No. 89 Spring 1995 £1.70

• Celtic Connections '95

• Anti-D iw an C o ld War

• A Parliament for

• The Framework D ocum ent

• Pewa an Kernowian

• First M anx Literature Award

• Fiuman Rights on the Celtic Fringe

• Submission to Forum for Peace and Reconciliation

ALBA: COMUNN CEILTEACH • BREIZH: KEVRE KELTIEK • CYMRU: UNDEB CELTAIDD • EIRE: CONRADH CEILTEACH • KERNOW: KESUNYANS KELTEK • MANNIN: COMMEEYS CELTIAGH %JUB 2 L

As an Eilean: Sgrùdadh’s Beachd Air an naoidhcarnh là air fhichcad seo fhaicinn 's an fharsaingcachd. Ach bu dhc'n l-Sukain'. airson a' cheud turais choir do bheachd na dha a bhi ‘ga chuir an riamh an eachdraidh Gàidhealtachd c6ill air puingean teigneolach a dh' Albainn Nodha, chaidh filmean Gàidhlig a Ibaodadh a bhi leasaichie air na tha ri shealltain an taigh-cluiche coitcheann. Mar teachd. bu fhreagarraiche, b'ann a chunnacas a' Feuamr aidcachadh gun cualas aig chcud taisbcanadh air As an Eilean agus fcadhainn gu robh fuaim nan cbmhraidhean Celtic Connections ’95 An Sealladh am Baile Antigonish: ionad tuilleadh ‘s bog, agus cha bu shuaraeh a’ Glasgow’s Concert hall hosted the dhen mhór-roinn far an do ihuinich chasaid sin. Bha seo 'na dhuighleadas gu h- second and even more successful Celtic iomadach luchd-àileachaidh Gàidhealach araid ro’ dhaoine nach b’colach air dual- Connections from 5th to 22nd January bho chionn, cha bu mhór, dà cheud chaint nan cleasaichean. Ghabhadh siod 1995. From a standing start last year it bliadhna. luigsinn furasda gu leor, ach a-mach logged 35,000 listeners who helped gross Steidhichtc air dà sgeul sgrìobhte le bhuaithe sin. bha a' Bheurla fhein - £160,000. This year saw over 50,000 seals ùghdar Iain Mac a’ Ghobhainn. lha As an uaireannan - car doirbh a thogail. Faodar a sold and over £300,000 grossed at the box Eilean air a shuidheachadh ann an eilean dh’ radhainn cuideachd gu robh beagan slri office. From the 2,000 seater Main iomallach air a' chòrsa an iar do ann mu na fo-lhiodalan; 's iad an darna Auditorium to three sm aller venues the dh'Albainn. A dh’aindheoin fiamh féin- cuid 'nan euideachadh agus 'nam bacadh whole gamut o f held sway. aicheadh gu bhi oirrc, 's e seo stòiri aig air tuigse an t-seanachais. “S e gu bhi cuir Lorient in August now has a winter a’bhcil buaidh air a bhi cuir muinntir an an fhiosrachaidh seo air a bhonnaibh, gu equivalent, without the warm summer eilein an riochd mar dhaoine ùr-nòsach. co- robh neach a’ faireachdainn mar gum biodh weather! Glasgow in January has captured a ionnan ri gin a bhuineas do mhór-shluagh e a' feuchainn r' a chcann a shliopadh agus new focus for the vitality o f Celtic roots na Roinn Eòrpa. (Bu choir dhuinn a’ cheist a bhru a shuathadh aig a’ cheart am. Gun music. In addition to Wales. Mann, a chuir, carson a bu thoil leò a bhi cho leagamh, theid an deasbud air adhart and Ireland. Guest artistes flew in from coltach ri càcha?) 'S iad seo, gelà, daoine a fhathast air gu dc an riatanas a th’ annda - Galicia, Asturias, the USA and Canada. The lha an greim aig caitheamh-beatha an là-an- gu math na gu h-olc, le feadhainn a’ thogail workshops and packed out ceilidh dances duigh; a’sirl 'nan coguis ri scann na cuiscadh gu cothromach air gach taobh. spoke volumes for the local participation as chreideamhan, aineolas sòisialia, 's Gun a bhi dol na ‘s doimhne ‘s an well of the Scots who joined their Celtic fàsannan lira: colhlamadh-inniinn a’ ruamhaT air oidhirp airidh air moladh mar cousins on stage. sireadh rcite. chcuni air adhart aig meadhan-ealain Inevitably some critics enthused over Tha dualan sgeul As an Eilein ‘gan ceangailte ri brosnachadh canain, ‘s ann a slick Irish presentation and the big sniomh ‘s an aithris le tri naidhcachdan air bhios suil agaimi ris a' chorr a thig. A-reir audiences for tried and tested sounds like an gabhail ‘na bhroirm. Tha té dhuibh sin a' aireamh 's freagairt luchd-coimhid an the Fureys, The Dubliners, the Rankin rannsachadh buaireas ckraid òig (aig a' lalhair air an oidhche ud 's “a' Choillidh Family, Sharon Shannon and. Moving bheil an cheud-ghaol air a" chéilc) air impis Ghruamaich," cha n-eil curam sam bith gu Hearts, but this was far from the full story. dcalachadh 's am fiùran dciscal a thogail bheil cion-suim ’na cnap-tuislidh air Anuna performed their Riverdance, the aisde gu h-oilthaigh air tìr-mór. Tha an filmean Gaidhlig mar fhrearas-chuideachd acclaimed centre-piece of the 1994 dama car na lùib le spleadh 'ga thoirt gu iharraingoach anns a' chcamaldh seo dhe 'n Eurovision Song Contest. ire air banaltrum a’ bhaile a tha air t-saoghal Ghaidhcalach. Dha rireadh, 's While American influences loom large gealladh-pòsaidh aig fleasgach air falbh on mor an cail do thuilleadh a bhi ‘nan cois. particularly Irish contributions. Luka Bloom. taigh an Texas. Mar is dual do fhear dhe Seumas Mac Bhatair Paul Brady etc., the strength of traditions in “na tri nithean a thig gun iarraidh,” 's ann a Ireland and Scotland is there to be seen; ghabhas i gaol air maighslir-sgoileadh: Summary Dervish, Liam O’Flynn, Dougie MacLean. bantrach cràiteach, trom air an òl as For the firsL time in the history o f Irish Horse and Hamish Moore all shone. dcaghaidh dha a dhreuchd a leigeil dheth. Gaelic speaking Nova Scotia, Gaelic films The find a showcase Gus diomhaireachd a chuir ris an sgeul. were shown in public theatres. Featured on a bigger stage than usual. Y Moniars thig air lorn coigrcach balbh a tha were As an Eilean and An Sealladh. with their 'right-on' Welsh spirit; Emma còmhnaidh 'na aonaran am bothan beag, While As an Eilean was not a gripping Christian with her gentle evocation of old luideach air cladach an eilein. Gun fhios có tale, it was of interest on the whole and Mannin; the rocky old icon of modem e no seud eile mo dliéidhinn, tha pairt dhe well received by its audience. The film's Celtic music, Alan Slivell led off the series; na h-eileanaich 'ga jnheas mar chulaidh- sound quality might have been better with and the robust, thoughtful and often delicate mhagaidh 's pàirt eile am barail gur e comments that dialogue was occasionally songs and airs ofTriskell and Gillcs Servat scórsa buidsich a ih' ann. difficult to follow. It is hoped that other joined Scots Gaelic singers such as Ishbel Ged nach robh ann leithid iornairt nan Gaelic film productions will be available in MacAskill to provide the beating heart o f geur-lann a bheireadh air duine clisgeadh le the future. Celtic consciousness. rùdannan geala 's an t-suidheachan aige. Spring 1994 The smaller stages gave interesting b’fhìor-thàitncach film Gàidhlig mar a tha cameos for many o f these artistes though the big stage still has to come to terms with The SNP leader Alex Salmond has been plans are set 20 miles North of Golspie in the democratic nature of our music. Critics clearing the decks to welcome any chance Sutherland which has been gripped with too often class less known names as for SNP candidates to contest elections on fever over the group’s threat to remove support acts, a trend which we can do well an independence platform. Therefore he has their “Mannie’’, the 100 feet high statue of without. said that if Labour by some miracle of the greatest agent of enforced emigration Socially and politically Scotland British politics gel to set up their Assembly from the North o f Scotland in the Early reveals itself best in such circumstances. in Scotland SNP will contest for seats 19th century. The healthy native music thrives, the rage therein on an independence ticket, even if The Duke’s statue is an anomaly since for dance amongst the young spreads as we some fundamentalists like Jim Sillars don’t there are no other statues to tyrants of the speak - from traditional set dancing onto like the SNP policy adopted to meet such an Scottish people such as the ButcheT re-introduced step dancing from Nova eventuality as far back as 1990. Cumberland who was massacred the Scotia. Celebration of our Celtic music is Jacobites in 1746 or of English king, widely appreciated as a most healthy focus Edward 1st, the Hammer of die Scots who in a rootless world around. brutally executed Sir William Wallace the patriot leader in the 14th century. Why Constitutional Slings and should the richest man in the England of his day continue to cast his stony gaze from Arrows Hits Westminster a Scottish Highland hilltop? As if they could side line it, Scottish Dougie MacLean, the lyrically militant self-government resurfaced with a Scottish singer performed a new song at his vengeance thanks to the embattled UK Celtic Connections concert on the subject - Tory premier, John Major. In a calculated it is called Tear down these images he will move to divert attention from his Euro- be singing it in his country wide tour in sccptical troubles at New Year he called February and March just as an amended Labour's plans for a devolved Scots planning application is lodged with the parliament “teenage madness”. The local council which seeks to remove the hysteria built up throughout January with Duke, place him in the garden of nearby the Tories claiming that devolution was the Dunrobin Castle, the family home and most dangerous proposition ever put to the replace his effigy with a huge Celtic Cross British public. in honour of his victims. Labour presented its plans for a This is given added impetus by the Scottish parliament and a weaker Welsh recent publication of a book by James Assembly in the context of decentralisation Hunter, title A Dance Called America to strengthen Britain. Therefore English which maps the privations o f the enforced Ben Bhraggie monument: 1he Duke of regions have to have Assemblies also. voyagers and also the success stories of Southerland's statue English reaction was sceptical. More those who rose to fame and fortune in the oppose Regional Assemblies in England New World. than support them at present but Duke of Sutherland If they could do it in America then • the significantly opinion surveys in the Tory message runs - why not create similar journals. The Times and the Daily Statue - Latest conditions in Scotland to ensure the Telegraph show majority support for the The campaigning group called the nation’s sustainable well being today. Scots to have a devolved parliament Book of Ben Bhraggie (see Cam No 88) *A Dance Called America subtitled. whether it leads to independence or not! met the millionaire, Denis MacLeod in the The Scottish Highlanders in the United Meanwhile Labour had the cross to middle of January. He plans a major States and Canada, by James Hunter is bear of Tam Dalyell raising his “West Highland Clearances project at Helmsdale, published by Mainstream, 7 Albany Street, Lothian" question - a spectre from the which he does not see as being in any way Edinburgh. Prince £14.99. 1970s debates, (see his book). in conflict with die Statue Campaign. His Rob Gibson

During January 1995 John Major’s So why should Scottish MPs be entitled to Conservative government, trailing badly to Welsh and vote on English affairs?” Labour in the opinion polls, attempted to There is an implication that the number regain popularity by attacking Labour's of Scottish MPs in Westminster should be devolution proposals on the basis that they Scottish self- reduced if Scotland were to have its will “threaten the unity of the United parliament. However the question is based Kingdom", hoping that a swell of on a false premise. Under devolution opposition to this will rise in England. The government within the English state absolute power subject has received greatly increased would remain with Westminster who could publicity and the nature of the debate in the complete self-government is an evil to be overrule or abolish the Scottish parliament Press Ls a matter o f concern in several ways. avoided at any cost. By making it taboo to whenever they wished, so that English MPs Firstly it is necessary for devolution to contemplate “independence” for Wales or WOULD retain the right to control Scottish have the support of the English because of Scotland it will become even more difficult affairs. We do no want Westminster to have the vast English majority in Westminster. to gain support for this in England in the absolute power over Scotland and Wales Yet the idea is being spread that the English event of Wales or Scotland wanting it. And and we do not particularly want our should decide themselves how Wales and yet unless we are to have more Wars of representatives in the English parliament Scotland arc governed rather than just grant independence the English must be willing with influence over English Affairs. But us the type of government we wish. Ideas to surrender their power over us if that is until Westminster surrenders its ultimate are being pedalled like “Devolution to what we demand. control over Scotland and Wales we would Wales and Scotland would affect England Thirdly Labour have been struggling to be best opposing the idea that our limited (adversely). Therefore England should answer the "West Lothian Question", raised representation in Westminster should be have a say in whether it happens.” This is again by anti-dcvolutionists as it was in the reduced. contrary to the principle of self- devolution debate during the 1970s. The Labour, for reasons we can guess, seem determination. question is: "If there were a Scottish reluctant to take up this line Secondly "How to save the Union” has parliament English MPs would no longer Robat ap Tomos become part o f the debate, assuming that be able to vote on many Scottish matters. lusket sur a-walc'h gant ar skiant a gerentiezh a verzer en hor bro e-kcñver Darempredoù arvarus... Iwcrzhoniz. Pa reer brezel, ret eo hen anaout, ne reer ket diouzh santimantoù. Pezh a c’hall degas gounid fetis eo a gont dreist pep tra. Kement-se n’eo ket da lavare! ne rae forzh Digani ur c’henskriver cm eus gouczet evit an daou du. En drederenn gentañ eus ar ar vroadelourien iwerzhonat gant re Vreizh. ez eus bet embannet ul levr nevez gant R. c’hantved-mañ ne oa ket dioTroet a-walc’h Daou eus renerien ar Republikaned an Emsav broadel e Breizh evit gallout Faligot, “La Harpe et l’Hermine’ e anv. —n'ernaint ket breinaft en lievelep “Ennaii, ernean, “e tielfenn—sanset—an degas harp pleustrek da Iwerzhon. P’he kostezenn—o deus diskouezet bezañ darempredoù zo bet etre ernsav Iwerzhon dues adkroget an IRA da stourm e 1939, e dedennet gant ar meizad a genlabour ha hini Brcizh. E gwirionez e tisplij da oa bec'h war re Vrciz Atao. Koulskoude politikel etre ar Gelted. An IRA n’he deus Faligot he defe troet Breizli lie sell war-du n'eo ket kelaouet Faligot ken mat ha ma graet argad ebet er broiou kelt ail. Kement- Iwerzhon, da vare Breiz Atao ha da vare an karfe reiñ da gredin a-zivout skoazell a voe se n’eo ket hep rat, a iavarfen. F.L.B. Evitafi n’eo nemct ur sell ‘romantel’ roet d’ar mare-se gant daou vroadelour Gouzout mat a reer e kavas meur a a c’halle lakaat tud eus ar vro-man da breizhat d’an IRA. Gwelet levr Mordrel, vroadelour breizhat repu en Iwerzhon gemer skouer war ar vro-se. Ne welan netra “Breiz Atao”, p. 252. Diwezhatoc'h pa goude ar brezel bed diwezhañ. Da Spagn ez drec’hlidek en emzalc’h ur den a ginnig savas Iwcrzhoniz da stourm er C’hwec’h eas unanigoù ivez met e bro ail ebet ne istor ar mare tost deom p evel Kontelezh e oa krog an FLB da gas taolioù vocnl degemeret ken mat ha ken niverus marmouzerezh ha faezhidigezh. N’eus ket da benn ivez. Gallet o dije ar Vretoned hag en Iwerzhon. Ha gant an Iwerzhonad pell c’hoazh ez eus bet un heuliad cfedusaat o c’hadoniezh m’o dije roet brudetañ ivez! Ne oa ket gouest pennadoù en Télégramme ma tisplege ar Iwcrzhoniz kentelioù dezho diwar-benn an gouaraamant Iwerzhon da bourchas labour c ’hazetenner Fcrdi Motta e oa diwanet en obererezh kuzh. Ar re-maü a ranke moarvat d ’ur bem tud eus ar vro, n ’haller ket klemm Emsav arnevez eus... Bro-Euskadi, da gouestlañ holl o nerzh hag o evezh d’o eta ma rankas ar Vrezhoned-se ober o brouenn e tegase ar skolioù Diwan hag ar slourm. Ne oa ket gouest an FLB da reiñ diluzioù o-ur.an evit kavout labour hag ail. skoazell roet da stourmerien ETA ¡>e d’o harp danvezel dezho. Ha war am eus klcvct Diboell a-grenn e vijent bet, dlemir evel ma harpericn cuskarat... e kave dezho c tlec ar vroadclouricn oani d ’ar gouamamant evit ar goudor roet M ’he defe Breizh graet diouzh patrom vrcizhat gounit muioe’h a dud d’o zu a- dezho, ma vijent act e darempred gant un an Arvern pe ar C’hustcntin c vefc bet raok klask kregiñ gant ur meni gouvrezel, aozadur kuzh a ranke ar Stad enebiñ outañ dereatoc’h d’an dud-se?” pezh a oa reizli. Un dra ail a c ’hall bezañ o evit mirout ar peoe’h gant Bro-Saoz. J.J. Monnier a sonj ez eo “un bel essai lakaei da brederiañ: re vuan e teue ar bolis A t rcbcch a reer ouzh ar vroadelouricnl sur l’histoire d’une liaison dangereuse." c’hall a-benn da freuzañ rouedadoù an vreizhat eo bezañ kemeret skouer war Evel Iwerzoniz’zo, emezafi, e tibabas FLB. No oa ket evit atizañ fíziañs... Iwerzhoniz o vont da glask skoazell ur Breizhiz slourm gant armoù ouzh ur Lod eus ar vroadelourien iwerzhonat a galloud bras. Ha disoñjal a reer Ta c galloud a gave dezho bezan gwaskus. blij dezho envoriñ an darempredoù a oa bet klaskas ar Vrczhoncd, goude 1488 harp (“jugée oppressive” zo iskis a-walc’h, mar er 17vet hag en 18vet kanlved être o Bro-Saoz (lenn pennadoù nevez-embannei dco menoz ez-rener ar P.B.). “Heuliadoù hendadoù ha gouarnamantoù Bro-C'Hall. e Gwcnn-ha-Du), harp Bro-Spagn (1719) reuzus zo bel d'an diviz-se.” (Hag a-raok Emichañs n'im ket eeunek a-walc'h evit ha moarvat harp an Izelvroioù (1675) evit ’ta ne oa ket tcuzus obcrcrezh ar galloud-se krediñ ez eo dre gengred gant youl a adkavom o frankiz vroadel. Ne oa ket en hor bro?). “Breizh ne oa ket hcnvel hc frankiz an hendadoù-se e kasas Loeiz XIV hepken skouer Iwerzhon! Gwir eo e oamp stad ouzh hini Iwerzhon." (Daoust ha ne oa ur rejimant gall da vre/.eliañ en Iwerzhon awenet gant stourm ar vro gelt nemeti a oa ket gwashoc’h, sanket ma oa donoe’h en ouzh soudarded Gwilhem Orañj (1689-91). deuet a-benn d’an em zieubiñ diouzh he arallekadur?) Ne gav ket din e c ’houlcnnas an harluidi gwaskerien a-viskoazh. Ar “réalité E Combat Breton, A. Guillcrm a bled cnrollet er Vrigadenn Iwerzhonat c Bro- irlandaise” oa dishcñvcl. Ya, gwasket e gant ar pezh a lavar Faligot a-zivout an C'Hall ur goucstl politikel bennak digant ar vocnl muioe'h e-keñver o danvez, met e- F.L.B. hepken. Diouzh e du e tegas Y. Vourboncd fie digant Napoléon en cskemm keñver o spered, o yezh, e oa heñvel. An Puillandre reizhadcnnoù d’ar pennad gant evit o scrvijoù. N ’eo nemet an Directoire a hevelep seurt arallekadur. Ne gemeras Th. Guidet en Ouest-France ar 24-11- reas ur striv dereat da harpañ Wolfc Tone nemet 1000 den bennak perzh en diwar benn an daveoù d’an F.L.B. ivez en hag eñ o klask dieubiñ Iwerzhon. met se ne Emsavadeg 1916 tra ma ‘z eas 75000 hevelep levr. Diskouez a ra an daou-se ez oa ket evel just hep soñja! en o mad o-unan Iwerzhonad eus o fenn o-unan da stourm a- eo kelaouet fall an aozer evit a sell ouzh ivez. Da vare Stourm an Dieubidigezh du gant Bro-Saoz, en ur brezel evit petra? istor tostan an Emsav breizhat. Hervez (1919-1921) e klaskas ar vroadelourien Ne nae’han ket cvclato c oa kalz kreñvoc’h Combat Breton e fcll dezhan prouin n'o iwerzhonat gounit ar gouarnamanl gall d'o en Iwerzhon ar youl d’en em zieubiñ zu. En aner: ne oa ket hemañ o vont d’ober deus bet stourmerien Iwerzhon c’hoant diouzh ar galloud estern egel ma oa e biskoazh da gevredin (= d'ober “alliance") diaes d’ar c’hcvrcadad saoz. Coude 1970 e Breizh e 1939 pa voe degaset armoù gant ar gant disrannerien Vreizh. oa unanoù e Sinn Féin o soñjal e c ’hallfent Gwalarn! Ar gourdonerezh a voe graet gant c ’hoazh kaout e Pari/, un harp diplomatek Daoust hag e vefe se un abcg da ar Gwazerezh Arbennik (1941-43) a dlee paneveken. Ncbaon! E Breizh eo o deus Vreizhiz da chom hep trein war-du talvout evit ur gouvrezel heñvel ouzh an kavet tud Sinn Féin ar gwcllañ degemer ha Iwerzhon? Pczh zo gwir co c vcz skoulmct hini a voe renet en Iwerzhon e 1919-21 met kensant, a gredan: Ne oa ket hepken a- emglevioù, kevredadoù, e sell da a-benn 1943 e oa disheñvel-krenn ar c'hounidoù evit ar re a gemer perzh enno. berzh ar vroadelourien, met ar re ail a oa plegennou c Breizh, ha nc oa ket anv rrnii da obcr diouzh skoucr Iwcrzhon. Nc oa kci Centenary of An lu mui abaoemiz Gwengolo 1939. Daoust ha didalvoud c oa evit Breizh Uhel’s death ober diouzh ar ger-stur “Enkadenn Bro- Saoz, chans Iwcrzhon?” Ma komzcr cus It is now one hundred years since the “dibab fall", petra a c'halled ober ahendall death of the poet Fafich ar Uhel (officially nemet chom hep ober netra? Pezh a vije François Luzel). He was in the nineteenth koulz hag anzav: lezomp pc zoken harpomp century our greatest collector o f Folktales Bro-C’Hall da adscvel, ma kendalc’ho da and songs. Thanks to him a good deal of zistrujaii hor yezh, hor broadelezh! the treasure of our oral tradition was Goulenn a ran: petra en deus graet R. saved from oblivion. The material Faligoi evit m’en kemerfed da gelenncr an gathered by him is immense: only part of Emsav? N’ouzon kei hag en eo Breizhad it unfortunately has been published. met sklaer a-walc'h eo e karfe gwelet ar During the past ten years however A1 Vrezhoned o chom klet er bedig gall. Se. Liamm has brought out five volumes o f evel ma lavar ur c'helcnncr all, n’co ket the tales. They are a pleasure to read in arvarus. Breizh evelato, n'hall ket bezan their clarity and priceless in revealing the dieubei hep kcmcr risklou, ha samman ar wit and outlook of die common people of riskl d'ober faziou. the Tregor area in the North o f Brittany. A. Heusaff The tales were told by monoglot Breton Summary speakers and are free from the turns of In a recently published book P. phrase taken from the French and the Faligot—c laimed as a specialist of the deficiencies in expression which have present-day political evolution in become far too common during the past Ireland—argues that the Breton nationalists 50 years as the language was commonly Photo from L’Avenir, Dec or Musique were mistaken in taking that country as an pushed into the background. It was that Bretonne No 130. example both in resorting to armed means quality of purity which made the much- and in looking, during World War II, for regretted Professor Leon Fleuriot urge Further information from the Luzel support from an external power. No doubt that the Breton taught to tire young should Committee, Skol Uhel ar Vro. BP 3166, the Irish and the Breton situations presented uphold the standard of those folktales 35031 Roazhon (Rennes) Cedex. The dissimilarities as well as similarities, the instead of conforming to the corrupted Presses Universitaires de Rennes has main difference being in the strength of idiom used by the ‘terminal native recently published a book of 224 pages, national consciousness in the populations speakers' (under the pretext that you have tilled “Luze! - Journal de Route - concerned but it was quite natural that to stay close to the people). reproducing the notes taken by An Uhel Ireland, as the only Celtic country to have To com m em orate An U hel, a while collecting. They arc not dealing with achieved independence, would provide committee was set up last year by Skol tales and songs, but with plays which he powerful inspiration to the Bretons seeking Uhel ar Vro so as to organise various also collected. Y Bouesscl de Bourg national freedom. As for the double example events, such as recitals of talcs and songs praises this diary highly as a testimony referred to, the latter found it also in their in places where he collected, concerts, about the life and culture of the rural own post-independence history: the conferences a travelling exhibition, people of Brittany up to the end of the 19th preparations for guerilla activities (1937- unveiling of plaques, radio broadcasts, etc. Century (review in Imbourc’h, Nr 296). 1943) bore more relations to the experience of the Chouans (1793-J797), and the leaders of the rebellions of 1675 and 1720 had sought help from the Netherlands and N'eo ket disi ma zamm brezhoneg Spain respectively. R. Faligoi, like others LIZHER ganin, kaer am eus ober. more committed, seems to believe that if we Neuzc, m'hoc’h eus kavet faziou gant had all confined ourselves to regionalism al lizher-man, ho pet ar vadelezh da’m (Digant José Calvcte, ur Galisiad. hon eus within French borders the French grip on digarezin: ar weeh a zeu e vo gwelloc’hik our people’s minds would have been resevet al lizher-man skrivet en doarc an traou ‘mcchans! Forzh penaos, ne etrcrannyezhcl. Gant c aotre e embannomp relaxed. gollan ket kalon! Desket em eus e peururvan). iwezhoneg e-pad ma c ’honje gant Sein 6 "Me zo bet ganet d'an 29-10-1971 e Conaill c Pariz. Met ret eo din addeskin... Bayonne. Met ma c’hcrcnt a zeu eus Bro- Emaon o kregin gant ar c ’hembraeg hag Spagn. ma zad eus Galisia ha ma mamni ar c ’hemcvveureg bremafi. Dcskin a rin. All-Breton Dictionary eus Asturias. En Elzas cmaon o chom In an interview given to Combat Breton Hep Brezhoneg Breizh Ebet!” bremafi. (Dec.'94) the head of the publishing Lakact cm eus em sonj deskin komz Company An Here announced that Ncbcut-trc a faziou yezhadur a oa cl brezhoneg. C'hoant am eus da gomz mat. Geriadur ar Brezhoneg, the first all- lizher. Lakact hon eus “ Kcmevveurcg" c- Emaon o teskin ma-unan gant ul levr. Ne Breton dictionary would come out towards lec’h “kemeveg” evit diforc’h diouzh ar fell ket din mod ebet c vefe divrcizhekaet the end o f January. He informed us on Jan. rannyezh vrezhonek. Gwellafi ha divrezhonekact Breizh! 24 that it was being printed and would be gourc’hemennou d ’hor c ’henskriver, spi Ar Vrctoncd o deus ur yezh published in the early days o f February. hon cus e vroudo dam eus hor c ’henvroiz etrevroadel. ar galleg. (Piv ‘oar ha nc vo This will have brought to a conclusion da strivan da beurzeskin hor yezh ivez. ket kcmerct e bias gant aT saozneg. deiz work, begun in 1987, in which dozens of Letter from a Galician living in pe zeiz), Mat. Acs eo kavout ur yezh voluntary participants were involved Alsace. He expresses his enthusiasm for etrevroadel. Met bremafi eo mil boent under the direction o f J.Y Lagadeg. It is a the , which he has dezhe adc’hounit yezh o bro. Mat eo historic landmark for our language. Many learned well. He is also learning Welsh studian skridoù kozh brezhonek, mat eo other languages reputed to be in a stronger and Cornish and intends to lake up the sclaou ha kanan kanaouennoù brezhonek. position have yet not such dictionary. Gaelic languages later. mat eo lenn barzhoncgoii. Gwelloc'h zo Geriadur ar Brezhoneg can be ordered d ’ober c'hoa/h: ober eus ar brezhoneg ur from An Here. Kergleuz, 29480 Ar Releg- wir yezh pemdeziek cn-dro! Kerhuon, Brittany. It costs 520F. 132, it brings out records, cassettes, CDs. A The Breton Oral special issue for December 1994 contains an 8-page catalogue giving details of the Heritage more than 50 titles published since 1972. The association Dastum was set up in They are grouped under various headings. 1972 by a few young musicians to collect, There is a category labelled Komz preserve, disseminate, publish and develop (=speech) for tales in Breton the text of the ethnological heritage o f Brittany. The which are provided in accompanying accent would be on the oral and the musical booklets of size 10x21cm. tradition. The latest o f these, sixth in the series, is Today, Dastum's central team is made Konladeruwu Gronvel: it consists of four up of five persons working three quarters stories recorded 15 years ago by Jean Le of the lime at its mediatheque in Rennes Clerc de la Herverie near Rostrenen in (16 Straed Penhoet), and there is a network Central West Brittany. It costs 88Fr (inch of dozens of voluntary helpers sand six postage), to be sent to Dastum, 16 Straed local teams spread over the whole of Penc’hoct, 35065 Raozhon/Renncs Cedex, Brittany. An administrative council (which is also the address for Musique numbers 18 members, presided over by Bretonne, subscription 120Fr but 15()Fr Patrick Malrieu. Half o f the annual budget outside state). of 1.5 milion Fr. is contributed by the State, These stories are told by native the “Rennes-Rcgion”, the local speakers, two women and a man. They are collectivities. The rest is from resources not totally unknown. Tales similar to them Annie Ebrel singing at the Festival of the were studied in “The Types of the Folktale" arising from Dastum’s own activities... Breton Culture "Gouel Sked", Brest 24-26 There is now a collection of more than by Aarne-Thompson, Helsinki 1961. The Nov. 1994 (courtesy ofBremah) 30,000 recordings. 25,000 photos, 300 first is a variation o f the ‘The Princess in slides, 1,000 records and cassettes, 25,000 Lhe Shroud* (Nr 307), the other three photocopies o f songs and stories etc. at the and other purposes. Dastum also organises resemble "The Search for the Lost Rennes Centre. All these items are in the courses about the oral traditions and trains Husband", “The Rich and the Poor process of being classified, computerised, teachers and musicians. In addition to its Peasant" and ‘‘The Dragon-Slayer" (Nrs analysed. About 1000 people a year make bimonthly magazine Musique Bretonne 425, 1535 and 300 of that classification use of Lhis material for research, concerts (mainly in French) which has reached Nr respectively).

for almost 700 years (the Bretons had prizes for school children and adults and a Battle of Ballon successfully resisted Frankish attacks and fesl-noz (ccilf). spurious claims during the previous 300- The festival, following the Commemoration 400 years, they were not incorporated in commemoration itself, on Sunday 11 June, Charlemagne's empire, but were brought will be held on the site of the famous battle Every year, on the second Sunday ol temporarily into subjection by Charles’ with the participation of Gouren (wrestlers' June, a festival takes place at Bains-sur- predecessor). association), a “Celtic Circle" (dancers) Oust, just N . of Redon, to commemorate The festival is organised by a and a pipe band. A cross, which stood on a the battle won in Ballon in 845 by the committee, Poellgor Gouel Ballon, mound and was removed last July, will be Breton leader Nomenoe against the Franks composed of representatives o f ten cultural replaced by a new one together with a of Charles the Bald. This decisive victory organisations and other agencies concerned plaque explaining briefly the historical compelled the Frankish king to recognise with the protection of the Breton heritage. event. the independence of Brittany. It lay the With the support of the Bains municipality Contributions to the costs from Bretons basis for the extension of Breton control it has become increasingly successful. and friends of Brittany will be welcome to over the counties of Rennes and Nantes, a This year, the committee intends, Poellgor Gouel Ballon, Mairie de Bains- control sufficiently strong to establish during the weeks prior to that event, to hold sur-Oust 35600, Account Nr 0140 0265 Brittany in the limits of its present-day five a conference on the history of Brittany. 0843, Credit Mutuel de Bretagne. departements and to assert independence There will also be a game/compelilion with

An Ti e Traon ar C’Hoad lire plants, animals, birds which filled the became the indispensable reference work of environment of his “house below the all those interested in speaking Breton by Fransez Kervella. Published by wood", as the title says, and which one correctly. We are indebted to him also for Mouladurioii Hor Yczh, very seldom meets in recollections of this an excellent textbook, "Hent nevez d’ar kind. From an early age he was a first class brezhoneg", for learning the language, for 1 Plasenn Ch. Peguy, 29260 Lesncvcn. observer. lexicographical works on modern and What a pity Lhal illness and death middle Breton, a study of Breton prosody, This book of 200 pages, written in a prevented him from writing, as he intended, poems, an account o f the time he spent as a compact style, interests us particularly, not that which for us would have been the most geographer in Gabon around 1939. only because of the purity of its language, precious part of his autobiography: an This unassuming man was one of the based on a dialect of Breton Cornwall account of his life as a Breton militant. greatest in his generation in Brittany, a belonging to the area of the Elorn river Kervella was indeed one of the first to join generation not lacking in personalities out where Kervella grew up but also because of the national movement which grew after o f the ordinary. Here is the moving story of the very accurate description of a way of World War 1 around the periodical Breiz a childhood spent under great hardship. In life that has totally vanished. Atao. Later on he devoted himself mainly reading it we sense sorrows which with his Belonging to a very poor family of to his work for the Breton language. More great discretion he preferred to leave which the father was killed in the First than anyone else he contributed to make of unexpressed. World War he draws a picture o f his it a fully styled literary language with his childhood with a wealth of exceptional incomparable grammar of almost 500 Yann Bouessel du Bourg detail: how the people dressed, worked, ale, pages. Yezhadur bras ar Brezhoneg, which Anti-D iwan Cold War in Kemperle

Hardly anywhere is there opposition to the teaching of Breton nowadays, 529 of the municipal councils o f , i.e. 91% of the total, have signed a petition in support of official status for our language, and 103 have done the same in Upper Brittany where the campaign continues. However, in Kemperle, the Diwan school attended by 36 children, is suffering from opposition by the State school teachers. Originally tire children could have Representatives of all the teachers of Breton meeting in Kemper, on Dec. I Oth 1994. their midday meal in the canteen of a State (courtesy of Combat Breton) School but this had to be discontinued this year as the teachers there argued that the President of the Regional Council and Diwan in Kemperle is the victim of the schools were not entitled to use the Diwan president of the Breton Cultural Institute. A cold war which for more than 100 years has precincts of the Slate schools, after getting representative of the Diwan school opposed the “école laïque” and the “école a contract whereby the majority of their committee in Sant Breig drew a comparison privée" in France. But there is an additional teachers were put on the Department of with the exemplary way the town council element here, in that the Stale school Education's pay-roll, and should now be there helps Diwan and asked why the teachers have always been trained as shock considered as private school teachers. Kemperle Council could not do the same. troops for linguistic uniformity in France. Diwan has always demanded to be (The latter accepts the responsibility of Not that the private schools, administered recognised as a public education body. After providing meals to school children, but the by Catholic authorities were much better in several protests, the Kemperle parents solution arrived at in recent weeks of having that Tespect since 1939. But many of them decided to organise a meeting, to be die Diwan pupils taking their meals with the have now begun to offeT bilingual Breton- followed by a fest-noz, on Saturday 21 town hall employees is unsatisfactory). The French education. January. This meeting was attended by some fest-noz drew a full house. 150 people, including Mr P. Le Treut, Vice

action by all those who want self- Skol an Emsav government. Even if free, Brittany could, Al Liamm no more than the French now, afford a which has been in existence for about different socio-economic system from that bimonthly literary magazine in Breton. twenty five years now, organises intensive of its European neighbours in the European Subscription 150F/annum but courses of Breton for adults, such a course, Union. In his view, the Breton parlies' aim 160F/airmail 200F to Per ar Bihan, 16 covering 14 hours, was held for five should be to obtain popular support for r. des Fours & Chaux, 35400 St. Malo. different levels during March 25/26 at the concrete measures to correct the defects of Per Roy Cultural Centre at Ti Kendalc'h, the system imposed by the EU and for The N ov.-Dec. issue, largeT than usual, St-VincenL-sur-Oust near Redon. Two powers and means (financial) to manage its brings poems of which three, by the qualified teachers attended to each group. working in the best interests of Brittany. Russian Anna Mouradova and one, by A special course was provided for Hcrve Seubil-Kernaodour, are skilfully secondary school students preparing for the turned out, and stories of murder (by Mark Baccalaureat Breton test. Costs for the Kerrain) told briskly, of contacts with course, meals and accommodation at the Baluchi dissidents in Pakistan (by Lan Centre were 450F per person, but 350F for Tangi), of a brief eTOlic adventure (by Per the students and the unemployed. An Here Denez). There arc translations from Participants' children (3-12 years) were has contributed more than any other English of a story by the Tchech Milan looked after by Breton speakers. publisher to filling a gap by bringing out Uhde on the themes of political corruption Skol an Emsav. 8 Straed Hoche, 35000 books for children in Breton for several and of a passage from The Prophet, a book R aozhon/Rennes. years now. In 1994 they published more tha by the Lebanese Khalil Gibran which is 20 of them. being translated into Breton by K. Brisson. In order to better secure their financial Reun ar C’halan writes a penetrating basis, they have decided recently to publish critique of the plays of Tangi Malmanchc also in French serious works relating to (deemed to be the best known Breton L’Avenir de la Brittany. The first, in three volumes, is to dramatist - he wrote during the first quarter be Erwan Valleric's Treatise on Breton of this century). Goulven Pennaod brings Bretagne historical toponymy in Breton, together us up to date on research about the Gaulish with a translation by himself into French. It language with his review of Picrrc-Yves monthly, Pour une Bretagne Libre is based on a doctor thesis which won him Lambert's book La Langue Gauloisc, dans L'Europe des Peuples. Subs. unanimously the highest mention at Rennes published by Edition Errance, Paris, 240pp, 180F/200F outside State to B.P. 4103, University II. This, says Combat Breton, is 1994. He praises the author though 22041 St-Bricuc Cedex 2. undoubtedly the most important work of regretting that he did not deal with two In its Dec. and Jan. issues, Yann Foucre original scientific research, carried out in forms of Old Celtic — Lepontish and Breton, ever to be published. E. Vallcric refers to an article in Carn No. 87 under Celtiberish, the title “Quelle politique pour les was the Celtic League Breton branch Bretons?" He argues in favour o f concerted secretary. CyMoop.

dylanwadu ar fusnesau lleol i godi statws PIGION CELTAIDD yr Aibaneg ar gyfer ymwelwyr a’r brodorion. Iwerddon uno'r sustem rheilffordd a galluogi gwasanacth maeslrefol ar draws ail ddinas Twristiaeth Diwylliannoi Drama Gaeilge Mae Comunn na Gàidhlig wedi lansio Gwelir adfywiad mewn drama Gwyddeleg Iwerddon - gellir gweld cyfle arall i uno pobl y Gogledd. llyfryn newydd “What's on?” yn Aibaneg, o’r diwedd. Yn ogysta] â chwmmau amatur Saesncg, Ffrangeg ac Almaeneg, sy'n o dan Comlilachas Nâisiûnta DrâmaiochU hyrwyddo cyfleusterau, Ilety a ceil cwiimi teitliiul Amhaiclajui de hide a Yr Alban Gatwadau DS-Albaneg digwyddiadau gyda bias Gàidhlig, gyda fydd yn teilhio trwy Iwerddon ar 61 250 o fannau aros He siaredir yr Aibaneg. wythnos o berfformio yn Nulyn. Codwyd arwyddion newydd yng nghabanau Hon cyhocddus Ynys Leodhas/Lewis yn ddiweddar - un o Arwyddion Dwyieithog Teledu Gaeilge Mae grantian yn caci e.u eynnig yn arda] Mae'r Ilywodreath wedi cyhoeddi’r gadarnleoedd yr Aibaneg. Roedd y Gorllewin Rois/Ross - UUapool, Gairloch a penodiadau cyntaf i Tcilifis na Gaeilge: cyfarwyddiadau yn Sacsncg, Cymracg, Ffrangeg, Almaeneg, Eidaleg a Sbaeneg, Lochcarron - i godi arwyddion dwyieithog Cathal Goan (Pennaeth), Pâdhraic Ô ar fusnesau lleol. Ciardha (Golygydd), Sinn McNamara ond dim yn yr Aibaneg frodoTol!! (Rheolwr Ariannol), Niamh Ni Bhaoill Cyllideb Teledu (Cynorthwy-ydd personol i'r golygydd), Canolfan Ddehongli Mae’r grant i'r Comaiaidh Tcilebhisean Anne McCabe a Micheál Ô M eallaigh Lansiwyd cynllun am ganolfan ddehongli Gàidhlig wedi codi gyda chwyddiant i (golygyddion comisiynu). Bydd y Geltaidd a fyddai'n costio £1.5 miliwn ac £8,930,000 ar gyfer 1995/6. Mae'r urian yn pcncadlys yn Bade na hAbhann yng yn creu 15 swydd ar gyfer Beinn cynnal 300 o swyddi. Y llynedd Nghonamara, gyda swyddfcydd gcr stiwdio a'bhaoghla/Benbccula. “Y Gael yn cynhyrchwyd 175 o raglcnni - 50 am ddim RTÉ ym 4, Argyle Square, Donnybrook, Iwerddon, yr Alban ac ar draws y byd" gan y BBC. Dulyn 4 (ardal y neo uncliacthwyr! ) fydd y ihema. Papur £5 Aibaneg? Uno Béal Feirste Hyrwyddo’r Aibaneg Gyda’r bwriad i ail-lunio arian papur yr Gyda chwblhau’r ddwy bont newydd dros Cynhaliwyd cynadleddau un dydd o dan Alban cafwyd galw am ddefnydd o’r Afon Lagan yng nghanol dinas Béal Feirste Fionan ym Mallaig ac An Gearasdan/Fort Aibaneg ar y papurau. - un ar gyfer moduron a’r Hall er mwyn William yn ddiweddar er mwyn ceisio Clive James

Ymgyrch Rhyddhau C o f i w c h Gwyddeleg yng Nghymru ddanfon lein, neu Sion Aubrey gerdyn at Sion: Mae ‘na gysylltiada’ ieilhyddol rhwng Siön Aubrey Iwerddon a Chymru. Lansiwyd yr ymgyrch hwn ym mis Roberts, BJ3795, Mi gafodd Cyrsia’ Gwyddeleg cu cynnal Tachwedd trwy’r papur newydd wythnosol HMP Full Sutton, drwy gyfrwng y Gymraeg ym 1994. ‘Y Cyniro', ac y mae’r ymatcb wedi bod yn Moor Lane, Full Mi fydd mwy ohonyn nhw yn y dyfodol ar foddhaol ¡awn. Mae cannoedd o bobl, Sutton, EFROG gyfcT siaradwyr sy ‘n ddechreuwyr neu enwog a chyffredin wedi mynegi eu (York) Y 04 ITS. brofiadol (yn y Wyddeleg). cefnogaeth cyhocddus i’r galwad am Llocgr. Mi gewch chi ddysgu ‘r Wyddeleg Gyfoes gyfiawnder i Sion Aubrey Roberts. fydd yn cael ci defnyddio ‘n rheolaidd yn y Hefyd, mae mudiadau cenedlaelhol, Gaeltachlai (Broydd Gwyddeleg) yn megis Merched y Wawr, y Bcdyddwyr (yn Iwerddon. ogystal ä Chymdeithas y Cymod Cam 88), Mae ‘r athrowon yn frwdfrydig ¡awn with wedi daigan cefnogaeth i’r ymgyrch. ddysgu ‘r Wyddeleg ac y mac ‘na ‘hwyl' Bellach, mae’r arweinwyr yn targedu Summary yn ystod y dosbarthiada’ hefyd. cynghorau ac undebau (mac CyngOT I his article seeks to keep Sion Aubrey's Os ydach chi isio mwy o fanylion am y Dwyfor (Gwynedd) wedi ymaieb yn bositif name and cause in Cam readers' minds. It cyrsia', hyn, a ‘newch chi gysylltu a *r: yn barod trwy ofyn i'r ysgrifennydd cartrcf reports o f a new campaign for his release C anolfan Taith G cn ed laeth ol, Nant ail-agor yr achos). which has attracted widespread support by Gwrtheyrn, Liilhfaen, Ger Pwllheli, Gobaith yr ymgyrchwyr yw dangos bod individuals and national movements. The Gwynedd, LL53 6PA, Cymru/An consensws cryf o bobl Cymru (a thu hwnt) organizers aim to create a broadly based Bhreatain Bheag. yn anfodlon gyda dedfryd Sion. consensus of support for his release Bydd Crocso Mawr ichi (Beidh Cead Mile Dangoswch eich cefnogaeth ¡’t Supporters should write to the given Failte Romhat) ymgyrch trwy ddanfon at:- ‘Y Cymro’, address, the Welsh Newspaper ‘Y Cymro', Da iawn yw ’r Cyrsia' fanna (Is an-mhaith Parc Busnes, Yr Wyddgrug, Clwyd neu Eilian Williams or Jina Cwyrfai. ata na cursai ann). Eilian Williams, 55 Stryd Kennard, Ton Sion would also welcome post from any Pob Hwy! (Sdh mor ortsa). Pentrc, Cwm Rhondda. fellow-Celts. John Hunter Ymgyrch Sion Aubrey Iwerddon - Gwleidyddiaeth Heddwch - A PARLIAMENT cynhadledd yn Llundain FOR WALES

Cynhaliodd Mudiad Milwyr Mas yn Dywedwyd bod y cyfryngau fel petaent The October open meeting of the Lloegr gynhadledd ar y 26ain Tachwedd yn yn credu bod y rhyfel drosodd ers y London branch of the Celtic League was Llundain i ddatblygu'r ymgyrch dros cadoediad. Nodwyd bod y nifer o filwyr yn addressed by Dr. Alan Williams of the dynnu allan o Iwerddon a gadael i'r y chwe sir wedi cynyddu ers y cadoediad. English Labour Party, the Member of Gwyddelod benderfynu eu tynged eu Trafodwyd Adolygiaeth Parliament for Caerfyiddin/Carmarthen, hunain, yn sgil y Cadoediad Mawr. Aelh ("revisionism”) - y duedd gan rai haneswyr on the subject of the Labour Party’s dau aelod yno i gynrychioli cangen i ail-ysgrifennu hanes Iwerddon o safbwyni plans for a parliament for Wales. Llundain o’r Undeb Celtaidd. imperialaeth Lloegr a'i hybu felly, a The Labour Party leader, Tony Blab, diffiniwyd y duedd wlcidyddol sydd yn had said in Cardiff in July “In our first cyfateb iddi fel Neo-unoliaeth (“neo- year of government... Labour would unionism”). a arddelir gan e.e. y legislate for an elected Welsh assembly." Progressive Democrats. Crcdai M. Mac Since then the Labour Party has Donnacha fod Adolygiaeth wedi pasio ei produced a document “shaping the phenllanw erbyn hyn, ond iddi gael vision - a consultation paper on the dylanwad mawT yn barod. powers and structure of the Welsh Dywedwyd hefyd ei bod yn bwysig i assembly." Dr. W illiam s outlined the boblogciddio'r neges a gwneud yr achos o content of this document in his talk, and blaid lynnu allan o Iwerddon yn berthnasol although he has been criticised by i bobl gyffredin yn Lloegr (a Chymru). nationalists in recent years for his ‘Roedd angen treiddio i mewn i'r prif support for English colonials in West bleidiau gwleidyddol, lle’r oedd ofn y Wales who were trying to reduce the pwnc “Iwerddon”. status of Welsh in schools, he was “Roedd sesiwn yn y p’nawn am solidly in favour of his party's plans for a “Unoliacth, Teymgaroldcb a’r Prcscnoldeb Welsh parliament and also stated that he Prydeinig”. Dywedwyd mai am resymau was in favour of completely equal status siralegol ‘roedd Lloegr wedi meddiannu for Welsh and English in Wales. Iwerddon yn y lie cyntaf. ’Roedd y syniad The speaker said that constitutional Mewn sesiwn am Ideolog a Sensoriaeth o “Deymas Unedig" yn bwysig i ran o'r changes did not involve great siaradodd Micheil Mac Donnacha, Blaid Geidwadol. Pwyslcisiwyd bod y expenditure for the state and that this golygydd An Phoblacht. papur Sinn Fein. gymuned Brotestanaidd yn Ulaidh/Ulster would facilitate establishing a Welsh Disgrifiodd agwedd y Tori'aid fel “We are yn mynd yn 61 ymhellach na’r coloneiddio parliament in the first year of a Labour the Conservative and Unionist Party - we a ddigwyddodd yn yr 17eg ganrif. government. are not in the business o f breaking up the Dechrcuodd Protestaniaeth yno yn yr 16eg The above document lists the United Kingdom". Tori'aid ddacth a gynnau ganrif, adeg ‘roedd Lloegr yn dal yn wlad possible options to be considered for the i mewn i wleidyddiacth Iwerddon babyddol. Gwyddeleg oedd iaith powers to be given to the parliament ddechrau'r ganrif hon wrth roi arfau i ’r Protestaniaeth ar y dcchrau. Dcchreuodd which includes the option for legislative Ulster Volunteers. ‘Roedd Carson ci hun Unoliacth yn ail hanner y 19eg ganrif fel powers covering all internal Welsh wedi cydnabod yn y diwedd mai dim ond gwrthwynebiad i ymreolacth i Iwerddon. affairs. It lists also options for financing eu lies eu hunain oedd gan y Tori'aid mewn ‘Roedd gan y gab “British” ystyr arbennig the assembly and possible electoral golwg pan ddywedodd "What a fool I was! i’r unoliaethwyr. Nid oeddent yn systems to be used. I was only a puppet and so was Ulster and ddaearyddol Brvdeinig nac yn ystyried eu From the Celtic League point of so was Ireland in the political game that hunain yn rhan o “gened! Brydeinig view these Labour Parly proposals do was to gel the Conservative Parly into (Scisnig)” yn yr ystyr Thatcheraidd. Eu not go far enough. However, the power.” disgrifiad ohonynt eu hunain oedd. ‘Roedd conservative Party’s total opposition to ‘Roedd MI5 y tu 61 i bropaganda ar y dwy fath o unoliaethwyr - y rhai yr oedd yr any degree of self-government for cyfryngau fel y stori am lwyth o arfau a undod a Lloegr yn bwysicach na dim arall Wales. and Scotland, remains “ddarganfuwyd" gan yr awdurdodau yn iddynt (fel Molyneux), a’r Teyrngarwyr uncompromising being reinforced yet Teesport yng Ngoglcdd Lloegr ym 1993, y (“Loyalists”) oedd yn Brotestaniaid Ulaidh agin this winter by Prime Minister John dywedwyd eu bod ar eu ffordd o Wlad yn gyntaf ac nad oedd mor hoff o ’r Saeson. Major when he attacked Labour’s Pwyl i ddwylo’r gweriniaethwyr. Nodwyd amlygrwydd sydyn y pleidiau proposals in a flurry o f thinly disguised Rhoddwyd llawer o gyhoeddusrwydd i'r gwleidyddol bach sydd i fod i gynrychioli’r English imperialism on the basis that darganfyddiad ond pan ddatgelwyd bod y grwpiau paramilitaraidd teymgarol. they would "threaten the United cwbl wedi’i drefnu gan MI5, MI6 ac Myncgwyd pryder y gallai’r angen am Kingdom" (i.e. weaken English rule over awdurdodau Gwlad Pwyl ( ‘roedd rhywun o bleidleisiau sydd ar y llywodraeth yn San Celtic territory). Public opinion in Wales Wlad Pwyl wedi gollwng y gath o’r cwd) Stcffan ar hyn o bryd beryglu dyfodol y and Scotland is overwhelmingly in rhoddwyd “D-notice” ar y cyfryngau yn cu broses heddwch. favour o f a degree of home-rule and the gwahardd rhag dweud gair mwy, yn enw Robut ap Tomos Tories maintain the attitude they had “national security". Dyna'r adeg ‘roedd towards home-rule for Ireland at the llywodraeth Llundain dan bwysedd i Summary beginning of this century. Therefore a ymateb yn gadamhaol i ddatganiad Hume- A report of a conference held in priority for us if we are to make progress Adams. ‘Roedd Major wedi dweud wrth London in November by the Troops Out is the removal of the Tory government at lywodraeth Dulyn i wrthod Hume-Adams. Movement with the aim of developing the the next General Election The only other ond nid oeddent am wneud. Cyfciriwyd at campaign for English withdrawal from possible government party is the Labour y bomiau yn Nulyn a Muineachin/ Ireland, in view of the Provisional's Party though the higher the number of Monaghan ym 1974 fel enghraiffl arall o ceasefire. The situation in the six counties Plaid and SNP MPs the higher the MI5 yn ccisio dylanwadu ar lywodraeth is not as the English media would have us likelihood of self-government being Dulyn. believe. delivered. Robat ap Tomos ghnâthurlabhra Mhanann, na hÉireann agus Seodleabhar ar Oidhreacht an chuid is mó d*Albain ar feadh na tréimhsc sin. Tâ a rian sin ar na séadchomharthai agus lagraionn Kermode Cheilteach Mhanann ina réamhrâ don cheangal idir erosa Mhanann agus leaca inscriofa na hÉireann agus croslcaca na hAlban chomh maith le clocha tuama na Breataine Bige. Chaith na Lochlannaigh 400 bliain i Manainn sular comhshamhlaiodh isteach i nGaeil Mhanann ar fad tad. Tâ taifead in Manx Crosses ar na séadchomharthai a d ’fhâg siad sin ina ndiaidh agus dcanann Kermode ceangal idir iad agus clocha Lochi annach i dtuaisceart Shasana. Thâinig roinnt beag Aingliach ó Northumbria inéindi leis na Lochlannaigh agus tâ taifead ar chlocha dâ gcuid sa leabhar. Ba dhliodoir as Rhumsaa é Philip Moore Callow Kermode (1855-1932) a ccapadh ina choimeâdai ar Mhüsaem Mhanann trâth a bhunaithe in 1892. I réamhrâ leis an eagrân nua de Manx Crosses deir David M. Wilson, iarstiürlhôir ar Mhüsaem na Breataine nach bhfuil an saothar sâraithe fds féin. Tâ achoimre san eagrân ar shéadchomharthai a dtângthas orthu 6 1907 i lcith chomh maith le beathaisnéis ghairid ar Kermode, imlcabhar galânta câsâilte faoi cheangal omâidcach c. Philip Moore Callow Kermode (1855-1932) M. Mac A. A new edition of Manx Crosses by P.M.C. Kermode records the work o f Manx Cros Mal Lumkun, Micheál stonecarvers in the . Athfoilsiodh anuraidh lcabhar aid buniisach do stair Mhanann agus, go deimhin, do stair na nGael sa Mheänaois. Sin Manx Crosses le P.M.C. Kermode (The Pinkford Press. 1994, cliidach crua (£32). An t-udar fein a cheadfhoilsigh ar a chostas fein i 1907. DToc se £ 2 9 1.10s le clödöir in Albain as 400 edip - airgead ollmhor ag an am. Is card ata sa leabhar nä cur sios läncruinn ar na sdadchomharthai a raibh colas orthu i 1907 mar aon le pictiuir diobh. Kermode (Mac Diarmada) fein a rinne na lim'ochtai agus m folair gur chaith se na blianta fada ag gabhdil den obair chdireiseach sin. Rinne se plätai frei sin b ghrianghraif agus 6 dhobhardhathanna i Müsaem Mhanann. Rinn Kermode ccannrodaiocht maidir le brf a bhainl as na hinscribhirmi ar na crosa agus leaca. Sa reamhra a sen'obhadh ar Lit Nollag 1906 deir Kermode faoi na seadchomharthai sa leabhar: ‘They constitute a continuous series of monuments dating from the introduction of Christianity into these parts to the beginning of the 13th century.’ N i miste a mheabhrü gur G aeilge a bhi mar Irish Broadcasts on Satellite Raidio na Gacltachta, Ireland's national Tadio service is now broadcasting live on the Astra satellite on Saturday mornings from 11.00 to 13.00 (Irish time). This service is part of Ireland’s national broadcasting service's 24 hour this year from the NJ Arts Council. The Continued Support radio transmission on Channel 22 of Astra Director, Brian Ferrari said "The biggest which broadcasts to most of Western The new three party Coalition government increase in Irish language funding this year Europe at an audio frequency of 7.56 MHz. which came into being at the end o f 1994 goes to the Cultiirlann to act as a co­ To tune into the Irish language broadcast contained commitments to the Irish ordinating centre with a full-time paid switch to Channel 22 and tune into the 7.56 language in its programme. “The Irish official with responsibilities for all Irish MHz sound frequency. You will receive the language has an integral and creative role language arts and activities throughout programme in reception as clear as FM to play in defining Irish identity. We accept Northern Ireland." A total of £95,000 is to radio through the speakers of your TV set, that the Slate must play a leading role in be devoted to arts in Trish including £4,000 albeit with an unwanted picture. Technical expanding the degree of bilingualism in to Newry and Moume Council where a details: Astra lb satellite at 19.2 degrees Irish society and, in particular, in achieving bilingual radio station will broadcast in the East, Channel 22. 11.538 GHz., vertical greater use of Irish" the programme stated autumn and a feis will be run around St. polarisation, audio subcarrier 7.56 MHz). and continued "We will continue to Patrick’s Day. Other grants went to various improve the availability of State services festivals and magazines including a £1,000 through Irish and bilingually, generally and grant to “The Celtic Pen". especially for the people o f the . Famine A list of services which will be provided Bord na Gaeilge meets through Irish or bilingually by the State will be drawn up by all Departments in Belfast Commemorations annually.” At the end of February the first ever Aspirations of course come easy, what is meeting of Bord na Gaeilge north of the needed is concrete action. border was held in the Europa Hotel in 1995 is the hundred and fiftieth Teilifis na Gaeilge Belfast. An Bord visited the Irish medium anniversary of the Great Island Famine schools in the city and various Irish o f 1845. an event etched in the Irish It was announced in late January that the language projects. The Lord Mayor of folk memory. It is being remembered in new station in Irish will broadcast for two Belfast (a Unionist) attended the reception various ways ranging from book hours each evening instead of the three hosted by the Bord and stated that Irish was launches, to seminars, exhibitions and hours proposed previously. So much for the common heritage o f those in tire North artistic events. Paddy Moloney of the general aspirations in Government and that this should be the context in which Chieftains has been commissioned by programmes! £2.5 million is provided for to promote it. Concern to write a Famine Symphony running costs in 1995. However, better which will premiere at the Quebec news was the commitment of £16.1 m in Festival in Canada on July 12th total for the capital cost and that of £10 m following which it will be performed at per year from next year onwards for various venues in the U.S. and Ireland. running costs. The Head o f TnaG. Cathal In Cashel. Co. Tipperary a pageant Goan, said it would be a challenge to have commemorating the Famine through the service on the air by the end o f 1996. drama, music, song and dance will run While disappointed with a two hour start he Monday to Friday (8 p.nt.) from mid was satisfied with the promised finance. June to the end o f September. R.T.ft. would continue to supply one hour's programming in Irish to the new station. R.T.6. is coproducing with Great Northern Productions, Canada a Arts Council Plan for Irish television drama and have also commissioned independent producer, In its three year plan 1995-7 the Arts Louis Marcus, to produce four 30 Council included some Irish projects. One minute programmes. BBC 2 is making of these is a plan to found a residential a three part documentary series on the centre in Ros Nluc, in the Connemara Famine to be broadcast in the autumn. Gaeltacht for all artists who speak Irish. There will be a scries of 16 lectures on This would be in co-operation with Udaras R.T.ft. radio, the book o f the series Micheál 6 Muirchearlaigh, Chairman, na Gacltachta. Bord na Gaeilge and ‘The Great Irish Famine' (Ed. Cathal Bord na Gaeilge Galway Co. Council. It is also intended to Poirteir) is available from Mcrcier found an Irish theatre company in Galway Press. directed at schools. Another proposal is to establish a national agency for the arts The Famine Museum at Strokestown through Irish which would be located in the Cottage House, Co. Roscommon was opened Temple Bar area, the ‘Left Bank’, of West Kerry Gaeltacht, Dun Chaoin. last May. In the Ulster Folk and Dublin. This is the first time that plans for Overlooking Blasket Islands and set in Transport Museum, Holywood, Co. Irish language developments have been rich natural and archeological landscape. Down, a major exhibition "Famine' proposed by the Arts Council and it is a Modem well equipped collage, opens on March 31st including the welcome development traditional style. Sleeps 3. Irish, Somalian and Ethiopian famines. To rent weekly. Many events are also being organised Northern Arts in Britain and Australia, the U.S. and Tel, Micheál 6 Ciosain Canada. The Cultiirlann (Culture Centre) Me Adam (England) 01296 -668565 0 Fiaich is to receive a grant of £50,000 Celtic League Submission to Forum

First may we state that the aim o f this recommend a study of the way Catholics is only one example of this. But while in organisation is to contribute to the struggle and Protestants co-exist peacefully in such our view it should be contributing to a of the six Celtic countries, Scotland, countries as the Netherlands and Germany sense of irish unity, such a recognition is Ireland, Mann, Wales, Cornwall and - where both groups constitute large subordinated by them to the notion of an Brittany, to secure their political, cultural, percentages of the population - and that, if hereditary hostility between the people of economic and social freedom. In particular found appropriate, their example be North-Eastern Ireland and the rest of it advocates the setting up of a formal followed here. Ireland. association between them as soon as two of We believe such theories to be them achieve such freedom. While this contrived and hold on the contrary that may be a long term aim, in the short term they, like the Scots and the Welsh, have the Celtic League seeks to promote better been deliberately kept ignorant of their understanding, closer relations and history and of many aspects of their cooperation between the Celtic peoples and cultural background in order to tie them to their national movements. England. If they were acquainted with all Ethnic and the elements o f their heritage, they would have to recognise that they are much closer cultural to the “mere Irish” than to the English. It would help them to revise, altitudes which background are best understood in terms of cultural deprivation and alienation: alienated people arc bent on decrying their ethnic and Irish-Scottish The population of the Six — as well as linguistic background; being ashamed of it that of the 26-Counties - is undoubtedly of they seek to imitate those who dominate ties mixed ethnic or racial origins but it is of them but seldom succeed in that ambition, predominantly Celtic origin. To quantify so that they are left with a sense of Opponents of the unification of Ireland the “genetic mix" is not possible nor insecurity. The Irish media and particularly in the Six-Counties often refer to their necessary. It is well established however television have an important role to play in Scottish origins in order to stress the that the Irish Gaels, the Scottish Gaels and making the people of the whole of Ireland the Lowlands Scots contributed a good deal differences between them and the rest of more aware of their common cultural the Irish population, ft is therefore relevant more to the pool than the English. Most of heritage and historical roots. It should be to the search for a solution to the problem the Lowlanders who settled in Ulster were technically possible for RTE to broadcast of Noriheastern Ireland to consider the of predominantly Celtic stock. For programmes to that effect that would reach historical and cultural ties which exist centuries, Scot was synonymous with Irish. all parts o f this island. between Ireland and Scotland. If the people The area between the Clyde and Forth Rift of the Six-Counlies were more aware of Valley on the one hand and the Scottish- these ties. Unionist politicians would not he English border on the other was occupied able to assert so glibly that the Republic of by the same people (Ancient Britons) as the Ireland was a foreign State, that the people Welsh up to the end of the first millcnium of the Republic were foreign to them. of this era. Though there were non-Celtic The Celtic League does not consider newcomers to the East of that region, its Lhc religious differences as a prime obstacle population at the time of the Ulster Language to Irish unity. Our membership includes, in plantations would still have been of Today Irish is no longer the vernacular approximately equal proportions, essentially Celtic origin, reinforced as it of the people of Northeastern Ireland Protestants, Catholics and people of other was by Irish settlements in ihe period from except on Shaw’s Road in Belfast in or no religions. In our view, religion should about 400 to 700 A.D. isolated fam ilies but it is not more than not enter into politics. In N.E. Ireland, it is Movements o f population to and fro some decades since it ceased to be used as a means to keep people divided. across the sea between Ireland and One might remark that in an age when a Scotland have gone on since time commonly spoken in the Glens of Antrim, parts of Tyrone and of other counties. For growing percentage of people all over immemorial. The Planters from Scotland instance, in the 1911 census. 106 persons Europe is becoming indifferent to religion, were not the latest wave in that ebb and recorded themselves as Irish speakers on genuine Christians should smely put flow alternation. Think of the number of the Shankill, 547 in Smithficld, 529 in reconciliation and cooperation between Glaswegians o f recent Irish origin! Ormeau, 302 in Windsor and 98 in St. their different denominations before Some Unionists, in their desire to George, all BelfasL districts. There is much sectarian politics. To the extent however distinguish themselves from the "mere in common in the way English is spoken by that Protestants fear that a united Ireland Irish" insist on their "Britishness" but lately the people of all Ulster, be they Catholic or would be dominated by the Catholic in order to boost an identity which they Protestant, and by those of Scotland. But Church, we advocate the strongest possible find wanting they have put forward theories what is not sufficiently well known is that guarantees to be given to them by the Irish about the “Ulidians” being racially distinct Irish and its counterpart State: that their rights in the fields of from the Gaels. An issue (1984) o f the Irish belong to the cultural background of well religion, education, housing and language magazine Lasair contains a over half the Six-County population. Three employment would not be endangered; that refutation of such a thesis, published as a studies have shown this in particular: their civil rights would not be encroached book by Dr. Ian Adamson. It may be noted “Hidden Ulster” by Pádraig Ó Snodaigh, upon by legislation influenced by the that he, like others claiming U.V.F. links, "Some Ulster Surnames" by Pádraig Mac Roman Catholic philosophy when this recognises Ulster's Celtic background. The Giolla Domhnaigh and “I mBcal Feirste differs from theirs, particularly in the areas use of the Red Hand symbol borrowed Cois Cuain" by Brcandán Ó Buachalla. In of marriage and family planning. We from sagas with undeniably Celtic contents for Peace and Reconciliation

education, the media and public life. It is so releasing resources to tackle problems such intimately bound with the history and as unemployment are obvious. geography o f the province that it cannot be treated like a foreign language devoid of interest as is being done at present. A knowledge o f it would indeed make the people feel more secure by restoring to them that sense of identity which they seem to lack now: it would be a factor of unity and stability. Neutrality Efforts being made to promote Irish For the Celtic League, eventual Language medium schools should not be unification must not affect Irish military discriminated against by denial of neutrality. Ireland must remain neutral in recognition and funding. The most blatant order to press more effectively for nuclear examples of this recently have been the disarmament and a reduction of world refusal to grant recognition to Meanscoil tensions. Feirste and Bunscoil an Iuir. The Efforts to gain support for a solution experience in Scotland and Wales and the must not lead to a corruption of Ireland’s support available in those countries for stance as an independent voice in world P. 6 Snodaigh, author ¿¡/"Hidden Ulster Welsh and Gaidhlig medium schools even affairs. when numbers are small should be looked to. The Celtic League is fully committed to the promotion of Irish and to all efforts the 1659 Survey, the population of Ulster being made to restore the language as a was relumed as 103,923: of these 63,272 living and vital cultural component in our were Irish and 40,651 were listed as country. The potential of the language to “English and Scotch”. In every county the encourage cross community links in the Irish outnumbered the others. Irish was the Conclusions North should be recognised and support majority language except in some towns, in given to efforts such as these by a group of A solution to the Six-County problem East Donegal, in the barony o f Coleraine must be found by Dublin-London and in the area between Lisburn and Lame. women from the Shankill Rd area (who visited Irish medium schools in the Cork agreement in an All-Ireland framework. P. 6 Snodaigh shows also (Hidden Ulster area in November) to found an Irish Irish sovereignly over the whole island pp 5-9) that most of the settlers from medium primary school in their area. must be recognised, with a concomitant Scotland came from Gaelic speaking areas. The place of the Irish language and the reorganisation of political structures to A knowledge of Irish is essential for an facility to promote its use in the education allow for the differences between the understanding o f hundreds of the surnames system and in other areas must be Protestant communities and the rest of the listed by P. Mac Giolla Domhnaigh but guaranteed in any settlement. Irish population if necessary. Various more so for knowing the meaning of most arrangements existing in other countries geographical names in the Six-Counties. should be examined: the German Laendcr The increasing social disintegration that system, autonomy as in the Faroes, the can be observed in many countries today is Swiss canton o f local government, etc. due in no small measure to the fact that Any solution must address die issues of people have no longeT a sense of belonging community policing and demilitarisation to a place or to a community: they aTe and set up structures to ensure that no uprooted. A proper education would have discrimination exists in social and to acquaint them with the meaning of the Economy linguistic fields or in employment. names of the people and of the places If London has declared it no longer has around them. In that respect, replacing the We shall not discuss at length the any strategic interest in the North of Ireland names of townlands in postal addresses by economic aspects. The benefits to be it should become a persuader in promoting numerical post codes is objectionable as derived from interconnection of the an agreed settlement. An essential element being a further step towards alienation. electricity systems is one such. Cooperation in this is to set a date for long term Let us just mention another important in the areas of agricultural, fishing and withdrawal. The interim period can be aspect of Irish culture which belongs to the tourism have obvious advantages. The guaranteed by a United Nations heritage o f all the Irish, namely music. It Celtic League would consider that peace-keeping force to oversee transitional was in 1796, in the house of the membership of the EU has been of dubious arrangements. McCracken “in the bosom of the rationalist benefit to Ireland. While money has gone Any agreement reached should provide into agricultural and infrastuctural projects Presbyterian Belfast (that) the renaissance thai the funds now going to the North the number of unemployed has steadily of Irish music took place, the precursor by should be guaranteed over die transitional a century of the Irish Gaelic revival "(Mary increased to exceed the quarter million period with control over disbursement Mac Ndill, The Life and Times o f Mary mark. EU support however is essential to being ceded gradually to the new agreed Ann McCracken)". ensure that a political settlement will be structures set up. It should therefore be possible for the connected to economic benefit and this aim people of Northeastern Ireland to must be pursued. The cost of the J.B. Moffatt, Dec. 1994 understand how important it is to give tile maintenance of partition has been clearly General Secretary, Irish language adequate recognition in stated many times and the advantages of Celtic 1 .eague A C am paign The Framework Document Too F ar The long awaited Framework President, Gerry Adams welcomed the Before the United Kingdom’s media Document was eventually unveiled on publication o f the document as clearing the embrace too readily the “bandwagon” February 22nd by John Major, British way for inclusive peace talks and for the which is rolling to seek the release of Prime Minister and John Bruton, Irish next phase of the peace process but said no convicted murdered Lee Clegg, they Taoiseach. A somewhat tortuous and definitive response would be forthcoming might consider the record o f Clegg, the complicated document its most significant from his party until after their Ard Fheis. Parachute Regiment, and the British feature is that it is not an agreed outline for The main Unionist Parties as may have Army in general during many tours of a political settlement but a set o f proposals been expected from their reaction to leaks duly in Northern Ireland. for discussion by all parties involved. The some weeks previously were virulent in Clegg is being elevated almost to the document suggests possible structures and their criticism calling the document “a level of a living martyr by the media. while stressing the need for cross manifesto leading to the creation of a new This latter position is surprising in a community agreement states that the United Ireland". body which finds similar eulogising by structures would be most effectively It may in fact be no such , the IRA of its dead distasteful. The negotiated as part of a three stranded however, with such a reaction and the United Kingdom media is quick to process in direct dialogue involving the emphasis in the document itself on the condemn, what it calls, the callous use of relevant political parties in the North who need for consent it will be interesting to violence by the IRA. it however would be called on to operate them. see what tactics the Unionists eventually undermines its own credibility when it The possible arrangements include a adopt in relation to it. No doubt in the effuses the sort of coverage provided For 90 seat Assembly elected by proportional Clegg. representation, along with a Panel (of The British Army in Ireland has a possibly three) elected from the six bad record, but its only fair to say that, counties as one constituency. These would for the most part that tarnished image operate with a system of Assembly devolves from the behaviour of key Committees where make up would be regiments such as the parachute brigade proportional to party strengths in the and Royal Marine Commando. No better Assembly to oversee the work of illustration of this can be used than that Government Departments. The Panel’s depraved and obscene little tableau powers might include the right to nominate constructed at Private Lee Clegg’s base Assembly Committee chairmen (who to symbolise the “paras" glee at the | would effectively act as Ministers) and murder of Karen Reilly and her ! vice Chairmen and to scrutinise and if colleague. These are not men, they arc necessary block legislation - Panel animals, and Lee Clegg whom we are decisions to be taken by consensus. now to believe was a victim of the A North-South body of Irish system, was one of them. Government and Northern Heads of Majella O ’Hare, 12 years old, was Departments should be set up to carry out walking with a group o f friends to her James Molyneaux, executive, harmonising, or consultative local chapel near Whitecross in South Ulster Unionist Party Leader functions in areas designated initially by Armagh in August 1976. Two bullets the two Governments or later agreed penetrated her back and ripped out her between Dublin and Belfast months ahead much more will be written stomach. She was dead by the time she administrations. The British Government on the possibilities of interpretation. If reached hospital. The ritual cover up recognise that it is for the people of Ireland there are no negotiations and no agreement eventually ended when the RUC alone to bring about Unity if that is their is forthcoming what happens? If the admitted they were “now certain that wish while the Irish Government accept ceasefires hold will the British Majella was hit by two bullets from a that self-determination by' the people of Government in any ease be prepared to machine-gun fired by a soldier of the Ireland as a whole is subject to consent of develop the North-South institutions it j Third Parachute Regiment”. a majority in the North. Reaction was committed itself to in the Joint Declaration The C legg fam ily and the retired predictable with all Dail parties welcoming so Unionists might as well start negotiating | parachute regiment Officers, so the document. In the North Sinn Fein in their own interests. vociferous in support of justice for Clegg, might ruminate on the lack o f justice and English ruling class to absorb and humanity shown by the Parachute b e tte r assimilate their Celtic neighbours. Being in Regiment to its victims, many o f them a situation of complete subjugation to young people killed in NorLhem Ireland. X Charrey England it would not be possible for Alba Now Northern Secretary' Mayhew has etc. to participate in any other comparable decreed that C legg’s sentence is to be The diagram on page 23 of Carn 88 association at the same time. 1 reviewed in June; an unprecedented move showing a harmonious compromise The principle that Cymru, Alba and i as review is normally not carried out until between “Aontacht na nGacl” and the Kernow should have a special association ten years of a sentence have been served. “United Kingdom" docs not lake into with England, as inhabitants of the island We call upon the Secretary of Suite account the nature of the latter. The “U.K.’* of Britain, to deal with matters affecting for Northern Ireland to verify Clegg's is not an amicable association of nations but the whole island, in addition to being part sentence and to launch an enquiry into a single centralist imperialist stale. It of the Celtic confederation, may have some the murderous behaviour of the corresponds to England in the same way value. However such a set-up would in no Parachute Regiment in Northern Ireland that the French Republic corresponds to way be a continuation o f the "U.K." We over the past twenty five years. Perhaps France. The English parliament has can hope to co-exist peacefully with when the British media settle and absolute power to treat the Celtic territory England, but not with English imperialism. consider more dispassionately the under it as it pleases, without the limitations Lhiats situation of ex Private Clegg they might imposed by constitution (it hasn’t one) or Robat ap Tomos. support our call. the need to take notice o f our people’s London Branch Secretary. J.B. Moffatt wishes. It has long been an aspiration of the suppogez dreeg ail Kernowian scoothia an Eneth mouy nye reeg derevall aman ha Pewa an Mateam Charles la, whalhe thcra rag fra thew an Gurin Sowsnack, ha hedna ve cn nag era dotha hanow daa gena nye, rag e a 1688 pa ve an Espack Trclawney towlez tha dowlas Jooan Elyot tha pressen rag drigava pressen, buz e ve dillez ha reeg walkia ken Kernowian derevali aman Lever Bean an Gwcer, naha an Kernowian tha moaz rage buz polge bean. than Mateam an gweer a thraffa Lollow heb Ma hebma merkia duath an rish heer a kibmias an Parliament; Elyot a verwez en sordians bedn an Sausen; alcna rage an Radn 5 Tour Loundrcs, ha na venga Charles deez Kernuack ve kevez aman mouy ha golheffia dressa e gorff marow doaz trea mouy en veadge an wheal stcan han jin Ooz an rebellians en Kemow a theaLh tha Kernow rag boaz anclethez. Mouy tane, ha hedna reeg usia nil go nearth the thuath cn 1549. En vlcthanma Arundell dewethas, na ve dowescz en Kemow edn tereba fall an whealoberma tua duath an Hellan a leadias lu ihur Bosvena, kelmez an ombroviers officiali benag o henwez gen 19vas cansbleihan... heb comptia peth an dia Loundrcs rag protesila bedn an Lever an Gurin rag Parliament; en gweer. c ve wheal pusgetsha ha gunnez teer, han leeas Pedgadow noweth lebma dalvea pubonen leaders angye reeg an Kernowian scoothia Kemow reeg servia vel teez mocr drez oil usia an Sowsnack en eglez.ow. Suas, na kenz. vel an Mateam, ha pa reeg an bressel an bez. Buz kerte daralla cw hedna. reeg an Kernowian wheelas dressa an dal lath na ve tra seer mesk rima pewa Richard Gendull ordenal bo ay. en Kemuack. buz na ressava dalvea angye scoothia; e ve dri/.lcbmall Summary boaz en Lathcn alena Tage! Na reeg dreeg an Kernowian ombla rag an Mateam. For Cornwall the age of rebellion came traveeth doaz meaz an veadge ma, conorea. Pewa benag. diera nye parrez tha moaz to an end with the Great Prayer Book En nessa radn an cansblethanma tcez meaz bedn an Sausen heb daungcr, ha gon Rebellion of 1549, but Cornishmen had not Kemow ve lednez nevra mouy tha gwary lu a ombrovas mar gallish ha crcve na oiga forgotten their quarrel with the English. pardi en story Pow an Sausen, a kelly nebas hedna an Parliamentarian savall wor agon They settled old scores in the Great Civil ha nebas an bownas enwedgack angye, ke bidn mulbew dabm. Ouga Grenville tha War when, supporting their leaders rather nag o hebnia kcllez warbarth. E ve tua voaz lcthez. e valga than lu Kemuack dro than the King, the Cornish Army proved 1600 dreeg Carew merkia fatei venga an an wheal angye gwreze, ha gyc a drailias invincible They threatened to rise again Kernowian gorriby, Me na vadna cowz a tua trea. Pa reeg Fairfax deffola Kemow cn when Trclawney was imprisoned, but he Sowsnack, mor quressa onen goofen thur 1646 nango an lu Kernuack squalchez was released before the uprising had got angye an vorr own cn Sowsnack! aman... nag era eve enna tha erria wor e under way. Thenceforward Cornish Dehogall, nag o matter an streef trcelh bidn... buz en mean termcn tho an energies were taken up by the expanding an Kernowian han Sausen nakevez, ha pa Kernowian conten tez, rag war an duath tho tin industry until this collapsed towards the reeg skidnia an Bresscl Civili gyc a gawas tastez gen an Sausen fatcl ova boaz. fethez end of the 19th century, and by fishing and labm spladn rag settia an rcken. E ve gena nye, ha lecas turn! farming.

wodhya ewnans pan veu kempennys Ytho y hyllir leverei an yelh kemewek Dastrehevel Yethow Iythercnns an yeth, yn sompcl scriobhtha dhc dhrchcdhcs an gradh ma, gradh scyih. ‘written' a dheudh ha bos scriofa, Hcrwydh Professor Fishman an Ny yll yeth scvel stag yn unn savia congnamh ‘help’ a janjvas dhe conamh, ha hweghes gradh a vydh an huni a veur hepken. Po koedha dhe enewores po scvel lies ger a holyas an keth fordh dhe vos vcrn. Ynno an yeth a dremen a'n vamm yn fyw a wra hi. Pan gewsir a-dro dhc’n scmpclhcs rag disk wed lies gwir son an ger. dhe'n flcghes avcl 'yeth an varlcnn’, yeth kemewck y hwelir hy bos ow mos yn Ha Kembrek ynwcdh a-ji an termyn a yndclla ow resek a henedh dhc henedh. rag gans nerlh an bobel a glapp ynni pub 1893 bys dhe 1923 pan veu dyllys Orgraff Gwynn agan bys bos gencn yn Kemow dydh. Mes treweythyow y'gan deur a y lailh Cymraeg gans Morris Jones a berlhi leyluyow may fydh Kernewek kewsys woslowcs orili tus a-ves a-gan bys agan dadhal yn m ysk an re a vynna ewna ynter an gerens ha’n fleghes. Ny woer den honan ha synsys meur yth ov dhe Diarmuid lytherennans an yeth. y’n bys mar kwra homma pesya mes ny Cicren O'Neill, neb a dryg yn Kanada, ow Ni a woer bos hwath dew system yn a’gan beus an dhallelhva. tri dhymm rannow lyver skrifys gans Breton Vyghan, an eyl UB ha’y gila ZH. Polla hwath skolyow may fydh dyskys Professor J. Fishman. An lyver ma yw Ytho nyns cus sowdhan an keth tra dhe an yeth a vydh sevys ha pan vo drchcdhys ‘Reversing Language Shift’. Orili tybyans hwarvos yn Kemewek. Mes dres oil y fydh an ughella gradh oli, gradh onan. y hyllir an den skiansek ma, y hyllir musura savia an re a dhevnydlt an yeth y ’ga bywnans kcwsel ha skrifa an yeth yn pub som an an yeth kemewek par dell yw hi y'n cur ma pubdydhck a wra dewis wostiwedh an furv bywnans pubdydhek a-denewen an kreffa hag ervira py par fordh a vydli gwella dhe a blegyo dhcdlta heb mellya gans gans an yeth. holya. Professor Fishman a lever bos eih re na gews Kemewek. Dres agan golok yma hwath an gradh gradh mayth yskynno yeth ha bos Herwydh towlenn Professor Fishman ughcl ma mes strivvn ni may fo krevhcs an dastrehevys. An isella oil, an ethves, yw rannyethow a yll bywa ryp an yeth yelh yntredhon heb skoelya na termyn nag ‘daswruthyl’ an yeth yw gyllys gwann, ow kemniyn. arghans na nerlh a-dro dhc draow euver. sawya hy gerva ha’y gramar. Pan vo Hag a-ji an clhves gradh ynwcdh yma peub ahanan herwydh an galloes eus ganso hemma gwrys y fydh res dewis py par edhomm a dhyghla may fo bagasow a dus po gcnsi. rannyeth a vydh an huni gemmyn dhe ow tyski an yeth ha'y usya. dhyski. An seythves gradh a vydh ordena Summary Ni a woer pub yeth keltek dhe berilli kuntellcsow a lies eghenn may fydh an yeth Review of thè hook "Reversing galar an gradh ma. yn sompcl Gwydhclek kewsys. Language Shift" by Professor J Fishman. ynter an blydhynyow 1945 ha 1949 a collection of knights in shining armour! Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance Merlin too, rather than being begotten by an incubus is shown as the son o f the sun, Roger Sherman Loomis and another Curoi figure. Loomis defends (Constable, London, 1993) this preponderance of solar imagery by reference to early mediaeval religious Stg£14.95 (hb) language. St Patrick, he suggest, took great ISBN 0-09-472800-3. pains to depict Christ as sol versus, the ‘True Sun”, while Gildas in sixth century Wales implied dial Christ was literally the This book, originally published in This Welsh material was then adopted in sun. Even those bishops who in 697 AD 1926, is Loomis’ ground-breaking study of Brittany, and was being adapted by Breton ratified St Adamnan’s law against women the pagan Celtic background to the conteurs for French society as early as fighting in war invoked the sun as an Arthurian romances of the Middle Ages. 1050 AD. By the 12th century, the resultant clement of God. The implication is clear: Seeking to work back from the romances to Arthurian romantic tradition was extremely solar worship was incorporated in Celtic their ultimate mythological origins, Loomis popular on the continent, and was Christianity due to the identification of uses as his sources pagan Irish myths reintroduced to Britain in its new form by solar divinities with Christ by early (reworked by Christian commentators), old the Anglo-Norman nobility. mediaeval theologians. Its religious Welsh and Breton legends, French. German Having dealt with the evolution of the inoffensiveness allowed it to be included in and English romances. Arthurian legends, Loomis turns to an the early Arthurian material, and it was As in his The Grail: From Celtic Myth analysis of the various elements. The preserved (although unrecognised) to Christian Symbol, Loomis’ scheme of sophisticated, knightly inhabitants of throughout the evolution to courtly Arthurian evolution is important and Arthur’s court are stripped of their romance. clearly laid out. The starting point, he chivalrous veneer and stand revealed as a If the knights are disguised solar asserts, is pagan Irish mythology. On the rather unexpected gathering. Gawain is deities, what o f the ladies? Loomis traces basis of persona] names and story motifs he uncovered as Cu ChuLain (who is further the women of Arthur’s court to flower suggests a strong Welsh tradition of revealed as a ‘young’ Curoi Mac Daire): maidens such as Blathnait/Budeuwedd and borrowing Irish themes, and although the Lancelot, Lot king of . Lac and vegetaLion deities such as the Green earliest certain dating of such cultural Lambegues are discovered to be Lugh; Demeter (a reference taken from the borrowing is 795 AD, he is of the opinion while Geraint, Gaheris. Agravain and Erec classical geographer Strabo, who compared that Irish mythology had found its way into are identified with Curoi Mac Daire. All o f pagan British religion to the worship of Welsh legend by the sixth century at least. these are further solar figures: truly a Demeter on the Island of Samolhrace). Like their knights, they are essentially pagan deities who have been disguised, and (b) a ‘fine-tuned’ but historically Chriatianised, and forgotten. jie t t & i justified phonemic spelling: Common, Finally Loomis turns to the central representing as accurately as possible the figure of Arthur: if his knights are solar distinctive sounds of Middle Cornish deities while the ladies are flower maidens, Dear Editor [incidentally does anybody seriously whal is Arthur? Is he too a god? Loomis R.R.M. Gendall's article in Carn believe that the classic ‘Passyon Agan thinks not: unlike the other inhabitants of Winter 1994/95: Modern Cornish and Arloedh' was originally written in the court of the Round Table, who are gods Standardisation begins "There appears to Unified or worse. Common? If anybody disguised as humans, Arthur is a human be considerable misunderstanding as to does it would take less than five minutes disguised as a god. Loomis sees the name what is meant by Modern Cornish as well to disabuse them], and (2) Modern as having no mythological connections, and as by the standardisation o f its Revived Late Cornish with largely as probably being derived from the Roman orthography’ and sets out in fact what Mr historically attested spellings, or if Mr “Artorius”. Arthur, Loomis suggests was a Gcndall and the Gendall will insist on playing with words historical figure, a Romano-British war Council (not to be confused with The Modern Revived “Modem" Cornish. He leader who sought to unify Britain against Cornish Language Board) mean and think should not play on the senses of the word the Saxons. His success led to his everybody else should mean and “modem" in order to make us believe that mythologisation, marrying him to a understand by “(Modern Cornish and the there was no break in cultural vegetations goddess, making his best friend standardisation of its orthography”. If the transmission between his Modem Cornish a solar divinity, giving him a son from a term "modern" had been around in the of the 17th to 18th centuries and his (typically divine) incestuous union. This Middle Ages then a contemporary Modern Revived “Modern" or Late British chieftain rode out of the squalid commentator might well have applied it Cornish. Given that there was a break it is world of sixth-century war, and into myth. correctly to describe the Middle Cornish a perfectly legitimate exercise to base a As Loomis says, “(i)t was a singular trick he heard around him. It would have been modern revived language on earlier, i.e. of fate that this obscure leader of a quite incorrect on the other hand to refer less historically recent forms of the temporary resurgence of the Britons should to Modern Cornish between the end of the original, providing it is made clear how have become not only the perpetual 18th century and the beginnings of the and why one is doing it. Likewise if what embodiment of the British hope, but should revival in the 20th, for the simple reason Mr. G endall is doing is a bridging also have become the central figure of the that Modern Cornish of any kind (Late or operation he should say so and not accumulated mythology of a thousand Revived) to all intents and purposes did deliberately exploit the ambiguity of the years” (353). not exist. Mr Gcndall concludes “It is term “modern” to imply the Modern Although originally published almost quite incorrect to term the revived forms Revived “.Todem ” Cornish is somehow 70 years ago, this book remains valuable. of Cornish known as U nified and better (because more “modern”?) than Loomis sets out his case clearly, with many Common as Modern Cornish for they are Modem Revived Medieval Cornish and illustrating examples, and does not presume based upon M ediaeval (or Middle) thus purely on his definition the only kind that the reader has knowledge of the Cornish, as their protagonists have been at of "Modem Cornish” worthy of the name original languages of the source material. A pains to reiterate’. and indeed worth bothering about. general readership may thus benefit from My understanding of Modem Cornish Gorhemmynnadow an gwclla kentek. his scholarship in this wide-ranging book is as follows: (1) Modem Revived largely which lays the groundwork for later, more Medieval Cornish with (a) an invented Philip Chadwick specialist Arthurian studies. somewhat idiosyncratic spelling: Unified Lesley Grant boll agh. Cha nel y chooid smoo jeh ny Giarrey Seose y Reeriaght Sostnee toiggal dy vel yn ashoonaghys oc hene feer lajer. V'ad rieau coontey y Reeriaght Unnaneyssit dy ve yn un red as Unnaneyssit? Sostyn Vooar as cha mie lhieu red CTbce oddys soilshaghey magh nagh vel shen kiart. Ta sleih dy liooar ayns Sostyn fys shen ec ny Soslnee. Ta ram jeu Ta ny mynlee (minorities) syn Oarpey smooinaghtyn dy vel ny hanschaslyssyn cliaghtey smooinaghtyn dy vel jee- ayns foayr jeh ‘Oarpey ny Rhcynnyn- cddyr ny Thorceyn as yn Cheshaght- veanaghey ny red quaagh ta boirey er Cheerey-. Ta shen dy gira, brishey seose Obbree Ghoaldagh chcel dy ve ny sloo Celtiee keoi nyn lomarcan. Cha nel eer fys ny steatyn mooarey ayns rheynnyn-cheerey gagh laa. Foddee nagh vel shoh kiart er ry-gheddyn er ny rheynnyn-cheerey as cur pooar ennagh da ny rheynnyn- chor erbee. Ga dy vel Tony Blair cur yn oik Sostnagh veagh ayn. Beagh Merseyside fo cheerey shen. Ta’n lheid er ny yannoo sy er niarl sleih sy Cheshaght-Obbree liorish Manchuin ny beagh eh ‘scyr’ ny lomarcan? Spaainey as va vondeish cc ny Giarmaanee geiyrt er fassail dy mooar, t'eh bunnys Beagh Sheffield fo smaghi Leeds? Bccagh hannah veih ny shenn laghyn. Agh ta'n shickyr nagh bcagh reiltys ayns Lunnin ny shenn rceriaghlyn Anglo-Hostnagh aa- Reeriaght Unnaneyssit (ta shen dy ghra, fo’n Cheshaght-Obbree goll rish reiltys fo vloghit? Ta ram obbyr dy vc jeant, as la ny Sostyn) as y Rank siane noi shen. ga dy vel ny Thoreeyn. Er y chooid sloo, veagh Thoreeyn jerkal dy bee brock jeant vees y Rank er jee-veanaghey red ny ghaa. Tra reiltys Sheshaght-Obbrec prowal geddyn vondeishagh dauesyn. la reiltys Lunnin gaccan mychione smaght rey rish ny deiney kcoi er y skian jesh va Bcntyn rish Nalbin, ta p3art jeh ny yn Vrusheyl, L'ad jarrood dy vel ny Celtiee lhiggit magh ass ny thieyn baanrit ec y shenn noidyn cheet roo reeshtagh. Ayns ny er surranse y red chcddin (as foddey ny Thooder. Foddee nagh bee yn cab siane bleeantyn jeih as tree feed, ren sleih goll smessey) rish keeadyn dy vleeaniyn. Bee speeideilagh, agh veagh yn Cheshaght- rish Tam Dalycll as Neill Kinnock stroie yn eh doillee dy liooar dy chroo ’Oarpey ny Obbree prowal dy gheddyn rey roo as dy cab dy chuT reiltys-hcne da N albin as Rheynnyn-Cheercy '. chaghlaa ram reddyn clley ta er vc jeant cc Bretin. Dy jarroo, la’n chooid sraoo dy Orree Crennell ny Thoreeyn Sostnagh. *leih er nyarrood dy ren yn cab shoh Agh erskyn ooilley, ta un anchaslys marroo reiltys Callaglian as lhiggey da’n The dominant nationalisms in the larger feer vooar eddyr ny Thoreeyn as yn Thooder cheet sliagh European states make it difficult to achieve, Cheshaght-Obbree Ghoaldagh, Shen pollys Cha nel Tam Dalycll, yn oltey jeh Kiare a Europe of the Regions. (policy) yn Cheshaght-Obbree mychione as Feed y Ghoal son Lothian Heear, er reiltys-hcne ayns Nalbin as ayns Bretin, as nynsaghey vcg. T ’eh Toast noi seyrsnys y treealtys dy chur quaiyllyn da ny Nalbin. My vees ard-whaiyl ayns Nalbin. rheynnyn-cheerey ayns Sostyn. Dy t'eh feer voirit mychione olteyenyn Yn Ghaelg firrinagh, cha nel yn Cheshaght-Obbree Albinagh vees foast ayns Kiare as Feed y Summer Courses Ghoaldagh ayns foayr jeh cur monney Ghoal. Veagh smaghi oc er cooishyn pooar da ny Bretnee: quaiyl veagh oc, gyn Sostnagh! Foddee nagh vel Dalycll boirit in Manx Gaelic pooar harrish kecshyn. As ga dy bcagh yn dy row (as dy vel) wheesh smaghi ec The courses are meant for all those ard-whaiyl Albinagh abyl dy chaghlaa Sostnee er Albinee nagh vod ny Albinee interested in learning the native language keeshyn, cha beagh y pooar shen feer breimmey gyn kied vcih Lunnin. Agh cha of the . The 1995 courses will niartal. Agh ny-yei shen as ooilley. ga nagh nodmayd jerkal dy jean Dalycll caghiaa yn be slanted towards those who already bee Celtiee ennagh coontey monney jeh aigney cchey. She dooinney lajcr as ncu- have some knowledge of Manx, but treealtyssyn yn Cheshaght-Obbree loobagh t'ayn. Cooinee er yn aght ren eh committed beginners will be able to cope. Ghoaldagh mychione jee-veanaghey geiyrt er y Thooder mychione cooish y There will be opportunities to Relgrano. Agh ec y traa chcddin, cha nel (devolution), ta ny treealtysyn shoh jannoo experience oLhcr aspects of Manx culture, anchaslys mooar eddyr ny Thoreeyn as monney siedi ayns yn Cheshaght-Obbree ta such as the music and songs. lught Blair. Ta ny Thoreeyn siane noi jee- goll rish Dalycll. Myr shen, lhisagh Blair Course A: Monday 7 August until Friday veanaghey erbee. Dy jarroo, la ny ve abyl dy chur jee-veanaghey er e 11 August 1995. Thoreeyn er chur bunnys ooilley y pooar hoshiaght, ga dy bee eh doillee pollys Course B: Monday 14 August until ayns Lunnin ny lomarcan. baghtal ‘yannoo da Sostyn. Friday 18 August 1995. Mysh feed blein er dy henney, va’n By vie lesh ny ravallyn (rebels) masiey Course B will be slightly more arganys chcddin goll er sy Reeriaght ny Thoreeyn goll crash dys Sostyn Veg. advanced ill an Course A, but you can lake Unnaneyssit mychione reiltys-hcne da ny S’olk lhieu dy vc! laghyn gloyroil yn either Course A or Course B on their own hAlbinee as Bretnee. Y red noa nish, shen y impiraght ersooyl. T’ad cur fcoh da (Course fee £30), or Course A followed treealtys dy lhiggey da pooar ennagh goll joarreeyn quaagh ayns yn ‘Oarpey’ as by B (Course fee £45). ennagh voish Lunnin dys rheynnyn-cheerey gobbal dy vel Sostyn hene syn Oarpey. Information on travel and Hostyn. Oddagh shoh ve ny red gaueagh T'ad goaill greim er gagh skeeal (firrinagh accommodation from the course ny foasley) oddys soilshaghey magh v da'n Cheshaght-Obbree Ghoaldagh, cr y fa organiser. Dr Brian Stowcll. Manx dy nhegin daue goaill toshiaght veih'n vun smaghi ec sleih kcoi sy Vrusheyl (Brussels) Language Officer. Murray House, Mount ayns Sostyn. Ta fys mie dy liooar ec ny er sleih surransagh y Ghoal. Son shickyrys. Havelock. Douglas, Isle of Man, 1M1 hAlbinee as ny Bretnee ere yirtnagh adsyn by vie lesh ymmodec Thorceyn tayrn y 2SG, British Isles. Tel: -*44-624-685813. dy bcagh jee-veanaghey checl. Cha nel y Ghoal magh ass yn Unnaneys Oarpagh dy First Manx Literature Award Chronicles of Mann Aid Aundyr Lettyraght Ghaclgach (The Manx Literature Award) was awarded to Bob Carswel] for his book of There is no doubt that as the various poetry in Manx. Shelg yn Drane, (Hunt the factions square up to do battle over funds Rhyme). The book contains 14 poems in to develop the Peel Heritage Centre the Manx and 2 in English. It also carries Manx Museum is clearly demonstrating the translations of the Manx poems. efficiency of its PR machine. ATd Aundyr Lettyraght Ghaelgagh is a A presentation in the main foyer Of the biennial award; the trophy was Museum buildings in Douglas, complete commissioned by Caarjyn ny Gaelgey. with scale model, conveys vividly the The AIB Bank has sponsored the award attractive nature of the project envisaged. by putting up the prize money o f £500. In addition the Museum has produced a The Chairman o f Caarjyn ny Gaelgey glossy brochure, at present only unveiled to (The Friends of the Manx Language), Mr. the select few, which sets out in Peter Karran. MHK, expressed his delight considerable detail the range and scope of that the AIB Bank had the vision to see the the historical message the new centre importance of protecting the culture of the would convey. Interestingly the Museum, Isle of Man and he hoped to see more Bob Carswell in pursuance of their goal of achieving the support in the future from the finance go ahead are even prepared to adapt in turn provide more literature and sector for the Manx linguistic heritage. previously held positions on key issues. promote a greater interest in the language He went on to say that the £500 prize Their apparent ambivalence to the fate in the future. money sponsored by the .AIB Bank should of the Chronicles o f Mann and ihe isles has Copies can be obtained from Bob help to encourage, and off-set the costs, of long been a bone of contention between the Carswell by ringing 629928 with those Manx authors who wished to write Celtic League and the Museum. Indeed to appropriate code. through the medium of Manx, which will date far from assisting in the return of the manuscript from the to its Cregeen Memorial particularly appropriate, since Cregeen was rightful home, the Museum has tended to a stone-mason by trade and would have adopt a position of partisan support for the undoubtedly worked the same material. Chronicles theft. On the 2()th November 1994, a special Thank must go to the Reverend In the Museum's glossy presentation service held in Manx at Arbory Parish Geoffery Clayton, Vicar of Arbory, Cathy pack for MHKs etc. (mentioned above) Church saw the unveiling of a plaque to the Clucas and T.E. Cubbon, Monumental there is evidence that the Museum memory of Archibald Cregeen, the Mason for their efforts in bringing this hierarchy has undergone an almost “St Paul compiler of the first published Manx memorial into being. like conversion”. In section 3.15 of the English dictionary (first impression 1835). Apart from the dictionary itself (which document under the heading The The date commemorated the 220th is an invaluable reference for modern Chronicles of Mann we are told “from anniversary of Cregeen’s baptism in that students) and his own grave-stone, this cubicles within the framing vaults come the same church, and the event was arranged plaque is believed to be the only voices of the monks of Rushen Abbey who by Mec Vannin and Yn Cheshaght commemoration of the man who worked so are carefully recording the deeds and Gailckagh. Crcgecn's grcat-grcai-grcat- hard and left so much for Manx heritage. events of Viking rule ■ on the opposite wall grand-daughter, Mrs Vivienne Foley Earlier in 1994, the Manx government enlargements from the pages of the performed the unveiling of the plaque spent thousands o f pounds erecting life size original 'Chronicles of Mann' reveal more which carried a gilded inscription upon bronze replicas of English comedians of the Island's unique store." Obviously as distinctive black Pooil-Vaaish marble George Formby (who spent a fortnight in this is part of the planned display the obtained from a nearby site. This was Mannin in 1936 making a spoof file in the Museum recognise not just the historical T.T. races) and Norman Wisdom (who has significance but also the indisputable retired to the island) as part of the aborted origins of the Chronicles. "Douglas 2000" project. The Celtic League support the Museum in its objectives in establishing the Peel MANX DANCE IN SCHOOLS centre but the credibility of the stages in The English National curriculum in its history that are portrayed will only be first form seemed bound to drive various enhanced if it recognises that the forms of Local Studies off the curriculum. Chronicles belong on this Island in their The time which was to be devoted to the so- charge. It is past time they dispensed with called core subjects was leaving little time the academic and institutional niceties for a range of other activities. The latest between themselves and the British Library' version of the National curriculum which and joined our call for the Chronicles will arrive in schools shortly is asking for return. lime to be found on the Physical Education As indicated above the Museum have syllabus for Country Dancing. A meeting clearly demonstrated their willingness to was called recently to look into the viability confront bitter critics of the Peel Heritage of Manx Country Dance to fulfil this new Centre and argue strongly with politicians requirement. Attending the meeting were and others on the island, their case for teachers who have for years been funds. If they have the courage to fight introducing Manx Dance to children, often here for that project, surely they have the on a voluntary basis, and others who see ability to do likewise in London and this as an opportunity for putting it on an demand the Chronicles return... now! official footing. A working party has been Archibald Cregeen set up to look into the matter further. Ned Maddrell llliam Dhone Memorial Lecture Com memoration On Friday, 25th November 1994, the tenth annual lecture was held at the Manx Museum, Douglas, in memory o f the last o f A £4,200 Memorial to Manx martyr the old native speakers of Manx, Ned llliam Dhone will be constructed in the Maddrell (1877-1974). The guest speaker House of Keys' members' room. (Manx on this occasion was the Cornishman Parliament) Richard Gendall (accompanied by his wife The suggestion was the result of almost Jan and by Merfyn Phillips), who spoke in three years' deliberation by the Tynwald some detail about certain chapters in the Management Committee. history of Cornish, notably its retreat in the llliam Dhone was executed as a traitor face of the slow, steady encroachment of at Hango Hill in 1663 after attempting to English, its disappearance in the last seize control of the Island to prevent it century and the spectacular revival during being taken over by parliamentarians. But the past decade of the historically authentic his appeal was upheld after his death. form o f the language which survived into The commemorative stained glass the age of the Industrial Revolution and window will face the stairs leading from the which comes down to us in a good number Keys' lobby to the Tynwald chamber. of prose writings of the time. Tony Brown, MHK (Castletown), who It is sad but true that Manx Gaelic first moved that llliam Dhone should be revivalists have usually looked to Ireland or commemorated within the Tynwald Scotland rather than to Cornwall for their precincts said: “I am saddened it has taken inspiration, as the parallels between Manx so long to get to this stage but, that being and Modern Cornish (i.c. that spoken said, I think it’s correct that we should between 1550 and 1800) are many and commemorate William Christian, or llliam striking, and these go further than simply Dhone - someone who, no matter what their designation as "dead languages" by people say, at the end of the day his actions most academics in contrast to the languages secured the future of Tynwald Court in the of the other Celtic countries. Firstly, form we have today.” although belonging to different branches o f For almost 20 years now. Mec Vannin Celtic, we know that both were pronounced and the Celtic League have organised an in a vigorous and, it seemed (at least to annual llliam Dhone ceremony at Hango those unfamiliar with the languages), Hill. It is through their efforts and the almost angTy manner not found in their publicity spin off that the Manx Government at long last gave recognition to sister languages. Secondly, they developed, Illicun Dhone before the final stage in their history, a llliam Dhone. certain long a vowel otherwise found only in the moribund Gwent dialect of Welsh (I am indebted to Merfyn Phillips for this fact), and also intrusive b and d sounds before m and n respectively in certain positions, a phenomenon not occurring elsewhere in Celtic. Thirdly, Manx and Cornish developed grammatically in a similar direction; for instance, many personal verb endings were dropped in favour of separate personal pronouns, auxiliary verbs were endings were employed to form the tenses, initial mutations were to some extent abandoned and possessive markers after the noun came to be used as well as, and sometimes instead of, the older possessive adjectives. It is astonishing that these changes, having occurred in the later stages of Cornish were independently to be echoed in Manx a century and a half afterwards. The two languages unfortunately share another feature: both Yn ^heshaght Ghailckagh and Tcere ha Tavaz, the organisations which promote Manx and Modem Cornish respectively, suffer from a ! complete lack of official funding. However, future prospects. It is to be hoped that their j Participants at the although Cinderellas in the world of Celtic new-found mutual collaboration will long j llliam Dhone Ceremony language revival, they both nevertheless continue. May they both prosper raah dy 2nd Januars 1995 manage to exist and indeed thrive. The very row orroo ny-neesht! Sowena tha go j vigour of these movements must surely deaw! come from the popular support they now Adrian Pilgrim : enjoy, and this alone should guarantee their Mec Vannin Speak Directly to Europe

Manx Radio

Mcc Vannin has written to Mec Vannin give a list of suggestions Station Chief, Stewart Watterson, that would make Manx Radio more like expressing the organisations concern at “The Voice of Mann” and less like “The changes to radio news presentation formal. Voice of English Rural Backwater”. The letter makes the following points: * Manx news headlines to be broadcast Recent changes that place IRN news every hour, on the hour, during station before the Manx news seriously transmission. undermines the notion of a National, as * Full Manx news reports to always opposed to local radio station. (IRN news precede any other news. llliam Costain bulletins are UK news bulletins * Manx news to be introduced as such, not supplemented with international items “local news”. Mec Vannin's International Relations perceived to be o f interest to the UK). * IRN news to be called such, not Officer, llliam Costain (currently studying The use of live IRN bulletins does not “international news”. for a Doctorate in International Relations allow for editing of news items, particularly * Where possible, IRN news bulletins at St. Andrew’s University, Scotland) went where inappropriate terminology is used eg. should be edited to use relevant to Brussels last November on Mec "the Prime-Minister” instead of “the UK terminology as mentioned above. Vannin’s behalf to investigate alternatives Prime-Minister”, “the Government” instead * A rota system should be devised to to the current relationship with Europe of “ihe UK Government”. allow proper news coverage at under Protocol Three. For many years, On the broader topic of Manx news weekends and holidays: the “9-5, five Manx governments have regarded this as coverage, the IRN reports also take days a week” approach to national news the be all and end all o f agreements, but precedence over Manx news, being is not appropriate. Mec Vannin believes that, particularly in broadcast fully on the hour every hour. The * A news magazine programme should be light of developments in Europe that will Manx news is only available intermittently broadcast sometime during Sunday, effect the finance industry, alternatives and is all but non-existent in the evenings carrying a round-up of the preceding must be investigated. and weekends. week’s major items. Currently, the The report compiled by llliam after his The change in news format clearly nearest to this is Bob Carswell’s news in visit will be the subject of an AGM debate, demonstrates that someone at Manx Radio which, by necessity, is but in the meantime, the news of his visit station considers UK news more important far loo brief and inaccessible to non- and his findings rocked the Manx than Manx news Manx speakers. government. The immediate and predictable response from the Chief Minister's Office was “Protocol Three is the best possible arrangement for the Isle of Man at the current time.” Since then, however, the central BBC Rip off Manx Public administration has been desperate to demonstrate that it is looking at developments in Europe and, surprise, the In May 1994 the Manx Nationalist are identified, on rare occasion, on the Manx government’s European Advisory Organisation. Mec Vannin, adopted a North West news component of BBC Unit has now written to Mec Vannin resolution at its Annual General Meeting, television, they are invariably characterised asking it if would be possible to talk to criticising the levying of broadcasting by an ignorance on the part of both llliam about his findings! licences within the Isle of Man by the presenters and researchers. Incidentally, the British Government. That criticism was service provided by the Independent THE ------further echoed when our own organisation Operator (Border TV) not only outperforms supported the sentiments expressed by Mec the BBC, but is characterised by a Vannin at the Celtic League AGM in commitment and familiarity with subject C ELTIC PEN Dublin in late August 1994. content deficient in BBC coverage. A quarterly journal, mainly in English, The situation presently is that the BBC Radio services provide however Lhe dealing with Cel tie language literature (British Broadcasting Corporation) derives best example of the manner in which the benefit from a system that allows it to levy BBC has ‘ripped off’ the Manx public. a charge widiin the Isle of Man, a Crown Bearing in mind that the , dependency which is not an integral part of despite paying their contribution to the the United Kingdom, whilst evading all BBC, fund and maintain their own station, responsibility to provide those services it a station that then has to buy in news from provides elsewhere. IRN for its ’’International” news The Manx people in fact suffer a component. Literature In Ihe Celtic languages is spotlighted In this double jeopardy type situation. Not only do Mec Vannin and die CclLic League will new publication. Topics dealt with to date Include Poets they subscribe that component of the be continuing efforts to rectify this olthe Clearances. Early Irish Literature. Cornish Miracle licence fee utilised for regional situation. Specifically they will continue Plays. Modern Welsh Poetry, Manx Carvals and Brelon broadcasting and local radio services, they pressing the Manx government to terminate Theatre. The Celtic Pen carries- English translations of also part fund, via direct taxation, their own the BBC's right to levy licences, or control poetry with the original, and Inter-Caitic translations. National radio station. broadcasting facilities within the Island. Available from all good bookshops or direct from: The BBC's provision of Television A campaign of direct harassment of The Celtic Pen. 36 Fruithlil Park. Bellas! BT! 1 M1E. Belaud coverage of Manx news and current affairs BBC licence evasion crews who visit the Tel (0232)232608 is abysmal. Its fair to say that when items Island periodically is also being considered £ 1 per issue + 25p p&p. Annual subscription (four Issues): £5 Unci. p&pl. Many of the conventions have been in Human Rights on place for over 50 years. The institutions which administer them have in that period developed, providing practical effect to the the Celtic Fringe broad principles and ideals originally drafted. Case law has been established, Any consideration of Human Rights, (birching). In respect of both corporal and conventions modified and procedure both individual and collective freedom, capital punishment the Isle of Man retained enhanced. During this period the ‘three within the Celtic countries must be set both long after the UK had abandoned States’ have enjoyed relative stability and against the State framework the particular them and indeed capital punishment was democracy. There should be no cause for Celtic country is contained in and the only revoked last year. concern. international obligations and the Ireland (26 Counties), the one totally interpretation of those obligations each independent Celtic Slate is committed to The Reality state adheres to. The Celtic countries are various treaties both International and The reality is somewhat less positive. part of the ‘developed' world and without European. As with the UK it is a member In all three states and also in the Isle of exception the governing authority o f each of the UN and subscribes to the principles Man respect for both individual and Celtic area is committed to International of the Universal Declaration. It is a collective human rights has, if anything, Treaties and Conventions guaranteeing member of the EU and involved via the diminished over the past two decades. human rights. Council of Europe in maintaining the Individual rights have been restricted and human rights provisions of the European for example in the Isle of Man and Ireland The State Groups Convention on Human Rights. Ireland is it is only in recent years that reforms of Alba {Scotland), Cymru (Wales), not a member of either NATO nor the discriminatory legislation against Kernow (Cornwall), and part o f Ireland Commonweal tli. homosexuals has been initiated. In the Isle (the six counties) are contained within the Dreizh (Brittany) is contained within of Man inhumane forms of both corporal United Kingdom. The UK is a signatory to the boundaries of the French State. French and capital punishment have only the UN Universal Declaration on Human obligations are identical to those o f the UK disappeared in the last decade. In all the Rights and is also a member of die EU. It is although of course it is not u inembci of the Celtic areas repressive legislation, such as a member of the Council of Europe and Commonwealth. It subscribes to the the Offences Against the State Act in allows its citizens the right of individual European and UN principles on human Ireland, is in place. petition under the appropriate article of the rights and is involved with NATO (though Even where cases are brought under the European Convention on Human Rights. In not part of its military command structure). conventions to which the States are addition it ostensibly subscribes to the Ireland, the United Kingdom and signatories there is a grudging reluctance to rights and democratic principles of both the France are all participating members o f the accept judgements handed down. North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and the CSCE (Conference on Security and Co­ The UK in particular has been indicted Commonwealth. operation in Europe) and committed to the for the use of torture of prisoners and Mannin (Isle of Man), is linked to the principles of the ‘Final Act’. These define political detainees in the North of Ireland. United Kingdom by virtue o f its status as a respect Tor individual rights, freedom of The UK has also introduced judicially Crown dependency. The UK is responsible association, rights of detainees, democratic flawed procedures into Courts in the six for its international affairs although it principles and social and cultural rights. counties which it occupies. Like the Irish remains outside the European Community The three countries are also signatories government it has applied a series of and is a member in its own right of the to various Conventions of the International restrictive measures under the Prevention Commonwealth. It is linked either by Labour (Organisation) Office, which of Terrorism legislation which have been association or directly to most of the provide safeguards in respect or workers operated in an unfair and discriminatory- institutions to which the UK is a signatory. rights, freedom of association and the right fashion against Irish people and extended The UK enters into obligations on its to organise. Both Ireland and France are to address perceived terrorist threats in behalf and maintains those links via also full participants in the EU Social other Celtic countries (Wales, Scotland & consultation from time to time with the Isle Chapter which aims to standardise rights Mann). of Man government. One might conclude for workers of the member States of The UK also encouraged its ‘satellite’ that this will mean Manx and UK the EU. government in the Isle o f Man to introduce commitment to treaties is synonymous, similar legislation. however this is not always the case. The In addition to torture o f prisoners in best illustration of this is that for No Cause for Concern both the UK (six counties) and Ireland (26 approximately 15 years from 1976 the Isle One might believe that with such a counties) political prisoners have been of Man government refused to allow the solid raft of conventions and principles subjected to abusive and restricted regimes. UK to enter an obligation on its behalf safeguarding individual and collective The distinct judicial processes in both parts under the European Convention on Human rights the population contained within the of Ireland, introduced ostensibly to respond Rights which would allow Manx people to Celtic areas of France and the United to the security situation in the North, have petition the European Commission. The Kingdom and their fellow Celts in Ireland been used to distort democratic rights and Manx government had taken exception to a and Mannin would enjoy a level of the 25 year period from 1969 to date is judgement made against it in relation to the freedom and tolerance unrivalled by strewn with examples of human rights retention of corporal punishment previous generations. abuse. In addition to these open manifestations This body was also undoubtedly the o f rights abuse minority groupings are also role model for the integrated police force subject to ‘special treatment', an example developed in the UK and used in the 1984 o f this Ls the attitude o f both the public and miners strike to confront Scottish and the authorities towards travellers/gypsies in Welsh miners. the Celtic areas o f the British Isles. A dissociated but equally as restrictive The Insidious Threat regime of intolerance exists in Brittany. The reference to the mine workers The French governments (of whatever dispute leads conveniently to the most persuasion) have a peculiar philosophy insidious form of human rights abuse. It has towards minorities within ‘their’ become apparent, from evidence that has boundaries which borders on the psychotic. emerged in connection with that dispute, Whilst cultural tolerance has been that the Security Services deployed secret, B. Moffatt, author of the pamphlet grudgingly conceded in some o f the United covert and increasingly dirty tactics against Kingdoms Celtic areas France seems to individuals engaged in democratice dissent. of campaigns, civil disobedience and have a profound difficulty with acceptance The role of the Security Services in imprisonments. (In Ireland the long promised o f any culture other than her own. infiltrating nationalist groups in Brittany, Irish language TV service is still awaited). The birth of modern human rights Wales and Scotland in the late 1960s is The iniquitous activities of MI5 have legislation between 1946-55, which France now well known. The British and French been exposed, but they remain an ominous apparently embraced whole-heartedly, was States could at least advocate some threat with evidence of continuing activity accompanied by extreme repression in justification for their actions against those in Wales and Scotland and a potentially de- Brittany. Using the excuse of alleged who threatened violence. The new stablising factor In the Irish peace process. Breton collaboration in World W ar 2 revelations however indicate a clear and Success by individuals and attempts were made to savagely restrict the malicious strategy to acquire intelligence to organisations in sustaining and defending national aspirations of the Breton people. infiltrate, disorientate and discredit human rights, in exposing State abuse is Since that time various excuses are legitimate groups. heartening. How much more effective it seized on by the French 10 restrict Breton A parallel situation has existed in would be if efforts could be pooled, cultural aspirations. The campaign by Ireland where British intelligence has resources shared. militant nationalists in the late 60s is one waged an increasingly bloody war in which The Celtic countries need the diversity example and more recently the assistance the State has participated in bombings, of their individual cultural, political and given by Bretons to Basque refugees, robbery and murder. social campaign groups. They also need the fleeing repression in their homeland, has collective strength o f a body which bring also been used as an excuse for a new Conclusion these groups together to co-ordinate their round of repression. There is no doubt that the human rights efforts. The main threat to civil liberty The French attitude is best exposed obligations that all the States administering comes from the centralised administrations however by the difficulties it created during the Celtic countries have embraced contain that administer the Celtic countries. The the formulation of the CSCE (Final Act) real safeguards for individual and excesses of the host States in Scotland, provisions when it undoubtedly succeeded collective freedom. It is equally clear that Wales, Cornwall and Brittany or the quasi in ‘watering down' the provisions on social there is no will or commitment to honour autonomous and independent governments and cultural rights for minorities. those obligations. of Mannin and Ireland are best addressed Interestingly there is an historical The situation can continue as at present by collective action. parallel for this as when the League of with sporadic and disparate action to Our greatest strength is the knowledge Nations was founded, both the United remind the host governments of their that they have given international Kingdom and France successful excluded responsibilities. commitments to respect human rights and national minorities within their own Political organisations and prisoner fundamental freedoms, we must make sure territorial boundaries (and Empires) from rights groups can campaign for they honour them. the provisions for minorities, allowing political status for Celtic prisoners, this A Celtic Commission for Human these to be used only to dismember the old best epitomised by the successful but in Rights would go some way to ensuring we German and Austro-Hungarian empires and human terms costly II Block campaigns. achieve that goal. minor initiatives in eastern Europe. Nationalist groups can campaign for J.B. Moffatt linguistic and cultural liberation, as The above text is taken from a Repression of Social Rights wax the case in Wales with the pamphlet published by the Celtic League. The repression of social rights is best campaign to establish S4C. Part one sets out details of the various epitomised by the raft of anti-worker Trade Unionists can complain to the conventions and provides some historical legislation introduced in the UK and its ILO, as Manx trade unionists did background to the development of Human satellite the Isle of Man. This legislation has successfully. Rights this century. Part 2 (above) shows impacted on workers in five of the six - Social reformers can demand the failures on the part of the UK, France, Celtic countries (Scotland, Wales. legislative change, as civil liberties Ireland and Mann to honour their Cornwall, Mannin & Ireland - six counties). groups have done in Ireland and commitments. We do not claim this to be a The legislation has been the subject of Mannin for reform of arui-gays laws. definitive work on Human Rights, our aim complaints upheld by the International All these have enjoyed some measure is to open the debate on the desirability of Labour Office. of success but sometimes the price, as with establishing a Celtic Commission for The United Kingdom (and by the H Block protest mentioned above, is Human Rights. association the IOM) has also refused to heavy. Irish political prisoners do enjoy accept the Social Chapter o f the Maastricht considerable, though unacknowledged, Footnote Treaty. The UK's intelligence services, it is political status. A dozen men died and Within weeks of the publication of the now generally accepted, have been used countless hundreds of men and women above pamphlet graphic confirmation of over many years to destabilise trade union were abused to achieve it. our concerns was provided. The United organisations. Homosexuality was de-criminalised in Nations issued a damning indictment of the France has also developed policies to the Isle of Man but not until the trauma of a United Kingdom and in particular cited its contain social discontent. It has for many show trial attracted international policy on the custody of children The years deployed a quasi fascist paramilitary condemnation and suicides shocked and conclusions of the UN are a further police force, the CRS, which has been used shamed the Manx people. illustrât ion of the desirability of extensively to suppress both agricultural Breton and activists establishing a Standing Commission on and environmental protest in Brittany. have won grudging concessions after years Human Rights for the Celtic Countries. The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol, mistranslated as corpus/corps (body). The resulting “hold body” was identified with Roger Shaman Loomis (Constable, London, 1992). Stg £9.95(pb), the eucharistic host, and the “holy dish” ISBN 0-09-472310-9 with a eucharistic vessel. This became a Loomis’ study, first published in 1963, symbol. Motifs in the grail stories such as fertile source of speculation on the nature has been reissued in a handsome edition by the invitation from the owner of the castle, of the grail: was it a dish Christ had eaten Constable, the cover design striking a neat the appearance of a young woman carrying from at the Last Supper? A cup which balance between simple austerity and a vessel of gold, the sumptuous furnishings caught his blood as he died on the coss? complex Celtic motif. Are the thirty year (especially chess sets), the vanishing of the The Arthurian material in general and the old contents of this most attractive modem host and the blighted land in need of grail legends in particular became classics package worth sampling however? The magical cure all show a dependence on the o f Christian literary spirituality, despite the answer must be a definite yes, and early Irish echtrai. Loomis traces the material being, in Loomis’ neat praise, "the Constable are to be commended for making influence of this Irish tradition on the bright afterglow of Celtic heathendom” this volume available to a new generation Welsh material, which, blended with native (276) of readers. Loomis, a renowned Arthurian motifs, gave the Arthurian literature some Loomis himself felt his contribution in scholar, first published his research on the of its most important grail characters, Lhis book to be the identification of the grail in 1926 in Celtic Myth and Arthurian Pelles, Perceval and Gawain. This blend of influence of mistranslations and Romance, a work whose findings were varying Celtic traditions was then misinterpretations by the medieval writers subsequently revised in Arthurian Tradition introduced to continental Europe via which led the grail to develop from a magic and Cretien de Troyes (1949). He also Brittany, being taken up and adapted, then serving dish to a definite eutharistic published some monographs in Lhe 1950's. re-introduced to Britain in a French courtly chalice. The reader’s appreciation of this His research on the development of the form after the Norman conquest. The identification is greatly aided by the grail motif in Arthurian literature is most material had changed significantly, mainly extensive translations of the continental clearly and fully presented in the volume due to the differing needs of the feudal material Loomis provides, greatly under review, which may be seen as a writers and their patrons. The non-Christian illuminating his argument, and enticing the distillation o f four decades of study on the elements in their sources were toned down reader to seek out for themselves the subject. considerably, being translated to the new complete texts. Unlike Galahad or Loomis’ theory of the development of situation. Loomis cites one especially Perceval, the reader undertaking such a the grail motif sees it as deriving originally important development: the cors quest has a far better chance of easily from Celtic (specifically Irish) myth, and bcnciz/benoiz (a blessed drinking-horn) completing their journey, and the volume through the works of continental writers of and the sains graaus (a magical dish) of the under review stands as an excellent guide the late 12th century gradually becoming a Welsh figure Bran became irrevocably along the way. completely Christian and cucharistic linked, and the cors (horn) was persistently Lesley Grant

The Book of Deer Fishermens' Leaders all at Sea Library of Celtic Manuscripts,

Fishermen’s leaders announced this countries with that of their continental Roy Ellsworth and week the launch of a political campaign to opposite numbers. Their vibrant and Peter Bercsford Ellis, reverse the EU policy allowing access to militantly active campaigns particularly at the so called ‘Irish B ox’ area to Spanish the time leading up to the ‘Thatcher vessels. They argue that a reasoned accord’ in 1986, but also since, have Constable and Co. Ltd., political campaign is more likely to win ensured that fishermen from Northern ISBN 0 09 4732108 public support than direct action such as France, Brittany. Northern Spain and blockades or other militant protest. Galicia have had their problems addressed. One is templed to ask if the fishing The Celtic League is acutely aware of The first thing which will strike the communities are receiving sensible the importance of the fishing communities reader is the naivety of the illustrations direction from their increasingly of the ‘Celtic fringe area’, spanning compared with other more famous bureaucratic organisations. The Thatcher communities from northern Scotland to manuscripts. Also the technique used in the government agreed the ten year transitional Brittany, to the economic survival of those portraits contrasts with the five initial arrangements for the Spanish as part of a communities. We are also aware that letters reproduced. Each illustration is deal in 1986 at the same time they political campaigning to date has not analysed and discussed in detail and an confirmed the disastrous TAC system markedly effected the decline of the introduction sets the manuscript in its which has applied since to all Community industry in the British Isles. In 1986 we historical context. There is also a sample of vessels. condemned the deal, in 1989 we again the calligraphy. Attention is drawn to the At the time the deal was confirmed that called for a reversal of policy and again in similarity of poses in the portrait pages to same Conservative government drew 1993 we urged the EU to initiate a examples from pre-Christian times. It considerable support from constituencies moratorium on the changes until an stimulated me to look again at some of the that included many fishing communities environmental impact study could be Manks cross figures and I found some including of course the Unionists of N. undertaken. Throughout this period also analogies there. I am sure there are many Ireland. Last week those same Unionists individual fishermen and their groups have more in other places. and many of the Conservatives one would pleaded the industry's case. No one in This is the first of a planned series have hoped would make common cause Brussels is listening to reasoned political dealing with the Celtic illuminated Gospels with the fishing communities again voted protest. and manuscripts. Whereas many o f us will with the government. They will sit up anti take notice only be familiar with the images from other It is extreme folly therefore for the when the industry takes the gloves off, as sources, we are probably ignorant of their fishing communities to be led to believe their Continental colleagues had done. context both artistically and historically. that these political interest groups are going Until then the National Fishermens’ This series will deepen our understanding to undergo a ‘Saint Paul like conversion’ organisations policy of reasoned political o f them. and reverse their position. protest is about as effective as a freshly Compare the direction being given to landed cod ‘flopping’ around on the deck. fishermen from England and the Celtic J.B. MofTatt ceunc historçj Review Celtic League AGM MEMBERSHIP AND A new biannual magazine dealing with the SUBSCRIPTIONS histories of the six Celtic countries from a 19th August 1995 national and inter-Celtic viewpoint Inverness, Alba All those who agree with the j First edition out August 1994. Price £1.50. Contact National Secretaries for constitution and aims of the Celtic I details of possible special travel rates League are eligible for membership. The j Annual Subscription £3.50 from and accommodation arrangements membership fee (including Cam) and j 216 Falls Road, Belfast 12 6AH, Ireland subscription rates are 1R£9; Stg£9; 85FF j or USS20.00 (US funds, cheques drawn j IRL-News on a US bank). Europe Stg.£10 and ! The Latest Information about Ireland airmmail outside Europe Stg.£l 1.50 On the Internet For information about the Celtic \ Eugene McElroy League, applications for membership, ; Administrator subscriptions, etc. write to any of the the j Eugene @ Zodiac. Rutgers, edu. following secretaries: 512 Benner St., Apt 5A Highland Park,. NJ 08904 ALBA Mairi Denovan, Old Mission j (908)572-1964 House, Nth. Erradale, Ross-shire j To subscribe send message: IV21 2DS. subscribe IRL-News (your name) To: Listserv @ RUTVM1. Rutgers, edu. BREIZFI Subscriptions: Youcnn I Craff, 145 Straed Talbodek, 29300 j BEI/BAYE. Brittany. | CYMRU Jina Gwyrfai, 3 Crocs Y j Speak Waen, Waenfawr, Caernarfon, I Gwynedd. Pon Celtic Art, inspired by the j ¿IRE Janice Williams, 22 Bdthar | Golden Age of Celtic Creativity; books, I Belgrave, Baile Alha Cliatli 6. cards, crafts, and a large selection of Write | KERNOW Martyn Miller, 10 | quality Celtic Jewellery (Gold to order) Trewartha Court, Pound Street, j designs from Ireland, Scotland Wales, Liskeard. Cornwall, the Hebridean and ; MANNIN Cristl Jerry, 6 Glenfaba ; Isles, and wherever Celtic Craftworkers This course consists of a set of 10 continue the Art of their forebears. units and backup material complete with Road, Peel. visuals, fully integrated sound and self- ; LONDON BRANCH Robat ap Tomos, j record and playback capability. All sound “Dyffryn”, Grctton Fields, Gretton, j is recorded by native speakers. Cheltenham, G'l o s . GL54 5HH, ■ Political Correctness for Celts Each unit includes a dialogue (spoken i England. and written) and a scries o f sophisticated I USA Stephen Paul de Villo, 313 East j exercises which help the student, first to Number 1 201 Street Bronx, New York 10458. memorise the dialogue, and then to extent There is much concern nowadays with the INTERNATIONAL BRANCH Alan use of “politically correct terminology’’. It its content into other situations. A sound recording and playback Heusaff, Scana Gharrain, An j has been noted that terminology can subtly Spideal, Co. na Gaillimhe, ¿ire. colour the image presented of what is being capability is provided. This enables j CEAP BREATAINN Frangag Me j referred to and condition people to think in students to compare their accent, Eachainn, Box 179, Mabou, Cape j certain ways without them realising it. This intonations and pronunciation with that of Breton, Nova Scotia, Canada BOE i series of points highlights terminology which a native speaker. can be used to reflect our way of thinking. The Course Units in each course cover 2WO. County the following situations: Do not use this word in relation to * Meeting a friend i The General Secretary and P.R.O. of j Cornwall. Cornwall is a country. Cornish * Making an acquaintance the Celtic League is Bernard j national movements object to the frequent * A visit to the doctor Moffatt, 11 Hilltop View, Farmhill, j * Discussing a holiday use of “county” in the Press. Braddan, Mannin. * A conversation about clothes The Editor is M s P. Bridson, 33 Bolhar j * At the supermarket Bancroft Tamhlacht, BAC 24, ¿ire. j ************** * Arranging the schools timetable * Playing tennis with friends j Our next deadline for material for Carn j | is 1st May 1995. Materials sent for i Number 2 * Attending a pop concert I publication in Carn must relate to our ; Mainland * In the restaurant ! aims, and should be typed. All materials j Referring to the island of Britain as the Speak Write is based upon the Apple “mainland” in relation to Ireland or Mann Macintosh computer. i copyright © Carn unless otherwise j implies a degree of subordination as if ¿ire The Software is based upon HyperCard - | staled. The views expressed in Carn are j and Mannin were something less titan full Apple computers innovative fourth i not necessarily those of the editor nor of ! nations. The frequent use in the English generation language. ; the Celtic League. media of the term “British mainland”, as All sound and visuals are fully integrated opposed to the six counties, is doubtlessly into the system - there are no i Leagan amach: C. Ni Bhreartuin, cumbersome tapes to fiddle with. deliberate doublespeak used to condition Peanntronaic Teo., 12 Radharc na people to accept the English occupation. bhFea. BAC 16, ¿ire. Available from GalMac Computers, Estai On other occasions use o f the term seems ; Printers: Elo Press, 49 Reubens Avenue, to show unconscious acceptance of a little an Lios Bhain, Bolhar Thuama, Gaillimh, Tel. 091-755222. Fax 091-755491. Price Rialto, Dublin 8. world view with London as the centre. £195 plus VAT. ISSN 0257-7860 Rob at ap Tomos