Le Lumie Di Sicilia: Note Storiche E Botaniche

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Le Lumie Di Sicilia: Note Storiche E Botaniche Quad. Bot. Amb. Appl. 26 (2015): 43-50. Pubblicato online il 29.12.2017 Le lumie di Sicilia: note storiche e botaniche F.M. RAIMONDO1, L. CORNARA2, P. MAZZOLA3 & A. SMERIGLIO4 1Dip.to Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Palermo, Via Archirafi 38, I 90123 – Palermo. 2Dip.to di Scienze della Terra, dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Università di Genova, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genova. 3Dip.to di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo. 4Dip.to di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Via Ferdinando d’Alcontres 31, 98166, Messina. ABSTRACT. – Citrus lumia Risso is one of the old cultivated limes in Sicily, Mediterranean Europe and North Africa; For this reason, besides lumia, it is called Mediterranean lime. It is a small tree, with unarmed branches; obovate, obtuse leaves, with serrate margins and slightly winged petioles; flowers of medium size, fragrant, with petals externally reddish; fruit globose, umbonate, with base and apex de- pressed; umbo conical, dotted at the base; smooth, yellow-sulphureous, aromatic peel; thin and bitter mesocarp; endocarp with sweet juice, consisting of 9 -11 logs containing many seeds. It is distinguished from C. limetta Risso by the colour of petals and some other carpological and foliar characters, but mainly for non-acid juice. The two limes were already described in the masterly citrus work of FERRARIUS (1646), where in a table these are shown together as Lima dulcis et Lima acris. Cultivation of “lumia”, was once intended for the production of fruits used in the essence and food industry, nowadays is amateur, which is why this citrus has been preserved. In addition to the botanical characteristics of C. lumia, the identity of the “lumia” and its history are also discussed with respect to its cultivation in Sicily, as well as to the correspondence of this citrus with the “sweet lime” by the English authors. Key words: Rutaceae, Citrus lumia, sweet lime, traditional fruit growing, Sicily. INTRODUZIONE Citrus lumia è il binomio attribuito all’agrume noto in Italia: Hesperides, sive de malorum aureorum cultura et Sicilia con il nome di “lumia”. Si tratta di un taxon critico, usu (FERRARIUS, 1646). Ma quella tavola (Fig. 1) si riferiva descritto da Risso (1777-1845) dopo la pubblicazione delle alle lime [Limon, qui lima nuncupatur] (cfr. Capitulo XXVI, sue più celebri opere sugli agrumi nelle quali, tuttavia, pag. 333, op.cit.), mentre nello stesso libro terzo (Capitulo seppure in forma ancora piuttosto generica, parlava già di XXV, pag. 317) l’autore trattava delle lumie (Limon, qui “lumies” (RISSO, 1813a; RISSO et POITEAU, 1818-1822). Il dicitur lumia) illustrandone cinque, fra le quali, alle pagine binomio Citrus lumia venne formalizzato qualche anno più rispettive 321 e 327, la Lumia Valentina (Fig. 2) e la Lumia tardi (RISSO, 1826). Nella prima opera (RISSO, 1813a), il noto Ollulae aspectu (Fig. 3). citrologo nizzardo descrive, invece, Citrus limetta, nome con Su basi fenetiche, il frutto di “lumia” come anche il cui indica, appunto, la limetta e con il quale viene chiamata resto della pianta, ricorda molto il limone, dal quale però anche la lumia in trattati di agrumicoltura e memorie recenti si distingue per il succo del suo frutto piuttosto dolce e (SPINA, 1985; CALABRESE, 1990; CALABRESE e BARONE in non acido. Altri caratteri morfologici differenziano il taxon VACANTE e CALABRESE, 2009). Per Giuseppe Antonio Risso oggetto di studio e, ciononostante, la sua criticità viene – nome francesizzato Joseph Antoine – lime, limette e lumie avvalorata dal fatto che il binomio del Risso (C. lumia) sono agrumi simili al limone, ma distinti da questo e tra di ricorre tra quelli citati in una delle più significative e moderne loro: tra di loro soprattutto per il colore dei petali dei fiori e revisioni sistematiche del genere Citrus (TANAKA, 1961), per il succo della polpa: acido in C. limetta Risso, zuccherino riferito alla subsect. Decumanoides (sect. Citrophorum), in C. lumia Risso. Si tratta dunque di un antico agrume già differentemente da C. limetta che, invece, viene riferito alla ricordato dal celebre Ferrarius (1584-1655) e conosciuto con subsect. Limonoides. il nome di “lumia”, soprattutto in Italia oltre che in alcune Che si trattasse di un ibrido lo ricorda già uno dei più classici studiosi che si sono interessati agli agrumi, ovvero il regioni prossime della Francia (AUBErt, 2002). Sulle differenze e affinità fra i duetaxa – entrambi istituiti GALLESIO (1811); ma anche altri autori suoi contemporanei, da J.A. Risso – si è scritto molto e di più e, oggi, c’è chi come gli stessi RISSO et POITEAU (1818-1822). Questi ultimi, considera lumia e limetta lo stesso agrume. In realtà le consapevoli che le lumie non sono le “lumies” citate nel XII secolo da Falcando – ovvero limoni – dedicano alle differenze in origine erano chiare: la lumia corrispondeva “Lumies” il capitolo IX della loro magistrale opera, e in a una lima dolce, la limetta invece a una lima acida da cui questa ne descrivono i caratteri essenziali: .…caule, ramis, il richiamo ad una tavola illustrativa del terzo libro della foliusque limonis: floribus extrès rubris, fructibus cortice più antica opera prelinneana sugli agrumi pubblicata in Fig. 1 -Tavola illustrativa delle critiche lime del Ferrarius (1646): Fig. 2 - Tavola illustrativa della Lumia Valentina del Ferrarius (1646). Lima dulcis et Lima acris. et carne limonis, pulpa dulci, vesciculis corticis in aliis taxa di Risso (C. limetta e C. lumia). Questi ricorda che essi convexis, in aliis concavis… . In detta sezione – come viene vengono riuniti da Alfonso De Candolle – CANDOLLE(1885) ad essere definita dai due studiosi – gli stessi comprendono – sotto il trinomio Citrus medica limetta, e, dunque, rileva tutti quegli agrumi che hanno il portamento, le foglie e i fiori che è difficile tenere distinte limette e lumie, e che entrambe pressappoco come quelli del limone; come dello stesso hanno vanno considerate nell’ambito di uno stesso taxon. Questa spesso forma e colore del frutto, ma la cui polpa è dolce, più considerazione, in fondo, riprende RISSO et POITEAU (1818- o meno zuccherina, piuttosto che acida. Le vescicole della 1822) quando, in calce alla descrizione della “limetta di scorza – tranne una eccezione – sono concave. Ricordano Spagna”, scrivono: “bisogna convenire che le limette e che il FERRARIUS (1646) aveva descritto sia lumie che lime, le lumie sono molto difficili da distinguere, soprattutto ma non le aveva chiaramente distinte per alcun carattere se si considera che gli uni e gli altri hanno pressappoco naturale o artificiale. Alle loro osservazioni generali, i due il portamento e le foglie del limone e che il succo del studiosi fanno seguire la rassegna di ben dodici “lumies”. loro frutto è di un sapore debolmente zuccherato o molto Tra queste, comunque, figura Citrus lumia dulcis (lumia a leggermente acido”; poi continuano: “si riconoscono presto frutto dolce), che sinonimizzano con il Limon dulci medulla le limette dai loro fiori di un bianco puro, e le lumie dai loro vulgaris del citato Ferrarius (p. 227, Tav. p. 229) (Fig. 4), fiori esternamente lavati di rosso o di violetto”. con succo dolce, molto gradevole, e frutto con 9-11 logge. Secondo la letteratura, il termine ”lumias” fu citato per Concludono dicendo che il primo gruppo delle lumie la prima volta da FALCANDO (1169) per indicare i limoni elencate e descritte comprende degli alberi che si rapportano [C. limon (L.) Burm. f.] e, dal 1500, da altri citrologi, per all’arancio propriamente detto (Citrus sinensis), alla limetta indicare gli ibridi di cedro [C. medica L.] e arancio [C. (C. limetta), al limone (C. × limon) e al cedro (C. medica), e sinensis (L.) Osbeck.]. Questa è in particolare l’opinione del differiscono dalle prime lumie trattate per il colore rossastro celebre GALLESIO (1813), in seguito ripresa anche negli Atti dei loro fiori, e dalle due ultime per il succo leggermente dell’Accademia dei Georgofili del 1837. Tuttavia, mancano dolce dei loro frutti. Osservano, ancora, che gli alberi del ad oggi analisi specifiche che supportino in termini genetico- secondo gruppo hanno il portamento, le foglie e i fiori del molecolari tale interpretazione, come è stato fatto, invece, tutto simili a quelli del limone; i frutti contengono nella per altri nothotaxa dello stesso genere (DENG et al., 1995) e loro polpa un succo dolce che non si trova nei veri limoni, che, in ogni caso, non hanno interessato C. lumia Risso. In il cui carattere essenziale è di avere il succo decisamente diverse opere post linneane, il citato taxon viene ridotto a acido. In queste nostre considerazioni, di un certo interesse semplice varietà ora di C. medica ora di C. limon – del quale appare quanto osserva BONAVIA (1888) in proposito dei due si è poi accertata la stessa natura ibrida – e ciò in relazione ai 44 Fig. 3 - Tavola illustrativa della Lumia Ollulae aspectu del Ferrarius Fig. 4 - Tavola illustrativa di Limon dulci medulla vulgaris del Fer- (1646). rarius (1646). caratteri dell’uno o dell’altra specie che i sistematici classici più appropriatamente riferibile a C. limetta Risso, la ”sweet vi hanno visto prevalere (CANDOLLE, 1824; ENGLER, 1931). lime” degli autori inglesi, nome che per BONAVIA (1888) Sulla identità di questo insieme di agrumi – in buona invece andrebbe riferito anche a Citrus lumia di Risso. Una parte trattate come specie e varietà orticole – esiste ancora vera questione si direbbe di “lana caprina” che merita di molta confusione e non è questa la sede per cercare di essere ulteriormente chiarita cominciando con la tipificazione chiarirne la tassonomia né, tantomeno, i rapporti genetici del binomio, per la quale si rimanda a RAIMONDO et al. (in e parentali. L’identificazione anche di uno solo di essi, pubbl.).
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