest Muslim populated country in the world, there are several challenges of Islamic da‘wah here. The Christian mission, taking the opportunity of people’s poverty and distress, is evangelizing them through financial assistance and other means. The rapidly increasing number of conversion to Christianity among the tribal population is alarming. The missionary activities are spreading around the country, chiefly in the intellectual arena, in educational institutions, and in other aspects of life. The influence of it on the culture, education, religion and lifestyle of people results into converting people to the Christian ideology. Particularly the young generations are inclining towards this lucrative dogma of the new age. Media, both print and electronic, are propagating and claiming the banning of the da‘wah movement. In these situation, the Islamic da‘wah movements require to explore and implement new methodology to face the enormous challenges to prevent Bangladesh from becoming a Christian country in future. Keywords: Islamic da‘wah, Christian mission, and evangelization. Introduction: Bangladesh has the fourth largest concentration of Muslim populations in the world with a population of about 140 billion, of which 88 percent are Muslims. However, majority of the population (74 percent according to 2001 census) reside in rural area with lower economic condition and lowest standards of living. In fact, about half of the ∗ Assistant Professor, Faculty of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, IIUM, Malaysia ∗∗ Student Department of Sociology and Anthropology, International Islamic University Malaysia IIUC Studies, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Dispossession and Ethnic Identity in Expanding State Space of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh
    Dispossession and Ethnic Identity in Expanding State Space of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh By Mohammad Tareq Hasan A thesis submitted to the Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Anthropology of Development Spring 2014 Dispossession and Ethnic Identity in Expanding State Space of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I acknowledge the sincere contribution of my supervisor Dr. Anette Fagertun, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, Norway, for her enthusiasm on this issue and constant supports. I am also very much grateful to the Khyang people who have given their valuable opinion to prepare this thesis. I am thankful to my family and every person who consciously or unconsciously has contributed to the finalization of this project. I express sincere gratitude towards the Department of Social Anthropology, University of Bergen, Norway for this wonderful opportunity to study anthropology. It is mentionable that the project has been funded by Norwegian State Educational Loan Fund and The Meltzer Research Fund. i Dispossession and Ethnic Identity in Expanding State Space of Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank ADAB Australian Development Assistance Bureau BDT Bangladeshi Taka BFD Bangladesh Forest Department CFUG Community Forest User Group CHC Christian Hospital Chandraghona CHT Chittagong Hill Tracts CHTDB Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board CHTR Chittagong
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts
    Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts Shahana Nasrin Ph.D. Researcher (Session: 2011-2012) Registration No. 143 and Associate Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 A thesis submitted for the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 May 2017 Certificate from the Supervisor This is to certify that the thesis entitled Gender Dimensions of Development Interventions and Human Security for Indigenous People in Chittagong Hill Tracts done by Ms. Shahana Nasrin is an original research work. The views expressed in the thesis are originated from field-based data and is entirely her contribution. The thesis has not been submitted anywhere else for any purposes, e.g., degree or publications. This may be submitted to the examiners to evaluate for conferring the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Welfare. (Dr. Muhammad Samad) Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 i Declaration I hereby solemnly declare that this thesis represents my own work based on field-based data, except where due acknowledgment is made, and that it has not been previously included in a dissertation or report submitted to any university or other tertiary institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification. (Shahana Nasrin) Ph.D. Researcher (Session: 2011-2012) and Associate Professor Institute of Social Welfare and Research University of Dhaka Dhaka-1205 ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my gratitude and sincere thanks to a number of people and organizations for their cooperation and good advice to complete the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Lasting Peace: Issues of the Implementation of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Accord
    Building Lasting Peace: Issues of the Implementation of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Accord Bushra Hasina Chowdhury Department of International Relations University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign August 2002 CONTENTS About the Author v Introduction 1 Part One The Geophysical and Demographic Setting 3 Geography of the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3 The Population of the Chittagong Hill Tracts 3 Part Two The History of the Conflict 5 British Period 5 Pakistan Period 6 Bangladesh Period 6 Part Three Political Responses of the Governments of Bangladesh (1972-2001) 7 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman (1972-1975) 7 Ziaur Rahman (1975-1981) 7 Justice Abdus Sattar (May 1981-March 1982) 8 Hussain Muhammad Ershad (1982-1990) 8 Khaleda Zia (1991-1996) 9 Sheikh Hasina (May 1996-2001) 9 Part Four Provisions of the CHT Accord of 1997 and Their Implementation Status 11 General 11 Hill District Local Government Council/Hill District Councils 12 Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council 18 Rehabilitation, General Amnesty, and Other Matters 21 Part Five The Process of Implementation of the Accord: Built-in Weaknesses 27 Part Six Recent Trends: Some Tentative Hypotheses 29 Part Seven Recommendations 31 Part Eight Concluding Remarks: In Search of Lasting Peace 33 iii ABOUT THE AUTHOR Bushra Hasina Chowdhury received her Masters in Social Science in International Relations from Dhaka University in 1996. She has been a lecturer there in the Department of International Relations since 1999. She has worked in Bangladesh on urban micro credit at the Shakti Foundation for Disadvantaged Women and worked on a country report assessment project on child disabilities in Bangladesh with UNICEF.
    [Show full text]
  • BARGUNA District: AMTALI Upazila/Thana: Slno Eiin Name Of
    Upazila/Thana Wise list of Institutes District: BARGUNA Upazila/Thana: AMTALI Slno Eiin Name of the Institution Vil/Road Mobile 1 134886 SOUTH BENGAL IDEAL SCHOOL AND COLLEGE AMTALI 01734041282 2 100022 MAFIZ UDDIN GIRLS PILOT HIGH SCHOOL UPZILA ROAD 01718101316 3 138056 PURBO CHAWRA GOVT. PRIMARY SCHOOL PATAKATA 01714828397 4 100051 UTTAR TIAKHALI JUNIOR GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL UTTAR TIAKHALI 01736712503 5 100016 CHARAKGACHIA SECONDARY SCHOOL CHARAKGACHIA 01734083480 6 100046 KHAGDON JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL KHAGDON 01725966348 7 100028 SHAHEED SOHRAWARDI SECONDARY SCHOOL KUKUA 01719765468 8 100044 GHATKHALI HIGH SCHOOL GHATKHALI 01748265596 9 100038 KALAGACHIA YUNUS A K JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL KALAGACHIA 01757959215 10 100042 K H AKOTA JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL KALAGACHHIA 01735437438 11 100039 HALIMA KHATUN G R GIRLS HIGH SCHOOL GULISHAMALI 01721789762 12 100034 KHEKUANI HIGH SCHOOL KHEKUANI 01737227025 13 100023 GOZ-KHALI(MLT) HIGH SCHOOL GOZKHALI 01720485877 14 100037 ATHARAGACHIA SECONDARY SCHOOL ATHARAGACHIA 01712343508 15 100017 EAST CHILA RAHMANIA HIGH SCHOOL PURBA CHILA 01716203073,011 90276935 16 100009 LOCHA JUUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL LOCHA 01553487462 17 100048 MODDHO CHANDRA JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL MODDHO CHANDRA 01748247502 18 100020 CHALAVANGA HIGH SCHOOL PRO CHALAVANGA 01726175459 19 100011 AMTALI A.K. PILOT HIGH SCHOOL 437, A K SCHOOL ROAD, AMTALI 01716296310 20 100026 ARPAN GASHIA HIGH SCHOOL ARPAN GASHIA 01724183205 21 100018 TARIKATA SECONDARY SCHOOL TARIKATA 01714588243 22 100014 SHAKHRIA HIGH SCHOOL SHAKHARIA 01712040882 23 100021 CHUNAKHALI HIGH
    [Show full text]
  • Nominalization and Related Phenomena in Marma1
    Nominalization and Related Phenomena in Marma 105 7 Nominalization and Related Phenomena in Marma1 Huziwara Keisuke Kyoto University 1. Introduction Marma is a dialect of Arakanese, a Southwestern variety of Burmese. It is spoken mainly in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (henceforth CHT), Bangladesh, where the population of Marma speaking people is 154,216 (1991 Census2). In India, Marma is commonly known as Mogh and the corresponding population is 30,559 (2001 Census3). There are hardly any linguistic reports on Marma/Mogh, except for Konow (1903), Bernot (1958; 1966), Huziwara (2003) and Maggard et al. (2007). 1 This paper is a thoroughly revised version of my presentation under the same title at NEILS 3. The text in Marma attached to the original appendix in this paper is omitted owing to space constraints. I am indebted to an anonymous reviewer for his/her detailed comments on the first draft, to Atsuhiko Kato, Mark W. Post and Sawada Hideo for their comments on the second draft, and to Mark W. Post for his comments on the third draft. This study was partly supported by the Grants-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows from the Ministry of Educa- tion, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan for the research entitled ‘Indoken to sinaken kara mita tyakkugo no kizyutu to hikakugengogakuteki kenkyuu’. 2 It is strange but the Population Census of Bangladesh 2001 no longer lists any tribal population, so the latest official tribal figure is that of 1991 (BBS 2002: 143). 3 This figure is available from a webpage of the Census of India, http://www.
    [Show full text]
  • Points for Meeting with the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. May 1999
    Points for meeting with the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. May 1999 • Extend congratulations to the PM on being awarded the 1999 UNESCO Peace Prize. • Enquire about implementation of the Chittagong Hill Tracts accord and Ganges water-sharing treaty, and reaffirm willingness of UN system to assist in this regard. • Thank Bangladesh for its major contribution to PKOs. Apologize for UN arrears of over $16 m. -2- • Express appreciation for PM Hasina's efforts to defuse tensions in the region after the nuclear tests by India and Pakistan. Urge Bangladesh to ratify the CTBT as soon as possible. • Express hope that Government and opposition will work together effectively to strengthen democratic system and further economic growth. • Discuss progress in the UN's contribution to relief and rehabilitation effort following last year's flood. BRIEFING NOTE FOR THE SECRETARY-GENERAL'S MEETING WITH H.E. SHEIKH HASINA WAJED PRIME MINISTER OF BANGLADESH UNESCO Prize: On 1 April 1999, PM Sheikh Hasina was awarded the Houphouet-Boigny Peace Prize by UNESCO (along with US Senator George Mitchell), in recognition of her work for ending a national conflict in Bangladesh. In December 1997, she signed a peace agreement with the Shanti Bahini to end the 25-year insurgency in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in south-eastern Bangladesh. • Bangladesh and the UN: Bangladesh is the second largest troop contributor and participates in seven PKOs. As of March 1999, UN owed Bangladesh $9.1 m. for troop contributions and $7.7 m. for contingent-owned equipment and other claims. • Bangladesh is the candidate for the non-permanent Asian seat on the Security Council starting in 2000, replacing Bahrain.
    [Show full text]
  • Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (CHTRDP II)
    Semi-annual Environmental Monitoring Report Project No. 42248-013 June 2019 Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project (CHTRDP II) This Semi-annual Environmental Monitoring Report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Project No. 42248-013 Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project J an – June 2019 June Environmental Monitoring Report 0 Environmental Monitoring Report Jan – June 2019 2763-BAN (SF): Second Chittagong Hill Tracts Rural Development Project CHTRDP II Project No. 42248-013 Environmental Monitoring Report Jan-June 2019 Prepared by: Md.Maksudul Amin Environmental Engineer (Individual Consultant) Safeguard and Quality Monitoring Cell (SQMC) Project Management Office Second Chittagong Hill Ttracts Rural Development Project, for the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh and The Asian Development Bank 1 Environmental Monitoring Report Jan – June 2019 This environmental monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chakma Voice-Global Edition-Nov-Dec 2010 Issue
    Message from the MCDF President Dear Chakma Community, Mizoram Chakma Development forum (MCDF) has turned one year on 11th October 2010. As I look back I am happy to note that we are no longer a small group of people but now have thousands of people with us and behind us – enough to give confidence and momentum to march ahead. I bet we have just scratched the surface of what’s possible together. What an amazing journey together. In just a single year MCDF has done numerous activities which have started giving result and as these begin to bear fruits the outcome will lead to improved condition for the Chakmas in Mizoram and develop greater ties among Chakmas across the globe. Please turn to page 4 to know some of the important activities undertaken by MCDF so far. Each day people are willing to join us which is very encouraging sign. What brings us together, I think is the fact that we all are concerned about our situation, we all care to be developed, care to be educated, care to earn a good living, and care to be free from all sorts of oppression. Over thousands of us have under the aegis of MCDF now resolved to seek our right to development and re- solved to conduct our responsibilities as members of great Chakma Community, as an exemplary citizens, protecting our right to be educated, confronting systematic discrimination in any nature and form, eradicate corruption, work for peace and harmonious co-existence with our fellow communities like Mizo, Mara and Lai etc.
    [Show full text]