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Home , Early New High German

SYNTAX STUDIES IN HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN AS INDO-

Ana Purwitasari Universitas Gadjah Mada Email: [email protected] DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v17i2.9653

Abstract This research aims to describe the development of syntax in English and German diachronically and involves a broader inquiry into English and German as sister languages rooted from Germanic language. In this research, the author gathered data from manuscripts written in both the English and German languages produced at particular times. This research used descriptive-qualitative method. The results showed that: 1) Diachronically, English and German have gone through four periods in their syntax patterns development; 2) and sentence patterns are apparently the same, adopting SVO-structure; 3) The existence of conjunction separates the verb and object in German, but it does not change anything in the English word-order, from to Modern English; 3) verbs should be put in the second position. However, Early verb is placed in agreement with the conjunction since conjunction influences the position of the verb and object. Keywords: Syntax; Germanic languages; historical linguistics; Indo-Germanic languages KAJIAN SYNTAKSIS DALAM LINGUISTIK HISTORIS: SUSUNAN KATA DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS DAN JERMAN SEBAGAI BAHASA INDO-GERMANIK

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perkembangan sintaksis dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Jerman secara diakronik dan merupakan penelitian yang diperluas terkait bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Jerman sebagai rumpun bahasa yang berasal dari bahasa Jermanik. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis mengumpulkan data dari manuskrip yang ditulis dalam kedua bahasa tersebut, bahasa Inggris dan Jerman, pada waktu tertentu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Secara diakronik, bahasa Inggris dan Jerman telah melalui empat periode dalam pengembangan pola sintaksisnya; 2) Pola kalimat bahasa Inggris lama dan Jerman lama tampaknya sama, yaitu memiliki struktur SVO; 3) Adanya konjungsi yang memisahkan kata kerja dan benda dalam bahasa Jerman, tidak mengubah apapun dalam ketentuan kata perintah pada bahasa Inggris dari bahasa Inggris Abad Pertengahan ke bahasa Inggris Modern; 3) Kata kerja bahasa Inggris di awal masa bahasa Inggris Modern harus diletakkan di posisi kedua. Namun demikian, kata kerja bahasa Jerman ditempatkan bersama konjungsi sejak konjungsi mempengaruhi posisi kata kerja dan objek. Kata kunci: Sintaksis; bahasa Jerman; linguistik historis; bahasa Indo-Jerman

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INTRODUCTION The evidences of Old English could be undoubtly found in manuscripts, such as The periods in the are prose, manuscript books, and sheets of Old English, Middle English, Early Modern parchment (Smith, 2009). It is written that English and Present Day English(Smith, the heart of Anglo-Saxon culture was 2009) or Modern English (Lerer, 2008). As Wessex, while West Saxon was the most mentioned before, English belongs to one important during Old English of Indo-European language families, which Period. At this era West Saxon was used in originated in the first millenium BC in the translation of several works written in northern Europe, namely in 449 BC when . Angles and Saxons arrived in Great Britain.But, the speakers emerged undoubtly The period between the seventh in the fourth or fifth centuryin the area of century and the early of ninth century is the what we call recently as Denmark and South period of Northumbrian. Wessex became Sweden. The Germanic origin itself referred one of Anglo-Saxon during the to Scandinavian, which was called as vagina ninth and tenth century. In the eleventh gentium ‘the womb of people’. century, English – refers to Old English – and Latin were taught. In contrast, by the The term of Old English, the middle of the twelfth century Old English varieties of West Germanic usually referred was gone since the first or second to the language spoken by the Germanic generations of Norman Conquest took over settlers in Britain since the fifth century until the throne. This means, Old English along the Norman Conquest in 1066 (Singh, 2005; with Latin was replaced by Norman French. Lerer, 2008; Smith, 2009). It has the ancestor of West Germanic as mentioned The characteristics of Old English before. Before the arrival of Germanic are as follows: 1) Long in Old tribes, Anglo-Saxon, indigenous people in English text marked with a macron, whereas Britain spoke Celtic. In the fifthcentury short vowels being unmarked. The Old groups of Germanic tribes arrived in British English letters were a, æ, e, i, o, u and Isles and built the kingdom in 547 AD. This y. Therefore, two long diphthongs owned by kingdom eventually was built by people who Late West Saxon; 2) The consonants in Old descended from Anglians or Angles, one of English were b, c, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, Germanic tribes. Although they had built þ or ð, w, x and z, with one condition, /c/ kingdom in the north of England, the represented some different sounds. The Anglians spread themselves throughout letter z was rarely used and had the sound England. As the communication means, Old [ts]; 3) Old English words were much English emerged and used. As the result, influenced by the Germanic languages; 4) Old English consisted of four major dialects Old English had much in nouns, spoken in Northumbria, Wessex, Old demonstratives, adjectives and interrogative Roman, and West Saxon. pronouns; 5) Old English nouns, pronouns and adjectives had four cases; 6) Verbs were Step by step, Angles and Saxons conjugated agreed in subject of the sentence; displaced the Romano-Britons, people who 7) Old English adverb was formed from formed the population of society in Britain adjective by adding the suffix; and 8) The and spoke British or Celtic, a variety of sentence form was VO-structure (Algeo, another Indo-European . 2005; Smith, 2009) The descendant of British itself was Welsh that is now spoken only in the western of The next period is Middle English British mainland. period. Singh (2005) claims that Middle

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English or ME period is the great change of spoken by indigenous people. Those were English in both social and linguistic aspects. English, Frenchand Latin. Throughout the England had passed into Scandinavian fourteenth century the usage of English nations at the end of Old English period. continued by King Edward III, the first Consequently, England was the bigger English-spoken king in England. The role of Viking empire at that time. The ancient English became at the top, while the use of Germanic structure which was found in Old French step by step decreased.This does not English was replaced by Romance, including mean that French was no more used and French as the daughter language of Indo- even disappeared. French was still obviously Romance. used by Normans. Besides, Anglo-French was apparently used as legal bussiness In Middle English period, England language until 1362. In addition, literature was under the power of Normans. This is appeared in English and French. The public the main reason, why English spoken by records even were written in Anglo-French, people in Middle English times was Latinand English. This condition changed in influenced by French. Although Old English the year 1489 after the determination of was influenced by French in the term of English as the only one language spoken in vocabularies, the sentence structure was England, which caused Anglo-French to be influenced by West Germanic. However, stopped completely being used. In Middle English sentence was influenced conclusion, by the end of fifteenth century, much by French. The only one reason English was the only one language being behind that fact is the king in Middle spoken. English period, who was William, a Norman. The great change occurred in In general, Middle English has the Middle English is the reduction of characteristics, which are described as paradigms. follows:1) The Old English long vowel sounds ē, ī, ō and ū remained unchanged in Furthermore, it is said that English Middle English, so did short vowel sounds æ was the language spread widely throughout and y. Middle English new diphthongs were England, although French was spoken by [aɪ], [eɪ], [aʊ], [ɔʊ], [ɛʊ] and [ɪʊ]; 2) Loss of the king and his family because the king was grammatical gender used in nouns; 3) the heir of Normans who spoke French. In Simplification in the inflection of nouns, Middle English period the Normans who personal pronouns, demonstrative lived in England spoke Anglo-French as pronouns, interrogative and relative their mother tongue. But, this condition was pronouns and comparative and superlative different from the endangerment period of adjectives; 4) Verb conjugation became English in England. As mentioned before, more simply than in Old English, although English was still at the top spoken by the the distinction between strong and weak population along with Anglo-French which verb remained unchanged; and 5) The Old was the native tongue of the king and a half English VO-structure changed into OV- population of England. In other words, it structure in Middle English (Algeo, 2005; could be definitely said that those two Singh, 2005). languages, English and French, were alive together among the society. Neither died The period of Middle English ended out. and similarly, Early Modern English emerged since the fifteenth By the beginning of the thirteenth century.Consequently, Early Modern century, England was the multilingual English inherited the characteristics of country, where at least three languages were

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Middle English. Thereis not much enough contrast, English consonants along with the description of Early Modern English short vowels had been rather stable, with one exception in its use in several although certain losses occurred within the fields, such as education, economic, bible Middle English times. The great change was translation, etc. In the period of Early the use of –s and –‘s as the possessive Modern English, there was the increase of inflection, whilst the conjugation of –e as the educational facilities, including book marker of first person singular dropped. references which were written in Latin and Therefore, the one word, which lost in this English. Then in that case, English turned period onwards,was thou ‘you’. into the most important language along with Standard written language English Latin used in printed documents and even was influenced by English in the period of bible translation, moreover, the increase of Early Modern English. In this period, the many literacy, which grew surprisingly in the first English dictionary appeared. Robert period of Early Modern English since the Cawdrey’s Table Alphabeticall published in raise of educational facilities. 1604 is claimed as the first English Book references about English dictionary, which defined English words and usage, as well as dictionaries, spelling guides listing them (Algeo, 2010). English becomes and grammarsincreased since the beginning more familiar since the seventeenth century of the seventeenth century. Obviously, this onwards. This period was known as the period is the beginning of English golden period of Modern English,which people use age. Due to its use not only in daily nowadays as international language or first activities, but also in other several fields, foreign language across the world. English became more familiar between the Eventually, Modern English is much more society, thereby Latin and French influenced by Early Modern English in the disappeared slowly in England. For instance, term of phonology, morphology and syntax. there was the book written as guide to write As languages inherited from West and speak English as the way it should be, Germanic (Jacob, 2010), both English and moreover, it was the standarization of German are developed from Old English English . and Old German as the first stage in their In this time, it could be seen the language history (Clackson, 2007). change of several phones, such as phone [x] Compared to English, usage of words old, merged with [f], like in words cough[kɒf] and middle and new in the term of German laugh [lɒ:f] (Compact Oxford German referred to the existence of Dictionary, 2013), the reduction of certain geographically since language spoken in word-final clusters, like [-mb] in lamb Germany nowadays was descendant of High becomes simply [-m]. By the beginning of German, whereas developed Early Modern Englishperiod there were two into Dutch, which recently spoken in new phones, namely [ŋ] and [ʒ], which Netherland widely. According to Tacitus claimed as foreign words (Singh, 2005).But, (Jacob, 2010), German has four stages in its those spread widely at the nineteenth language history, namely Althochdeutsch ‘Old century. High German’,Mittelhochdeutsch ‘’, Frühneuhochdeutsch ‘Early NewHigh The occurred in German’ and .Those came this period, which resulted in the change of after the stage of Elbgermanisch ‘Germanic long vowels (Algeo, 2005). The vowel letters spoken by the river Elb’, which is the first in Early Modern English were [i], [e], [o], heir of West Germanic, and Alemannisch [u], [ɔ], [ə], [æ:], [əɪ], [əʊ] and [yu]. In

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‘Alemannic’, which defined as a dialect of From the explanation above, it could , branch of the Germanic be said that both English and German are language family spoken in the western of going through four stages according to Germanic area (Jacob, 2010). Algeo (2005) and Jacob (2010), as presented in the table below. Table 1: The Periods in the History of English and German Period English German Period 449 – 1100 Old English Old German 700 – 1050 1100 – 1500 Middle English Middle German 1050 – 1450 1500 – 1800 Early Modern English Early New High German 1450 – 1650 1800 – Present Modern English Standard German 1650 – Present As mentioned before, Standard and northern developed obviously. As German or Modern German is the consequence, there was the developed from OldHigh German. This significant difference based on the began in the seventh century. Old High sound shift. For instance, the German texts written in two main monophthong [ô] changed into dialects, namely Bavarian dialect and diphthong [uo], such as /bôk/, which Alemannic dialects, including East spoken in the southern as [buok] ‘book’. Franconian varieties (Würzburg, Fulda, In addition, there was the sound ), Franconian varieties correspondence between Old High (, Worms, Weißenburg) and German consonants and Germanic Middle Franconian varieties (Köln and consonants as presented in the table Trier) (Jacob, 2010). In the Old High bellow. German times, dialects in the southern

Table 2: The sound correspondenceof old high german consonants and germanic consonants

Germanic v ð [th] g [j/ch] p t k

Old High German b/p d/t k pf/f tz/ss ch/h

The majority of Old High German texts claimed as the golden age of Old High were produced as gift for God and brought . up the same theme as its history, religion. After the death of Carl The Great, Germanic people and Germanic areas were his son took the role as the only one, who under the power of the king, Carl The held the power over the others. Under the Great. In order to cultivate Germanic power of Carl’s son, Ludwig der Fromme, culture, Carl The Great ordered his people language and literature development to write and produce manuscripts, such as dropped significantly. This was the result of prose, poem or short story. However, the his faith for God since he was born and theme itself was correlated with religion and grew up as a primitive Christian. He ordered culture. Consequently, this period was

p-ISSN 1412-0712 | e-ISSN 2527-8312 142 Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 17, Nomor 2, Oktober 2017, hlm. 137-150 his people to destroy manuscripts written phoneschange, both in vowel and within the era of his father. Hence, there consonant. Those changes occurred were manuscripts being robbed and significantly and result in the difference of destroyed, even gone. The writers itself were spelling and pronounciation in Early New not permitted to write anymore. Besides, the High German. In addition, it emerged the instruments used by the author, such as term of High German within the times of paper and ink were expensive and put them Early New High German, which referred to at the top of luxurious things to be bought another aspect. The terminology of high in (Jacob, 2010). the phrase High German referred to the stage, not to geographical aspect anymore. It In the eleventh century, there were means, that High German could be found two manuscripts, Ezzo-Lied and Hohe- definitely defined as , Lied, which were written in Middle High which is spoken until recently and the last German. These texts differed from Old stage in the . High German texts. This leads to the opinion that Middle High German times During Early New High German came in the middle of eleventh century. The times there were several changes, which differences mentioned before referred to involved both vowel, consonant and three spelling changes, which were the grammar, as follows: 1) The lengthening of change of high-front vowel [i], low-central Middle High German short vowel, such as vowel [a] and mid-back vowel [o] into mid- /e/ [e] into /ê/ [e:] and/i/ [i] into /ie/ [i:]; front vowel [e]. As the consequence, there 2) Adding [h] to the words in order to was the simplification of declination form lengthening the vowel, such as in the word and conjugation form in Middle High varen [faren] (Middle High German) into German (Jacob, 2010). fahren [fa:ren] (Early New High German) ‘drive’; 3) The shortening of Middle High In general, Middle High German German long vowel; 4) was divided into three periods, namely Early Monophthongization of /uo/ into /u/ and Middle High German occurred (1050 - /üe/ into /ü/; 5) Diphthongization of long 1170), Middle High German (1300-1350) vowel /î/ into /ei/ or /ai/; 6) The change and Late Middle High German (until 1450) of Middle High German consonant sinto (Jacob, 2010). These periods were differed sch;7) Verb ending –t agreed in the subject of from each other based on the theme of third person singular dropped in Early New literature, which developed within each High German and 8) The reduction of period. Until the year of 1170 the literature ending –e as the marker of dative case. was written brought up the theme of God, whilst another theme written down within The great development of German the year after 1170. Those were including occurred in the period of Early New High political and social theme since wars German. The main reason would be the occurred during that period. Besides, great development in literature and bible German along with Latin was used to write translation by . Jacob (2010) those manuscripts and replaced French argued that Johannes Gutenberg found since beforehand French was used book printing in the year of 1450, which frequently to write a manuscript, though so helped the author to print and publish their was German. works. In the middle of sixteenth century there was found a hundred copy of Bible After the period of Middle High translation written by Luther and spread German it was Early New High German, widely through Germany. The phonology which characterized by several

p-ISSN 1412-0712 | e-ISSN 2527-8312 Purwitasari, Syntax studies in historical linguistics..……… 143 system and grammar in Early New High phonology, but also in syntax system. German remain unchanged in New High Synchronically, English syntax and German German or Standard German. syntax differ from each other. It could be seen that English has more flexible In the beginning of Standard wordorder rules compared to German as German it could be seen that French words long as subject is put before the verbin the influenced German words. Even the king of same sentence. Since this research focuses Prussia, Friedrich II determined German as on historical linguistics, the author of this the language spoken only by knights and research paper would like to analyse the soldiers. However, people spoke Latin and syntactic reconstruction in the form of French. This changed after The Second active sentence of English and German World War. Recently, German even diachronically. developes as the national language in Germany, and Swiss. As sister languages inherited from METHOD the same proto, namely Proto Indo- In order to conduct this research, the author Germanic, English and German have gathered the corpus from manuscripts several similarities, though every language written in languages, which developed has its own characteristic (Purwitasari, within the particular period both in the 2014). Purwitasari (2015) gave the evidences history of English and German based on that those similarities could be found in the theories argued by historical linguists. The term of vocabularies, which are differed by research result is presented by words, one or two phones used both in two instead by numbers. This results in the use languages and in the term of the of descriptive qualitative method in grammatical changes named verb presenting the research result in this nominalization, adjective nominalization, research. Manuscripts used as the data are adverb form, etc. Moreover, according to Old English texts, Middle English texts, the previous research beforehand, the Early Modern English texts, Modern relationship percentage of those two English texts, Old High German texts, languages is 58% (Purwitasari, 2016). Those Middle High German texts, Early New High claims strengthen theory argued by Flecken- German texts and Standard German Büttner, et al, cited in Purwitasari (2015), texts.To begin with, the author would like to that German together with English, Dutch, lead the readers to know the history of these and the scandianivan languages belongs to two languages grouped as Indo-Germanic Indo-Germanic language. Through this languages, as follows. research, the author of this research paper would like to summarize the development of syntactic reconstruction in languages whose root is the same one and to prove RESULTS AND DISCUSSION that English and German are inevitably The syntactic Reconstruction from Old daughter languages based on syntax studies, English to Modern English although syntactic reconstruction in English has periodically developed, which makes it The first Old English text, which has been be different from the one in the past. analysed is Beowulf. As the most famous Old English poem, Beowulf had been translated From the explanation above, it could into Modern English. In general, it could be be seen that the similarities between English seen that the characteristics of phrases and German might be found not only in correlated with syntax in Old English are as

p-ISSN 1412-0712 | e-ISSN 2527-8312 144 Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra, Volume 17, Nomor 2, Oktober 2017, hlm. 137-150 follows: 1) The adjective phrase consists of English since there is impersonal verbs that noun and adjective agreed in case, number could be put without a subject, such as and gender, such as léofneþéoden‘the Þáwæséaðfynde‘then (it) was easily found’ beloved prince’ (Beowulf, line 34); 2) The use (Beowulf, line 138). That sentence consists of of genitive articles in many cases, whilst less first adverb Þá‘then’, auxiliary verb wæs‘was’ use of article. Old English used frequently and second adverb combined with main two articles, se ‘that’ and þes‘this’; 3) verb éaðfynde‘easily found’; 6) Negative Numbers used as the modifier ofnouns,such marker precedes the verb in a sentence, such asþrítigþegna ‘thirty thanes’ (Beowulf, line as sibbe ne wolde ‘He did not want peace.’ 123);4) Using two auxiliary verbs in verb (Beowulf, line 154). phrase, such as has been cooking, is not The further explanation about word permitted in Old English. It is simply order in a sentence written in Old English written cook or cooked along with adverb as would be clearly explained by giving the modifier, such as Hæbbeicgefrugnen ‘I example of Old English sentence, as have heard.’ (The Phoenix, line 1); 5) Subject follows. of sentence could be ommitted in Old

(1) Wé Gárdena in géardagum þéodcyninga þrym gefrúnon we Spear-Danes in days of yore those clan-kings glory heard ‘We – of the Spear-Danes in the days of yore of those clan-kings – heard of their glory.’ (Beowulf, line 1-2)

The sentence (1) above is an active sentence, Life of Saint Katherine,it could be concluded where the activity described in that sentence that Middle English text and language are occurred in the past. As the result, the main somewhat less different from Old English. verb is in the form of Present Perfect Tense Compared to Modern English, there are the marked by the verb gefrúnon ‘heard’.Since similarities between Middle English text and that sentence is found in a poem, the Modern English text. Those similarities are auxiliary does not exist. Consequently, the as follows:1) The nouns taken the role as next sentence in line three determines, in object precedes the verb in a sentence, like which form the sentences in line one and Mest o lovetranslated word-for-word into two are written. From the sentence (1), it Modern English ‘Me thinks the most’, could be seen that the main verb put in the which means literally “The most (it) thinks end of the sentence. This is the consequence of me’ (Sir Orfeo, line 12); 2) In subordinate of using Present Perfect Tense form. In clause, object could also obviously precede contrast, if the sentence does not consist of the verb, such as Ne non she cast, truly, as I auxiliary, verb should be placed in the suppose. means ‘She intends none, likely, as I second position of the sentence, no matter suppose.’ (The Life of Saint Katherine, line which element put in the beginning of that 1007). sentence. Old English sentence patterns are Word order in Middle English text SVO-structure, SNegationVO-structure and differs from the one in Old English text, SNegationAuxverbO-structure. namelyVO-structure changed into OV- After analysing the texts written in structure, as follows. Middle English, entitled Sir Orfeo and The

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(2) And mani ther beth of fairy. ‘And some they tell of Faerie.’ (Sir Orfeo, line 10)

It could be seen that object of that (The Historie of Twelve Caesars).The patterns of sentence is some of fairy which is put before Early Modern English are AdvVSO- the object, while the genitive itself written structure, ConjVSO-structure, OVS- after verb and demonstrative of. The object structure, SVNegationOAdvNegation- precedes the verb tell in the sentence (2). structure,SVNegation-NegationO-structure

This structure remained till the end of and SAuxverbNegationVO-structure. Middle English times and by the beginning Rather than three other periods, of Early Modern English period as given syntax in Modern English is more flexible as below. long as subject comes before the verb. It is The research result of analysing possible that the Modern English sentence Early Modern English shows that Early is begun with another element, such as Modern English syntax has own adverb, but subject always preceds the verb characteristics, which are less different from and verb is not determined to always be put Middle English syntax. Those refer to these at the second position in an active sentence. explanations: 1) There is the inversion of However, in German text can be always subject and verb after an adverb, found that verb is placed only in a second conjunction or an object. This occured only position in an active sentence, although it until 1600, whereas, dropped significantly begins with another sentence element, such after that time, such asMy case is hard, but yet as adjective, adverb, prepositional phrase, am I not so desperat as to reuenge it vpon my selfe. etc, with one exception, begun with ‘My case is hard, but I am not so desperate conjunction. yet as to revenge it upon myself.’(Chronicle of In conclusion, there is table given England, Scotland and Ireland) and 2) The below, which explains clearly and effectively, multiple negations occurin the same how a sentence built in four periods of sentence, as follows Hee absented nothimselfe English history. in no place’He absented himself in no place.’

Table 3: The Sentence Forms of Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English and Modern English Period Sentence Form SVO-structure Old English (Anglo-Saxon English) SNegationVO-structure SnegationAuxverbO-structure SOV-structure Middle English AdvSOV-structure SOVAdv-structure AdvVSO-structure ConjVSO-structure OVS-structure Early Modern English SVNegationOAdvNegation-structure SVNegation-NegationO-structure SAuxverbNegationVO-structure SVO-structure Modern English (Present Day English) SAuxverbVO-structure

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AdvSVO-structure SAuxverbNVO-structure SVNegationO-structure

The syntactic Reconstruction from (Vaterunser, line 10); 3) Adjective Old High German to Standard phrase consists of noun, possessive German pronoun or demonstrative and adjective, like Proothunsêremezzihic‘ The characteristics of Old our regular bread’ (Vaterunser, line 10- High German syntax are:1) Verb 11) and 4) Subject of the sentence comes after the subject, even in could be ommitted, such as Hear subordinate clause, such as Faterunsêr, quhiditumbidheabauhnungadherodhrioheideog thûpist in himile, uuîhinamundînan...‘Our otes. ‘Here (someone) speaks about the father, you are in the sky, consecrate characteristic of three gods’ (Contra Your name,...’(Vaterunser, line 9);2) Iudeos, line 1). Here is given the sample Possessive pronoun is preceded by the of Old High German sentence. noun, such as uuillodiin‘your will’ (3) iudas ist uuelf des leuin. (Old High German) Judas ist ein Welpe des Löwen. (Standard German) judas is a puppy of lion ‘Judas is a puppy of lion.’ (Älteren Physiologus, line 6)

The simple sentence (3) as wie man zerwerltesolteleben.‘So I think written above is the typical sentence so longabout that, how somebody could be mostly found in Old High should live in the world.’ (Unter den German texts. The sentence pattern Linden, line 6-7); 2) Sentence in Middle should be SVO-structure. Neither High German begun with adverb or adverb, nor adverbial phrase could be adverbial phrase is more common frequently found in Old High German than Old High German texts, likevon manuscripts. fremden freunden so hab ich manchen tropfen rot gelassen seider ‘From those Compared to Old High wrong friends, I got hurt.’ (Es feugt German, Middle High German syntax sich, line 7-8) and 3) Adjective phrase was more same as Standard German. consists of demonstrative or The syntactic reconstruction in Middle possessive pronoun, adjective and High German manuscripts are:1) noun, such as der obersten Wahrheit Auxiliary verb comes after subject and ‘the upper truth’ (Von der Erkenntnis main verb written in the end of the der Wahrheit, line 2). The sentence sentence in subordinate clause, such as sample written in Middle High dôdâhteichmirvilange, German is given as follows.

(4) Under diu chom daz zît. (Middle High German) Unterdessen kam die Zeit. (Standard German) then came the time ‘Then, time came.’ (Kaiserchronik, line 1)

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Middle High German sentence is one difference between Middle High more complicated in the term of word German and Early New High German is, order. Generally, the sentence structure in how auxiliary verb should be placed in Middle High German is SVO-structure. This subordinate clause. In Early New High is even found in subordinate clause. Other German manuscripts, auxiliary verb is varieties of Middle High German sentence written in the end part of the sentence, if are Adv-VSO-structure, Conjunction-SOV- that sentence is in the form of subordinate structure, Conjunction-SOAuxverbV- clause.In conclusion, the sentence pattern in structure and an uncommon negative Early New High German are SVO- sentence, which has the form structure, Adv-VSO-structure, Conjunction-

SVNegationO-structure. The simple SOV-structure, Conjunction-SOVAuxverb- sentence could still be found, but, it is less structure andSVNegationO-structure. than in Old English. Moreover, negative Early New High German sentence marker in Middle High German sentence ias influences Standard German sentence. The uncommon, though, several negative syntax system in Early New High German markers niht ‘not/no’ and deheinen ‘not’ – times remains unchanged in Standard later it has the form kein ‘not’ – are put after German times. Here are given the patterns the verb of the sentence. This changes in the of Standard German sentence, as follows: 1) Early New High German times. The SVO-structure; 2) Adv-VSO-structure; 3) negative markers used in a sentence is Conjunction-SOV-structure; 4) preceded by the verb. Those negative Conjunction-SOVAuxverb-structure; 5) markers are niht ‘not/no’ and kein ‘not’, SVNegationO-structure; and 6) which written before the noun. The only SVONegation-structure. Table 4: The Sentence Forms of Old High German, Middle High German, Early New High German and Standard German Period Sentence Form Old High German SVO-structure SVO-structure AdvVSO-structure Middle High German ConjSOV-structure ConjSOAuxverbV-structure SVNegationO-structure SVO-structure AdvVSO-structure Early New High German ConjSOV-structure ConjSOVAuxverb-structure SVNegationO-structure SVO-structure AdvVSO-structure ConjSOV-structure Standard German ConjSOVAuxverb-structure SVNegationO-structure SVONegation-structure

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CONCLUSION except subject. The syntax patterns in Old English and Old High German are same, Both English and German are going namely VO-structure. In addition, through four periods in their language conjunction separates verb and object in history. The sentence pattern in German has German, whilst neither could be changed in the significant change between Old High word-order rule in English. In Early Modern German and Middle High German, whereas English, verb should be always written in it remains stable without great change after the second position, whereas verb in Early Middle High German times. In contrast, New High German is put agreed in the English syntax system changes significantly existence of conjunction. The research since Early Modern English. That results about syntax patterns are presented changerefers to how verb might be put, if in the tables below. the sentence is begun with other elements,

Table 5: The Periods in the History of English and German Syntax Patterns English German Syntax Patterns SVO-structure SNegationVO-structure Old English Old German SVO-structure SNegationAuxverbO-structure SVO-structure SOV-structure AdvVSO-structure Middle Middle AdvSOV-structure ConjSOV-structure English German SOVAdv-structure ConjSOAuxverbV-structure SVNegationO-structure AdvVSO-structure SVO-structure ConjVSO-structure AdvVSO-structure OVS-structure Early Modern Early New ConjSOV-structure SVNegationOAdvNegation-structure English High German ConjSOVAuxverb-structure SVNegation-NegationO-structure SVNegationO-structure SAuxverbNegationVO-structure SVO-structure SVO-structure AdvVSO-structure SAuxverbVO-structure Modern Standard ConjSOV-structure AdvSVO-structure English German ConjSOVAuxverb-structure SAuxverbNVO-structure SVNegationO-structure SVNegationO-structure SVONegation-structure

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