DOCSLIB.ORG

East Timor at a Glance 5 a Brief Chronological History of East Timor 6 ACFOA Policy on East Timor 1975-1979 7 the NGO's and East Timor

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
East Timor at a Glance 5 a Brief Chronological History of East Timor 6 ACFOA Policy on East Timor 1975-1979 7 the NGO's and East Timor acfoa EVELOMENT DOSSIER 1 AST TIMOR TODAY . lished four times a year and provides •>:, "·. · Development Domer is pub . or theme per issue to make up an in-depth treatment of one topic ACFOA a document of ready reference value. a·d agencies Parliamentarians, The dossier is directed at v?lun~~Y ~hoots and members of . DEVELOPMENT people in government, un1vers1t1~, ~ development action and community groups. Opinions expressed in DD are not necessarily those ~f the Aust· DOSSIER 1 ral ian Council for Overseas Aid or its member agencies. , Editor this issue: Pat Walsh Layout and design: Gay Woods and Pat Walsh P.O. Box 1562 Original drawings: Chris Murphy Canberra City, ACT 2601 Typesetting: Alpha Typesetting & Art Service, Canberra Phone : (062) 47 4822 Printing and circulation: ACFOA Registered for posting as a Periodical - Category B Development Dossier incorporates Development News Digest which has now ceased publication. ISSN 0155-0489 Contents Editorial . .. .. .. 3 East Timor at a glance 5 A brief chronological history of East Timor 6 ACFOA policy on East Timor 1975-1979 7 The NGO's and East Timor ..... 8 The United Nations and East Timor 15 The Politics of Aid to East Timor .. 16 East Timor: How many have died? ... 22 . , Timorese Family Reunions : Politics before people . 26 Children without parents .............. .. 31 -, .. .· ...... · ·-:." Timorese Refugees in Portugal: A Community in Mourning. 32 .,. Australian Military Aid to Indonesia .... 37 An Indonesian Perspective on East Timor. 41 Interview with Jim Dunn: The East Timor issue today . 43 East Timor: a multi-media survey 1975-1980 . 47 Notes on Contributors Jim Dunn 1s Chairman of the Human Rights Council of Australia Helen Hill is doing research at the Centre for Continuil')~ :'~ .' .... Education in Canberra . .. Jill Jolliffe 1s the Lisbon correspondent for the London Guardian . .. Brendan O'Dwyer is E xtensic'li ~·,·~ --;f Officer for the Centre of Continuing Education in Canberra . II/lark Raper is the Director of the Asian Bureau Australia ;•;\ .. · · Melbourne .. Richard Tanter is lecturing in Politics at the Swinburne College of Advanced Education in Melbourne .. , Bitl Tully is a librarian at the Australian National Library in Canberra .. Pat Walsh works with Action for World Development in. Melbourne. Glossary of Terms ACFOA - Australian Council for Overseas Aid APODETI - Popular Democratic Association of Timorese CRS - Catholic Relief Services DRET - Democratic Republic of East Timor FRETILIN - Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor ICRC - International Committee of the Red Cross IDEC - International Disaster Emergencies Committee I RC - Indonesian Red Cross NGO - Non-Government Organisation RAFT - Campaign to Reunite in Australia the Families of Timorese UDT - Timorese Democratic Union Editorial LIBRARY by Pat Walsh Because East Timo• is only rarely placement o t tht peoµ1 e. the destruc· T1morese d1gn1tY and 11 app1ness is a mentioned ,n t he Australian merna . t1on of the ~co11omy . abuses of properly supervised act of self­ many wrongly assume 1t 1s no longer human rights. se paration of families . determ inat1o n the pre-req u1 s1 te for an issue that requires attention a severely traumatised and demoral· which 1s Indonesia's withdrawal from Nothing could be turther from the 1sed people, and aid hand-outs. East Timar. But they will re ject the truth. It is 1nd1sputable that the cause of proposition as sheer idealism argu­ This first edition of Devetoprnenr this profound destabilisation of East ing that the Indonesian occupation Dossier aims to correct this talse 1rn · Timar has been the violence of lndo· makes 1t un realisable. Overlooking its pression by identifying and back· nes1a 's forced 1ntegrat1on. As the strenuous efforts to secure the release of the American hostages grounding some of •he problems International Red Cross put 1t after fr om Iran , the wi thdrawal of the affecting the East Timorese people their July 1979 survey : " military Soviets from Afghanistan and Viet· inside and outside East Timar. It is operations" are responsible tor the nam from Kampuchea . the Austral· particularly directed to all who sub· displacement of people and tne1r ian Government. for example , scribe to the sacredness of human Biafra like condition. Plainly the East considers - tor its own pragmatic rights. Even a cursory reading of this Timorese have not benefited from reasons - that.efforts to achi eve self· Dossier will show that the situation ·integration. It has meant oppres· determination tor East Timar are of the Timor-ese demands that action sion not liberation, misery not hope. "pointless (and) incapable tor for justice must be escalated not As a letter sent from Timar in April practical 1mplementat1on " wound down . this year put .1t : " A discontent which Such a stance subverts the widely is difficult to explain now re igns in This Dossier will be scrutinised, applied principle of diplomatic and Timar .. we are oppressed to the and rightly so, for unhealthy bias. other non-violent activity as a means very tips of the hair on our heads" . er.ror and omission. The conspicuous o! realising change. It also flies in Indonesia 1s not only 1n breach of omission is the lack of an in-depth the face of history which clearly coverage of the key issue, namely. international law and morality and demonstrates. 1n the case of lndo· the military and political situation in­ the will of the Timorese ; it has also, nesia itself and elsewhere . that inter­ side Timar today. Indonesia's syste­ in plain language, made a t.:!rnble national pressure tor change does matic exclusion of independent ob­ mess of things in Timar. It follows work . servers from East Timor, which in logically and inescapably that it There can be little doubt that itself. suggests that an abnormal situ­ should withdraw from the Territory Indonesia would be forced to re­ ation prevails there which lndonesi~ tor the sake of the Timorese. consider its Position if serious prefers the world did not know , From this perspective it is simply political and other forms of pres­ about, is responsible for this. The not enough to reduce the East sure were brought to bear. Are the evidence that is available, however. Timor, internationally, to an aid pro­ 62 countries who voted against Indo­ strongly suggests that the situation is blem. Nor is it enough for the ICRC nesia at the UN doing more than far from resolved, that the Timorese inside Timar to dispense material aid putting their hands up for. a vote continue to offer significant military without justice. once a year7 What are the possibilit­ and attitudinal resistance to the For its part the Catholic Relief Services program is highly ambig­ ies of more assertive action on the Indonesian occupation. As a recent part of other Governments, the Church report expressed it: "The uous. The fact that CRS aid is coming through I ndones.ian channels world aid agencies. the international people are not co-operative, not Christian community - in particular reconciliatory", Overseas Timorese and is being used tor the mainte­ nance of structures of oppression the Vatican - not to mention the concur and continue to press the case many concerned individuals and for the right of self-determination of places the Timorese in a terrible dilemma. The aid is accepted with organisations in the West and within Timor where, unlike Zimbabwe, 1t lnc.Jo nes1a 1TselP has never been exercised. mixed feelings , for whilst survival The bias in this Dossier is readily dictates they must have 1t , at the The right of the East Timorese detectable. Its perspective is that of same time it comes to them , on the to se 1f-determ1nat1on must remain the East Timorese people. Their ground, from the Indonesians whom the basic quest for 1t holds the key to needs and aspirations are the princip­ they see as the murderers of thei r the many problems affecting the al reference point even though this families and the destroyers of their Timorese addressed in this Dossier. means the exclusion of other refer­ ways and legitimate aspirations. As In the meantime the struggle to re­ ence points based on less worthy has been said in another context: unite families and redress the other considerations. "The sour fact is that much of what sub-i ssues must be writ-large on the The needs of the East Timorese goes for aid is like a handshake with agenda of the world's conscience. are clearly peace, justice and econ­ death. The death of freedom , or To these ends, 1t is to be hoped that omic development. The reality is dignity. of self-respect and. ultimat· the contents of this Dossier will be one-sixth to one-third of the popul­ ely , of the right to ilve· ·. given the widest possible circul­ ation dead or missing, massive dis- Many will agree that the key to ation and popularisation. 3 Ataur~~/) EAST TIMOR Isl._)Maumeta CJ ,Jaao Is . Lur. o • 0 • . • v LOS PALOS Dl~ro Laclo Laleia emasse 0 Quelicai •Baguia Remexio. Venilale" . Uatocarabau • Ba~artete Ossu • Laclubar ERMERA• AI LEU Lacluta Uatolari • Turiscai • Hatolia 0 Dilor • 0 Barique Maubi:se VIQUEQUE• Atsabe Fatoberlieu • Balibo MALI ANA Natarbora . 1'"'' • • ' \Bobonaro AI NARO• SAME• Alas I Ha to-Udo ~ Lo lo toe ' ,___ _ Zumalai Betano • ' •Fato lulic Atambua I , • Fatomean "F-ohorem Nitibe / • suAr ' 1·Ti·ldnrar " . OE- CVS§E' , - -.. I / I .. -_, ' \ I WEST TIMOR I , __ _, (Indonesia) -~C:> o" o~0 ==> s .. ~tJ c::>o •o L]~ ~ O~~ EAST TIMOR -----A-.:7~•0 <=:::> 0 ~ LJ, 0 25 so 75 100 Darwin Scale (Kilooetres) / ~ ----- TIS Map GEOGRAPHY Timar is a rugged, crocodile-shaped island of great beauty situated 350 miles NW of Darwin across the Timar East Timor Sea. It is the largest of the Lesser Sunda islands.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evidence of Lexical Re-Borrowing in the Spoken English of First Generation Finnish-Australians
    Evidence of Lexical Re-Borrowing in the Spoken English of First Generation Finnish-Australians GREG WATSON 1. Introduction Lexical borrowing from one language into another is a natural consequence of any language contact situation and has been extensively discussed. The earliest seminal work for the latter half of the previous century is that of Haugen (1950) and Weinreich (1953). Lexical borrowing occurs when a speaker needs to account for some form of semantic gap in either LI or L2. For instance, a Finn who has emigrated to Australia will have been confronted with new cultural experiences. S/he will have promptly needed to acquire a broadened vocabulary, using words that may not have a Finnish equivalent. Hence, various words are borrowed from Australian English into the Finnish spoken at home, or with other Finnish immigrants, when discussing a particular cultural difference at hand. Equally so, Finns will bring new concepts with them that they will introduce into Australian culture. For instance, amongst English speaking people it is a little known fact that sauna derives from Finnish. Instances of borrowings, where the minority language group consistently borrows from the host language group and vice versa, are well documented. However, little attention, if any, has been paid to the phenomenon of re-borrowing, where, for example, a word originally borrowed from Australian English into Finnish is then re-used (re• borrowed) in the spoken English of the Finns, albeit in a slighdy different phonological and/or morphological form, when conversing with native speakers of Australian English. There have been NORDIC JOURNAL OF ENGLISH STUDIES VOL.
    [Show full text]
  • Development and Its Discontents: the Indonesian Government, Indonesian Opposition, and the Occupation of East Timor
    Development and its Discontents: The Indonesian Government, Indonesian Opposition, and the Occupation of East Timor M. Scott Selders Based on a section of M. Scott Selders, “Patterns of Violence: Narratives of Occupied East Timor from Invasion to Independence, 1975-1999” (MA thesis, Concordia University, 2008). IAGS 9th Biennial Conference, Buenos Aires, July 2011 In 1974, decolonization began in Portugal’s colony of East Timor.1 In December 1975, this process was curtailed by neighboring Indonesia’s invasion, after which President Suharto’s New Order regime imposed a brutal occupation lasting until 1999. Between 1974 and 1999, it is estimated that over 100,000, and possibly as many as 183,000, East Timorese perished.2 The Indonesian government justified the invasion by reminding its Western allies of the Suharto regime’s staunch anti-Communism and by arguing that East Timor’s small size, poverty, and underdevelopment meant it was not a viable independent country.3 Consequently, after 1975, one of Indonesia’s main justifications for the occupation was that it was balancing the neglect of the Portuguese colonial administration by modernizing East Timor and the Timorese. This paper examines a sample of this development rhetoric from the 1980s. It also shows that such rhetoric was not universally accepted, even within Indonesia, as evidenced by two Indonesian sources from the early 1990s that directly question and contradict the Indonesian government’s civilizing claims. The Indonesian provenance of these 1 Standard surveys include Jill Jolliffe, East Timor: Nationalism and Colonialism (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1978); John G. Taylor, Indonesia’s Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor (London: Zed Books, 1991); James Dunn, Timor: A People Betrayed (Sydney: ABC Books, 1996); Arnold S.
    [Show full text]
  • EAST TIMOR: REMEMBERING HISTORY the Trial of Xanana Gusmao and a Follow-Up on the Dili Massacre
    April 1993 Vol 5. No.8 EAST TIMOR: REMEMBERING HISTORY The Trial of Xanana Gusmao and a Follow-up on the Dili Massacre I. Introduction.................................................................................................................................. 2 II. Xanana Gusmao and the Charges Against Him ....................................................................... 3 The Charges, 1976-1980................................................................................................................ 3 The June 10, 1980 Attack .............................................................................................................. 4 Peace Talks .................................................................................................................................... 5 The Kraras Massacre ..................................................................................................................... 5 1984 to the Present......................................................................................................................... 6 III. The Xanana Trial......................................................................................................................... 7 Circumstances of Arrest and Detention......................................................................................... 8 Why not subversion? .................................................................................................................... 11 Access to and Adequacy of Legal Defense .................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • AUSTRALIAN and INDONESIAN NEWS COVERAGE of the Dili MASSACRE
    AUSTRALIAN AND INDONESIAN NEWS COVERAGE OF THE DILi MASSACRE ( A Content Analysis of Australian and Indonesian Newspapers from 1 July 1991 to 31 March 1992) ' Yuventius Agustinus Nunung Prajarto A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts SCHOOL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES SYDNEY - AUSTRALIA 1994 iv AUSTRALIAlf ARD IImOHBSIAN IIEWS COVERAGE OP TBB DILI IIASSACRB (A content Analysis of Australian and Indonesian Newspapers frOII 1 July 1991 to 31 Karch 1992) SCHOOL OP POLITICAL SCIENCE FACULTY OP AR'l' ARD SOCIAL SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OP REif SOUTH WALES 1994 V AUSTRALIAN AIID IRDONBSIAN NEWS COVERAGE OF TIIB DILI MASSACRE (A Content Analysis of Australian and Indonesian Newspapers fr0111 July 1991 to 31 Karch 1992) Yuventius Agustinus Hunung Prajarto Thesis POLITICAL SCIENCE 1994 STATEMENT Name : Yuventius Agustinus Nunung Prajarto student No.: 2114322 School of Political science Faculty of Arts and social Sciences University of New south Wales I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of a university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the text. Date : 8 Febr~y 1994 Signatu ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There are a number of people whom I can thank by name. I am particularly grateful to Rodney Smith, my supervisor. His help was invaluable in guiding the process of this research till its finishing touch.
    [Show full text]
  • Luettelo Kirjallisesta Toiminnasta Oulun Yliopistossa 2004
    RAILI TOIVIO LUETTELO KIRJALLISESTA TOIM. TOIMINNASTA OULUN YLIOPISTOSSA 2004 Catalogue of publications by the staff of the University of Oulu 2004 20042003 57 K57kansi.fm Page 2 Thursday, September 22, 2005 10:26 AM OULUN YLIOPISTON KIRJASTON JULKAISUJA PUBLICATIONS OF OULU UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 57 Raili Toivio (toim.) Luettelo kirjallisesta toiminnasta Oulun yliopistossa 2004 Catalogue of publications by the staff of the University of Oulu 2004 Oulu 2005 K57kansi.fm Page 3 Thursday, September 22, 2005 10:26 AM Oulun yliopiston kirjaston julkaisuja Toimittaja/Editor Kirsti Nurkkala Copyright © 2005 Oulun yliopiston kirjasto PL 7500 90014 Oulun yliopisto Oulu University Library POB 7500 FI-90014 University of Oulu Finland ISBN 951-42-7834-8 ISSN 0357-1440 SAATAVISSA MYÖS ELEKTRONISESSA MUODOSSA ALSO AVAILABLE IN ELECTRONIC FORM ISBN 951-42-7835-6 URL: http://herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514278356/ OULUN YLIOPISTOPAINO Oulu 2005 Esipuhe Tähän julkaisuluetteloon on koottu tiedot Oulun yliopistossa tehdyistä opinnäytteistä ja henkilö- kunnan julkaisuista vuodelta 2004. Yhteisjulkaisut on mainittu vain kerran. Luetteloon on painettu- jen julkaisujen lisäksi otettu myös elektroniset julkaisut, atk-ohjelmat ja audiovisuaalinen aineisto, ja se sisältää myös edellisestä, vuoden 2003 luettelosta puuttuneet julkaisuviitteet. Luetteloa laadittaessa on noudatettu seuraavia periaatteita: 1. Luettelo perustuu kirjoittajien antamiin tietoihin. 2. Julkaisutiedot on järjestetty tiedekunnittain ja laitoksittain ensimmäisen yliopiston henkilökun- taan kuuluvan tekijän
    [Show full text]
  • Dili Massacre and How It Backfired, I Popular Support
    Brian Martin, Justice Ignited, chapter 3 (author’s prepublication version) 3 Dili On 12 November 1991, Indonesian troops colonies — such as Angola and Mozambique gunned down hundreds of peaceful protesters — to gain independence. in Dili, the capital of East Timor. This act was In East Timor, Portugal’s most remote intended to intimidate opponents of Indonesian colony, with a population of nearly 700,000, rule. But instead, the killings triggered a huge rival political forces struggled for supremacy increase in international support for East in the transition from Portuguese rule, with the Timor’s independence. In order to understand liberation movement Fretilin having most the Dili massacre and how it backfired, I popular support. In December 1975, Indone- review its background and aftermath, giving sian military forces invaded and occupied East special attention to the five methods attackers Timor. According to some commentators, the use to inhibit outrage. Indonesian government had obtained agree- Most of the archipelago today called ment for the operation from the Australian and Indonesia was previously a colony of the U.S. governments.2 Fretilin fought the inva- Netherlands. Indonesia obtained its independ- sion but soon retreated to the mountains where ence in 1949. The new government, led by it maintained a guerrilla resistance to the Sukarno, fostered a strong sense of national- Indonesian occupiers. ism. In 1965, there was a military coup, The invasion and occupation were bloody, accompanied by a massive anticommunist with many fighters and civilians killed. purge, with hundreds of thousands of people Indonesian forces perpetrated serious human killed.1 The new regime, led by General rights violations, including torture, rape, and Suharto, was ideologically procapitalist, but it killing of civilians; Fretilin did the same, retained its predecessor’s strong nationalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Fieldwork in Timor-Leste
    Understanding Timor-Leste, on the ground and from afar (eds) and Bexley Nygaard-Christensen This ground-breaking exploration of research in Timor-Leste brings together veteran and early-career scholars who broadly Fieldwork in represent a range of fieldwork practices and challenges from colonial times to the present day. Here, they introduce readers to their experiences of conducting anthropological, historical and archival fieldwork in this new nation. The volume further Timor-Leste explores the contestations and deliberations that have been in Timor-Leste Fieldwork symptomatic of the country’s nation-building process, high- Understanding Social Change through Practice lighting how the preconceptions of development workers and researchers might be challenged on the ground. By making more explicable the processes of social and political change in Timor- Leste, the volume offers a critical contribution for those in the academic, policy and development communities working there. This is a must-have volume for scholars, other fieldworkers and policy-makers preparing to work in Timor-Leste, invaluable for those needing to understand the country from afar, and a fascinating read for anyone interested in the Timorese world. ‘Researchers and policymakers reading up on Timor Leste before heading to the field will find this handbook valuable. It is littered with captivating fieldwork stories. The heart-searching is at times searingly honest. Best of all, the book beautifully bridges the sometimes painful gap between Timorese researchers and foreign experts (who can be irritating know-alls). Academic anthropologists and historians will find much of value here, but the Timor policy community should appreciate it as well.’ – Gerry van Klinken, KITLV ‘This book is well worth reading by academics, activists and policy-makers in Timor-Leste and also those interested in the country’s development.
    [Show full text]
  • Timor-Leste: Security Sector Reform
    TIMOR-LESTE: SECURITY SECTOR REFORM Asia Report N°143 – 17 January 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... i I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 A. SECURITY SECTOR BREAKDOWN ..........................................................................................2 B. THE CALL FOR REFORM ........................................................................................................3 II. TIMOR-LESTE’S SECURITY FORCES.................................................................... 4 A. THE CONTEXT OF REFORM....................................................................................................6 B. THE RRR PLAN ....................................................................................................................6 C. SCREENING AND MENTORING ...............................................................................................7 D. FORCE 2020..........................................................................................................................8 E. THE GOVERNMENT PROGRAM...............................................................................................9 F. LEGISLATIVE GAPS ...............................................................................................................9 III. INTERNATIONAL ACTORS .................................................................................... 10 A. THE
    [Show full text]
  • Massacre Timorese
    Timor link, no. 22, February 1992 This is the Published version of the following publication UNSPECIFIED (1992) Timor link, no. 22, February 1992. Timor link (22). pp. 1-8. The publisher’s official version can be found at Note that access to this version may require subscription. Downloaded from VU Research Repository https://vuir.vu.edu.au/25957/ Number 22 February 1992 Massacre highlights Timorese plight East Timor became world news in November when Indonesian troops fired on a funeral procession at the Santa Cruz cemetery, Dill, the territory's capital, killing up to 200 people. The incident tragically highlighted an injustice long ignored by much of the international community. The massacre followed a period of mounting tension in the former Portuguese colony, illegally occupied by Indonesia since 1975, with reports pointing to an escalating campaign of York radio station WBAI were in East Timor 'I turned around - tremendous amount Indonesian repression in the run-up to to report on alleged human rights abuses, of gun fire -- and there were dozens of a planned delegation of Portuguese and were badly beaten by troops while the people lying in the streets. ' parliamentarians in November. The shooting was going on. Bob Muntz, South East Asia project officer delegation was called off on 24 October According to Nairn: 'It was ... a planned with Australia's Community Aid Abroad, after Portuguese concern at Indonesia's and systematic massacre .... This was not a was also present and managed to escape. attempts to control and manipulate the situation where you had some hothead who On return to Melbourne he told a press visit.
    [Show full text]
  • Divided Loyalties Displacement, Belonging and Citizenship Among East Timorese in West Timor
    DIVIDED LOYALTIES DISPLACEMENT, BELONGING AND CITIZENSHIP AMONG EAST TIMORESE IN WEST TIMOR DIVIDED LOYALTIES DISPLACEMENT, BELONGING AND CITIZENSHIP AMONG EAST TIMORESE IN WEST TIMOR ANDREY DAMALEDO MONOGRAPHS IN ANTHROPOLOGY SERIES For Pamela Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] Available to download for free at press.anu.edu.au ISBN (print): 9781760462369 ISBN (online): 9781760462376 WorldCat (print): 1054084539 WorldCat (online): 1054084643 DOI: 10.22459/DL.09.2018 This title is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The full licence terms are available at creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode Cover design and layout by ANU Press Cover photograph: East Timorese procession at Raknamo resettlement site in Kupang district 2012, by Father Jefri Bonlay. This edition © 2018 ANU Press Contents Abbreviations . ix List of illustrations . xiii List of tables . xv Acknowledgements . xvii Preface . xxi James J . Fox 1 . Lest we forget . 1 2 . Spirit of the crocodile . 23 3 . ‘Refugees’, ‘ex-refugees’ and ‘new citizens’ . 53 4 . Old track, old path . 71 5 . New track, new path . 97 6 . To separate is to sustain . 119 7 . The struggle continues . 141 8 . Divided loyalties . 161 Bibliography . 173 Index . 191 Abbreviations ADITLA Associação Democrática para a Integração de Timor Leste na Austrália (Democratic Association for the Integration of East Timor into Australia) AITI Association
    [Show full text]
  • Institutional Repository - Research Portal Dépôt Institutionnel - Portail De La Recherche
    Institutional Repository - Research Portal Dépôt Institutionnel - Portail de la Recherche University of Namurresearchportal.unamur.be RESEARCH OUTPUTS / RÉSULTATS DE RECHERCHE Sociolinguistic bibliography of European countries 2007 Darquennes, Jeroen; Kaderka, Petr; Pärn, Hele; Zamora, Francisco; Sandoy, Helge; Borbély, Anna; Berruto, Gaetano; Kalediene, Laima; Druviete, Ina; Augusto, Maria Celeste; Bugarski, Ranko; Troschina, Natalia; Goebl, Hans; Pachev, Angel; Lüdi, Georges; Jorgensen, Jens Normann; Broermann, Marianne ; Selas, Magnhild; Razafimandimbimanana, Elatiana; Gunnarsson, Britt-Louise; Cheshire, Jenny; Raith, Joachim Author(s) - Auteur(s) : Publication date: 2009 Document Version PublicationPublisher's date PDF, - also Date known de aspublication Version of record : Link to publication Citation for pulished version (HARVARD): Darquennes, J, Kaderka, P, Pärn, H, Zamora, F, Sandoy, H, Borbély, A, Berruto, G, Kalediene, L, Druviete, I, Augusto, MC, Bugarski, R, Troschina, N, Goebl, H, Pachev, A, Lüdi, G, Jorgensen, JN, Broermann, M, Selas, M, PermanentRazafimandimbimanana, link - Permalien E, Gunnarsson, : B-L, Cheshire, J & Raith, J 2009, Sociolinguistic bibliography of European countries 2007: Soziolinguistische Bibliographie europäischer Länder für 2007. Niemeyer, Berlin. <https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/solin.2009.23.issue-1/issue-files/solin.2009.23.issue-1.xml> Rights / License - Licence de droit d’auteur : General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained
    [Show full text]
  • “Is Native Language Decisive in Language Learning Results?”
    Siirtolaisuus-Migration 2/2008 “Is Native Language Decisive in Language Learning Results?” A study on acculturation and the effect of language distance: Finnish and Dutch migrants in Australia compared Saara Louko Up until 1979 when Austral- The respondents and the the Dutch migrants benefi t from ia introduced stricter language hypotheses the linguistic similarity between requirements for the new immi- English and Dutch - an advantage grants it was not uncommon for For the comparison I collected the Finns lack as their language is migrants to arrive in Austral- answers from native speakers of unrelated to the target language. ia with little or no knowledge of Dutch and native speakers of Finn- Dutch and English are both Indo- English. Yet most of these adult ish. The other criteria for choosing European languages while Finnish migrants acquired language the respondents were that they belongs to a completely different skills that enabled them to lead would have to be fi rst-generation group of Uralic languages. an independent and full life in migrants and that they had arrived The empiric data was collected Australia. in Australia in the 1950s, the 1960s through two online questionnaires: However, for various reasons or the 1970s. My working hy- one for the Dutch and the other for these migrants have achieved va- pothesis was that the two migrant the Finnish speakers. I received al- rying levels of proficiency. Na- groups, the Finnish and Dutch together 46 responses, out of which turally differences can be found speakers, would differ consider- 20 came from Finnish and 26 from between individual learners, but ably in their level of acculturation, Dutch speakers.
    [Show full text]